Espalier 2017 final

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Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden

Gardening with California Native Plants in Western L.A. CountyProject SOUND – 2017 (our 13th year)

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The Gentle Art of Espalier: Growing Trees and Large Shrubs

in Narrow Spaces

C.M. Vadheim, K. Dawdy (and T. Drake)

CSUDH (emeritus), CSUDH & City of Torrance

Madrona Marsh PreserveMarch 4 & 9, 2017

Last month we learned how to make a small garden appear larger

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Unifying by repetition in hardscape

Dividing garden into rooms

Using principles of perspective

Unifying ‘borrowed’ and garden backgrounds

Choosing plants appropriate for fore-, mid- and background

Placement of plants

The importance of color, texture and size in creating the illusion of distance

Shady seating/ hot tub

Dining

This month we return to our inspirational pictures…

© Project SOUNDhttp://www.turning-earth.co.uk/news/index.php/2013/

First, let’s define the attributes of the area

About 30-35 ft. long

Would like something narrow to conserve space

North-facing but still has good sun mid-day into afternoon – perfect for many trees/shrubs

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http://14textures.com/aged-cinder-block-wall-texture/

The current wall is not particularly attractive

Several options for hiding an ‘ugly wall’

Hardscape options Paint/stain it a grayed, medium-

dark color to blend into the distance – makes yard look bigger

Paint a mural on it – looks smaller Put an ornamental wall sculpture

on it – also makes yard look smaller

Planting options Plant something in front of it Grow something on it

Combo solutions

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We love the look of the green wall…

But we need something narrow that will provide habitat, edibles or both

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http://www.turning-earth.co.uk/news/index.php/2013/

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/488077678336601283/

What is an espalier?

Two pronunciations: es-PAH-lee-ay (French) es-PAH-lee-er (also OK)

Definition(s):

Horticultural and agricultural practice of controlling plant growth by pruning and tying branches to a frame, frequently in formal patterns, flat against a structure such as a wall, fence, or trellis

Plants which have been shaped in this way.

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Espaliers Can be created using fruiting/ flowering trees and/or selected native shrubs/trees (need to have proper growth structure)

Great use of narrow spaces

Can add color, texture, aroma and other elements to a dull wall/fence.

Fewer – but better quality - fruits

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http://thisbountifulbackyard.com/2012/05/13/mothers-day-trip-to-chicago-botanic-garden/


Difference between a narrow hedge and an espalier Narrow hedge/screen

Free-standing; requires no support Usually formed from shrubs or trees;

must be hedge-able Often deeper than an espalier Often more dense than espalier Often better choice for background

(creating illusion of depth)

Espalier Plants require support Can be done with selected trees/

shrubs and vines; must be trainable Can be trained to a quite shallow depth

– 12-24 inches Can be used to make an area look

smaller – can be an accent

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Are you the right kind of gardener for espalier?

Planner: need to plan ahead to create space, design, support structure

Patient: espalier takes time to develop (5-10 years or more)

Pruner: need to regularly prune out branches not consistent with design

Adventurous: adapting native species to espalier is a leap of faith and an adventure

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Artistic: need to be able to envision the completed espalier

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First, you need a vision

What do you see? Blank green screen that fades into

the background? Decorative accent? Wall art? Evergreen or deciduous? Showy flowers, fruits?

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http://www.merrywoodplants.com.au/www/content/default.aspx?cid=741

We like the idea of growing an edible espalier(s)

What will work within our constraints (size; light; water; soil; etc.) and be consistent with our design concept?

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The best fruiting trees for larger espaliers have a long history of use (Europe and Middle East)

Apples (Malus) Pears (Pyrus) Stone fruits: peach, nectarine,

plum, cherry (Prunus) Figs (Ficus) Citrus: lemon, lime, orange,

tangerine Grapes (Vitus) Loquat (Eriobotrya) Pomegranate Olive (Olea)

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Espaliers First introduced in Egypt and in Roman times; later refined in the European Middle Ages

Espaliers were a way of planting fruit trees and berry-bearing shrubs in limited spaces (small courtyards)

© Project SOUNDhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espalier

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Classical forms of formal espalier

Very formal, named patterns

History dates back to Middle Eastern & medieval European gardens

Most often used for fruit trees with regular growth patterns – apples, pears, pomegranates, etc.

Not difficult, but require regular maintenance and choice of proper species

Many good books and on-line resources

http://www.edenwines.co.uk/Glossary_e.html

http://www.livingwallart.com/living-walls/pleaching-and-espalier/

Olives

© Project SOUNDhttps://www.pinterest.com/pin/501799583465499227/


http://www.selfsufficientme.com/fruit-vegetables/fruit-tree-diversity-for-healthy-eating-all-year-round

Apples are often grown along walls

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http://zelenisvet.com/jablana/

http://growingfruit.org/t/espalier-apple-trees-re-worked/1353https://www.pinterest.com/explore/landscaping-trees/

https://www.pinterest.com/FruitTreeExpert/espalier-fruit-tree-training-methods/

Single horizontal cordon

Apples/pears: adaptable to other forms

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https://www.starkbros.com/growing-guide/article/espalier-fruit-trees


Oblique cordon

Grapes are also typically trained as horizontals

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https://www.pinterest.com/mjestenson/grape-trellis/

We could grow table grapes, native grapes or a combination –but grapes are winter-deciduous.

Perhaps an informal espalier might be more consistent with our vision?

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http://gardenista.com/posts/driveway-fruit-tarts-a-love-story

…and easier for us as beginning espalier artists

http://thisbountifulbackyard.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/img_4261.jpg

http://thisbountifulbackyard.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/img_4261.jpg

Fig – dramatic informal

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http://www.houstongardengirl.com/2011_03_01_archive.html

http://www.wilsonbrosgardens.com/how-to-prune-a-fig-tree-or-bush.html

https://www.pinterest.com/MrsPluckrose/espalier-fig/

http://frenchfigfarm.com/figs-of-versailles/

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After considering all the possibilities, we decide that our goal is to mostly just hide the back wall,

using evergreen edibles

We decide to espalier the back wall with several citrus

Before planting, make a scale drawing of your design:

Insures you space plants properly, according to final size Insures you prune and shape plants according to design Also helps you decide what type of support structure you’ll

need

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http://wattspermaculture.com.au/about-permaculture/methods/

Citrus work well in water-wise, Mediterranean design.

