escra 11.20.15

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MAXIMO CALALANG, Petitioner, v. A. D. WILLIAMS, ET AL1. ID.; ID.; SOCIAL JUSTICE. —

Social justice is "neither communism nor !esotism nor atomism nor anarch#"$ut the humani%ation o& la's an! the e(uali%ation o& social an! economic &orces$# the State so that justice in its rational an! o$jecti)el# secular concetion ma#

at least $e aro*imate!. Social justice means the romotion o& the 'el&are o& allthe eole the a!otion $# the +o)ernment o& measures calculate! to insureeconomic sta$ilit# o& all the cometent elements o& societ# throu,h themaintenance o& a roer economic an! social e(uili$rium in the interrelations o&the mem$ers o& the communit# constitutionall# throu,h the a!otion o&measures le,all# justi-a$le or e*traconstitutionall# throu,h the e*ercise o&o'ers un!erl#in, the e*istence o& all ,o)ernments on the timehonore!rincile o& salus ouli est surema le*. Social justice there&ore must $e&oun!e! on the reco,nition o& the necessit# o& inter!een!ence amon, !i)ersan! !i)erse units o& a societ# an! o& the rotection that shoul! $e e(uall# an!e)enl# e*ten!e! to all ,rous as a com$ine! &orce in our social an! economicli&e consistent 'ith the &un!amental an! aramount o$jecti)e o& the state o&

romotin, the health com&ort an! (uiet o& all ersons an! o& $rin,in, a$out"the ,reatest ,oo! to the ,reatest num$er."

Aquino vs. Social Securit Sste!, "#$ SC%A &'', (ul &), &''$

1. /or0mens Comensation; Death $ene-ts; A claimant must ro)e that theillness is liste! as an occuational !isease $# the ECC; other'ise he mustresent su$stantial e)i!ence sho'in, that the nature o& the 'or0 increase! theris0 o& contractin, it.

Un!er the la' the $ene-ciar# o& an emlo#ee is entitle! to !eath $ene-ts i& thecause o& !eath is 213 an illness accete! as an occuational !isease $# the ECCor 243 an# other illness cause! $# emlo#ment su$ject to roo& that the ris0 o&contractin, the same 'as increase! $# the 'or0in, con!itions. State! other'isea claimant must ro)e that the illness is liste! as an occuational !isease $# theECC; other'ise he must resent su$stantial e)i!ence sho'in, that the nature o& the 'or0 increase! the ris0 o& contractin, it.

4. In the case o& 5anan,ui ). Emlo#ees Comensation Commission678 the Courte*laine! con,esti)e heart &ailure as9 a clinical s#n!rome 'hich !e)elose)entuall# in 7::< o& all atients 'ith or,anic car!io)ascular !isease. It is!e-ne! as the clinical state resultin, &rom the ina$ilit# o& the heart to e*elsu=cient $loo! &or the meta$olic !eman!s o& the $o!#. >eart &ailure ma#there&ore $e resent 'hen the car!iac outut is hi,h normal or lo' re,ar!lesso& the a$solute le)el the car!iac outut is re!uce! to meta$olic !eman!s.

?. Same; Con,esti)e heart &ailure not inclu!e! in the list o& occuational !iseases;

5etitioner shoul! ha)e sho'n roo& that the 'or0in, con!itions in the

commissar# store 'here her hus$an! 'or0e! a,,ra)ate! the ris0 o& contractin,

the ailment. @

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Un!er the ules on Emlo#ees Comensation articularl# Anne* A thereo& 'hich

contains the list o& occuational !iseases con,esti)e heart &ailure is not

inclu!e!. >ence etitioner shoul! ha)e sho'n roo& that the 'or0in, con!itions

in the commissar# store 'here her hus$an! 'or0e! a,,ra)ate! the ris0 o&

contractin, the ailment. 5etitioner shoul! ha)e a!!uce! e)i!ence o& a

reasona$le connection $et'een the 'or0 o& her !ecease! hus$an! an! thecause o& his !eath or that the ro,ression o& the !isease 'as $rou,ht a$out

lar,el# $# the con!itions in her hus$an!s jo$ as ,rocer# man at the commissar#

store. Bailin, in this asect 'e are constraine! to rule that her hus$an!s illness

'hich e)entuall# cause! his !emise 'as not comensa$le.

. Same; Con!itions $e&ore car!io)ascular or heart !isease $e comensa$le. @

E)en i& 'e 'ere to construe the ailment o& etitioners hus$an! ascar!io)ascular !isease comensa$le un!er ECC esolution o. ?4 the etition'ill still not roser. To $e comensa$le the car!io)ascular 2or heart3 !isease o&

Jaime A(uino must ha)e occurre! un!er an# o& the &ollo'in, con!itions9 a3 i& theheart !isease 'as 0no'n to ha)e $een resent !urin, emlo#ment68 there must$e roo& that an acute e*acer$ation clearl# reciitate! $# the unusual strain $#reason o& the nature o& his 'or0; $3 the strain o& 'or0 that $rou,ht a$out anacute attac0 must $e o& su=cient se)erit# an! must $e &ollo'e! 'ithin t'ent#&our 243 hours $# clinical si,ns o& a car!iac insult to constitute causalrelationshi; c3 i& a erson 'ho 'as aarentl# s#mtomatic $e&ore su$jectin,himsel& to strain at 'or0 sho'e! si,ns an! s#mtoms o& car!iac injur# !urin, theer&ormance o& his 'or0 an! such s#mtoms an! si,ns ersiste! it 6'as8reasona$le to claim a causal relationshi

P*ili++ine Airlines, Inc. vs. NL%C, && SC%A -') , Auust )-, )##-

1. La$or La's; Coman# rules on !isciline; ana,ement rero,ati)e not$oun!less.

5AL asserts that 'hen it re)ise! its Co!e on arch 17 1FG7 there 'as no la''hich man!ate! 5AL asserts that 'hen it re)ise! its Co!e on arch 17 1FG7there 'as no la' 'hich man!ate! the sharin, o& resonsi$ilit# there&or $et'eenemlo#er an! emlo#ee. In!ee! it 'as onl# on arch 4 1FGF 'ith the aro)alo& eu$lic Act o. H17 amen!in, Article 411 o& the La$or Co!e that the la'e*licitl# consi!ere! it a State olic# 2t3o ensure the articiation o& 'or0ers in

!ecision an! olic#ma0in, rocesses aectin, their ri,hts !uties an! 'el&are.K>o'e)er e)en in the a$sence o& sai! clear ro)ision o& la' the e*ercise o&mana,ement rero,ati)es 'as ne)er consi!ere! $oun!less. Thus in Cru% )s.e!ina 21HH SCA 77 61FGF83 it 'as hel! that mana,ements rero,ati)esmust $e 'ithout a$use o& !iscretion.

4. La$or La's; Coman# rules on !isciline; Line !ra'n $et'een olicies 'hich areurel# $usinessoriente! an! those 'hich aect ri,hts o& emlo#ees.

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A close scrutin# o& the o$jectiona$le ro)isions o& the Co!e re)eals that the# arenot urel# $usinessoriente! nor !o the# concern the mana,ement asect o& the$usiness o& the coman# as in the San i,uel case. The ro)isions o& the Co!eclearl# ha)e reercusions on the emlo#ees ri,ht to securit# o& tenure. Theimlementation o& the ro)isions ma# result in the !eri)ation o& an emlo#eesmeans o& li)elihoo! 'hich as correctl# ointe! out $# the LC is a roert#

ri,ht 2Callanta )s. Carnation 5hiliines Inc. 17 SCA 4G 61FG83. In )ie' o&these asects o& the case 'hich $or!er on in&rin,ement o& constitutional ri,hts'e must uhol! the constitutional re(uirements &or the rotection o& la$or an!the romotion o& social justice &or these &actors accor!in, to Justice Isa,aniCru% tilt the scales o& justice 'hen there is !ou$t in &a)or o& the 'or0erK2Emlo#ees Association o& the 5hiliine American Li&e Insurance Coman# )s.LC 1FF SCA 4G 61FF18 ?73. eril# a line must $e !ra'n $et'eenmana,ement rero,ati)es re,ar!in, $usiness oerations er se an! those 'hichaect the ri,hts o& the emlo#ees. In treatin, the latter mana,ement shoul! seeto it that its emlo#ees are at least roerl# in&orme! o& its !ecisions or mo!eso& action. *** ***.

?. La$or La's; Coman# rules on !isciline; Emlo#ees ri,ht to articiate inolic#ma0in, uhel!.

In!ee! in!ustrial eace cannot $e achie)e! i& the emlo#ees are !enie! their just articiation in the !iscussion o& matters aectin, their ri,hts. Thus e)en$e&ore Article 411 o& the La$or Co!e 25.D. 43 'as amen!e! $# eu$lic Act o.H17 it 'as alrea!# !eclare! a olic# o& the State9 2!3 To romote theenli,htenment o& 'or0ers concernin, their ri,hts an! o$li,ations . . . asemlo#ees.K This 'as o& course amli-e! $# eu$lic Act o. H17 'hen it!ecree! the articiation o& 'or0ers in !ecision an! olic# ma0in, rocessesaectin, their ri,hts !uties an! 'el&are.K 5ALs osition that it cannot $esa!!le! 'ith the o$li,ationK o& sharin, mana,ement rero,ati)es as !urin, the&ormulation o& the Co!e eu$lic Act o. H17 ha! not #et $een enacte!25etitioners emoran!um . ; ollo . 4143 cannot thus $e sustaine!. /hilesuch o$li,ationK 'as not #et &oun!e! in la' 'hen the Co!e 'as &ormulate! theattainment o& a harmonious la$ormana,ement relationshi an! the then alrea!#e*istin, state olic# o& enli,htenin, 'or0ers concernin, their ri,hts asemlo#ees !eman! no less than the o$ser)ance o& transarenc# in mana,erialmo)es aectin, emlo#ees ri,hts.

