EC2404- ELECTRONIC SYSTEM DESIGN LABORATORY, DGCT
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI(R 2008)EC2404 - ELECTRONIC SYSTEM
DESIGN LABORATORYSYLLABUS
1. Design of a 4-20 mA transmitter for a bridge type
transducer.Design the Instrumentation amplifier with the bridge
type transducer (Thermistor or any resistance variation
transducers) and convert the amplified voltage from
theinstrumentation amplifier to 4 20 mA current using op-amp. Plot
the variation of the temperature Vs output current.2. Design of
AC/DC voltage regulator using SCRDesign a phase controlled voltage
regulator using full wave rectifier and SCR, vary the conduction
angle and plot the output voltage.3. Design of process control
timerDesign a sequential timer to switch on & off at least 3
relays in a particular sequence using timer IC.4. Design of AM / FM
modulator / demodulatorDesign AM signal using multiplier IC for the
given carrier frequency and modulation index and demodulate the AM
signal using envelope detector.Design FM signal using VCO IC NE566
for the given carrier frequency and demodulate the same using PLL
NE 565.5. Design of Wireless data modem.Design a FSK modulator
using 555/XR 2206 and convert it to sine wave using filter and
transmit the same using IR LED and demodulate the same PLL NE
565/XR 2212.6. PCB layout design using CADDrawing the schematic of
simple electronic circuit and design of PCB layout using CAD7.
Microcontroller based systems designDesign of microcontroller based
system for simple applications like security systems combination
lock.8. DSP based system designDesign a DSP based system for echo
cancellation, using TMS/ADSP DSP kit.9. Psuedo-random Sequence
Generator10. Arithmetic Logic Unit Design
LIST OF EXPERIMENTSExp.NoEXPERIMENTSPage No
CYCLE 1
1. DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
7
2. DESIGN OF AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR
17
3. DESIGN OF PROCESS CONTROL TIMER
27
4. DESIGN OF AM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR
35
5. DESIGN OF FM MODULATOR AND DEMODULATOR43
6. DESIGN OF WIRELESS DATA MODEM
51
CYCLE 2
7.MICROCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEMS DESIGN
59
8.DSP BASED SYSTEM DESIGN
65
9.PSUEDO RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATOR
71
10.ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT DESIGN
77
11.PCB LAYOUT DESIGN USING ULTIBOARD83
INDEXEXP.NOEXPERIMENTSPAGE NO.MARKSSIGNATURE OF THE STAFF
SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF MARKS (OUT OF _________)CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM:
V2V1BRIDGECIRCUIT:
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:
Ex. No.1DESIGN OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIERDate :
AIM:To design, construct and test an instrumentation amplifier
using IC 741 and vary its gain from 1 to 100.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Name of the Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1
Operational Amplifier
IC 741
3
2
Resistor
10k5k 1k 50 k 250k 12 k
4 3
each 1
3
DRB
1
4
Bread Board &Connecting wires
As required
5
Dual Power Supply
1
6
Rheostat
(0-100)
1
7.
Multimeter
1
THEORY:
INSTUMENTATION AMPLIFIER:Instrumentation amplifier is generally
required in any measurement system using electrical transducers to
enhance signal levels often in low voltage less than mV. Also it is
required to provide impedance matching and isolation. When the
desired input rides over a common mode signal special amplifier are
needed so that difference signals get amplified to an acceptable
level while the common mode signals get attenuated.The physical
quantities can be converted into electrical quantities by using
transducer. The output of the transducer needs to be amplified to
get the meter readings. This amplification is done by using
instrumentation amplifier. The output of instrumentation amplifier
drives of indicator or display system. The important features of an
instrumentation amplifier are high gain accuracy, high CMRR, high
gain stability with low temperatureco-efficient, low dc offset, low
output impedance.Low input impedance may load the signal source
heavily. Therefore high resistance buffer is used preceding each
input to avoid this loading effect. For V1 =V2 under common mode
condition. If V2 =V2 and V1 =V1 both the operational amplifiers act
as voltage follower. If V1 V2 the circuit has differential gain by
the formula VO/ (V2-V1)=1+(2R/R).
