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great ācāryas of mid-Tang period 14Account of Activities 131n27Account of Conduct (T 2056) 132Acri, A. 326n12, 329n24, 345, 378, 393*Adbhutakalpa (*Ekākṣara-adbhutoṣnīṣakalpa, T
54n134, 149, 234n32, 244, 268–69, 277–78, 281, 317, 318n68; inscription of 142, 149; iconogra-phy at Candi Jago 277; statue of Jago 278n13; manḍala of 280–81
Amoghapāsakalparāja (AKR, T 1092) 43n67, 48n93, 55n144
INDEX
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Masiah
Text Box
Reproduced from Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia: Networks of Masters, Texts, Icons, edited by Andrea Acri (Singapore: ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, 2016). This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of ISEAS Publishing. Individual chapters are available at <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg>
107, 113, 115–21, 166, 174, 178, 241, 252, 261–63, 265–66, 278n9, 339n66; account of journey to Suvarṇadvīpa 19n63; relics of 120; school 119; see also Candragharba
antagonistic paradigm 21; anti-Śaiva Buddhist myths 369; anti-Śaiva polemics 323–24, 337, 341–45, 347; Buddhaicized Śaiva deities in Sri Lanka 365; divide 9; doctrinal disputes 370; Hindu gods and goddesses in Buddhist contexts 182–83; problem of syncretism 21; subordination of Hindu deities at Candi Sewu 372n43; violence 372n44
Bautze-Picron, C. 20, 79, 197, 265n4, 268, 268n6Bay of Bengal 195, 205, 211; interaction sphere 211;
as the ‘Kaliṅga Sea’ 212Bayon state temple 20n66, 21, 244, 278n15Behera, K.S. 213Bell, Sir C. 120Bena, King 194Benedict, A. 151–52Bengal 165–90, 200–201, 207; copperplate inscrip-
tions 167–69, 167n21, 168n28; Muslim conquest 374; relations with Bagan 170, 190; relations with Tibet 167, 175, 190, 188n113; see also Gauḍīdvīpa
Benisti, M. 213Berg, C.C. 141–43, 151, 158Bernet Kempers, A. J. 285n26, 318Beyer, S. 87, 119Bhadracarī 87, 107, 109–11, 265Bhadreśvara 87–88Bhagavatavyākhyātantra 75Bhairava/Mahākāla 4, 134n48, 268, 332–33, 345;
200–202, 220, 234n29, 239n4, 247, 253, 257, 259–60, 262, 267, 269, 271, 278, 281n22, 334, 337n58, 338, 344, 368n32, 371n42, 376; 108 names of 134; as a universal and divine king ruler (cakravartin) 164, 201–202; as Bhairava 142; biography of 163, 188–90, 193; depictions/images/statues of 164–66, 174, 177n73, 178n82, 183, 186–89, 191–93, 194n13, 195–96, 198–202, 204, 206, 209; Dhyāni/Jina-Buddha(s) 141, 141n2, 143, 219, 229, 232–33, 248, 278, 280n21, 316, 318 (see also Five Tathāgatas); directional 243; discourses/preaching/sermon/teaching/ut-terance of 164; donations to 168–69; Eight Great
Events of Buddha’s life (Aṣtamahāpratiharya) 187–88, 189n121; footprint 356; gem-eyed 373; images at Kesariya 199; in Brahmanical images 184; of Bhadrakālpa 202; of Borobudur 238; pentad of 242, 245, 252 (see also Jina-Buddhas, Pañcatathāgatas); nāga-enthroned 244; of the present and future 78–79; oneness with Śiva 278, 318; of Sambor Prei Kuk 250; of the past 78–79; Supreme 278n15; see also Śākyamuni (Buddha), Tathāgata(s)
Buddhabhadra 87Buddhacarita (Vuddhacarita) 98, 110buddhacārya 110–11Buddhaghoṣa 391Buddhaguhya 44n75, 99n78, 123n1Buddhagupta 81n37; inscription 256Buddhahood 216, 239, 277, 316Buddhajñāna (or Buddhaśrījñāna) 71, 76Buddhakapāla 178Buddhakara, King 14n45; dynasty 14n45Buddhasamayoga 74Buddhism/Buddhist, and royal power 169–70,