Develo+!ent /an0 o1 t*e P*ili++ines vs. NL%C, &"& SC%A # , Marc* '),)##

). La$or la'; Insol)enc# la'; Article 11: shoul! $e alie! in conjunction 'ithertinent ro)isions o& the Ci)il Co!e an! the Insol)enc# La' to the e*tentthat iecemeal !istri$ution o& the assets o& the !e$tor is a)oi!e!. 2

/e hol! that u$lic reson!ent ,ra)el# a$use! its !iscretion in a=rmin, the!ecision o& the La$or Ar$iter. Art. 11: shoul! not $e treate! aart &rom otherla's $ut alie! in conjunction 'ith the ertinent ro)isions o& the Ci)il Co!e

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an! the Insol)enc# La' to the e*tent that iecemeal !istri$ution o& the assets o& the !e$tor is a)oi!e!.

4. Same; Same; Declaration o& $an0rutc# or a ju!icial li(ui!ation must $e resent$e&ore the 'or0ers re&erence ma# $e en&orce!. @

/e interrete! this ro)ision in De)eloment Man0 o& the 5hiliines ). Santos tomean that —. . . a !eclaration o& $an0rutc# or a ju!icial li(ui!ation must $e resent $e&orethe 'or0erNs re&erence ma# $e en&orce!. Thus Article 11: o& the La$or Co!ean! its imlementin, rule cannot $e in)o0e! $# the reson!ents in this casea$sent a &ormal !eclaration o& $an0rutc# or a li(ui!ation or!er.

?. Same; Same; To hol! Article 11: to $e alica$le also to e*traju!icialrocee!in,s 'oul! $e uttin, the 'or0er in a $etter osition than the State'hich coul! onl# assert its o'n rior re&erence in case o& a ju!icial rocee!in,.@

The rationale is that to hol! Art. 11: to $e alica$le also to e*traju!icialrocee!in,s 'oul! $e uttin, the 'or0er in a $etter osition than the State'hich coul! onl# assert its o'n rior re&erence in case o& a ju!icial rocee!in,.7 Art. 11: 'hich 'as amen!e! $# .A. H17 eecti)e 41 arch 1FGF no'rea!s9 Art. 110. Worker preference in case of bankruptcy. — In the event of bankruptcyor liquidation of an employer's business, his orkers shall en!oy "rst preference asre#ards their unpaid a#es and other monetary claims, any provision of la to thecontrary notithstandin#. $uch unpaid a#es and monetary claims shall be paid in fullbefore the claims of the %overnment and other creditors may be paid.

. Same; Same; The amen!ment o& Art. 11: e*an!e! the concet o& 'or0erre&erenceK to co)er not onl# unai! 'a,es $ut also other monetar# claims

'hich e)en claims o& the +o)ernment must $e !eeme! su$or!inate. @

O$)iousl# the amen!ment e*an!e! the concet o& "'or0er re&erence" toco)er not onl# unai! 'a,es $ut also other monetar# claims to 'hich e)enclaims o& the +o)ernment must $e !eeme! su$or!inate. The ules an!e,ulations Imlementin, .A. H17 aro)e! 4 a# 1FGF also amen!e! thecorreson!in, imlementin, rule an! no' rea!s9 $ec. 10. &ayment of a#es andother monetary claims in case of bankruptcy. — In case of bankruptcy or liquidation ofthe employer's business, the unpaid a#es and other monetary claims of the employeesshall be #iven "rst preference and shall be paid in full before the claims of #overnmentand other creditors may be paid.

. Same; Same; Court !i! not alter its ori,inal osition that the ri,ht to re&erence,i)en to 'or0ers un!er Art. 11: cannot e*ist in an# eecti)e 'a# rior to thetime o& its resentation in !istri$ution rocee!in,s. @

Althou,h the terms "!eclaration" 2o& $an0rutc#3 or "ju!icial" 2li(ui!ation3 ha)e$een nota$l# eliminate! still in (evelopment )ank of the &hilippinesv . *+- $ this Court !i! not alter its ori,inal osition that the ri,ht to re&erence,i)en to 'or0ers un!er Art. 11: cannot e*ist in an# eecti)e 'a# rior to thetime o& its resentation in !istri$ution rocee!in,s.

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. Same; Same; Once a case is !eci!e! $# the Court as the -nal ar$iter o& an# justicia$le contro)ers# one 'a# then another case in)ol)in, e*actl# the sameoint at issue shoul! $e !eci!e! in the same manner.

The resent contro)ers# coul! ha)e $een easil# settle! $# u$lic reson!ent ha!it re&erre! to amle jurisru!ence 'hich alrea!# ro)i!es the solution. $taredecisions et non quiet movere. Once a case is !eci!e! $# this Court as the -nalar$iter o& an# justi-a$le contro)ers# one 'a# then another case in)ol)in,e*actl# the same oint at issue shoul! $e !eci!e! in the same manner. 5u$licreson!ent ha! no choice on the matter. It coul! not ha)e rule! an# other 'a#.

This Court ha)in, so0en in a strin, o& cases a,ainst u$lic reson!ent its !ut#is siml# to o$e# ju!icial rece!ents. # An# &urther !isre,ar! i& not !e-ance o&our rulin,s 'ill $e consi!ere! a ,roun! to hol! u$lic reson!ent in contemt.

Centur Te3tile Mills, Inc. vs. National La4or %elations Co!!ission, )$)

SC%A &5 , Ma &, )#55

1. La$or relations; Ille,al Dismissal; The t'in re(uirements o& notice an! hearin,constitute essential elements o& !ue rocess in cases o& emlo#ee !ismissal.

The t'in re(uirements o& notice an! hearin, constitute essential elements o& !uerocess in cases o& emlo#ee !ismissal9 the re(uirement o& notice is inten!e! toin&orm the emlo#ee concerne! o& the emlo#erNs intent to !ismiss an! thereason &or the roose! !ismissal; uon the other han! the re(uirement o&hearin, aor!s the emlo#ee an oortunit# to ans'er his emlo#erNs char,esa,ainst him an! accor!in,l# to !e&en! himsel& there&rom $e&ore !ismissal iseecte!. either o& these t'o re(uirements can $e !isense! 'ith 'ithout

runnin, a&oul o& the !ue rocess re(uirement o& the 1FGH Constitution.

4. Same; Same; Same; The ri,hts to $e in&orme! $e&orehan! o& his roose!!ismissal or susension as 'ell as the reasons there&or an! to $e aor!e! ana!e(uate oortunit# to !e&en! himsel& are ri,hts ersonal to the emlo#ee. @

The recor! o& this case is $ere&t o& an# in!ication that a hearin, or other,atherin, 'as in &act hel! 'here ri)ate reson!ent Calan,i 'as ,i)en areasona$le oortunit# to con&ront his accuser2s3 an! to !e&en! a,ainst thechar,es ma!e $# the latter. 5etitioner CororationNs "rior consultation" 'ith thela$or union 'ith 'hich ri)ate reson!ent Calan,i 'as a=liate! 'as le,all#insu=cient. So &ar as the recor! sho's neither etitioner nor the la$or union

actuall# a!)ise! Calan,i o& the matters at issue. The emoran!um o&etitionerNs 5ersonnel ana,er certainl# oere! no hel&ul articulars. It isimortant to stress that the ri,hts o& an emlo#ee 'hose ser)ices are sou,ht to$e terminate! to $e in&orme! $e&orehan! o& his roose! !ismissal 2orsusension3 as 'ell as o& the reasons there&or an! to $e aor!e! an a!e(uateoortunit# to !e&en! himsel& &rom the char,es le)elle! a,ainst him are ri,htsersonal to the emlo#ee. Those ri,hts 'ere not satis-e! $# etitionerCororationNs o$tainin, the consent o& or consultin, 'ith the la$or union; suchconsultation or consent 'as not a su$stitute &or actual o$ser)ance o& those

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ri,hts o& ri)ate reson!ent Calan,i. The emlo#ee can 'ai)e those ri,hts i& heso chooses $ut the union cannot 'ai)e them &or him. That the ri)atereson!ent siml# N0et silent" all the 'hile is not a!e(uate to sho' aneecti)e 'ai)er o& his ri,hts. otice an! oortunit# to $e hear! must $eaccor!e! $# an emlo#er e)en thou,h the emlo#ee !oes not a=rmati)el#!eman! them.

?. Same; Same; Same; Moth reinstatement 'ithout loss o& seniorit# ri,hts an!a#ment o& $a0c'a,es are the normal conse(uences o& ille,al !ismissal. @

/e ha)e hel! in the ast that $oth reinstatement 'ithout loss o& seniorit#ri,hts an! a#ment o& $ac0'a,es are the normal conse(uences o& a -n!in,that an emlo#ee has $een ille,al# !ismisse! an! 'hich reme!ies to,etherma0e the !ismisse! emlo#ee 'hole. A -n!in, o& ille,al !ismissal ha)in, $eencorrectl# ma!e in this case $# u$lic reson!ent Commission ri)atereson!ent is as a matter o& ri,ht entitle! to recei)e $oth t#es o& relie& ma!ea)aila$le in Article 4G: o& the La$or Co!e as amen!e!. It matters not thatri)ate reson!ent Calan,i ha! omitte! in his comlaint -le! in Case o. LC

C1:71GG? a claim &or reinstatement 'ithout loss o& seniorit# ri,hts &or heis entitle! to such relie& as the &acts alle,e! an! ro)e! 'arrant.

. Same; Same; Same; einstatement not a)aila$le 'hen it 'ill not ser)e the $estinterest o& the arties in)ol)e!.