Dwarf lemons, limes and tangerines could all be used (if you eat all three).

Lemons, limes and tangerines can be espaliered

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https://justmerveilleux.wordpress.com/2016/05/26/an-espalier-of-citrus-and-gardening-in-may/

http://www.city-data.com/forum/tucson/1003546-whats-real-estate-value-mountain-view.html

http://www.salife7.com.au/south-australia/gardening/tips/august-garden-diary-and-espaliered-trees-plus-garden-pallet-giveaway

Work with the shape of the plant for best results

Fan shape takes advantage of natural growth pattern

Flowers and fruit on year-old spurs

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http://www.amarmielife.com/2012/05/espalier-fruit-trees.html

Plum

Cherry

Informal Fan pattern works well with citrus

Fan – branches angled at 45° grow radiating from a central trunk in a fan-shaped pattern.

Best for spaces requiring vertical coverage (ugly wall) or in square spaces.

Citrus all have slightly different forms –but all are amenable to training to an Informal Fan design

We’ll choose young, dwarf citrus

Sunset book Citrus (1996), suggests good choices for espalier are Eureka lemon, Nagami kumquat, Eustis limequat, Tarocco blood orange, and Chandler pummelo.

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http://wildsuburbia.blogspot.com/2010/04/theodore-payne-foundation-annual-garden.html

http://www.answers.com/topic/espalier

Espalier requires support – at least

early on

Branches may be too thin to provide support

Support structures facilitate training the plant to a desired pattern – you attach the branch to the support so it grows in the desired direction

http://www.flickr.com/photos/44064758@N00/4515823086/


Espaliers require support

Considerations when planning an espalier support:

Whether support will be part of design or just provide support

Espalier form, size

How long the support will be required (life for vines)

What is the surface to which the support will be attached (or be in front of)

How sturdy needs it be (heavy fruits need good support)

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http://www.millcreekgardens.com/learning-art-espalier-gardening/

http://www.classic-garden-elements.co.uk/item.php/Wall%20Trellis/Espalier%20Trellis/

Support for our back wall citrus espalier

Considerations when planning an espalier support:

Just provide support (hidden)

Informal fans; 7 ft tall x 30 ftlong (total)

Needs to support plants just to get going (5 years maximum)

Cinderblock masonry wall

Young plants require good support; fruits can be heavy

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http://14textures.com/aged-cinder-block-wall-texture/

Several companies offer ‘tension cable trellis systems’ (‘wire foliage systems’)

Look for details about the products on-line

© Project SOUNDhttps://www.secosouth.com/products/stainless-steel-cable-trellis-system-2000-60/

https://www.harrodhorticultural.com/wall-mounted-wire-growing-system-pid8089.html

Some attach fasteners directly to a masonry wall; other have frames that attach to the wall

We could create a simple system of training wires attached to the wall

1. Chalk out rough design of espaliers on the wall

2. Decide the placement of the support wires –often 12-18 inches apart; mark the lines

3. Using a masonry bit, drill holes on the pattern lines every 18 inches or so (for 2-inch expansion shields, which will anchor eyebolts into masonry)

4. Insert the shields; screw in eyebolts that are long enough to create a 4- to 6-inch air space between the eyes and the masonry

5. Secure 12- or 14-gauge galvanized or stainless steel wire between the eyebolts for tethering the espalier's branches.

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http://homeguides.sfgate.com/distance-between-rows-espalier-apple-trees-49846.html

http://espaliers.blogspot.com/2012/03/building-wire-support-system.html

Alternatively, design a free-standing support

frame

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https://deepgreenpermaculture.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/espalier-003a.png?w=640

Sturdy fence post

We could use sections of metal fencing

For more ideas: https://www.thisoldhouse.com/ideas/grow-espaliered-trees-slim-fit

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https://www.pinterest.com/kimmicurnow/trellis/

https://www.pinterest.com/springfels/garden-espalier/

For an informal citrus espalier, we could even just install individual eyebolts, as needed, to tie individual branches to

http://tate-fencing.co.uk/product-category/fencing/security-fencing/

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Turnbuckles for increasing tension; temporary trainers provide support for individual branches, as needed

http://deborahsilver.com/blog/tag/belgian-fence/

Tie branches to the wires loosely, with soft ties, strips of old nylons, Velcro garden strips

Best method: first attach the tie to the support. Then tie the end(s) to the branch. Allows you to support the branch loosely but firmly.

http://www.balingwire.net/application/soft-garden-tie-wire.html

Citrus Espalier Start with young trees - they will be easier

to train.

For a beginner, an informal design is easiest.

For an informal fan, allow the tree to branch naturally, pruning out any branches that stick out too far, grow back, or cross other branches.

While citrus are often trained against a sunny, south-facing wall, this may be too hot in some S. CA gardens.

If you have a warm, inland garden, an east or even north-facing aspect may be better, if plants get at least 4 hours of good sun in summer.

Check out the light and temperature (measure it) during the planning stage

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http://www.onlineplants.com.au/shopping-cart/espalier-cumquat

Training the espalier Gently tie the branches to the support

with stretchy garden tape; check every 6 months – remove or loosen as needed

As the tree grows, keep tying the new growth to the frame

Prune off anything that grows out of shape or off the structure.

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http://xtremehorticulture.blogspot.com/2014/03/what-is-good-patio-conttainer-fruit-tree.html

http://gardendrum.com/2012/07/03/garden-design-with-citrus/

http://www.gardenersedge.com/soft-twist-tie-garden-wire/p/VP-STT/

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Our plan - and a few years – should take care of the back wall

Now let’s consider the side wall (along a chain-link fence)

Approximately 35 ft long Morning, mid-day and some

afternoon sun – excellent exposure Chain-link fence – want some privacy Would like to use CA native

tree/shrub(s) for habitat

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https://naturalearning.org/naturalizing-chain-link-fences

Espalier on a chain link fence?

