Essential Question • What were the characteristics of New England, Middle, and Southern colonies?
Feb 24, 2016
Essential Question
• What were the characteristics of New England, Middle, and Southern colonies?
The 13 Colonies
Types of Colonies
• Royal Colony – controlled by the king
• Proprietary Colony –land granted to a group of private owners for development
Joint Stock Company
• Pooled money of many investors
• Merchants could trade with and colonize other parts of the world
Relationships with Native Americans
New England
• At first – peaceful relations
• Taught Puritans how to grow corn and survive the harsh winters
Pequot War
• Fighting erupted after two Massachusetts traders were killed in Pequot territory
King Philip’s War • 1675 – MA arrested and executed three Wampanoag for murder
• Metacomet – Wampanoag chief also known as King Philip who led the fighting
King Philip’s War
• 1678 - colonist victory – ended Indian uprisings in New England
• Turning point for settlements
Virginia
• Tribal confederation led by Chief Powhatan
• Traded with the colonists
Opechancanough
• Powhatan’s brother
• Attacked Jamestown in March 1622 and killed 300 colonists
Southern Social Structure
Headright System
• 50 acres of land promised to anyone who would settle in the colony
Indentured Servants
• Agreed to work for a landowner in the colonies for 4-7 years
• Received passage to America and land
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Small farmers in Virginia rebelled against the rich who controlled the colony
• Led by Nathaniel Bacon
Southern Slavery
• Plantation System
• Huge farms raised cash crops – needed large numbers of laborers
Middle Passage
• The route taken by ships carrying slaves from Africa to North America
Middle Passage
Africans
• Isolated in the South
• Kept African culture, languages, music alive
Gullah
• Rice plantation slaves in South Carolina created their own language
• Mix of African and English
Puritan Society
New England Society
• Small farms
• Cities for Atlantic trade (Boston)
New England Education
• First colony with public education - Massachusetts
• Two of the nation’s earliest colleges – Harvard and Yale
German Immigrants
• Settled in Pennsylvania
• Pennsylvania Dutch
• Many moved into the Shenandoah Valley (VA)
Scots Irish
• Settled in PA
• Moved west to the backcountry or the southern colonies
Jewish Community
• Fled persecution in Europe
• First arrived in New Amsterdam (NYC)
• Also lived in Charles Town and Savannah
Great Britain and the Colonies
• Salutary Neglect
• English government let the American colonists govern themselves
• Created representative governments
House of Burgesses
• Virginia
• First elected legislative body in the colonies
• White males as voters
Mayflower Compact
• New England colonists first form of government
• Government derived its power from the people of the colony
New England Government
• Town meeting – local citizens met and voted on issues
• Direct democracy
Massachusetts Assembly
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• Body of the laws for the colony (1639)
• All adult men could vote
• Limited powers of government
The Great Awakening
• Religious revival movement
• Stressed an individual’s devotion and emotional connection to God
Revivals
• Large public meetings for preaching and prayer
• Revival of religious feeling
Jonathan Edwards
• Preacher in Massachusetts who hoped to restore New England’s spirituality
• Focused on repentance and being “born again”
George Whitfield
• Arrived in Philadelphia in 1739
• Powerful, emotional speaker
• Preached throughout the colonies to large crowds
Social Mobility
• Ability to move from one social status to another
• Individualism – each person can achieve success with hard work
Benjamin Franklin
Oct. 6, 1723 – he arrived in Philadelphia:
“I was in my working dress . . . I was dirty from my journey, and I knew no soul nor where to look for lodging. I was fatigued with traveling, rowing, and want of rest; I was very hungry; and my whole stock of cash consisted of a Dutch dollar and a shilling in copper.”
Mercantilism
• Country tries to accumulate gold and silver
• Sell more goods than buy from other countries
• Exports greater than imports
Mercantilism
• Buy raw materials from colonies
• Sell finished products to the colonies
Difficulties for the Colonies
• Cannot sell products to another nation
• Cannot accumulate gold and silver
• Cannot manufacture own goods
Navigation Acts
• England attempted to enforce their mercantilist policies on the colonies
Quote, Boston Gazette
“A colonist cannot make a button, a horseshoe, nor a hobnail, but some sooty ironmonger or respectable buttonmaker of Britain shall bawl and squall that his Honor’s worship is . . . maltreated, injured, cheated, and robbed by the rascally American republicans.”
Triangular Trade