In )ie' o& the -n!in, o& ille,al !ismissal in this case etitioner Cororation islia$le to ri)ate reson!ent Calan,i &or a#ment o& the latterNs $ac0'a,es &orthree 2?3 #ears 'ithout (uali-cation an! !e!uction. Consi!erin, thecircumstances o& this case ho'e)er the Court $ehe)es that reinstatement o&ri)ate reson!ent to his &ormer osition—or to an# other e(ui)alent osition inthe coman# — 'ill not ser)e the $est interests o& the arties in)ol)e!.5etitioner Cororation shoul! not $e comelle! to ta0e $ac0 in its &ol! anemlo#ee 'ho at least in the min!s o& his emlo#ers oses a si,ni-cant threatto the li)es an! sa&et# o& coman# 'or0ers. Conse(uentl# 'e hol! that ri)atereson!ent shoul! $e ,i)en his searation a# in lieu o& such reinstatement.

The amount o& searation a# shall $e e(ual to ri)ate reson!entNs onehal&2143 monthNs salar# &or e)er# #ear o& ser)ice to $e comute! &rom 1?Decem$er 1FH 2!ate o& -rst emlo#ment3 until 1: June 1FG 2three #ears a&ter!ate o& ille,al !ismissal3.

Con1e6eration o1 7nions in Govern!ent Cor+orations an6 O8ces vs.Su4i6o, -& SC%A -#" , A+ril -', )#9'

1. 5olitical la'; Ci)il ser)ice la'; Au!itin, an! le,al sta o& ,o)ernment o'ne! orcontrolle! cororations are un!er the o=ce o& Au!itor +eneral an! +o)ernmentCororate Counsel.

Un!er the ro)isions o& eu$lic Act 44 the Au!itor +eneral aoints an! -*esthe salaries an! the num$er o& the ersonnel to assist his reresentati)e in,o)ernment o'ne! an! controlle! cororations althou,h the e*enses &or the

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maintenance an! oeration o& the Au!itin, O=ce are to $e $orne $# thecororations. On the other han! un!er Section 1 o& eu$lic Act 4?4H asamen!e! $# eu$lic Act o. ?G?G the osition o& +o)ernment CororateCounsel is ma!e !istinct an! searate &rom the o=ce o& the Solicitor +eneralKan! is ma!e the rincial o=cer o& all ,o)ernment o'ne! or controlle!cororations an! e*ercises control an! suer)ision o)er all le,al !i)isions

maintaine! searatel# $# sai! cororations. Clearl# !e!ucti$le &rom the&ore,oin, is that the ersonnel o& the au!itin, sta in the !ierent ,o)ernmento'ne! or controlle! cororations are un!er the o=ce o& the Au!itor +eneral'hile those o& the le,al sta o& sai! cororation are un!er the o=ce o& the+o)ernment Cororate Counsel an! that all o& them are em$race! an! co)ere!$# the Ci)il Ser)ice La' 'hether the# $elon, to the classi-e! or the unclassi-e!ser)ice.

4. 5olitical la'; Ci)il ser)ice la'; Circular o& Commissioner o& Ci)il Ser)icerohi$itin, au!itin, an! le,al stas o& ,o)ernment o'ne! or controlle!cororations &rom joinin, unions imosin, the !ut# to stri0e is )ali!.

emoran!um Circular o. 17 series o& 1F o& the Commissioner o& Ci)il Ser)icerohi$itin, the au!itin, an! le,al sta o& ,o)ernment o'ne! or controlle!cororations &rom joinin, la$or unions imosin, the o$li,ation to stri0e or to joinstri0ers is )ali! an! !oes not )iolate the ri,ht o& sai! emlo#ee to &orm or joinassociations or la$or unions o& their choice. The ri,ht to &orm an! joinassociations an! unions is not a$solute or unlimite!. I& a erson accetsemlo#ment that &alls un!er the ci)il ser)ice la' an! his emlo#er er&orms,o)ernmental &unctions such as the +eneral Au!itin, O=ce an! the+o)ernment Cororate Counsels O=ce—he ma# not resort to an! e*ercise theri,ht to stri0e $ecause that is rohi$ite! $# la'. >a)in, accete! theemlo#ment &reel# an! $ein, char,ea$le 'ith 0no'le!,e o& the &act that he hasno ri,ht to resort to stri0e to en&orce his !eman!s a,ainst his emlo#er his onl#recourse is either to resect an! coml# 'ith that con!ition or resi,n.

Peo+le vs. :er!osa, )99 SC%A 9" , Se+te!4er ), )#5# ;ME%C7%< vsNL%C=

1. La$or relations; LC; Juris!iction; Aeals; 5ro$ation La'; eson!ent LCcommitte! a ,a)e a$use o& !iscretion amountin, to lac0 o& juris!iction in -n!in,no su$stantial e)i!ence to sustain the char,e a,ainst ri)ate reson!ent;eason.

/e hol! that u$lic reson!ent ational La$or elations Commission committe!a ,ra)e a$use o& !iscretion amountin, to lac0 o& juris!iction in -n!in, nosu$stantial e)i!ence to sustain the char,e a,ainst ri)ate reson!ent. Thisconclusion is in comlete an! utter !isre,ar! o& the e,ional Trial CourtNscon)iction o& ri)ate reson!ent &or the crime o& simle the&t 'hich !ecision 'asren!ere! rior to its o'n assaile! !ecision. It must $e remem$ere! thatrocee!in,s in criminal cases such as that hel! in the su$ject criminal casere(uire roo& $e#on! reasona$le !ou$t to esta$lish the ,uilt o& the accuse! an!-n!in,s o& &act o& the trial court on this matter are ,enerall# accor!e! ,reat'ei,ht $# aellate courts most eseciall# 'here no aeal ha! $een -le!

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therea&ter thus ren!erin, the sai! -n!in,s -nal. As mentione! earlier ri)atereson!ent !i! not aeal &rom the !ecision o& the lo'er court $ut instea!a)aile! himsel& o& the $ene-ts o& the ro$ation la' 'hich 'as correson!in,l#,rante! $# the e,ional Trial Court.

4. Same; Dismissal; A coman# has the ri,ht to !ismiss its errin, emlo#ees; Case

at $ar. @

Dismissal o& a !ishonest emlo#ee is to the $est interest not onl# o&mana,ement $ut also o& la$or. As a measure o& sel&rotection a,ainst actsinimical to its interest a coman# has the ri,ht to !ismiss its errin, emlo#ees.An emlo#er cannot $e comelle! to continue in emlo#ment an emlo#ee,uilt# o& acts inimical to its interest justi&#in, loss o& con-!ence in him. The la'!oes not imose unjust situations on either la$or or mana,ement. H/e there&ore-n! justi-cation in the termination o& ri)ate reson!ent Cesar E. La!islaNsemlo#ment $# etitioner ercur# Dru, Cororation.

?. Same; Same; Loss o& con-!ence as a )ali! ,roun! &or the !ismissal o& an

emlo#ee. @

Un!er Article 4G42c3 o& the La$or Co!e an emlo#er ma# terminate anemlo#ment &or "&rau! or 'ill&ul $reach $# the emlo#ee o& the trust reose! inhim $# his emlo#er or his !ul# authori%e! reresentati)e." Loss o& con-!ence isesta$lishe! as a )ali! ,roun! &or the !ismissal o& an emlo#ee. The la' !oes notre(uire roo& $e#on! reasona$le !ou$t o& the emlo#eeNs miscon!uct to in)o0esuch a justi-cation. It is su=cient that there is some $asis &or the loss o& trust orthat the emlo#er has reasona$le ,roun!s to $elie)e that the emlo#ee isresonsi$le &or the miscon!uct an! his articiation therein ren!ers himun'orth# o& the trust an! con-!ence !eman!e! o& his osition.

. Same; Same; Same; An emlo#ee 'ho has $een e*onerate! &rom a criminalchar,e ma# still $e !ismisse!; eason. @

/e ha)e hel! that the e)entual con)iction o& the emlo#ee 'ho is rosecute! &orhis miscon!uct is not in!isensa$le to 'arrant his !ismissal $# his emlo#er.ore seci-call# an emlo#ee 'ho has $een e*onerate! &rom a criminal char,eo& the&t o& ,asoline on the $asis o& technicalit# ma# still $e !ismisse! &romemlo#ment i& the emlo#er has amle reason to mistrust him. I& ac(uittal &romthe criminal char,e !oes not ne,ate the e*istence o& a ,roun! &or loss o& trustan! con-!ence 'ith more reason shoul! con)iction &or such criminal char,e&orti&# sai! mistrust.

7. Same; ana,ement rero,ati)e; The la' rotectin, the ri,hts o& the la$orerauthori%es neither oression o& the emlo#er. @

The la' in rotectin, the ri,hts o& the la$orer authori%es neither oression norsel&!estruction o& the emlo#er.11 /hile the Constitution is committe! to theolic# o& social justice an! the rotection o& the 'or0in, class it shoul! not $esuose! that e)er# la$or !isute 'ill $e automaticall# !eci!e! in &a)or o& la$or.ana,ement also has its o'n ri,hts 'hich as such are entitle! to resect an!

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en&orcement in the interest o& simle &air la#. Out o& its concern &or those 'ithless ri)ile,es in li&e the Sureme Court has incline! more o&ten than not to'ar!the 'or0er an! uhel! his cause in his conPicts 'ith the emlo#er. Such&a)oritism ho'e)er has not $lin!e! the Court to the rule that justice is in e)er#case &or the !eser)in, to $e !isense! in the li,ht o& the esta$lishe! &acts an!alica$le la' an! !octrine.