167n19; council, first 203; cult of books 176, 180, 187; donations 167–69; donors 167–70, 177, 180; interaction with Brahmanism 168–69, 175, 182–84, 190, 182n94, 190n122; monasticism 182, 169n27; pilgrimage 165, 165n10, 173; transmis-sion between the Sanskritic and Sinitic worlds, 29
Buddhist iconography, incorporation of local beliefs 225
Bühnemann, G. 330n33–n32Bukit Seguntang, inscription 257Bureaucracy, in Tang China 127–131Bu ston 389
56n162, 100, 145, 154–55, 188n116, 193–94, 201–203, 206, 208n72, 346, 358n16, 369; as a manḍala’s central Buddha or Bodhisattva 201–202; vidyādhara- 36; stūpa, see stūpa
205–207, 241, 373Chapoholo, battle site of 194n14Chattopadhyaya, B. 202Chaurasi, temple 232Chengguan 92Cherok Tokun inscription 85n45Chientowei, River 194n14Chinese monks/pilgrims 213, 216, 226, 258, 266; in
the Indonesian Archipelago 113–14Chinggis Khan 147, 153, 158; cult of 147Chinnamastakā (or Chinnamastā) 387n41Chōen 386n33Chou, Y–L. 11, 86Chōyo 387n40Clay sealings/votive tablets 85Coedès, G. 1n1, 82, 113, 237, 241, 253, 257, 263Cōḻa, dynasty 115, 207, 253, 262, 266, 377n52;
attack on Sumatra 260, 262, 266; fleet 241; inscriptions 207n68; interregnum in Sri Lanka 368n29; period 368n32; Rājarāja 174, 207n68; texts 241;
Colless, B. 323n3–24n5, 331, 341, 343, 347, 376, 378Compendium of Principles of All Tathāgatas 239Comprehensive Mirror for Aiding Government
99, 102, 237–40, 244, 252, 318, 351–53, 370n37, 374n46, 375; and early mediaeval polities 5; and magical sovereignty 36; and politics 46–47, 123–24, 137–38; and the ethos of power 133–35; and war 137; archaic nature outside of the Subcontinent 13; as distinct sectarian tradition in China 125n7; at Phimai 20n66; bestowing Buddhahood in life 277; bestowing super-natural powers 278; collapse of institutional support after 840 ad 351; conflict with Thera-vāda 66; cult of wrathful deities 178–80, 184, 190; decline after 840 A.D. 8, 18; denominator, vis-à-vis Tantric Buddhism 29n2; definition 2–3; Esoteric teachings (mijiao 密教) 129n7; in China 205, 207; in India 172, 190, 196, 206; in Java 11–12, 86, 207, 242; in Sri Lanka 9n27, 351; loss of royal support after 840 A.D. 373; origin 4–5; relationship with śaivism 2; royal and mercantile models 5–6; scholarly construction of 125n7; significant features 4; soteriology-ori-ented, transmission to China 29; Three Phases 7, 252n19; waves 13, 19
Eurasia 1, 2n3
fang sheng 109n103Fanyu zaming (T 2135) 90n 63Faxian 13n42, 85, 114, 191Fa-yü 261Fazang 203Feixi 358Ferrari, A. 120Five Indias 19n62Fontein, J. 268, 279, 281n22Foucher, A. 88n56Fozu lidai tongzai 147Franke, H. 144, 146n11, 147Fuhōden (Himitsu Mandarakyō Fuhōden) 31, 33,
34n33Funan 212, 245
Gajalakṣmī 223Gajavaktra 47n88, 338–39n67, 342; see also Gajen-
Sanskrit inscription 356Godan/Köden 144, 145n10Gold plates, Buddhist inscriptions from Java 85Golden Monastery 115 ‘Gold Island’/‘Gold Land’, see SuvarṇdvīpaGomez, L.O. 227Gopāla II, King 167, 197n21;Goris, R. 69, 71, 101Go shōrai Mokuroku (T 2161) 46n81
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Esoteric Buddhism in Mediaeval Maritime Asia448
Goudriaan, T. 85n43, 325–26n12, 330–32nn40–41, 335–36, 338, 345–46n83