Often works amazingly well Completely disguises the fence Can be adapted to formal

‘fence’ designs or informal

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http://urban-agrarian.blogspot.com/2006_02_01_archive.html

http://forums2.gardenweb.com/discussions/1411190/using-plants-as-a-landscaping-tool

http://statebystategardening.com/state.php/il/newsletter-stories/espalier_it_only_sounds_ostentatious/

All good espaliers start with a plan. What’s our vision?

Background or accent? Formal or informal? Evergreen or deciduous Single species or several

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http://www.mainlinefence.com/commercial/temporary-fencing

http://www.organicgardendreams.com/2015/12/mottisfont-abbey-rose-lovers-paradise-v.htmlhttps://www.pinterest.com/jeannieballard/vertical-

gardening/

Flowers? Fruits? Interesting or unusual

foliage or bark? Type of habitat it provides?

Choices for flowers Classic choices

Camelia Climbing roses Clematis

California native choices Look for plants with the right

attributes

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http://galleries.sacredspacegardendesign.com/PlantDatabase/VINES-1/i-wDGSt2L

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/347410558739387804/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/152770612335274057/

Cercis occidentales

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http://www.californianativeflora.com/plants/western-redbud/introducing-cercis-occidentalis-western-redbud/

Western Redbud - Cercis occidentalis

Species with open and dramatic growth patterns can be trained into unique, informal espaliers

Adapting old tricks to new horizons European Victorian gardeners

tried all sorts of ‘exotics’ as espalier candidates

Some were even CA natives: Ceanothus; Fremontodendron

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http://www.gapphotos.com/GardensBlog/?m=201602&paged=2

Silk tassel - Garryea ellipicahttp://www.imgrum.org/tag/Garrya

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http://www.calfloranursery.com/pages_whatsnew/whatsnewmar07.html

Most Ceanothus have growth patterns not suited to formal pruning

Good choices for informal espalier/ narrow screen: Ceanothus thyrsiflorus – species &

cultivars Ceanothus ‘Concha’ Ceanothus 'Dark Star‘ Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps‘ Ceanothus ‘Skylark’

Ceanothus ‘Skylark’

© Project SOUND

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/355080751841424139/ http://www.andre-briant.fr/catalogue-pepinieriste/familles/arbustes-persistants/3797-ceanothus-x-skylark-arbustes-persistants.html

Ceanothus ‘Concha’


Examples of Ceanothus as informal espaliers/screens

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‘Ray Hartman’


Tree-like ceanothus can be trained more formally

http://www.julieorrdesign.com/saratoga-landscape-design-makeover/kleckner-033

Choose species or cultivars with more open growth habit

Choose species that can take shaping

For a formal espalier, choose a plant with even branches

Start shaping right away – 1st year

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Training Ceanothus to narrow screen or formal espalier

http://www.keith-allen.co.uk/garden/c.htm

Ceanothus "Ray Hartmann" and Cercis Occidentalis

http://bammorgan.blogspot.com/2008/04/payne-foundation-garden-tour.html

Ceanothus ‘Trewithen Blue’

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https://www.pinterest.com/dympnanoonan/ceanothuscalifornian-lilac/

https://www.pinterest.com/anikacs/trewithen-blue/

https://www.burncoose.co.uk/site/plants.cfm?pl_id=949&fromplants=pl_id%3D948%26fromcategory%3Dcat_id%253D23

Might be more long-lived than ‘Ray Hartman’

Native candidates for espalier: attributes

Usual tests for appropriateness: soil, light, water

Medium to fast growth

Appropriate size for space (smaller trees/shrubs for smaller gardens)

Open growth habit (often)

Regular growth habit (for formal espaliers)

Shapeable (major branches can be bent for at least a few months when young)

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http://rachel-the-gardener.blogspot.com/2011_12_01_archive.html

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* Coast Silktassel – Garrya elliptica

http://groups.ucanr.org/mbmg/Al's_Corner/Garrya_elliptica_'James_Roof'.htm


Garrya elliptica‘James Roof’

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Canyon Silktassel – Garrya veatchii

Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences

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Canyon Silktassel: Evergreen shrub/tree Size:

8-15 ft tall 6-8+ ft wide

Growth form: Evergreen shrub; sometimes tree-

like (even in wild) Interesting branch structure – can

prune to emphasize

Foliage: Simple, thick leaves Shiny dark green above; white below Held upright – quite interesting

J. E.(Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences.

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Garrya_veatchii_3.jpg

Shrub is somewhat reminiscent of evergreen oaks or olive

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Garrya_veatchii_3.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Garrya_veatchii_3.jpg

© Project SOUND

Canyon Silktassel looks good in modest circumstances

Soils: Texture: any well-drained; light

or heavy

pH: any local

Light: full sun to light shade

Water: Winter: needs adequate Summer: Zone 1-2 or 2; quite

drought tolerant

Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils

Note: deer will browse

J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

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Flowers are very showy

http://www.callutheran.edu/wf/chap/family/bjc-1571.htm

http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/324.htm

Blooms: Late winter/spring Usually Jan/Feb to April –

gives some needed interest to the winter garden

Flowers: Look like little white cups

strung along a drooping wire Very interesting, showy Male trees more showy

than females

Seeds: Females produce berries with

seeds Birds like the berries

http://www.callutheran.edu/wf/images/chap/bjc-1571.jpg

http://www.callutheran.edu/wf/images/chap/bjc-1571.jpg

© Project SOUND

http://flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/2639509357/in/set-72157605994464500/

Canyon Silktassel makes a lovely addition to the Mediterranean garden

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Why are Garryas so good for espalier?

Evergreen Good size – not too large Interesting foliage and bark Open growth pattern – natural

growth is rangy Will take the pruning and training

required for espalier

http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/4374971109/

© Project SOUND

Garryas can become formal or informal

espaliers

Note regular growth pattern

The choice is up to you

http://eleanorathens.blogspot.com/2009/01/facade-greening-foundation-shrubs-and.html http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus2/factsheet.cfm?ID=836

Training a formal espalier

The tree must be in its first year or two of growth.