DESIGN:Output voltageVO = (1 + ( 2R / R)) (V2 -V1)
Differential gain Ad = VO / (V2 - V1)
= 1 + (2R / R) Choose R = 10k
For Ad max = 100
100 = 1 + (20k /R)
R= 20K /99
Rmax = 200.
For Ad min = 10
10 = 1 + (20k /R)
R min = 2.2K.
IL = I1+I2
I1 = (V-(V0/2)) / R
I2 = (V0-(V0/2)) / R
IL = (V-(V0/2) + (V0-(V0/2)) / R = (V-V0+V0) / R = V/R
IL is independent of RL. If R is constant then ILV
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.2. The
bridge circuit was balanced by varying 100 Rheostat.3. The output
voltage V1 and V2 of balanced circuit were given as input to the
op-amp A1 and A2.4. Varying the resistance R1 the bridge circuit
the voltage V1 and V2 were varied.5. Varying the R the output
voltage was measured then the differential gain was calculated
using formula,=20 log (VO/(V2-V1)).
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULAR COLUMN: Vin =
S.NOOutput Voltage (volt)
Output Current (mA)
Gain =20 log (VO / (V2 -V1)) in dB
VIVA QUESTION:1. Write application of Instrumentation
amplifier.2. Define Ideal Op-Amp.3. Write the gain formula for
Instrumentation amplifier.4. Define CMRR.5. Compare linear and non
liner device.6. What are the areas of application of non-linear op-
amp circuits?7. What is meant by transducer?8. Mention some areas
where PLL is widely used.9. Define capture range of PLL.10. What
are the main features of Ic 741?
RESULT:Thus the physical quantities are converted into
electrical quantities and by using electrical quantities
instrumentation amplifier was designed, constructed and outputs
were verified.MARKS ALLOCATION
Experimental Setup10
Execution10
Viva10
Total30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
PIN DETAILS:
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
Ex.No.2AC/DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR Date :
AIM:(i)To design, construct and test a AC voltage regulator
using SCR. (ii)To design, construct and test a DC voltage regulator
using SCR.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
S.No
Name of the Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1
Transformer
230V/12V
1
2
SCR
2P4M
2
3
Diode
BY 127
2
4
Resistor
100K12 K
2 1
5
Bread Board
1
6
Connecting Wires
As required
7
CRO
1
8
DRB
2
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
S.No
Name of the Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1
Transformer
230V/24V
1
2
SCR
TYN 604
1
3
Diode
1N4001
4
4
Resistor
10 K 1k
2 1
5
Bread Board
1
6
Connecting Wires
As required
7
CRO
1
8
DRB
2
9
IC
7812
1
10
Capacitors
1000f
1
100f
1
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
MODEL GRAPH:
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
THEORY:
The SCR is switched ON and OFF to regulate the output voltage in
AC and DC voltage regulator.
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
If the SCR is connected to AC supply and load, the power flow
can be controlled by varying the RMS value of AC voltage applied to
the load and this type of power circuit is caused as AC voltage
regulator. Applications of AC voltage regulator are in heating on
load transformers for changing light controls, speed controls and
polyphase controls, induction motors and AC magnet controls for
power transfer. Two types of power control are normally used.(1)
ON-OFF control(2) Polyphase Angle controlAC regulators are those
converter which converts fixed ac voltage directly to variable ac
voltage of the same frequency. The load voltage is regulated by
controlling the firing angle of SCRs. AC voltage controllers are
thyristor based devices.The most common circuit is the inverse
parallel SCR pair in which two isolated gate signals are applied.
Each of the two SCRs are triggered at alternate half cycles of the
supply and the load voltage is part of input sine wave. The SCR is
an unidirectional device like diode, it allows current flow in only
one direction but unlike diode, it has built-in feature to switch
ON and OFF. The switching of SCR is controlled by gate and biasing
condition. This switching property of SCR allows to control the ON
periods thus controlling average power delivered to the load.In
this circuit SCR1 is forward biased during positive half cycle and
SCR2 is forward biased during negative half cycle. SCR1 is
triggered at the firing angle t= and supply voltage is impressed on
the load resistance(RL). It conducts from the remaining positive
half cycle, turning OFF when the anode voltage becomes zero at
t=.SCR2 is triggered at the firing angle t=+ and conducts till t=2.