>rancisco vs. National La4or %elations Co!!ission, '' SC%A $#' ,Auust -), &''$1. La$or La'; Emlo#ment; Control Test; The $etter aroach 'oul! there&ore $e to

a!ot a t'otiere! test. @

The $etter aroach 'oul! there&ore $e to a!ot a t'otiere! test in)ol)in,9 213the utati)e emlo#ers o'er to control the emlo#ee 'ith resect to the meansan! metho!s $# 'hich the 'or0 is to $e accomlishe!; an! 243 the un!erl#in,economic realities o& the acti)it# or relationshi. This t'otiere! test 'oul!ro)i!e us 'ith a &rame'or0 o& anal#sis 'hich 'oul! ta0e into consi!eration thetotalit# o& circumstances surroun!in, the true nature o& the relationshi $et'een

the arties. This is eseciall# aroriate in this case 'here there is no 'rittena,reement or terms o& re&erence to $ase the relationshi on; an! !ue to thecomle*it# o& the relationshi $ase! on the )arious ositions an! resonsi$ilities,i)en to the 'or0er o)er the erio! o& the latters emlo#ment.

4. Same; Same; Same; Economic Acti)it#; The !etermination o& the relationshi$et'een emlo#er an! emlo#ee !een!s uon the circumstances o& the 'holeeconomic acti)it#. @

The !etermination o& the relationshi $et'een emlo#er an! emlo#ee !een!suon the circumstances o& the 'hole economic acti)it#6448 such as9 213 thee*tent to 'hich the ser)ices er&orme! are an inte,ral art o& the emlo#ers$usiness; 243 the e*tent o& the 'or0ers in)estment in e(uiment an! &acilities;2?3 the nature an! !e,ree o& control e*ercise! $# the emlo#er; 23 the 'or0ersoortunit# &or ro-t an! loss; 273 the amount o& initiati)e s0ill ju!,ment or&oresi,ht re(uire! &or the success o& the claime! in!een!ent enterrise; 23 theermanenc# an! !uration o& the relationshi $et'een the 'or0er an! theemlo#er; an! 2H3 the !e,ree o& !een!enc# o& the 'or0er uon the emlo#er&or his continue! emlo#ment in that line o& $usiness.

?. Dismissal; Constructi)e Dismissals; A !iminution o& a# is reju!icial to theemlo#ee an! amounts to constructi)e !ismissal. @

A !iminution o& a# is reju!icial to the emlo#ee an! amounts to constructi)e!ismissal. Constructi)e !ismissal is an in)oluntar# resi,nation resultin, incessation o& 'or0 resorte! to 'hen continue! emlo#ment $ecomes imossi$leunreasona$le or unli0el#; 'hen there is a !emotion in ran0 or a !iminution ina#; or 'hen a clear !iscrimination insensi$ilit# or !is!ain $# an emlo#er$ecomes un$eara$le to an emlo#ee. In +lo$e Telecom Inc. ). Bloren!oBlores'e rule! that 'here an emlo#ee ceases to 'or0 !ue to a !emotion o& ran0 or a!iminution o& a# an unreasona$le situation arises 'hich creates an a!)erse'or0in, en)ironment ren!erin, it imossi$le &or such emlo#ee to continue

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'or0in, &or her emlo#er. >ence her se)erance &rom the coman# 'as not o&her o'n ma0in, an! there&ore amounte! to an ille,al termination o&emlo#ment.

. La$or la'; E(ual /or0 Oortunit#; In aor!in, &ull rotection to la$or thisCourt must ensure e(ual 'or0 oortunities re,ar!less o& se* race or cree!. @

In aor!in, &ull rotection to la$or this Court must ensure e(ual 'or0oortunities re,ar!less o& se* race or cree!. E)en as 'e in e)er# caseattemt to care&ull# $alance the &ra,ile relationshi $et'een emlo#ees an!emlo#ers 'e are min!&ul o& the &act that the olic# o& the la' is to al# theLa$or Co!e to a ,reater num$er o& emlo#ees. This 'oul! ena$le emlo#ees toa)ail o& the $ene-ts accor!e! to them $# la' in line 'ith the constitutionalman!ate ,i)in, ma*imum ai! an! rotection to la$or romotin, their 'el&arean! rea=rmin, it as a rimar# social economic &orce in &urtherance o& social

justice an! national !e)eloment.

Aa4on vs. National La4or %elations Co!!ission, ""& SC%A 9- ,

Nove!4er )9, &''"

1. La$or La'; A!ministrati)e La'; I& the &actual -n!in,s o& the LC an! the La$orAr$iter are conPictin, the re)ie'in, court ma# !el)e into the recor!s an!e*amine &or itsel& the (uestione! -n!in,s.

It is 'ellsettle! that -n!in,s o& &act o& (uasiju!icial a,encies li0e the LC areaccor!e! not onl# resect $ut e)en -nalit# i& the -n!in,s are suorte! $#su$stantial e)i!ence. This is eseciall# so 'hen such -n!in,s 'ere a=rme! $#the Court o& Aeals. >o'e)er i& the &actual -n!in,s o& the LC an! the La$orAr$iter are con Pictin, as in this case the re)ie'in, court ma# !el)e into therecor!s an! e*amine &or itsel& the (uestione! -n!in,s. Accor!in,l# the Court o&Aeals a&ter a care&ul re)ie' o& the &acts rule! that etitioners !ismissal 'as&or a just cause. The# ha! a$an!one! their emlo#ment an! 'ere alrea!#'or0in, &or another emlo#er.

4. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; To !ismiss an emlo#ee the la' re(uires notonl# the e*istence o& a just an! )ali! cause $ut also enjoins the emlo#er to ,i)ethe emlo#ee the oortunit# to $e hear! an! to !e&en! himsel&.

To !ismiss an emlo#ee the la' re(uires not onl# the e*istence o& a just an!)ali! cause $ut also enjoins the emlo#er to ,i)e the emlo#ee the oortunit#to $e hear! an! to !e&en! himsel&. Article 4G4 o& the La$or Co!e enumerates the

just causes &or termination $# the emlo#er9 2a3 serious miscon!uct or 'ill&ul!iso$e!ience $# the emlo#ee o& the la'&ul or!ers o& his emlo#er or the lattersreresentati)e in connection 'ith the emlo#ees 'or0; 2$3 ,ross an! ha$itualne,lect $# the emlo#ee o& his !uties; 2c3 &rau! or 'ill&ul $reach $# theemlo#ee o& the trust reose! in him $# his emlo#er or his !ul# authori%e!reresentati)e; 2!3 commission o& a crime or oense $# the emlo#ee a,ainstthe erson o& his emlo#er or an# imme!iate mem$er o& his &amil# or his !ul#authori%e! reresentati)e; an! 2e3 other causes analo,ous to the &ore,oin,.

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?. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; A$an!onment; /or!s an! 5hrases;A$an!onment is the !eli$erate an! unjusti-e! re&usal o& an emlo#ee to resumehis emlo#ment—it is a &orm o& ne,lect o& !ut# hence a just cause &ortermination o& emlo#ment $# the emlo#er.

A$an!onment is the !eli$erate an! unjusti-e! re&usal o& an emlo#ee to resume

his emlo#ment. It is a &orm o& ne,lect o& !ut# hence a just cause &ortermination o& emlo#ment $# the emlo#er. Bor a )ali! -n!in, o& a$an!onmentthese t'o &actors shoul! $e resent9 213 the &ailure to reort &or 'or0 or a$sence'ithout )ali! or justi-a$le reason; an! 243 a clear intention to se)er emlo#eremlo#ee relationshi 'ith the secon! as the more !eterminati)e &actor 'hichis mani&este! $# o)ert acts &rom 'hich it ma# $e !e!uce! that the emlo#eeshas no more intention to 'or0. The intent to !iscontinue the emlo#ment must$e sho'n $# clear roo& that it 'as !eli$erate an! unjusti-e!.

. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; A$an!onment; oonli,htin,; Su$contractin,&or another coman# clearl# sho's the intention to se)er the emlo#eremlo#ee relationshi; The recor! o& an emlo#ee is a rele)ant consi!eration in

!eterminin, the enalt# that shoul! $e mete! out to him.

In Be$ruar# 1FFF etitioners 'ere &re(uentl# a$sent ha)in, su$contracte! &oran installation 'or0 &or another coman#. Su$contractin, &or another coman#clearl# sho'e! the intention to se)er the emlo#eremlo#ee relationshi 'ithri)ate reson!ent. This 'as not the -rst time the# !i! this. In Januar# 1FFthe# !i! not reort &or 'or0 $ecause the# 'ere 'or0in, &or another coman#.5ri)ate reson!ent at that time 'arne! etitioners that the# 'oul! $e !ismisse!i& this haene! a,ain. 5etitioners !isre,ar!e! the 'arnin, an! e*hi$ite! a clearintention to se)er their emlo#eremlo#ee relationshi. The recor! o& anemlo#ee is a rele)ant consi!eration in !eterminin, the enalt# that shoul! $emete! out to him.

7. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; The emlo#er ma# not $e comelle! tocontinue to emlo# such ersons 'hose continuance in the ser)ice 'ill atentl#$e inimical to his interests.

The la' imoses man# o$li,ations on the emlo#er such as ro)i!in, justcomensation to 'or0ers o$ser)ance o& the roce!ural re(uirements o& noticean! hearin, in the termination o& emlo#ment. On the other han! the la' alsoreco,ni%es the ri,ht o& the emlo#er to e*ect &rom its 'or0ers not onl# ,oo!er&ormance a!e(uate 'or0 an! !ili,ence $ut also ,oo! con!uct an! lo#alt#.

The emlo#er ma# not $e comelle! to continue to emlo# such ersons 'hosecontinuance in the ser)ice 'ill atentl# $e inimical to his interests.

. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Dismissals $ase! on just causescontemlate acts or omissions attri$uta$le to the emlo#ee 'hile !ismissals$ase! on authori%e! causes in)ol)e ,roun!s un!er the La$or Co!e 'hich allo'the emlo#er to terminate emlo#ees.