Govindacandra, King 169–70;grahas 46, 190n125Grand Councillors 128–29Gray, D.B. 248Great Leiden Charter 117Great Song Brief History of the Saṅgha 128n16Green Dragon, Monastery 99Griffiths, A. 11, 19n63, 88n61, 265–66, 270n7, 273,
Guhyasamājanidānakārikā 80Guhyatantra 43, 47n88, 56n159Guhyendutilaka 74–75, 111Gujarat 194, 208; see also GurjaradeśaGuluṅ Guluṅ inscription 334Gumpung, see Candi GumpungGuṇabhadra 357n13Guṇavarman 85, 205–206Gunung Kidul 363; inscriptions 349Gupta dynasty 194–96; art and architecture of
195–97Gupta, S. 211Gurjaradeśa (present-day Gujarat) 12, 208Gurjara-Pratihāra dynasty 12, 208Gurumanḍalapūjā 88n61Gurupañcasikhā 73–74, 76, 98–99, 111Guy, J. 204, 252Gyantse 201n39
Haiyun 31, 389–90Hall, D.G.E. 142
Han dynasty 124Han Prince 127Hanguang 360, 365n25; biography of 17n54Hanumān 333Hārītī 211, 226, 235Harivarman 170–71, 181–82; manuscript 182Harṣa, King 36n45, 194–95, 202–203;Harṣavijaya, kiduṅ 151Harṣavijaya (nephew of Kṛtanagara) 151Hastadanḍasāstra 83n40Hayagrīva 40, 56, 58, 175, 221, 277Heian period 8Heissig, W. 146Heling (or Holing), Kingdom 31, 208, 212; see also
Kaliṅga, KeliṅHermann-Pfandt, A. 201n39Heruka 13, 20–21, 166, 177n76, 178–80, 189n1210,
190, 184n96–97, 218, 248, 252, 267–68n6, 340, 345, 383; see also Hevajra
Hevajrābhiṣeka 141n2Hevajratantra 149, 115, 240, 252Hilsa 119Hīnayāna 3n8; monks 217; śāstras 217; sūtras 217Hinduism in Sumatra 253, 255Hindu temples 213; in Odisha 213, 223, 231; in
Bhubaneswar 222Hiraṇyadāman 346Hishū kyōsō shō 387n40History of Buddhism in India 217Hobbes, T. 155Hôbôgirin 382, 384n20Hock, N. 214, 217Hodge, S.75– 76Hodgson, B. 193n5Holt, J. 15homa 135, 199, 240Hongfa 99Hooykaas, C. 85n43, 325–26n12, 329nn28–30,
invasion by Khubilai 143; and Bangladesh 175; and China 11–12, 31–34, 207; and India 165–66, 176–78, 184, 189, 191, 195, 205–209; and Kaliṅga 212; connections with Odisha 213
Javanese literature, magical aspect of 142Jawi, Candi 88Jayabhadra 18n57Jayakatoṅ 150–51Jayākhyasaṁhitā 332n41; see also Pāñcarātra,
VaiṣṇavaJayanagara see Lakhi Sarai, JaynagarJayanāśa, King 256, 265Jayanta (Rājasthavira) 118Jayaśīla 117Jayavarman II, King 346, 358Jayavarman V, King 12n37; Sanskrit inscription (K.
111) 346Jayavarman VI, King 248Jayavarman VII, King 8, 20, 252, 278n9, 278n15,
371n42Jayavarman-Parameśvara, King 371n42Jesuits 118Jialouluo ji zhutian miyan jing (‘Scripture of
Mantras of Garuḍa and Gods’ [T 1278]) 382–83, 385n24, 385n29
100–101, 112, 207, 209, 241, 252Kempers, B. 267Ken Aṅrok 158Kern, H. 141n2Kesariya 191–93, 195–202; inscription 195; stūpa
architecture 193, 196–202; Ketu 46n83Khaḍgarāvaṇa 329, 332, 332nn43–44, 334Khagarbha 79–80; among the Eight Great Bo-
dhisattvas 79; among the group of six Bodhisat-tvas 80
Khalimpur, charter 195n18Khanipas 323–24, 331–32, 346, 346n86, 376Khao Sam Kaeo 255Khmer, Khorat plateau 237–38; art 244Khön clan 145Khotan 114Khri Srong Lde Bstan 77Khubilai Khan 8, 20n68, 21, 141–51, 153–59, 242,
252, 275, 278, 317–18; and Buddhism 144, 148, 153; and foreign policy 151; and Kṛtanagara 141, 142, 158; consecration of 141n2, 142, 153n18; historiography on 148; invasion of Java 143, 252; wife of (Chabi) 157
Kiduṅ 148, 151, 155, 158Kim, J. 1, 168, 170, 187King of Eulogies of Vajragarbha-Trailokyavijaya
