ESO2 T HE E ARTH ’ S RELIEF Unit 9
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ESO2
THE EARTH’S RELIEF
Unit 9
The earth’s relief Unit 9
Unit 8
Internal geological
processes Unit 8
Unit 8
Geothermal energy
internal geological processes
The Earth’s relief
Geological agents
Produces movement in
tectonic plates
Continental
Oceanic
Mixed
If they move
Separate
Oceanic ridges
Collide
Mountain ranges Slide past each
other
Earthquakes/faults
Earhquakes Volcanoes
Rock deformation
Rock formation
The earth’s relief Unit 9
Unit 9
The surface relief
Continental landforms:
mountain ranges/ chanes
Ocean floor relief
Continental landforms:
Mountain ranges/chanes/fold
mountains
Unit 8
Unit 8
When an ocean plate collides with another ocean plate or with a
plate carrying continents, one plate will bend and slide under the
other. This process is called subduction. A deep ocean trench
forms at this subduction boundary
Continental landforms:
Mountain ranges/chanes/fold
mountains
Unit 9
Unit 9
When an ocean plate collides and sinks bellow a continental plate
(subducts) a deep ocean trench forms at this subduction
boundary and a volcanic mountain range such as the Cascades
and the Andes, or chains of islands called island arcs such as
Japan and the Aleutian Islands
Continental landforms:
Mountain ranges/chanes/fold
mountains
Unit 9
Unit 9
• Volcanic
mountain
range
• The Andes is
the longest
mountain in
the world
Continental landforms:
Mountain ranges/chanes/fold
mountains
Unit 9
Unit 9
When two continental plates collide a mountain ranges is
produced (e.g The Alps, The Himalayas or the
Pyrenees).The Himalayas were formed when India
(mixed plate) crashed with Asia(continental) 55 millions
years ago
Continental landforms:
Mountain ranges/chanes/fold
mountains
Unit 9
Unit 9
Ocean floor relief Unit 9
Unit 9
• 1 • 2
• 3
• 4
• 6
• 5
A
continental
shelf
A
continental
slope
oceanic
ridges
A rift An abyssal
plane
An oeanic
trench
A volcanic
island
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
• 7
Ocean floor relief Unit 9
Unit 9
• A continental shelf is the part of a
continent beneath the sea (200m)
• A continental slope is a large slope that
descends from the edge of a continental shelf
to the ocean floor
• An oceanic trench is a very deep depression in
the ocean floor e.g Mariana trench in the Pacific
ocean
Ocean floor relief Unit 9
Unit 9
An oceanic ridge is an undersea mountain (2000 m) e.g the Mid-
Atlantic Ridge these underwater mountain ranges are formed by
eruptions of basalt lava along their length
Ocean floor relief Unit 9
Unit 9
Ocean floor relief Unit 9
Unit 9
Rock deformation Unit 9
Unit 9
Types of stress that cause deformation
Compression
Tension
Shear
Rock deformation Unit 9
Unit 9
• Fold is a bend produced when plastic materials are compress
Rock deformation Unit 9
Unit 9
• Axial plane
• Limb
• Axis
Rock deformation Unit 9
Unit 9
• A fault is a fracture in the rock caused by a displacement of the
two volumes of rock
Rock deformation Unit 9
Unit 9
• A fault is a fracture in the rock caused by a displacement of the
two volumes of rock
• Footwall block (bloque hundido de la falla)
Rock deformation Unit 9
Unit 9
• A fault is a fracture in the rock caused by a displacement of the
two volumes of rock
Reverse fault
Rock deformation Unit 9
Unit 9
• A fault is a fracture in the rock caused by a displacement of the
two volumes of rock
Rock deformation Unit 9
Unit 9
• A fault is a fracture in the rock caused by a displacement of the
two volumes of rock
• Normal fault
Unit 9
Unit 9
• Normal fault
Unit 9
Unit 9
• Normal fault
Rocks formed inside the
Earth Unit 9
Unit 9
• Igneous or magmatic rocks
• Metamorphic rocks
Igneous or magmatic rock Unit 9
Unit 9
• Igneous or magmatic rocks are formed when molten
magma from inside the Earth solidifies
Approximately 90% of Earth’s surface is made up of
Igneous rock.
The term “igneous” come from the latin root “Ignis”
meaning fire
Molten rock is called magma when it is bellow the
Earth’s surface and lava when it is above
Igneous or magmatic rock Unit 9
Unit 9
• Igneous or magmatic rocks are formed when molten
magma from inside the Earth solidifies
If it cools down very quickly (extrusive or volcanic
rocks) fine grained
If it cools down slowly (intrusive or plutonic rocks)
coarse grained
Extrusive volcanic rocks
Intrusive Plutonic rocks
Fine grained (small crystals)
Coarse grained
Cool down quickly (large crystals)
Cool down slowly
Igneous or magmatic rock Unit 9
Unit 9
• Granite (plutonic rock)
Igneous or magmatic rock Unit 9
Unit 9
• Diorite
Igneous or magmatic rock Unit 9
Unit 9
• Obsidian
Igneous or magmatic rock Unit 9
Unit 9
• Pumice
Igneous or magmatic rock Unit 9
Unit 9
• Basalt
Igneous or magmatic rock Unit 9
Unit 9
• Basalt
Metamorphic rocks Unit 9
Unit 9
• Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing
rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means
"change in form". The original rock is subjected to heat
(temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (1500
bars), causing profound physical and/or chemical change
Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
sandstone quartzite
clay marble
limestone slate
schist
gneis
Metamorphic rocks Unit 9
Unit 9
Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks
sandstone quartzite
limestone marble
clay slate
schist
gneis
Metamorphic rocks Unit 9
Unit 9
Metamorphic rocks Unit 9
Unit 9
Metamorphic rocks Unit 9
Unit 9
Limestone
Marble
Metamorphic rocks Unit 9
Unit 9
Quartzite
Sandstone
Metamorphic rocks Unit 9
Unit 9
• Marble • Quartzite
• Slate • Gneis
Sedimentary rocks Unit 9
Unit 9
Sedimentary rocks Unit 9
Unit 9
Sedimentary rocks Unit 9
Unit 9 • Limestone Fossiliferous limestone sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks Unit 9
Unit 9 • Limestone
Sandstone
Metamorphism Unit 9
Unit 9
• limestone • marble
• Subjected to
high T and P
Metamorphism Unit 9
Unit 9
• Clay
• Slate
The rock cycle Unit 9
Unit 9
The rock cycle Unit 9
Unit 9
The rock cycle Unit 9
Unit 9
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