Dismissals $ase! on just causes contemlate acts or omissions attri$uta$le tothe emlo#ee 'hile !ismissals $ase! on authori%e! causes in)ol)e ,roun!s

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un!er the La$or Co!e 'hich allo' the emlo#er to terminate emlo#ees. Atermination &or an authori%e! cause re(uires a#ment o& searation a#. /henthe termination o& emlo#ment is !eclare! ille,al reinstatement an! &ull$ac0'a,es are man!ate! un!er Article 4HF. I& reinstatement is no lon,erossi$le 'here the !ismissal 'as unjust searation a# ma# $e ,rante!.

H. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; otice e(uirement;5roce!urall# 213 i& the !ismissal is $ase! on a just cause un!er Article 4G4 o& theLa$or Co!e the emlo#er must ,i)e the emlo#ee t'o 'ritten notices an! ahearin, or oortunit# to $e hear! i& re(ueste! $# the emlo#ee $e&oreterminatin, the emlo#ment an! 243 i& the !ismissal is $ase! on authori%e!causes un!er Articles 4G? an! 4G the emlo#er must ,i)e the emlo#ee an!the Deartment o& La$or an! Emlo#ment 'ritten notices ?: !a#s rior to theeecti)it# o& his searation; Bailure to o$ser)e !ue rocess in a !ismissal &or justor authori%e! cause !oes not in)ali!ate the !ismissal $ut ma0es the emlo#erlia$le &or noncomliance 'ith the roce!ural re(uirements o& !ue rocess.

5roce!urall# 213 i& the !ismissal is $ase! on a just cause un!er Article 4G4 the

emlo#er must ,i)e the emlo#ee t'o 'ritten notices an! a hearin, oroortunit# to $e hear! i& re(ueste! $# the emlo#ee $e&ore terminatin, theemlo#ment9 a notice seci&#in, the ,roun!s &or 'hich !ismissal is sou,ht ahearin, or an oortunit# to $e hear! an! a&ter hearin, or oortunit# to $ehear! a notice o& the !ecision to !ismiss; an! 243 i& the !ismissal is $ase! onauthori%e! causes un!er Articles 4G? an! 4G the emlo#er must ,i)e theemlo#ee an! the Deartment o& La$or an! Emlo#ment 'ritten notices ?: !a#srior to the eecti)it# o& his searation. Brom the &ore,oin, rules &our ossi$lesituations ma# $e !eri)e!9 213 the !ismissal is &or a just cause un!er Article 4G4o& the La$or Co!e &or an authori%e! cause un!er Article 4G? or &or healthreasons un!er Article 4G an! !ue rocess 'as o$ser)e!; 243 the !ismissal is'ithout just or authori%e! cause $ut !ue rocess 'as o$ser)e!; 2?3 the !ismissalis 'ithout just or authori%e! cause an! there 'as no !ue rocess; an! 23 the!ismissal is &or just or authori%e! cause $ut !ue rocess 'as not o$ser)e!. In the-rst situation the !ismissal is un!ou$te!l# )ali! an! the emlo#er 'ill not sueran# lia$ilit#. In the secon! an! thir! situations 'here the !ismissals are ille,alArticle 4HF man!ates that the emlo#ee is entitle! to reinstatement 'ithout losso& seniorit# ri,hts an! other ri)ile,es an! &ull $ac0'a,es inclusi)e o&allo'ances an! other $ene-ts or their monetar# e(ui)alent comute! &rom thetime the comensation 'as not ai! u to the time o& actual reinstatement. Inthe &ourth situation the !ismissal shoul! $e uhel!. /hile the roce!uralin-rmit# cannot $e cure! it shoul! not in)ali!ate the !ismissal. >o'e)er theemlo#er shoul! $e hel! lia$le &or noncomliance 'ith the roce!uralre(uirements o& !ue rocess.

G. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; otice e(uirement; The &actthat the emlo#ee ma# not $e resi!in, in the a!!ress in!icate! in theemlo#ers recor!s !oes not e*cuse the emlo#er &rom sen!in, the notices tothe emlo#ees last 0no'n a!!ress.

The resent case s(uarel# &alls un!er the &ourth situation. The !ismissal shoul!$e uhel! $ecause it 'as esta$lishe! that the etitioners a$an!one! their jo$s

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to 'or0 &or another coman#. 5ri)ate reson!ent ho'e)er !i! not &ollo' thenotice re(uirements an! instea! ar,ue! that sen!in, notices to the last 0no'na!!resses 'oul! ha)e $een useless $ecause the# !i! not resi!e there an#more.Un&ortunatel# &or the ri)ate reson!ent this is not a )ali! e*cuse $ecause thela' man!ates the t'in notice re(uirements to the emlo#ees last 0no'na!!ress. Thus it shoul! $e hel! lia$le &or noncomliance 'ith the roce!ural

re(uirements o& !ue rocess.

F. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; otice e(uirement; The Court$elie)es that the rulin, in Serrano ). ational La$or elations Commission ?4?SCA 7 24:::3 !i! not consi!er the &ull meanin, o& Article 4HF o& the La$orCo!e 'hich ro)ision means that the termination is ille,al onl# i& it is not &or an#o& the justi-e! or authori%e! causes ro)i!e! $# la' an! that a#ment o&$ac0'a,es an! other $ene-ts inclu!in, reinstatement is justi-e! onl# i& theemlo#ee 'as unjustl# !ismisse!; The &act that the Serrano rulin, can causeun&airness an! injustice 'hich elicite! stron, !issent has romte! the Court tore)isit the !octrine.

The rationale &or the ree*amination o& the /enhil !octrine in Serrano 'as thesi,ni-cant num$er o& cases in)ol)in, !ismissals 'ithout re(uisite notices. /econclu!e! that the imosition o& enalt# $# 'a# o& !ama,es &or )iolation o& thenotice re(uirement 'as not ser)in, as a !eterrent. >ence 'e no' re(uire!a#ment o& &ull $ac0'a,es &rom the time o& !ismissal until the time the Court-n!s the !ismissal 'as &or a just or authori%e! cause. Serrano 'as con&rontin,the ractice o& emlo#ers to !ismiss no' an! a# laterK $# imosin, &ull$ac0'a,es. /e $elie)e ho'e)er that the rulin, in Serrano !i! not consi!er the&ull meanin, o& Article 4HF o& the La$or Co!e 'hich states9 AT. 4HF. Securit# o&

Tenure.—In cases o& re,ular emlo#ment the emlo#er shall not terminate theser)ices o& an emlo#ee e*cet &or a just cause or 'hen authori%e! $# this Title.An emlo#ee 'ho is unjustl# !ismisse! &rom 'or0 shall $e entitle! toreinstatement 'ithout loss o& seniorit# ri,hts an! other ri)ile,es an! to his &ull$ac0'a,es inclusi)e o& allo'ances an! to his other $ene-ts or their monetar#e(ui)alent comute! &rom the time his comensation 'as 'ithhel! &rom him uto the time o& his actual reinstatement. This means that the termination is ille,alonl# i& it is not &or an# o& the justi-e! or authori%e! causes ro)i!e! $# la'.5a#ment o& $ac0'a,es an! other $ene-ts inclu!in, reinstate ment is justi-e!onl# i& the emlo#ee 'as unjustl# !ismisse!. The &act that the Serrano rulin, cancause un&airness an! injustice 'hich elicite! stron, !issent has romte! us tore)isit the !octrine.

1:. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Constitutional La'; The Due5rocess Clause in Article III Section 1 o& the Constitution em$o!ies a s#stem o&ri,hts $ase! on moral rinciles so !eel# im$e!!e! in the tra!itions an!&eelin,s o& our eole as to $e !eeme! &un!amental to a ci)ili%e! societ# asconcei)e! $# our entire histor#.

To $e sure the Due 5rocess Clause in Article III Section 1 o& the Constitutionem$o!ies a s#stem o& ri,hts $ase! on moral rinciles so !eel# im$e!!e! inthe tra!itions an! &eelin,s o& our eole as to $e !eeme! &un!amental to aci)ili%e! societ# as concei)e! $# our entire histor#. Due rocess is that 'hich

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comorts 'ith the !eeest notions o& 'hat is &air an! ri,ht an! just. It is aconstitutional restraint on the le,islati)e as 'ell as on the e*ecuti)e an! ju!icialo'ers o& the ,o)ernment ro)i!e! $# the Mill o& i,hts.

11. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Constitutional La'; Statutor#!ue rocess shoul! $e !ierentiate! &rom &ailure to coml# 'ith constitutional

!ue rocess—constitutional !ue rocess rotects the in!i)i!ual &rom the,o)ernment an! assures him o& his ri,hts in criminal ci)il or a!ministrati)erocee!in,s 'hile statutor# !ue rocess &oun! in the La$or Co!e an!Imlementin, ules rotects emlo#ees &rom $ein, unjustl# terminate! 'ithout

just cause a&ter notice an! hearin,.

Due rocess un!er the La$or Co!e li0e Constitutional !ue rocess has t'oasects9 su$stanti)e i.e. the )ali! an! authori%e! causes o& emlo#menttermination un!er the La$or Co!e; an! roce!ural i.e. the manner o& !ismissal.5roce!ural !ue rocess re(uirements &or !ismissal are &oun! in theImlementin, ules o& 5.D. 4 as amen!e! other'ise 0no'n as the La$orCo!e o& the 5hiliines in Moo0 I ule I Sec. 4 as amen!e! $# Deartment

Or!er os. F an! 1:. Mreaches o& these !ue rocess re(uirements )iolate theLa$or Co!e. There&ore statutor# !ue rocess shoul! $e !ierentiate! &rom &ailureto coml# 'ith constitutional !ue rocess. Constitutional !ue rocess rotectsthe in!i)i!ual &rom the ,o)ernment an! assures him o& his ri,hts in criminal ci)ilor a!ministrati)e rocee!in,s; 'hile statutor# !ue rocess &oun! in the La$orCo!e an! Imlementin, ules rotects emlo#ees &rom $ein, unjustl#terminate! 'ithout just cause a&ter notice an! hearin,.

14. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; The $etter rule is to a$an!onthe Serrano !octrine an! to &ollo' /enhil ). ational La$or elationsCommission 1H: SCA F 21FGF3 $# hol!in, that the !ismissal 'as &or justcause $ut imosin, sanctions on the emlo#er 'hich sanctions ho'e)er must$e stier than that imose! in /enhil.

A&ter care&ull# anal#%in, the conse(uences o& the !i)er,ent !octrines in the la'on emlo#ment termination 'e $elie)e that in cases in)ol)in, !ismissals &orcause $ut 'ithout o$ser)ance o& the t'in re(uirements o& notice an! hearin,the $etter rule is to a$an!on the Serrano !octrine an! to &ollo' /enhil $#hol!in, that the !ismissal 'as &or just cause $ut imosin, sanctions on theemlo#er. Such sanctions ho'e)er must $e stier than that imose! in/enhil. M# !oin, so this Court 'oul! $e a$le to achie)e a &air result $#!isensin, justice not just to emlo#ees $ut to emlo#ers as 'ell.

1?. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; The constitutional olic# toro)i!e &ull rotection to la$or is not meant to $e a s'or! to oress emlo#ers—the commitment o& this Court to the cause o& la$or !oes not re)ent it &romsustainin, the emlo#er 'hen it is in the ri,ht.

The un&airness o& !eclarin, ille,al or ineectual !ismissals &or )ali! or authori%e!causes $ut not coml#in, 'ith statutor# !ue rocess ma# ha)e &arreachin,conse(uences. This 'oul! encoura,e &ri)olous suits 'here e)en the mostnotorious )iolators o& coman# olic# are re'ar!e! $# in)o0in, !ue rocess.

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$elie)e this &orm o& !ama,es 'oul! ser)e to !eter emlo#ers &rom &uture)iolations o& the statutor# !ue rocess ri,hts o& emlo#ees. At the )er# least itro)i!es a )in!ication or reco,nition o& this &un!amental ri,ht ,rante! to thelatter un!er the La$or Co!e an! its Imlementin, ules.

1. La$or La'; E)i!ence; 5a#ment; Mur!en o& 5roo&; As a ,eneral rule one 'ho

lea!s a#ment has the $ur!en o& ro)in, it—e)en 'here the emlo#ee mustalle,e nona#ment the ,eneral rule is that the $ur!en rests on the emlo#er toro)e a#ment rather than on the emlo#ee to ro)e nona#ment.

/e a=rm the rulin, o& the aellate court on etitioners mone# claims. 5ri)atereson!ent is lia$le &or etitioners holi!a# a# ser)ice incenti)e lea)e a# an!1?th month a# 'ithout !e!uctions. As a ,eneral rule one 'ho lea!s a#menthas the $ur!en o& ro)in, it. E)en 'here the emlo#ee must alle,e nona#ment the ,eneral rule is that the $ur!en rests on the emlo#er to ro)ea#ment rather than on the emlo#ee to ro)e nona#ment. The reason &or therule is that the ertinent ersonnel -les a#rolls recor!s remittances an! othersimilar !ocuments—'hich 'ill sho' that o)ertime !ierentials ser)ice incenti)e

lea)e an! other claims o& 'or0ers ha)e $een ai!—are not in the ossession o&the 'or0er $ut in the custo!# an! a$solute control o& the emlo#er.

1H. La$or La'; /a,es; Thirteenth onth 5a#; The 1?th month a# is inclu!e! in the!e-nition o& 'a,e un!er Article FH2&3 o& the La$or Co!e &rom 'hich the emlo#eris rohi$ite! un!er Article 11? &rom ma0in, an# !e!uctions 'ithout theemlo#ees 0no'le!,e an! consent.

Anent the !e!uction o& SSS loan an! the )alue o& the shoes &rom etitionerir,ilio A,a$ons 1?th month a# 'e -n! the same to $e unauthori%e!. Thee)i!ent intention o& 5resi!ential Decree o. G71 is to ,rant an a!!itional incomein the &orm o& the 1?th month a# to emlo#ees not alrea!# recei)in, the sameso as to &urther rotect the le)el o& real 'a,es &rom the ra)a,es o& 'orl!'i!einPation.K Clearl# as a!!itional income the 1?th month a# is inclu!e! in the!e-nition o& 'a,e un!er Article FH2&3 o& the La$or Co!e to 'it9 2&3 /a,eK ai!to an# emlo#ee shall mean the remuneration or earnin,s ho'e)er !esi,nate!caa$le o& $ein, e*resse! in terms o& mone# 'hether -*e! or ascertaine! on atime tas0 iece or commission $asis or other metho! o& calculatin, the same'hich is a#a$le $# an emlo#er to an emlo#ee un!er a 'ritten or un'rittencontract o& emlo#ment &or 'or0 !one or to $e !one or &or ser)ices ren!ere! orto $e ren!ere! an! inclu!es the &air an! reasona$le )alue as !etermine! $# theSecretar# o& La$or o& $oar! lo!,in, or other &acilities customaril# &urnishe! $#the emlo#er to the emlo#ee . . .K &rom 'hich an emlo#er is rohi$ite! un!erArticle 11? o& the same Co!e &rom ma0in, an# !e!uctions 'ithout theemlo#ees 0no'le!,e an! consent. In the instant case ri)ate reson!ent&aile! to sho' that the !e!uction o& the SSS loan an! the )alue o& the shoes &rometitioner ir,ilio A,a$ons 1?th month a# 'as authori%e! $# the latter. Thelac0 o& authorit# to !e!uct is &urther $olstere! $# the &act that etitioner ir,ilioA,a$on inclu!e! the same as one o& his mone# claims a,ainst ri)atereson!ent.

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1G. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; I resect&ull# !issent an!maintain m# )ie' that the 'or0in,mans ri,ht to jo$ securit# an! !ue rocess o&la' cannot $e measure! 'ith a re!uce! rice ta,.

/hile I areciate the )ie' o& me. Justice QnaresSantia,o that 6t8hein!emnit# to $e imose! shoul! $e stier in or!er to !iscoura,e the a$horrent

ractice o& R!ismiss no' a# later K the majorit# ho'e)er siml# retaine! i&not !iminishe! the in!emnit# ,rante! to the !ismisse! emlo#ees.Conse(uentl# I resect&ull# !issent an! maintain m# )ie' that the'or0in,mans ri,ht to jo$ securit# an! !ue rocess o& la' cannot $e measure!'ith a re!uce! rice ta,. The majorit# oinion treats an emlo#ees ri,ht to !uerocess as no more than an a$stract !eclaration. I am un'illin, to !iminishetitioners constitutional ri,ht to roce!ural !ue rocess 'hich is necessar# torotect their securit# o& tenure.

1F. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Social Justice; /or!s an!5hrases; Constitution is an o!e to social justice; Social justice is that )irtue $#'hich in!i)i!uals an! ,rous &ul-ll their o$li,ations to human societ# $#

contri$utin, ositi)el# to the comlete 'ell$ein, o& their &ello'men consi!ere!as mem$ers o& societ# an! hence re,ulate all their actions accor!in,l#.

Our Constitution is an o!e to social justice. The Court shoul! ,i)e !ue o$eisanceto this o!e &or social justice is not a mere euhon# o& 'or!s. In other countriesolitical !e$ates o)er the last t'o centuries continue to ra,e on 'hether socialri,hts shoul! $e ,i)en constitutional rotection. In our juris!iction ho'e)erconstitutional social ri,hts ha)e lon, $een em$e!!e! in all our Constitutionsan! thus at the )er# least shoul! $e resecte! an! rotecte! $# our courts.Social justice is that )irtue $# 'hich in!i)i!uals an! ,rous &ul-ll their o$li,ationsto human societ# $# contri$utin, ositi)el# to the comlete 'ell$ein, o& their&ello'men consi!ere! as mem$ers o& that societ# an! hence re,ulate all theiractions accor!in,l#. Social justice as a cree! in the 1F?7 Constitution 'as cra&te!$# Dele,ate Jose C. Locsin. >e ersistentl# ounce! on the necessit# o& inclu!in,social justice in the Constitution to rotect those 'ho ha)e little in li&e.

4:. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Social Justice; Su$stanti)eri,hts are not to $e 'ea0ene! $# a !iminishe! roce!ural ri,ht &or in 'ea0enin,the roce!ure 'e 'ea0en the su$stanti)e ri,ht.

Courts at all times shoul! ,i)e meanin, an! su$stance to constitutionalostulates in &a)or o& the 'or0in,man. The 1FGH Constitution is &rau,ht 'ithro)isions rotectin, the 'or0in,man e.,. Secs. F 1: an! 1G Art. II an! Sec.? Art. III a le,ac# o& the e)olution o& ri,hts. These constitutional cree!s shoul!not $e !'ar&e! $# !ee!s. A contrar# osture 'oul! con)ert these cree!s asmeanin,less constitutional atter.K The rincile o& social justice 'as notem$e!!e! in the &un!amental la' &or !emo,o,uer#. It 'as meant to $e a )italarticulate comellin, rincile o& u$lic olic#. Social justice shoul! $e a li)in,realit# an! not a mere hi,h le)el a$straction. Thus 'hile the Constitution must$e rea! as a 'hole e)en i& 'e !o not in)o0e its Due 5rocess Clause thecoherent alication o& the searate constitutional cree!s on social justice an!la$or is enou,h to uhol! the 'or0ers constitutional ri,ht to 'or0 an! their

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conse(uent ri,ht to jo$ securit#. These su$stanti)e ri,hts are not to $e'ea0ene! $# a !iminishe! roce!ural ri,ht. Bor in 'ea0enin, the roce!ure 'e'ea0en the su$stanti)e ri,ht. The imortance o& the roce!ure to rotect thee*ercise o& the ri,ht to 'or0 cannot $e o)eremhasi%e!.

41. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Social Justice; Social justice in

these cases is not e(ualit# $ut rotection.

The constitution uts the emlo#ee on e(ual &ootin, 'ith his emlo#er. As$et'een an emlo#ee usuall# oor an! unlettere! an! the emlo#er 'ho hasresources to secure a$le le,al a!)ice the la' has reason to !eman! &rom thelatter stricter comliance. Bor social justice in these cases is not e(ualit# $utrotection. As r. Chie& Justice Bernan!o stresse! in ictorias illin, Co. Inc. )./or0mens Comensation Commission—To reeat courts shoul! e)er $e on thealert lest throu,h ina!)ertence or &ault# anal#sis the e*ecte! oosition &rommana,ement $e araise! much more &a)ora$l# than 'arrante!. Theun&ortunate result 'oul! $e that $oth the social justice concet an! thecomlementar# constitutional comman! o& rotection to la$or 'oul! $e

!isre,ar!e! an! set at nau,ht. There is no hi,her !ut# cast on the ju!iciar# thanto ,uar! a,ainst such an un!esira$le ossi$ilit# &rau,ht as it is 'ithconse(uences trul# to $e !elore!.

44. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; The Sureme Court has lon,e*ten!e! constitutional !ue rocess in la$or cases in)ol)in, ri)ate action.

This Court has lon, e*ten!e! constitutional !ue rocess in la$or cases in)ol)in,ri)ate action. 5rior to /enhil the rule etche! in stone is that an emlo#er can)ali!l# !ismiss an errin, emlo#ee onl# a&ter ,i)in, him notice an! hearin,.

Thus !eca!es a,o this Court in Matan,as La,una Ta#a$as Mus Co. ). Court o&Aeals rule! that the &ailure o& etitioner to ,i)e the ri)ate reson!ent the$ene-t o& a hearin, $e&ore he 'as !ismisse! constitutes an in&rin,ement on hisconstitutional ri,ht to !ue rocess o& la'.K In De Leon ). ational La$or elationsCommission 'here an emlo#ee 'as !ismisse! 'ithout notice it 'as hel! that6t8here is in this case a clear !enial o& !ue rocess a constitutional ri,ht 'hichmust $e sa&e,uar!e! at all times eseciall# 'hen 'hat is at sta0e is etitionersosition as his onl# means o& li)elihoo!.K In e#es ). 5hiliine Dulicators Inc.'here etitioner e#es 'as !ismisse! &rom the ser)ice in 1FHH 'ithout an#in)esti,ation or hearin, this Court &oun! that the !ismissal 'as ar$itrar# ase#es 'as !enie! !ue rocess. >ence e)en the noncomliance 'ith Sections 4an! ? ule I Moo0 o& the Imlementin, ules an! e,ulations o& the La$orCo!e ursuant to the amen!ments o& 5.D. o. G7: 'hich 'as issue! in 1FH7re(uirin, a rior clearance &rom the Deartment o& La$or to terminate theser)ices o& an emlo#ee ren!ere! the termination ille,al an! nulli-e! the!ismissal o& the emlo#ee.

4?. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; The osture that theconstitutional !ue rocess re(uirement limits ,o)ernment action alone an! !oesnot al# to ri)ate action is alrea!# ass—mo!ern notions o& )iolations o& !uerocess 'hich ma# &airl# $e attri$ute! to the State ha)e e*an!e! consi!era$l#in recent !eca!es.

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The osture that the constitutional !ue rocess re(uirement limits ,o)ernmentaction alone an! !oes not al# to ri)ate action is alrea!# ass. Thus e)en inthe Unite! States the alication o& !ue rocess to ri)ate con!uct has ,aine!aro)al an! has $ecome a settle! norm. Bor as e*resse! $# 5ro&essorLaurence >. Tri$e a note! constitutionalist—Mut articularl# 'here ostensi$l#

ri)ateK o'er is the rimar# source o& the coercion an! )iolence thatoresse! in!i)i!uals an! ,rous e*erience it is har! to accet 'ithe(uanimit# a ri,i! le,al !istinction $et'een state an! societ#. The er)asi)es#stem o& racial aarthei! 'hich e*iste! in the South &or a centur# a&ter the Ci)il/ar &or e*amle thri)e! onl# $ecause o& the resonance o& societ# an!olitics . . . the close -t $et'een ri)ate terror u$lic !iscrimination an!olitical e*clusion. So too 'here it is the states ersistent inaction in the &ace o& atterns o& !eri)ation &or 'hich the state an! societ# seem to man# to $earcollecti)e resonsi$ilit# the remise that onl# i!enti-a$le state actionK ma# $ecalle! constitutional account is !eel# trou$lin,. Accor!in,l# mo!ern notions o&)iolations o& !ue rocess 'hich ma# &airl# $e attri$ute! to the State ha)ee*an!e! consi!era$l# in recent !eca!es. Seemin,l# ri)ate con!ucts ha)e

ar,ua$l# $een treate! as a!e(uate state actions. In!i)i!ual in)asions o&in!i)i!ual ri,hts in certain instances ha)e $ecome roer su$jects o&constitutional restraints. In -ne as r. Justice Beli* Bran0&urter ut it in Joint AntiBascist e&u,ee Committee ). c+rath R6!8ue rocess unli0e some le,al rulesis not a technical concetion 'ith a -*e! content unrelate! to time lace an!circumstances * * *. Due rocess is not a mechanical instrument. It is not a#ar!stic0. It is a !elicate rocess o& a!justment inescaa$l# in)ol)in, thee*ercise o& ju!,ment $# those 'hom the Constitution entruste! 'ith theun&ol!in, o& the rocess.K Me#on! ar,ument the Constitution 'as !esi,ne! toem$o!# an! cele$rate )alues an! to inculcate roer accetance o& them asmuch as to comel ,o)ernments to a$i!e $# them.

4. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; An emlo#ee 'ho is !enie!roce!ural !ue rocess is entitle! to reinstatement nothin, less.

An emlo#ee 'ho is !enie! roce!ural !ue rocess is entitle! to reinstatement.othin, less. This Court in carr#in, out the constitutional !irecti)e o& the 1FH?Constitution re(uirin, the State to assure the ri,hts o& 'or0ers to * * * securit#o& tenure * * *K has (uite consistentl# nulli-e! siml# on constitutional ,roun!s!ismissals in )iolation o& roce!ural !ue rocess not'ithstan!in, the a$sence o& an e*ress ro)ision o& an# statute. The Court has !one the same un!er the1FGH Constitution 'hich a!mitte!l# has ,i)en more rotection to la$or than an#o& our re)ious charters—throu,h a &ourara,rah section in the Article onSocial Justice an! >uman i,hts 'hich !etails the rotecti)e mantle accor!e! tola$or alone. Thus Art. III Sec. ? o& the 1FGH Constitution !ecrees that 6t8heState shall aor! &ull rotection to la$or * * * an! romote &ull emlo#ment * * *2All 'or0ers3 shall $e entitle! to securit# o& tenure * * *K Art. II Sec. 1G o& the1FGH Constitution man!ates that 6t8he State a=rms la$or as a rimar# socialeconomic &orce. It shall rotect the ri,hts o& 'or0ers an! romote their 'el&are.KAll tol! this Court &or almost three !eca!es has set asi!e on constitutional,roun!s !ismissals in )iolation o& roce!ural !ue rocess—until /enhil camealon, 'ith the interests o& the emlo#er tailin, an! su!!enl# enjo#in,

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re&erence. To uhol! /enhil Serrano an! no' A,a$on is to !ilute therotection to those 'ho nee! it most !esite the constitutional man!ate 'hich inthe lan,ua,e o& r. Justice Car!o%o sea0s 'ith a re)er$eratin, clan, that!ro'ns all 'ea0er soun!s.K /ith !ue resect the ,rant o& in!emnit# to the!ismisse! emlo#ee as $oth enalt# an! !isincenti)eK as the majorit# ro)i!esin the instant case !oes not s(uare 'ith the rotection accor!e! $# the

Constitution to la$or. There is onl# one main relie& in cases o& !ismissal 'ithoutnotice an! hearin,—reinstatement.

47. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Comliance 'ith roce!ural!ue rocess is not a $ur!en on emlo#ers.

Comliance 'ith roce!ural !ue rocess is not a $ur!en on emlo#ers. There isno )ali! reason 'h# emlo#ers shoul! ha)e an# !i=cult# accor!in, roce!ural!ue rocess to their emlo#ees. The rules are &airl# simle.

4. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Dismissal 'ithout !ue rocess!e$ases human !i,nit#.

eril# !ismissal 'ithout !ue rocess !e$ases human !i,nit#. It is there&oreincum$ent uon the emlo#er to con!uct a &ormal in)esti,ation an! in&orm theemlo#ee o& the seci-c char,es a,ainst him. ost certainl# the resolution o&e*treme cases e.,. 'here the emlo#ee threatens the li&e o& the emlo#er arethe e*cetions rather than the or!inar# an! usual cases. As such rules,o)ernin, them shoul! not $e use! as the ,eneral rule. ather emlo#ersshoul! $e remin!e! that un!er our s#stem o& ,o)ernment e)en the mosthar!ene! criminals are ,i)en their !a# in court. Emlo#ees are not entitle! toan#thin, less.

4H. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Securit# o& Tenure; In thehierarch# o& ri,hts o& an emlo#ee the ri,ht to securit# o& tenure is hi,h i& notthe hi,hest.