148–51, 153–59, 252, 268, 275, 278, 318, 345; and Buddhism 141, 148, 151, 153; and foreign policy 151; and Khubilai 142, 158; consecration of 141n2; iṣtadevatā of 141n2
Kṣemarāja 331, 331nn37–38Kṣitigarbha 80; among the group of six Bodhisat-
tvas 80; among the Eight Great Bodhisattvas 79Kubera 55, 224, 282, 311n55, 370n39Kubilai, Kublai, see KhubilaiKubjikāmatatantra 384n19Kudṛṣtinirghātana 21n69Kuijp, L. van der 389Kūkai 12, 14–15, 29, 31–35, 39, 46n81, 100, 101n84,
123, 132, 136, 201–203, 205, 208–209, 233, 237, 238n2, 240, 244, 248, 256, 277, 278n9, 280n21, 281, 316–17, 365, 366n26, 372n43; fourfold typology 57n164; Hevajra 252; in stone images 166n17, 180, 188–90, 197; in structures (stūpa-manḍala) 191–93, 198–99, 201–202; Japanese Matrix World 30; living 128; model of Indic polity/political authority 6, 18n59, 124; Newar and Sakya-pa 317n65; of agni, vāri, pthivī, and vāyu 385; of Candi Jago 278, 318; of secret rituals 245; of the Eight Bodhisattvas 227; of the Guhyasamājatantra 20n68, 248; of the Vairocanābhisaṁbodhi 38; Perfected Body 341; sculptural 234n29; see also Garbhadhātu-maṇḍala, Vajradhātu(mahā)maṇḍala
Manḍalāṣtasūtra 238, 244Manguin, P.–Y. 262 Maṇicintana/*Maṇicinta 14Maniyār Matha 197Mañjughoṣa 18n59, 88, 252; among the Eight Great
Bodhisattvas 79; image of 252mañjunātha 88, 88n60
Mañjuśrī 10n32, 11n35, 13, 41, 53, 87–90; 145, 165, 170–72, 175–77, 183–85, 184n101, 188–90, 197, 203, 205n57, 206–207, 217, 229, 232–33, 238–39, 242, 251–52, 257, 262, 391; among the group of six Bodhisattvas 80; Arapacana 184–86, 189; cult of, maritime aspect 11; pavilion 127; see also Mañjughoṣa, Mañjuvajra
ture 196n20Nandivarman II Pallavamalla, King 372n44,
377n52Narasiṁha(pota)varman II Rājasiṁha, King 15, 17,
204–205, 368n32Nārāyaṇa 90, 323, 383–84Nāropā (or Advayavajra) 71n12, 390; relics of 120Natarāja see Śiva, dancingNaturalis Historia 212Naudou, J. 118Navakampa 326n12, 340n70nāvātman (mantra) 329n26Nāyanārs 372n44Neelis, J. 6Netang 116, 120, 262Netratantra 331–33n47, 346Newar, art 143n9; artesans, diaspora of in Central,
East, and Southeast Asia 21, 317, 329n19, 338n63; Buddhists 277; paubha 316
212; conquest of 211; in Tibetan accounts 217; manḍala states of 202n43; maritime connec-tions with Southeast Asia 9n25, 211–12; stylistic connections with Java 213; temple building within 213; see also Lalitagiri, Ratnagiri, Udayagiri,
Older Tang History 130, 131n30Old Javanese, 9th century stone inscription 323n3,
324, 336; glosses to Sanskrit verses 326–30, 332, 334, 336
Ratu Boko 352, 374n47; at Anurādhapura 352; at Tiriyāy 355
padmakula 48n93, 53n129, 54n131, 54n141, 233Padmapāṇi 88, 219, 224–25, 229, 235, 243, 252Padmapurāna 193Padmasambhava 14, 123n1Padoux, A. 331, 331n38, 338n62Pag Sam Jon Zang 82n37, 201n39Pahārpur, see Somapura MahāvihāraPahlavi, language 46Pak Hidayat 88n61Pal, P. 280, 317Pāla, dynasty 7, 167–68, 172, 191, 193–97, 199–201,
203–209, 237–38, 245, 260, 265, 273n9, 377n52; art and architecture of 191, 193, 195–97, 199–200, 204, 208; features in Southeast Asian bronzes 239, 251; inscriptions 167, 167n21, 206n60; political and religious ideology 237; religious synthesis 71n12, 168; reviseed chro-nology 18n59