Hence the load is alternating in polarity and is part of sine wave.
The firing angle of both SCRs is controlled by gate circuit. The
conduction period of SCR is controlled by varying gate signals
within specified values of maximum and minimum gate currents.For
gate triggering, a signal is applied between the gate and cathode
of the device. AC sources are normally used as gate signals. This
provides proper isolation between power.
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:If SCRs are used to convert an AC voltage
into DC voltage then they are known as DC voltage regulators. Eg.
Battery changes for high current capacity batteries in DC voltage
control only phase control is used.The transformer is used to step
down the voltage from 230V to 24V. This is given as input to bridge
rectifier. The bridge rectifier converts incoming ac signal to
unidirectional wave. Therefore we get full wave rectifier output at
the output of bridge rectifier. This is given as input to SCR. The
gate of SCR is triggered with firing angle of . During positive
half cycle, diode D1 and D2
TABULAR COLUMN:
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:DRB 1 value(K)
Amplitude (V)
TON(ms)
DRB 2 value(K)
Amplitude (V)
TOFF(ms)
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:DRB value(K)
Amplitude (V)
TON(ms)
Resistance RL(K)
Output (V)
conducts and during negative half cycle, diode D3 and D4
conducts. The full wave rectified output is given to capacitive
filter. The output of capacitor is dc that it eliminates ripple
contents of bridge rectifier output. The dc input is given to
regulator IC. The unregulated output must be 2V greater than
regulated output voltage. The load current may vary from 0 to rated
maximum output current. The output voltage is regulated dc.
PROCEDURE:
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram. 2. The
supply is given by means of step down transformer.3. Anode terminal
of SCR1 is connected to the anode terminal of diode, is connected
to cathode of SCR1 by means of resistor as the load.4. Hence the
voltage regulation is verified at load terminal.
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR:
1. Connect the two terminals at the top of bridge rectifier.
2. The positive terminal of the bridge rectifier is connected to
one terminal at the load and at the other terminal to anode
terminal of SCR.3. The pin 15 connected from the power supply to
the load. 4. Then the DC voltage regulation is checked and
verified.
DESIGN:
AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR: Triggering circuit for SCR:12 V
ac is rectified by diode BY 127. SCR 2P4M is used to trigger. Let
the current be 1mA. R=V/I=12V/1mA=12K.
DC VOLTAGE REGULATOR USING SCR: Triggering circuit for SCR:24 V
ac is rectified by diode 1N4001. SCR TYN604 is used to trigger. Let
the current be 1mA. R=V/I=12V/1mA=12K.
VIVA QUESTION:1.Define regulator.2 .Compare the full wave
rectifier and bridge rectifier.3. Write the application of SCR.4.
What is purpose of IC7812.5. Mention methods of triggering or
firing of SCR?6. Write the terminals of SCR.7. Write the efficiency
of full rectifier.8. Give the methods to trigger the SCR?9.What is
meant by phase controlled voltage regulator?10.Explain the
operation of the circuit.
RESULT:Thus both AC and DC voltage regulators were designed,
constructed and the output waveforms were drawn.
MARKS ALLOCATION
Experimental Setup10
Execution10
Viva10
Total30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Ex.No.3 PROCESS CONTROL TIMER / SEQUENTIAL TIMERDate:
AIM:To design sequential timer to switch ON and OFF at least
three delays in a particular sequence using IC 555 timer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Name of the Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1
IC
555
3
2
Bread Board
1
3
Resistors
33k3
100k
3
220
3
4
RPS
1
5
Connecting wires
As required
6
Capacitors
10uf
3
0.01uf
6
7
Trainer kit1
THEORY:
Sequential timer is the simplest form of the process control
timer in which many timing operations carried out sequentially one
by one. Each timing operation is kept in active condition for a
predefined amount of time and then goes to off condition. Similarly
the controller activates all the operations as per the defined
timings.This type of sequential controller is required for
injection moulding machine, back sealing experiments where it
required to activate solenoids, relays other activating mechanism
for a predefined time sequentially one by one.Sequential timer is
used for control process. The timer IC 555 is operated in
monostable mode. The mode monostable multivibrator circuit is
useful for generating single output pulse of adjustable data form
in response to a trigger signal. The width of the output pulse
depends only on external component connected to the op-amp. The
output of first multivibrator is given to the trigger input of the
second one. Similarly it is connected in sequential order. The time
period of each timer determine the triggering period of LED.