May take 5-10 years from start to finish.

Train the tree to the support while the limbs are still flexible. Do not tie the ends of shoots down too soon.

Develop lower, outer limbs before inner, upper ones.

Balance limb vigor by raising weaker ones, lowering stronger ones, or by leaving weaker ones upright until they catch up to the stronger ones, which you have bent down.

© Project SOUND


Selective pruning: shapes the espalier

Individual branches are selected for pruning

Individual branch removed entirely

Individual branch pruned back to a bud to re-direct growth

© Project SOUND

http://tyo.swanndvr.net/pruning.html#

http://www.joshuatreescape.com/tag/tree-pruning/

http://foodnotlawnsinternational.blogspot.com/

© Project SOUND

Selective removal (thinning) – removing branches that don’t grow where you want them

Need to start the first year – literally once it’s safely in the ground

Remove entire unwanted branches above the collar

Poorly spaced branches

Branches growing out or in wrong direction

Dead or sick branches

http://camissonia.blogspot.com/2010/02/more-manzanitas-in-bloom.html

http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/home_blog/2010/06/emily-green-dry-garden-bark-trees-shedding.html https://www.todayshomeowner.com/basic-shrub-pruning-techniques/

Any branch that is unwanted or un-needed for the design or for flower/fruit production

Done at least 1-2 times a year for most species, usually when dormant and/or after flowering

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https://www.rightplants4me.co.uk/content/apple-pruning-maiden-first-year-and-espalier-training

https://www.kings.co.nz/garden-news/to-prune-or-not-to-prune

Selective removal: uses in espalier

http://www.livingoffgridguide.com/gardening/how-to-prune-fruit-nut-trees/

Selective pruning: forcing the position and/or direction of new growth

© Project SOUND

https://crickethillgarden.wordpress.com/2013/03/05/pruning-a-mature-tree-peony/

Branch tip pruned just above a branch(s) or bud growing in the desired direction

Forces branch buds below the cut to grow (or grow more vigorously)

Forces growth in desired direction

Uses in espalier

In formal espalier: to force branching at desired position or in desired direction; to develop fruiting spurs

In informal espalier: to fill out an area; develop fruiting spurs

© Project SOUND

http://www.pruningspecialties.com/page1.html

http://www.tuigarden.co.nz/howtoguide/fruit-tree-espalier-guidehttps://urbanwinegrower.wordpress.com/2010/01/01/winter-pruning-of-vines-from-infancy-to-the-fourth-year/

Formal espaliers require selective pruning at all steps in their development

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http://www.curranappleorchard.com/espalier-tips

In Europe, evergreen oaks are espaliered

© Project SOUND

http://www.espaliers.eu/en/products/4211114357/bladhoudend

These oaks are pleached

© Project SOUND

*Redshanks – Adenostoma sparsifolium

© Project SOUND

What a flower show! Blooms: in summer – usually

June-Aug.

Flowers: Small white/cream flowers Clearly rose flowers when you

look closely On dense flowering branches –

plant covered with blooms in a good year

Very important pollinator plant

Vegetative reproduction: in some areas, most reproduction is now vegetative; sprouting roots

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/adenostoma-sparsifolium

© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils:

Texture: adaptable; often grows in shallow soils in nature – likes well-drained

pH: any local

Light: full sun

Water: Winter: needs good rains or

irrigation – normally gets more than here.

Summer: summer dry to occasional ‘summer monsoon’


Other: organic mulch

Steven Perkins @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

http://www.smmflowers.org/bloom/species/Adenostoma_sparsifolium.htm

In Santa Monica Mtns

© Project SOUND

Redshanks: large chaparral shrub/tree Size:

6-18+ ft tall 10-15 ft wide

Growth form: Large woody shrub/tree Many trunks/branches with

shreddy red bark on older limbs –‘born to burn’

Nice natural shape – rounded Moderate growth rate; lives 100+

years

Foliage: Sclerophyllous leaves: thick,

linear/narrow, sticky

Roots: has lignotubers (sprouting roots)

© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College

©2004 Steven Perkins

Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences

Native candidates for espalier: attributes





Regular growth habit (for formal espaliers)

Shapeable (major branches can be bent for at least a few months when young)

© Project SOUND

Excellent choice for another garden

http://www.smmflowers.org/mobile/species/Adenostoma_sparsifolium.htm

© Project SOUND

Lemonadeberry & Toyon can both be espaliered

http://tmousecmouse.blogspot.com/2009/12/native-plant-of-month-toyon.html

Toyon/California Christmas Berry –Heteromeles arbutifolia

Gardening requirements

Soils: pH: any Texture: sandy and rocky soils are

fine; well-drained best

Full sun to full shade Water:

Regular until established Very drought tolerant after first

few years Tolerates occasional summer

watering

Disease: susceptible to fungal diseases - fire blight, root rot, also scales, thrips

http://www.sixriversrestoration.com/plantphotos/HarbutifoliaFull.jpg

Readily available in nurseries

http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Heteromeles-arbutifolia/

Toyon hedgerows

At CSUDH – est. 2008

At Rancho Santa Ana Bot. Garden

Toyon can be formally hedged or used as a more informal hedge/hedgerow

© Project SOUND

Mother Nature’s Toyon espalier

© Project SOUND

2014

2015 2016

The Toyon espalier is ready for some work. Come help & learn on March 11th.

© Project SOUND

Spicebush – Calycanthus occidentalis

http://www.callutheran.edu/wf/nca/family/nca-360.htm

http://www.callutheran.edu/wf/images/nca/nca-360.jpg

http://www.callutheran.edu/wf/images/nca/nca-360.jpg

© Project SOUND

Spicebush – Calycanthus occidentalis

http://www.efloras.org/object_page.aspx?object_id=5814&flora_id=1

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?2767,2768,2769

Grows in the northern Coast Range, the southern Cascades Range, and the western Sierra Nevada

Some are apparently naturalized in the Palomar Mountains (San Diego Co.)