298–300n44, 302–305n50, 311, 315–16Pārvatī 182, 335n51, 340, 340n69, 366pāsa, see amoghpāsa 278Paścimasrotas, stream of Śaivism 332Pasir Panjang rock inscription 18n59Paśupati 335n51, 385; weapon 279n16; see also
Rudra, ŚivaPātaliputra 195n18, 213; council of 114Pattikerā 20, 169pauṣtika 384Perak 12Pereng inscription 344n80Perfected Body manḍala 341Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 212Petech, L. 147, 120’Phags-pa 144–47, 145n10, 153, 155, 157, 317;
spiritual master of Khubilai Khan 145Phimai 21, 248, 252, 340n72Pigeaud, Th.G. 68Pilgrims, Japanese travelling to China 35, 40Pikatan, King 18n59, 345, 346n86, 351n3, 353n8,
362–63, 374n47, 378, 393–94; locality in Central Java 377; monastery/vihāra 351n3, 373n45
Rāvaṇa 17n56, 332Ray, H.P. 2n5Ṛddhiprabhāva 279n20, 281, 315Record of the Buddhist religion as practised in India
and the Malay Archipelago 228Record of the Dharma Transmission 238n2Reichle, N. 268Relic, Collarbone 354; Buddha hair 355–56Renwangjing (T 246) 86n51Reting, monastery 120–21, 262Ritigala 359–60Ritual Manual for the Initiation into the Great
Manḍala of the Uṣnīṣa-Cakravartin (T 959) (Manual) 29–31, 33–34, 36–38, 40–49
Robson, J. 382Rohaṇa, Kingdom 240van Ronkel, Ph.S. 82Rosenstock-Huessy, E. 153n17; theory of 141Rossabi, M. 144–45ṛṣi(s) 282–83, 298, 302–203, 319, 371n42Ṛtasaṅgraha 50, 58n180Rudra 55n154, 328n23, 330, 332, 339n68, 344, 371,
386–87; with severed head 387; see also Maheś-vara, Paśupati, Śiva
364–68, 370–71, 372n44, 373, 375n49, 377; dy-nasties 10, 17; inscriptions 362, 367–68; Kings 8n21; liṅgas 371n42; priests of Bali 325, 342n74; (proto-)Tantric scriptures 4n11; recension of SHK 69; ṣi 371n42; scriptures from Bali 324–26, 330n32, 346; Siddhānta 3n9; Tantras 39n61, 331, 331n36, 333n47, 345–46; teachings 69
Śaivism (Śaiva religion) 5, 8n21, 10, 90n63, 150, 350n3, 366, 374n46, 375, 377, 381; adoption of mainstream form in Central Java 374; Atimārga branch 10n30; boundaries between Buddhism and Śaivism 4; incorporation of texts into Bud-dhism 382–83; influence of in The Āvesa Rites 381; in Java 12, 39; Tantric 3n9, 4, 21n69
Śakra 55, 182; see also IndraSakya (Sa-skya) sect/monks 145–47; monasteries
ṣatkarmāni (six rites of magic) 330–32nn44–45, 331n46, 339n66, 345
*Satpāramitāsūtra 34n29Satyadvayāvatāra 118Satyavarman 358n16Schnitger, F.M. 258, 267–68, 270Schoemaker, W. 208Schopen, G. 216n13, 217, 227, 228n21Schoterman, J. 113n1, 318Scripture for Humane Kings 128Sdok Kak Thom Sanskrit-Old Khmer inscription
346Secret History (Mongyol-un niyuca tobčiyan) 153Seguntang Hill 258; see also Bukit Seguntang
inscriptionSejarah Melayu 212n6Sekoddesatīkā 390Sen, T. 2n4, 10, 15n53, 17, 194n12Sena, dynasty 169, 174Sena I, King 9n27, 353n8, 354n9, 355n9, 359–60,
373Sena II, King 18, 350n3, 351, 359n17, 361, 365,
369n33, 373–75Sewu, see Candi Sewu Seyfort Ruegg, D. 5, 144Shanxing 83–84Sharrock, P.D. 317n66Shāstri, H. 91–92Shengshan-si, monastery 34, 50Shibahui zhigui 337n60, 338, 341n73Shibian, Dharmācārya 83–84Shihu (Dānapāla) 11, 206Shijuhō-kyō (Shizhoufa jing) 339n66Shilifoshi 260; see also ŚrīvijayaShingon 354, 370; order 31; school 99, 376n51 Shōkai (alias Dōkai) 40Shōrai Mokuroku 39n58Shouzhang-lun 83n40Shilun jing (or Dasacakrasūtra) 80–81Shūei 40Si Thep 20n66Sichuan Basin 129siddha(s) 4, 9n26, 13n40, 47, 154, 166n17, 186n110,