PIN DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
Amplitude(V)t (ms)t (ms)t (ms)LED 1 LED 2LED 31s 1s 1s
OBSERVATION:
LED 1 ON Time=
LED 2 ON Time=
LED 3 ON Time=
DESIGN:
This relay should be energised for 1 sec. ON Time TH=1.1*R*CHere
we design for 1 sec.
By choosing the value of R=100k
The value of C approximated to C=10uf Similarly we have
RA=RB=RC=R=100kCA=CB=CC=C=10uf
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuit connections were given as shown in circuit
diagram. 2. The triggering is given to pin 2 of timer 1.3. When the
trigger pulse is given the LED glows one by one sequentially.
Viva question:1. What is meant by process control timer.2. What
is the purpose of 555 timer IC.3. Write application of process
control timer.4. Differentiate sequential circuit and combinational
circuit.5. What is the function of the comparators in the 555 timer
circuit?6. List out the advantages of comparator.7. What is a relay
and give its uses?8. Why is monostable multivibrator used in the
circuit?9. Explain the circuit operation.10. Define threshold.
RESULT:Thus the circuits for sequential timer was designed,
constructed and outputs were verified.
MARKS ALLOCATION
Experimental Setup10
Execution10
Viva10
Total30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:AM MODULATION
AM DEMODULATION:
Ex. No.4 DESIGN OF AM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Date:
AIM:To design AM signal using multiplier IC for the given
carrier frequency and modulation index and demodulate
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Name of the Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1
Transistor
BC 107
1
2
Bread Board
1
3
Resistors
4.7K, 270,100K,33K
4,1,1,1
4
RPS
1
5
Connecting wires
As required
6
Capacitors
4.7uf
4
7
Inductance Box1
8CRO(0-20)MHz1
9
FG
(0-30) MHz2
10Diode
1N4001
1
PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagramGive the
modulating signal to pin no 10 through the FG.Give the carrier
signal to pin no 10 through the capacitor of 0.1f using another
FG.Note down the AM signal at pin no 6.Choose the amplitude level
of converter keeping frequency at constant depth of modulation was
calculated.Give AM signal to pin no 1 of demodulator circuit.Note
down the demodulator signal at pin no 2 of IC 1496.
MODELGRAPHTABULATION:SignalAmplitude(volts)Time(ms)
Carrier
Message
Modulated o/pEmax= Emin=
Demodulated o/p
THEORY:Modulation: It is the process in which the
characteristics of high frequency carrier wave is varied in
accordance with instantaneous value of other wave.
Amplitude Modulation: The amplitude of carrier wave is varied in
accordance with the instantaneous values of message signal is
called amplitude modulation.The bandwidth of the AM is twice the
bandwidth of the base band signal. The amplitude modulation wave
also produces two sidebands(Upper and Lower).
The extent of amplitude variation in AM about unmodulated
carrier amplitude is measured in terms of a factor called
modulation index defined as the ratio of modulating signal
amplitude to carrier amplitude. This factor also known as depth of
modulation, degree of modulation and modulation factor(ma).
If ma1 then the modulation is called over modulation, ma=1 then
the modulation is called critical modulation.
AM Demodulation: It is the process of extracting the message
signal by using a same carrier that was used for modulation from
the modulated signal.
The most commonly used AM detector is simple diode detector. The
signal at the secondary is half wave rectified by diode D. This
diode is the detector diode the resistance R is the load resistance
to rectifier and C is the filter capacitor. In the positive half
cycle of the AM signal diode conducts and current flows through R,
where as in negative half cycle, the diode is reverse biased and no
current flows. Therefore only positive half of the AM signal
appears across R. Capacitor reconstructs the original modulating
signal and high frequency carrier is removed.
VIVA QUESTIONS:1. Define Amplitude modulation.2. What are the
types of AM.3. What is the Bandwidth of AM..4 .State application of
AM.5. What type of modulation used in this circuit..6.
Differentiate AM and FM modulation.7. Compare PAM,PWM and PPM.8.