Likes moist, shady conditions: stream side, canyons

Calycanthus – the Sweetshrub genus: Calycanthus occidentalis (western

U.S.) Calycanthus floridus (eastern U.S.)

Prized for unusual flowers; spicy scent

© Project SOUND

Spicebush is an attractive aromatic shrub

Size: usually 4-10 ft tall; to 15 ft. usually 4-10 ft wide

Growth form: a mound-shaped, deciduous shrub with erect, multiple stems

Foliage: large, fragrant, bright green

leaves that darken with age Aroma ‘like old wine barrels’ –

smell it before you buy Deciduous; turn yellow in fallJ.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

© Project SOUND

Unusual flowers Blooms:

usually May-Aug in S. CA Fairly long bloom period

Flowers: Dark red to bronze-purple ‘petals’ are actually sepals 2” across, at ends of branches Very showy; may have spicy

scent (like foliage)

Seeds: Interesting bell-shaped

seedpod Seed is poisonous if ingested

http://wildflower.utexas.edu/plants/result.php?id_plant=CAOC5

J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database Mark W. Skinner @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

http://wildflower.utexas.edu/gallery/result.php?id_image=3074

http://wildflower.utexas.edu/gallery/result.php?id_image=3074

© Project SOUND

Spicebush needs some shade and summer water

Soils: Texture: any

Light: does best in partial to even full shade, particularly in hot gardens

Water: Best with regular (weekly) watering

during dry periods – remember, it naturally grows along streams

Fertilizer: likes deep, rich soils; give a god leaf mulch or occasional (low dose) fertilizer

Other: easy to grow if given these conditions; just requires occasional pruninghttp://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/spicebush.html

Sudden Oak Death (SOD) alternate host

© Project SOUND

Adaptable Spicebush Woodsy touch with Heuchera

species, Iris douglasiana, and Ribesspecies (currants/gooseberries)

Makes an excellent background shrub, small tree (prune to tree shape) or in hedge/hedgerows

Can be trained/espaliered http://drystonegarden.com/index.php/tag/spicebush/

http://back40feet.blogspot.com/2008_12_01_archive.html

What shape would you choose? Why?

© Project SOUND

http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=22089

https://www.burncoose.co.uk/site/plants.cfm?pl_id=674

Formal or informal?

https://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/sets/72157605999052273/

Native shrubs/trees for side yard espalier

Ceanothus (tree-like types) Garryas Calycanthus Heteromeles arbutifolia Rhus integrifolia

Amorpha species Berberis (Mahonia) aquifolium Others – see list for some

suggestions

© Project SOUND

Now let’s turn to other parts of the garden….

© Project SOUND

… and learn how the principles of perspective can be used to make an area appear smaller

Shady seating/ hot tub

Dining

http://www.daviddomoney.com/2015/01/21/small-garden-design-ideas-young-gardeners-year/

What do we want our hot tub area to look like?

© Project SOUND

Area size: 20’ x 14’ Spa size: Walkway/access: 3-4 ft Divider screen: 2’ x 16-17’

Shady seating/hot tub

Dining

Which look fits our site, needs and concept of the ‘perfect retreat’?

© Project SOUND

Large and expansive (larger than the actual site)

Cozy and contained (looks like a small room)

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/528258231272573309/https://www.pinterest.com/explore/backyard-hot-tubs/

The contained garden

© Project SOUND




http://blog.metmuseum.org/cloistersgardens/2012/08/

Not a new concept at all

Making a garden appear smaller

Choose a white/light/bright fence or wall (unless background is desert)

Make background hardscape (including seating) and plants oversized and brightly colored

Include lots of detailed features in background

© Project SOUND

http://imanada.com/nu/217429/california-garden/


The rules of perspective in the contained garden To make the garden appear small and

cozy, make the background ‘advance’ by choosing:

Taller/larger plants than you’d expect (don’t blend evenly with outside backdrop)

Tall, light or bright walls - or those with obvious texture

Coarse textured plants in background; finer texture in foreground

Decorative accents in background (either plants or hardscape)

High contrast in background

© Project SOUND

https://www.pinterest.com/explore/mediterranean-garden/

An accent espalier can help make an area look smaller

What look is right for the hot tub area?

Looks larger? Looks smaller? Something in between?

© Project SOUND


https://www.pinterest.com/pin/393150242453181538/http://www.rozmarin.info/garden/outdoor-spa-design-ideas/unique-outdoor-spa-design-ideas-unique-this-entry-is-part-of-15-in-the-series-cool-backyard-design-ideas/

We also realize that the hot tub and dining areas should be

considered together

What do we want to do with the enclosing walls; same or different?

Want some privacy between the two areas; but how much?

© Project SOUND

Use the same hardscape to tie the two areas together

© Project SOUND

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/439663982342529836/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/44262008814157117/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/439945457330614521/

Then espalier something that’s pretty and scented

We could use non-native vines…

© Project SOUND

http://artofgardeningbuffalo.blogspot.com/2009/06/show-me-your-clematis-ill-show-you-my.html

…but decide to explore some native options as well

© Project SOUND

California false indigo – Amorpha californica

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/amorpha-californica

Coastal ranges from N. CA to AZ, Baja

Santa Monica Mtns, San Gabriel mountains, Griffith Park

Dry slopes in Yellow Pine Forest, Chaparral, Mixed Evergreen Forest, Northern Oak Woodland; stream banks

© Project SOUND

California false indigo – Amorpha californica var. californica

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,3713,3714,3715

©2011 Aaron Arthur http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/amorpha-californica

© Project SOUND

False indigo: large shrubby pea

Size: (varies w/ light) 5-8 ft tall 5-8 ft wide

Growth form: Woody shrub Rather irregular shape

Foliage: Drought-deciduous; green with a

little summer water Medium green Leaves compound, large (1 ft) with

simple leaflets Plant noticeably hairy Pleasant scent: guava, pineapple,

lavender maybe a little pine Larval food plant for CA State

butterfly, the California Dogface (Zerene eurydice).

©2011 Aaron Arthur

©2010 Dee E. Warenycia

© Project SOUND

Flowers unique Blooms: in spring; usually April-June

Flowers: On dramatic, wand-like stalks Purple-magenta fused sepals give

the color Anthers extend well beyond the

sepals Flower type typical for Amorpha

spp.