268; inscription of ad 1351 278n14Si Pamutung 267Śiśireśwara 223Śiva 134n43, 167, 174, 181–82, 184, 187, 225, 239,
253, 255, 268, 282, 318, 326–32, 335, 338, 340–44, 362n22, 366, 368n32–72n43, 376, 386n31; dancing 184, 187, 190n125; oneness with Buddha 278, 318; temple 351; see also Mahādeva, Paśupati, Rudra, Śaṅkara
Śiva-Buddha (Bhattāra) 150–51, 278; cult of 21, 241Śivadharma 44n73Śivagṛha, funeral memorial inscription/stele 18n58,
345, 351n3, 374n48, 375n49, 393–94Śivaliṅgas 362n22, 367n27, 371; see also liṅgasSkanda 184, 184n95, 352n6; see also KārttikeyaSkilling, P. 10–11, 19, 168n27, 241, 262–63, 273n9Skorupski, T. 71Ślączka, A. 267, 272–73Slouber, M.J. 382, 383n14Slusser, M.S. 317n65Smith, F.M. 382Snellgrove, D.L. 238n2, 334, 336, 342n75Soekmono, R. 272
125n8, 126, 133n37, 136–37, 145, 194, 203–205, 238, 259–61, 382; biography 239–40; bureau-cracy 127–31; capital 133n39; court 5n15, 15, 381; diplomatic links with Śailendras and Lambakaṇṇas 10n30; emperors 239, 358; lines of communication with Java 48; masters 29; military 129, 131; period 10; relations with Pallavas 15; society 133;
Tanjung Medan 270Tanjur Canon 19n63 Tantra Bajradhātu (or Tantra Subhūti/Bajradhātu
Subhūti) 93, 98–100, 150 Tantrayāna, introduction to China 217Tantric magic 134n44, 136, 146, 324, 330, 332, 341,
345–47, 388; ses also ṣatkarmāni, siddhis, war magic
166n11, 171–73, 175–78, 181–82, 186, 189, 207, 217, 232, 234, 238, 265; Aṣtamahābhaya 186, 189–90, 234; cult of in Tibet and Indo-nesia 87, 119–120; cult of, maritime aspect 11; Mahācīna(krama)- 10n32; mantra of 119; temple at Somapura 207; temple in Central Java 8, 87, 120, 377; temple in Sri Lanka 240; Vajratārā 189n120, 264; see also Śyāmatārā
tian shuo [jialouluo] aweishe fa) 381–84, 388The Blue Annals 74The Great Tang dynasty record of the Western
Regions 193n4The Scripture for Humane Kings (En wang hu guo
ban ruo bo luo mi duo jing) 86n51Theravāda 8n22, 77, 239n4, 240, 361, 375; conflict
with Esoteric Buddhism 166; monks 190; shift in Sri Lanka 350, 374
Tholing 201n39Three Jewels 106Thūpārāma 353–56, 359–60; stūpa 353Tian Liangqiu 132, 132n36Tiantai, Mount 35, 39Tibet, military conquest by Khubilai 141Tibetan Buddhism 74, 115, 144, 145; influence on
Śrīvijaya 115; influence by Śrīvijaya 115Tibetan Canon 117Tibetan, invaders of China 131, 131n30Tibetan Lamas 146n11, 147Tibetan literature, and information on Śrīvijaya
219–22, 227, 229–30, 235, 239, 242–43, 252n19, 257, 323–24, 335–44, 346–47, 383; among the Eight Great Bodhisattvas 79; among the
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Index 463
group of six Bodhisattvas 80; as the Supreme Lord of All Tathāgatas 88; images of 211; see also Vajradhara, Vajrasattva, Vajrahūṁkāra, Trailokyavijaya, Caṇḍavajrapāṇi
Vajraparvata 9; -dwelling monks 9n27; see also Śrīśailam
232, 240, 242, 245–52, 336n55, 339, 339nn67–68, 354n9, 359n18, 370n36; as Ādi–Buddha/Sixth Buddha 242 278n15; as overlord of the Vajra-dhātu pentad (srīpañcasugata) 248; icons 246–47; Khmerized bronzes. 248–49; Khorat 252; Lovea Em icon 245–46, 252; Mahā- 88; school 102; see also Mahāvairocana
see also Wanua Tengah III inscriptionVāpilladatta 99Varak, King 353n8, 358n16, 363, 373n45, 376–78Vārāṇasī 18Varman, dynasty 169, 174Varuṇa 55, 282, 363n24vasīkarana, 329n25–332n39, 335n50, 336,