What is modulation index.9.How will you convert AM to FM.10.Draw
the spectra for AM signal.
RESULT:Thus the AM modulation and demodulation circuits were
constructed and modulation index was calculated.MARKS
ALLOCATION
Experimental Setup10
Execution10
Viva10
Total30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMFM MODULATION
FM DEMODULATION
Ex. No.5DESIGN OF FM MODULATION AND DEMODULATION Date:
AIM:To design FM signal using IC 566 for the given carrier
frequency and demodulate the FM using PLLNE 565.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:S. No
Name of the Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1
IC
565, 7490
2,1
2
Bread Board
1
3
Resistors
10K,12K,2K,20K,4.7KEach 1
4
RPS
1
5
Connecting wires
As required
6
Capacitors
0.01uf, 0.001uf,10uf
2,2,2
7
FG
(0-30)MHz1
8Transistor 2N22221
9CRO(0-20)MHz1
THEORY: Modulation:It is the process in which the
characteristics of high frequency carrier wave are varied in
accordance with instantaneous value of other wave.Frequency
Modulation:Frequency modulation is the process of varying the
frequency of a carrier wave in proportion to the instantaneous
amplitude of the modulating signal without any variation in the
amplitude of the carrier wave. Because the amplitude of the wave
remains unchanged, the power associated with an FM wave is
constant.When the modulating signal is zero, the output frequency
equals fc (centre frequency).When the modulating signal reaches its
positive peak, the frequency of the modulated signal is maximum and
equals(fc + fm). At negative peaks of the modulating signal, the
frequency of the FM wave becomes minimum and equal to(fc -
fm).Thus, the process of frequency modulation makes the frequency
of the FM wave to deviate from its centre frequency(fc).By an
amount ( + or - f) where f is termed as the frequency deviation of
the system. During this process, the total power in the wave does
not change but a part of the carrier power is transferred to the
side bands. There are two types of FM they are1.Narrow band FM
2.Wide band FMFrequency demodulation
It is a process which is used to receive the origin of
signals.
MODEL GRAPH
Modulating SignalCarrier SignalFM SignalDemodulated
SignalAmplitude(V)t (ms)t (ms)t (ms)t (ms)
PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagramGive the
modulating signal to pin no 5 through the FG.Note down the
corresponding amplitude and time period of the FM modulated
signal.Apply the modulated signal as input to the PLL.
VIVA QUESTION:1.Define Frequency modulation?2.What are the types
of FM.3.Define Modulation index.4.What are the advantages of FM.5.
List the disadvantages of FM.6. Define WBFM.7. Define NBFM.8. What
is the Bandwidth of FM?9. What are the types of FM.?10. Draw the
block diagram for Conversion of AM to FM and vice versa.
RESULT:
Thus the frequency modulation and its demodulation circuits were
designed and waveforms are plotted.MARKS ALLOCATION
Experimental Setup10
Execution10
Viva10
Total30
Ex.No.6WIRELESS DATA MODEM Date :
AIM:To design, construct and test wireless data modem using FSK
modulator(555) and FSK demodulator (565).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No
Name of the Apparatus
Range
Quantity
1
Transistor
BC557
1
2
IC
555 , 565 , 741
Each one
3
Resistors
58K 47K1K10K600
1 2 1 5 2
4
Capacitors
0.01f , 0.1f 0.02f
2 5
5
AFO & CRO
1
6
RPS & Dual RPS
1
7
Bread board & Connecting wires
As required
THEORY:
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING:It is a digital-to-analog modulation
technique. Data is transmitted by shifting between two close
frequencies with ones represented by one frequency and zeroes by
the other. Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting
digital signals. The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high),
are each represented by an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented
by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a
wave at a different frequency. A modem converts the binary data
from a computer to FSK for transmission over telephone lines,
cables, optical fiber, or wireless media. The modem also converts
incoming FSK signals to digital low and high states, which the
computer can understand. Whenever the message or information signal
rides over the carrier it is called modulation. In electrical sense
the operation of riding over the amplitude of carrier means to
alter the amplitude of carrier. This is called amplitude modulation
of the carrier. Thus the message signal becomes the modulating
signal and it is transmitted by variations in the amplitude of the
carrier.The transmission media suffers three major problemsA.