Seeds: in one-seeded pod; plant fresh seed or pre-chill 3 weeks prior to planting

http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/amorpha-californicahttp://www.smmflowers.org/mobile/species/Amorpha_californica_californica.htm

© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: most pH: any local [6.0-8.0]

Light: Needs some shade; light

shade to quite shady

Water: Winter: needs good winter rains Summer: best with some

summer water – Zone 2 probably optimal for appearance


Other: either difficult or easy –needs the right spot. Easy to prune or shape.

©2004 Aaron Schusteff

© Project SOUND

False indigo: shade Good choice in high or dappled shade

under trees; woodsy appearance To provide Dogface habitat Back of bed shrub – north-facing Large containers; espaliers In a scented garden

http://mamba.bio.uci.edu/~pjbryant/biodiv/plants/Fabaceae/Amorpha%20californica.htm

http://www.smmflowers.org/mobile/species/Amorpha_californica_californica.htm http://wemoss.org/images/jul07/amorpha_nana/

The genus Philadelphus (mock-orange) In Hydrangeaceae family with Carpenteria,

Fendlera and Whipplea modesta

~60 species of shrubs from North America, Central America, Asia and southeast Europe.

They are named "mock-orange" because the flowers: look somewhat similar to those of oranges and lemons; smell of orange flowers and jasmine.

This classic and easy-to-grow hollow-branched shrub was used by the Turks to make pipes.

Its Latin name means “brotherly love” and its orange-blossomlike fragrance has enhanced teas, perfumes, and many a garden.

© Project SOUNDhttps://thedahliapapers.com/2016/07/07/parham-a-series-of-exquisite-shocks-for-my-plant-palette/

© Project SOUND

*Littleleaf mock orange – Philadelphus microphyllus

Margaret Williams, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

© Project SOUND

*Littleleaf mock orange – Philadelphus microphyllus

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=37696

Southwestern deserts from CO to TX, CA, northern Mexico

Desert Mountains (White and Inyo Mountains); Mojave Desert; Peninsular Ranges; Sierra Nevada East

Arid rocky slopes, cliffs, pinyon-juniper, coniferous woods.

Introduced by Prof. Sargent to Britain about 1883

© Project SOUND

Shrubby Littleleaf mock orange

Size: 3-6 ft tall 3-6 ft wide

Growth form: Winter-deciduous woody shrub Multi-stemmed Mounded to more upright shape

(in sunnier locations); taller and more vine-like in shade

Older bark gray Moderate growth rate

Foliage: Simple, opposite, rounded leaves Nice color, texture

©2015 Steve Matson

© Project SOUND

Flowers are fantastic

Blooms: in spring – March-May; often April in lowland S. CA

Flowers: Look somewhat like a small,

white rose w/ 4 petals –brighten up a dark garden

Plants may be covered in blossoms – like an orange

Very pleasant, sweet aroma Good bee and butterfly habitat

plant Flowers arise from past year’s

growth

http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=PHMI4

© Project SOUND

Tough survivor Soils:

Texture: most garden soils, except those that are very poorly draining (berm if needed)

pH: any local

Light: Sun to part-shade; some afternoon

shade in most gardens

Water: Winter: needs regular water;

supplement if needed Summer: deep water 2x/mo. first year;

then occasional deep summer water (Water Zone 2 probably best)

Fertilizer: fine with 1-2 doses of half-strength fertilizer during growing season

Other: prune to shape after floweringhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philadelphus_microphyllus_4.jpg

© Project SOUND

Philadelphus: informal to formal

Background, foundation or hedge shrub; informal or pruned/hedged

Accent plant; espalier As an attractive pot plant

https://nargs.org/forum/californian-shrubshttp://galina-dubovaya.ucoz.ru/photo/5-0-535-3

https://nargs.org/forum/californian-shrubs

Philadelphus microphyllus'Desert Snow'

4-6 feet high & wide

Small, narrow, dark green to greyish green leaves, paler beneath.

Flowers pure white; ‘fragrance suggests a mixture of grape and cinnamon candies’

Sun, most soils; moderate to occasional water

Available at Tree of Life, Suncrest Growers

© Project SOUND

Would Philadelphus microphyllus work as an espalier for us?

© Project SOUND





Regular growth habit (for formal espaliers) – with pruning

Shapeable (major branches can be bent for at least a few months when young) – but P. lewisii may be more

© Project SOUND

* Lewis’ Mock Orange – Philadelphus lewisii

© 1998 California Academy of Sciences

© Project SOUND

Mock Orange: a large deciduous shrub

Winter deciduous Size:

usually 4-8 ft tall; can be taller, particularly in shady sites

8-10 ft wide

Growth form: Naturally a loose, informal shrub

with down-curving, ‘fountain-like’ branches

Can be pruned to be much more dense: hedge

Foliage: simple; lovely woodsy green (reminds you of OR woods)

Roots: will spread, particularly with regular water – may want to contain

Quick-growing

http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Philadelphus-lewisii/

© Project SOUND

Mock Orange has always been grown for it’s wonderful flowers

Blooms: usually May to July; long bloom period with hundreds of blooms

Flowers: Showy, white in clusters Very intense fragrance like that of

orange blossoms Fragrance will perfume entire yard;

may want to plant back in garden

Bee pollinated: a great plant for native bee pollinators

Seeds: relatively large; can propagate from seed (needs a cold treatment – stratification – for best germination)

© 2003 Christopher L. Christie

Mock Orange is the Idaho state flower

© Project SOUND

Mock Orange is very easy to grow - Soils: literally any soil, even clay and

alkali soils

Light: best flowering and form in full sun; bright/dappled shade is ok (particularly

in very hot gardens)

Water: Winter: anything goes; even takes

some winter flooding Summer:

Does best with moderate to regular water; every other week as needed in summer

Fairly drought tolerate – but will lose leaves

Fertilizer: none needed; organic mulches probably a good idea

http://www.cwnp.org/photopgs/pdoc/phlewisii.html

Mock orange is very adaptable in gardens

© Project SOUND

http://wwwrockrose.blogspot.com/2010/04/poppy-frenzy.html

http://lalows.blogspot.com/2015/07/7-up-and-100.html https://www.pinterest.com/pin/453948837416322304/

Philadelphus lewisii'Marjorie Schmidt'

‘This selection is known for its showy display’ – larger and more abundant flowers

Selected by Roger Raiche and Ron Lutsko along Route 36 west of Red Bluff, in Shasta County.