Attenuation B. DistortionC. NoiseDue to these inherent problems, it
is very difficult to have wide range of frequency in the signals
that are transmitted. Therefore to transmit data over wireless
medium, it is necessary to use a modulator which restore the number
of frequency in the transmitted signal CIRCUIT DIAGRAMFSK
DEMODULATOR:
10IC56558674291O/P DIGITAL DATA150HzFSKI/P
MODEL GRAPH
Amplitude(V)t(ms)t(ms)t(ms)MessagesignalFSKsignaldemodulatedsignal
by employing digital modulation techniques like ASK, FSK or PSK.
Also Binary PSK with non-coherent detection can also be employed.A
modem is a device that takes the digital electrical pulses from a
terminal or computer and converts them into continuous analog
signal that is used for transmission. The binary FSK technique is
employed for modulating the digital signals. IC 555 timer and
transistor acting as switch, when the device acts as transformer.
PLL IC 565 can be used for demodulator. It consists of phase
detection LPF amplifier.PROCEDURE:FSK Modulator:1. Connections are
given as per the circuit diagram.2. The digital input was applied
at the input of FSK modulator.3. The square wave output was noted
in astable mode by CRO.FSK Demodulator:1. Connections are given as
per the circuit diagram.2. The FSK modulated output is given as a
input in the demodulation circuit.3. The output of the demodulator
gives a modulating signal by using voltage comparator was
noted.
VIVA QUESTION:1. Define FSK.2. What is meant by OOK.3. Compare
ASK AND FSK.4. Compare IC 565 and IC 555.5. Why we go for FSK
instead of FM.6. Difference between PSK and FSK.7. What are the
advantages of PSK?8. What is maximum likelihood detector?9. What is
digital transmission?10. What is Baud rate for ASK?
RESULT:Thus the circuit for wireless data modem using FSK
modulator (555) and demodulator (NE 656) were designed, constructed
and outputs were verified.
MARKS ALLOCATION
Experimental Setup10
Execution10
Viva10
Total30
FLOW CHART
If option = 1StartEnter the password from keyboard in systemRead
the password from the keyboard.Get the option from keyboard to open
the door in system or change passwordRun the stepper motor to open
the doorIntroduce delay in the systemRun the stepper motor to close
the doorStopNo Yes
Ex.No.7MICROCONTROLLER BASED SYSTEMS DESIGNDate:
AIM:
To design microcontroller based system for simple applications
like security systems combination lock etc. using 89c series flash
micro controller.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. PC with windows operating system, RIDE IDE software, WINISP
software2. 8051microcontroller 3. RS 232C SerialCable 4. Home
Security System
PROCEDURE:
1. Use RS 232C Serial Cable to connect 8051 microcontroller
through serial port. 2. Set the DIP switch as follows DIP switch1:
RS 232 DIP switch2: PGM for Programming Flash mode, EXE for
execution Mode DIP switch3: INT3. Write the ALP program (text
document) in notepad, save as ASM language (ASM format) inMicro
51.4. Set the DIP switch2 in PGM for Programming Flash. 5. Run
WINISP.6. Set the parameter for the following fields in WINISP
window A CHIP: P89C51RD2 B PORT: Select Serial port connected to RS
232C Serial Cable C OSC: 12MHz7. If flash is not blanked, perform
erase operation.
8. Load hexa file containing the object code to be programmed
into flash from Micro 51 by clicking load file.9. Program the flash
by clicking program part.
10. Set the DIP switch2 in EXE for execution mode. 11. Enter the
password in Home Security System. 12. If a valid password is given,
door will open.
VIVA QUESTION:
1. Compare microcontroller and microprocessor.2. Write the
internal RAM memory of the 8051.3. List the features of 8051.4.
Give the interrupt priorities of 8051.5. List the addressing modes
of 8051. 6. What is hardware and software interface? 7. What is
stack. 8. Draw the block diagram of 8051? 9. Define CLR
instruction? 10. What is the capacity of RAM on chip with 8051?
RESULT:
Thus microcontroller based system for simple applications like
security systems combination lock etc. using 89c series flash micro
controller was designed and executed.