6-10' H x 6-10' W

Sun or light shade with moderate water

Available at TPF

© Project SOUND

http://www.mostlynatives.com/plants/philadelphus-lewisii-marjorie-schmidt

https://www.forestfarm.com/trees-shrubs/shrubs?genus=573

Philadelphus lewisii'Goose Creek'

Abundant white flowers with double petals

Good hedge plant 6-10' H x 6-10' W Fast growth Adaptable to most garden

soils Full to part sun Occasional to moderate water

© Project SOUND

http://www.mostlynatives.com/plants/philadelphus-lewisii-goose-creek

Espalier is a combination of art & science

Choosing plants that have attractive attributes: Foliage Flowers/fruits Aroma

Fitting the plants natural growth habit to the appropriate espalier design

Pruning to achieve an attractive accent – lots of choices along the way

© Project SOUND


Separating the hot tub and dining areas

Want some privacy, but how much?

© Project SOUND

https://za.pinterest.com/pin/409827634820431625/

How much privacy do we want?

© Project SOUND


A dense narrow hedge

A screen that allows for some views through it?

Must espaliers be grown against a wall or fence?

As long as they are provided with support, espaliers can be grown almost anywhere

Traditionally used as ‘fences’ to let air, light and views through

© Project SOUND

http://newzamok.com/belgian-fence-espalier/

Belgian Fence espalier

http://www.thelovelyplants.com/10-amazing-examples-of-espalier-tree-art/

Free-standing pleachedhttps://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g499616-d2236601-i92827048-Standen-East_Grinstead_West_Sussex_England.html

Options for a narrow privacy ‘screen’

Hardscape only: wall, fences, other Large containers (with or without

plants) Planted screen with vines Planted screen with espalier Narrow hedge

© Project SOUND


https://www.pinterest.com/pin/476537204302491396/https://www.pinterest.com/pin/534872893225871024/

https://www.pinterest.com/explore/backyard-privacy/

Hedge/espalier/pot: the support structure depends on your choice

© Project SOUND


https://www.pinterest.com/fdsminnesota/interior-planters/

We’ve spoken before about growing currants and gooseberries in large pots

© Project SOUND

http://bhfnursery.com/?attachment_id=4471

http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/risa4.htm

But most people don’t realize just how adaptable native currants and gooseberries can be.

© Project SOUND

https://brendenstudio.wordpress.com/tag/black-huckleberry/

http://weetrees.co.uk/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=2817

http://www.dependens.nl/collectie-en-borders

Currants & gooseberries (Ribes) also make good smaller espaliers

© Project SOUNDhttp://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/a-currant-affair/

http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/4492039839/

http://cdn1.pacifichorticulture.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Cannon.01.jpg




And here’s where the science of espalier comes in

© Project SOUNDWand-like, spreading currants

Shrub-like currants/gooseberries

These are the ones you want for narrow hedges, containers, even most espaliers

* Pink Currant - Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum

© Project SOUNDhttp://www.laspilitas.com/groups/ribes_currant_gooseberry/Ribes_currants_of_california.htmlhttp://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?4450,4451,4489,4490

Introduced in horticultural trade by Theodore Payne

© Project SOUND

Pink-flowered Currants make nice shrubs

Size: 4-7 ft tall; 3-6 ft wide

Open branch pattern – branches are attractive red-brown when young

No prickles/spines

Grow at moderate rate; several ft./year at first

Foliage: fragrant, attractive, drought-deciduous

© Project SOUND

Pink Currant: good habitat in a pretty package

Showy flowers Early: winter to spring

Cluster of bell-shaped flowers on drooping stalks

Fragrant!!

Provide early nectar source for: Hummingbirds Butterflies Bees & other pollinators

Sticky Purple berries Edible – raw or cooked

Food for many birds (Dark-eyed Junco, Quail, Thrushes, Robins, Finches, Towhees and Jays)

© Project SOUND

Pink-flowered Currant – nice for shade

Light: full sun only on coast; part-shade to full shade – does fine under trees!!

Soils: any texture & pH; well-drained soils best

Water: need to water to establish; after

that, cut back water in summer Can give some summer water to

keep it green; but beware of tendency to fungal infections

Nutrients: low needs, but may benefit from an organic mulch

Low maintenance – prune occasionally (when dormant) to shape and encourage flowering

© Project SOUND

Much garden potential

http://www.sodininkas.com/galerija/index.php/Agrastiniai-Grossulariaceae/Raudon-iedis-serbentas-Ribes-sanguineum/Ribes-sanguineum-krumas-zydi https://davisla.wordpress.com/2011/03/3

0/plant-of-the-week-ribes-sanguineum/

http://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/ribes-sanguineum

Ribes sanguineum: many nice cultivars

Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum ‘Claremont’ ‘Heart’s Delight’ ‘Spring Showers’ ‘Tranquillon Ridge’

Ribes sanguineum var. sanguineum ‘Barrie Coate’ ‘King Edward VII’ ‘Pulborough Scarlet’

© Project SOUND

http://www.rainyside.com/plant_gallery/shrubs/Ribes_sanguineumClaremont.html

Ribes sanguineum var. glutinosum‘Claremont’

https://manzanitamania.wordpress.com/tag/pink-flowers/

Ribes sanguineum varsanguineum ‘Barrie Coate’

© Project SOUND

http://soquelnursery.com/shrubs_ribes_westringia.html

http://www.flickriver.com/photos/eastbaywilds/sets/72157625902415111/http://www.yerbabuenanursery.com/images/botimages/big/pink/0226_3.jpg

Very bright pink flowers

Shrub, hedge or espalier – it’s all in the pruning

© Project SOUND

https://davisla.wordpress.com/2011/03/30/plant-of-the-week-ribes-sanguineum/

http://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/ribes-sanguineum

© Project SOUND

Cuts that increase the number of new outer branches: Tip-pruning and shearing

Tip-pruning (pinching) involves removal of the growing tip; stimulating the growth of lateral branches

Shearing (hedging; heading back) A form of heading that makes no

attempt to cut back to a bud.

Because plants chosen for shearing typically have many lateral buds close together, you'll usually end up cutting near a bud.

Shearing stimulates many buds to produce new growth - so you'll be repeating the job regularly after you start.

http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=howTo&p=LawnGarden/PruningPlants

Uses in pruning shrubs and hedges (& some espaliers)

© Project SOUND

Formally pruned shrubs & hedges Some espaliers used as dense screens or

hedges We’ll come back to hedging next month

http://www.pinnacletree.ca/Hedge-Pruning---Removal.htm

Shrubby currants

© Project SOUND

https://herbidacious.wordpress.com/2012/05/06/current-fans/

https://herbidacious.wordpress.com/2015/08/21/trained-fruit-at-west-dean-gardens/http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/risa4.htm

Which look best suits our needs for a privacy screen?

Ribes malvaceum vs. R. sanguineum

Chaparral currant:

Grows in chaparral & oak woodlands, including in S. CA

Blooms earlier

Is more sun and drought tolerant than the popular pink flowering currant, Ribes sanguineumglutinosum.

In our gardens, it is more vigorous and hardy

© Project SOUND

Ribes malvaceaum

Ribes sanguineum

https://baynature.org/2014/02/13/wildflowers-coping-drought/

Chaparral currrant – Ribes malvaceum

http://www.santabarbarahikes.com/flowers/index.php?action=show_item&id=42&search=

Ribes malvaceum : two varieties

Coast Ranges from Marin to Los Angeles counties – mostly a North/Central CA

Chaparral, oak woodland;

© Project SOUND

http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=65160

var. malvaceaum

var. viridifoleum

Los Angeles co. (San Gabriels; Santa Monica mtns) south to Baja

Chaparral, oak woodland;

var. malvaceaum

var. viridifoleum

http://www.calflora.net/floweringplantphotogalleries/placeritacanyon/placeritacanyon.html

© Project SOUND

Chaparral currant

Size: 6-8 ft tall 6-8 ft wide

Growth form: Mounded shrub Rather loose, open habit,

particularly in shade Reddish bark

Foliage: Medium green Typical shape for currant Drought-deciduous; green until

fall with a little water

http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/plants/Grossulariaceae/Ribes%20malvaceum.htm

http://www.smmflowers.org/mobile/species/Ribes_malvaceum.htm

© Project SOUND

http://www.mountainwatch.org/why-natives/

http://www.laspilitas.com/groups/ribes_currant_gooseberry/Ribes_currants_of_california.html


© Project SOUND

Plant Requirements Soils: Texture: any local pH: any local

Light: full sun to part-shade; some afternoon shade for best appearance

Water: Winter: adequate Summer: infrequent, deep

water once established (Water Zone 1-2 to 2)

Fertilizer: needs none in ground; yearly dose of ½ strength in containers

Other: organic mulch recommended

http://back40feet.blogspot.com/2008/04/spring-in-garden-of-my-guru.html

Ribes in part-shade –perfect for espalier

Part-woody – can shape while still flexible

Open habit Fall deciduous – time to do

maintenance

© Project SOUND



Chaparral Currant – fabulous cultivars

Var. malvaceum ‘Montara Rose’ ‘Dancing Tassels’ ‘Wunderlich’

Var viridifolium ‘Ortega Beauty’

Ribes malvaceum var. malvaceum ‘Montara Rose’

6 by 6 foot shrub

Gorgeous clusters of deep pink flowers, Jan-Apr

Edible currants (humans or birds)

Full sun to light shade and occasional water.

In a hot dry spot, it will drop its leaves in midsummer

© Project SOUNDhttp://www.yerbabuenanursery.com/viewplant.php?pid=621

Ribes malvaceum var. malvaceum ‘Dancing Tassels’

© Project SOUND

Selection by Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden from San Clemente Island.

6-8 ft. tall and wide

Winter/spring blooms over a long period

Long dangling flower clusters

Fragrant foliage, peeling red-brown bark, clusters of blue-black berries

Full sun to part-shade; little to no water once established.

https://manzanitamania.wordpress.com/tag/pink-flowers/

Ribes malvaceum var. viridifolium ‘Ortega Beauty’

© Project SOUND

6-8 ft tall & wide

From coastal mountains of S. CA; intro’d by Nevin Smith

Large, very bright/dark pink flowers – winter/spring

Attractive reddish brown, peeling bark and large, resinous dark green leaves.

Best in part-shade; occasional water

http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/plants/Grossulariaceae/Ribes%20malvaceum.htm


What we’ve done today

We’ve:

Learned about several ways to use native and non-native plants in narrow spaces

Learned how to evaluate natives for their ‘espalierability’

Seen that espalier is both an art and a science

Explored both formal and informal forms of espalier – and how they’re created

Learned a few trick for making an area seem smaller

© Project SOUND

http://www.realmensow.co.uk/?p=3168

Along the way we’ve: Learned to appreciate native

plant’s flexibility

Seen some inspiring photos

We’ll come back to the dining (and other) areas next month

© Project SOUND

http://dargan.com/blending-design-shapes-into-outdoor-seating-areas/

More resources on espalier

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/MG/MG27300.pdf

https://deepgreenpermaculture.com/diy-instructions/espalier-supporttrellis/

https://www.starkbros.com/growing-guide/article/espalier-fruit-trees

© Project SOUND

Workshop: The Art & Science of Espalier

© Project SOUND

Mother Nature’s BackyardSat. March 11, 2017 - 10:00 a.m.

2017 Season – Small is Beautiful: Native Habitats in Smaller Gardens

© Project SOUND

Next month: Birds on a (Space) Budget

Espalier 2017 final

Education