MARKS ALLOCATION
Experimental Setup10
Execution10
Viva10
Total30
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Ex.No.8 PSUEDO-RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATORDate:
AIM:To generate the pseudo random sequence generator using
linear feedback shift register and verify the output using truth
table.APPARATUS REQUIRED:SR FF(IC 7484), XOR (IC 7486), Digital
Trainer kit, connecting wiresTHEORY:Pseudo random binary sequence
is essentially a random sequence of binary numbers. So PRBS
generator is nothing but random binary number generator. It is
random in a sense that the value of an element of the sequence is
independent of the values of any of the other elements. It is
'pseudo' because it is deterministic and after N elements it starts
to repeat itself, unlike real random sequences. The implementation
of PRBS generator is based on the linear feedback shift register
(LFSR). The PRBS generator produces a predefined sequence of 1's
and 0's, with 1 and 0 occurring with the same probability. A
sequence of consecutive n*(2^n -1) bits comprise one data pattern,
and this pattern will repeat itself over time. It has multiple uses
in digital systems as data Encryption/Decryption, Built-in Self
Test (BIST), Scrambler/Descrambler.
TRUTH TABLE:STATEF = OUTPUT
ABCD
S110001
S801000
S400100
S210010
S911001
S1201100
S610110
S1101011
S510101
S1011010
S1311101
S1411110
S1501111
S700111
S300011
S110001
PROCEDURE: Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. The
switch is initially made 0 and then switched to logic 1. Other
logic inputs are given as per the circuit diagram. Observe the
output and verify the truth table.
VIVA QUESTION:1. What are all the universal gates.2. Write the
truth table for EX-OR gates.3. Define Pseudo random sequence
generator.4. Write the logic diagram of SR Flip flop.5.
Differentiate synchronous circuit and Asynchronous circuits.6.
Write the truth table for SR Flip flop.7. Write the transition
table for SR FF.8. List out the application of PRBS.9. Write the
types of shift register.10.Differentiate Moore model and mealy
model.
RESULT:Thus the pseudo random sequence was generated using
linear feedback shift register and the output was verified using
truth table.
MARKS ALLOCATION
Experimental Setup10
Execution10
Viva10
Total30
ALU Program:library ieee;use ieee.std_logic_1164.all; use
ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all; use ieee.std_logic_arith.all;entity
ALU isport( A: in std_logic_vector(1 downto0);B: in
std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);SEL: in std_logic_vector(1 downto
0);R: out std_logic_vector(1 downto 0); );end ALU;architecture behv
of ALU is beginprocess(A,B,SEL)begincase SEL iswhen 00 =>R R R R
R Shapes-> Rectangle (or polygon), specify its
size/location/layer, Select shape, go to Design->Convert Shape
to Area, Select created area, go to Parameters, specify the Net to
which it must be connected, and connection style.For the last power
plane you can simply use Power Plane c command, that will add plane
to the entire PCB.
7. Finishing Review all of the traces and connections. Make any
changes that may need it. Is there anything that could be done
better?8. Exporting Select File Export Select Gerber RS-274X Click
Properties Select from Available Layers: Copper Top, Copper Bottom,
Board Outline (Optional) Drill-----The available sizes of the drill
bits we have in stock (mm):0.5,0.6,0.8,0.9,1.0,1.1,1.2,1.4
1.5,1.8,2.0,2.95 & 3.0.Please make sure your drill hole size is
available.Otherwisechange the hole size according to the
availability. Move them to Export Layers. Click OK. then Export.
Create aperture mapping - Copper Top. This is the details of the
components in each layer. Click OK. Save export file. The file name
should be already be something like: BCI(Example) - Copper Top.gbr
Save each of the files as they are listed.
VIVA QUESTION:
1. What is the advantages of layout.2. Write the flow of
complete PCB design.3. How do you define design rules ?4. How do
place components ?5. How do you plan routing and what are the
parameters you consider while routing ?6. What are the errors you
got while importing netlist ?7. What are the inputs you need to
design a PCB ?8. Write the different types of layout design
rules.9. Name different software for PCB design.10. State advantage
and Disadvantage of PCB design.
RESULT:
Thus the Component/Board layout, PCB layout of the given circuit
using Ultiboard was designed.
MARKS ALLOCATION
Program10
Execution10
Viva10
Total30
62