In the hierarch# o& ri,hts o& an emlo#ee the ri,ht to securit# o& tenure is hi,h i& not the hi,hest. Its aramount )alue is reco,ni%e! an! ,uarantee! un!er ourne' Constitution. Conse(uentl# the -rst ara,rah o& Article III Section ? o&the 1FGH Constitution e*ten!s the rotecti)e mantle o& the Constitution to all o&la$or inclu!in, the romotion o& &ull emlo#ment. The secon! ara,rahseci-es the ,uarantee! ri,ht to securit# o& tenure. All other ri,hts e.,. theri,ht to collecti)e $ar,ainin, an! ne,otiations the ri,ht to eace&ul concerte!acti)ities the ri,ht to stri0e an! &orm unions an! the ri,ht to !ue rocessmerel# comlement the ri,ht to jo$ securit#. All these comlementar# ri,hts aremeanin,less to an unemlo#e! Juan De la Cru%.

4G. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Securit# o& Tenure; /or0ersnee! 'or0 more than an#thin, else—'or0 is a !e-nin, &eature o& humane*istence.

/or0ers nee! 'or0 more than an#thin, else. Bor a 'a,e'or0er a jo$ isimortant. /hile there is 'or0 there is &oo! on the ta$le. Ta0e a'a# 'or0

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relace it 'ith a mea,er lum sum an! the &oo! 'ill !isaear. Throu,h 'or0the $rea!'inner satis-es his $asic nee!s an! those o& his &amil#. >e alsoro)i!es himsel& 'ith a means to e*ress himsel& trans&orm !e)elo an!er&ect his s0ills an! talents. Throu,h 'or0 he interacts an! esta$lishesrelations 'ith others. /or0 is a !e-nin, &eature o& human e*istence. It is themeans o& sustainin, li&e an! meetin, essential nee!s. It is also an acti)it#

throu,h 'hich in!i)i!uals a=rm their o'n i!entit# $oth to themsel)es an! tothose aroun! them. It is crucial to in!i)i!ual choice to the 'el&are o& &amiliesan! to the sta$ilit# o& societies. E)er# man has the ri,ht to 'or0 to a chance to!e)elo his (ualities an! his ersonalit# in the e*ercise o& his ro&ession toe(uita$le remuneration 'hich 'ill ena$le him an! his &amil# to lea! a 'orth# li&eon material social cultural an! siritual le)el. Sh#loc0 sai! it 'ell9 Qou ta0e m#li&e 'hen #ou !o ta0e the means 'here$# I li)e.K

4F. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Securit# o& Tenure; To siml#allo' a#ment o& nominal !ama,es &or )iolation o& emlo#ees ri,ht to !uerocess is to ,i)e un!ue a!)anta,e to emlo#ers—the ri,ht to securit# o& tenurean! !ue rocess is $e#on! monetar# )aluation.

To siml# allo' a#ment o& nominal !ama,es &or )iolation o& emlo#ees ri,ht to!ue rocess is to ,i)e un!ue a!)anta,e to emlo#ers. One !oes not nee! toha)e a stratosheric min! to 0no' that the Constitution ,a)e ,reater ri,hts toemlo#ees o)er their emlo#ers. The intent is to e(uali%e the -,ht o& theun!erri)ile,e! a,ainst the o)erri)ile,e!. /e cannot allo' the emlo#ers tomar,inali%e the ri,ht o& the 'or0in,man to !ue rocess &or a &e' esos 'ithoutmoc0in, the rotection accor!e! $# the Constitution to the o'erless. The!eri)ation o& the ri,ht to securit# o& tenure an! !ue rocess is $e#on!monetar# )aluation.In -ne to len,then the lon,e)it# o& Serrano is to sharen the!an,erous !i)i!e $et'een the ha)es an! ha)enots in our societ#. Mut A,a$on isnot merel# e*ten!in, Serrano. A,a$on is &ar 'orse than Serrano.

?:. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Securit# o& Tenure; In thesetimes 'hen our lo'l# 'or0ers can har!l# maintain $o!# an! soul to,ether !ue totheir mea,er means I -n! it har! to $elie)e that the majorit# in /enhil inSerrano an! no' in the instant case A,a$on ersists in 'ea0enin, ouremlo#ees ri,ht to jo$ securit#.

In these times 'hen our lo'l# 'or0ers can har!l# maintain $o!# an! soulto,ether !ue to their mea,er means I -n! it har! to $elie)e that the majorit# in/enhil in Serrano an! no' in the instant case A,a$on ersists in 'ea0enin,our emlo#ees ri,ht to jo$ securit#. The stance siml# oen!s a $asic rincileo& justice so entrenche! in our tra!ition an! etche! in our conscience. Anemlo#ee ma# not ha)e a Torrens title to his jo$ $ut it is not too much to re(uirethat $e&ore he is !ismisse! $# his emlo#er he shoul! $e ,i)en a simle noticeo& the cause o& his !ismissal an! a summar# hearin, to resent his si!e. All ourconstitutional an! statutor# recets on social justice an! the rotection o& la$or'ill ,o to nau,ht i& 'e eretuate our rulin, that a !ismissal 'ithout the re(uire!rior notice is )ali! an! i& 'e just enali%e 'ith the a#ment o& ennies)iolations o& the emlo#ees ri,ht to !ue rocess. /ithout !ou$t /enhil an!

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Serrano ha)e len,thene! the (ueue o& the unemlo#e!. A,a$on 'ill stretch itout e)en more.

?1. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Securit# o& Tenure; TheSureme Court shoul! rotect la$or an! it shoul! 'al0 the tal0.

In the case at $ar 'here etitioners Jenn# A,a$on an! ir,ilio A,a$on 'ere!ismisse! &rom the ser)ice &or a$an!onment o& 'or0 'ithout the !ue rocessre(uirements o& t'o 243 notices an! hearin, I su$mit that the !ismissals shoul!$e nulli-e! an! set asi!e an! etitioners imme!iatel# reinstate! 'ithout loss o&seniorit# ri,hts an! other ri)ile,es. This Court shoul! rotect la$or an! it shoul!'al0 the tal0.

?4. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; I resect&ull# su$mit thatnothin, has transire! in the ast &our an! hal& #ears since Serrano 'as issue!that justi-es &urther !iminution o& 'hate)er constitutional ri,hts to !ue rocessan! securit# o& tenure our 'or0ers still enjo#.

/ith !ue resect I stron,l# oose the Courts ine*lica$le turnaroun!. Thisrulin, is a set$ac0 on la$ors ri,hts. Thus I reiterate m# Dissent in Serrano inthat case I 'as ,rate&ul enou,h that the Court ha! !eci!e! to ree*amine an!mo!i&# the ten#ear /enhil !octrine. In the rocess it ha! at least increase!the monetar# a'ar! that shoul! ,o to the !ismisse! emlo#ee—&rom a nominalsum in the concet o& in!emnit# or !ama,esK to &ull $ac0 'a,es.K Iresect&ull# su$mit that nothin, has transire! in the ast &our an! a hal& #earssince Serrano 'as issue! that justi-es &urther !iminution o& 'hate)erconstitutional ri,hts to !ue rocess an! securit# o& tenure our 'or0ers still enjo#.On the contrar# nothin, is more e)i!ent than the inescaa$le &act that theiremo'erment ma0es them $etter artners in the countr#s !e)eloment an!,lo$al cometence. An# &urther tramlin, o& their ri,hts is un!eser)e!.

??. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; /hen an emlo#ee is!ismisse! 'ithout !ue rocess the le,al eect is an ille,al !ismissal an! thearoriate sanction is &ull $ac0 'a,es lus reinstatement not merel# &ull $ac0'a,es 2or searation a#3 much less merel# in!emnit# o& one month salar# &ore)er# #ear o& ser)ice.K

As e*laine! in m# Dissentin, Oinion in Serrano the notice re(uirement -n!s$asis not onl# in the La$or Co!e $ut more imortant in the !ue rocess clauseo& the Constitution. Conse(uentl# 'hen an emlo#ee is !ismisse! 'ithout !uerocess the le,al eect is an ille,al !ismissal; an! the aroriate sanction is&ull $ac0 'a,es lus reinstatementnot merel# &ull $ac0 'a,es 2or searationa#3 much less merel# in!emnit# o& one month salar# &or e)er# #ear o&ser)ice.K It is jurisru!ential settle! that 'hen roce!ural !ue rocess is)iolate! the rocee!in,s—in this case the !ismissal—shall $e )oi!e! an! thearties returne! to their status (uo ante; that is the emlo#ees shoul! $e ,i)en$ac0 their ol! jo$s an! ai! all $ene-ts as i& the# ha)e ne)er $een !ismisse!. Inrulin, that the !ismissal shoul! $e !eeme! le,al the majorit# has )irtuall#ren!ere! nu,ator# the emlo#ees ri,ht to !ue rocess as man!ate! $# la' an!the Constitution. It has imlicitl# allo'e! the emlo#er siml# to i,nore such

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ri,ht an! just a# the emlo#ee. I resect&ull# su$mit that ille,al !ismissalresults not onl# &rom the a$sence o& a le,al cause in accor!ance 'ith Articles4G4 to 4G o& the La$or Co!e $ut li0e'ise &rom the &ailure to o$ser)e !uerocess. There are man# la$or an! other cases in 'hich acts )iolati)e o& !uerocess ha)e une(ui)ocall# $een !eclare! ille,al $# the Court. The# ran,e &romsimilar cases o& emlo#ment termination to criminal rosecutions to

a!ministrati)e cases an! election cases as 'ell. I ma!e a summar# o& theseDecisions in m# a&oresai! Serrano Oinion 'hich I shall no lon,er reeat here.

?. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; Constitutional La'; Thetra!itional !octrine that constitutional ri,hts ma# $e in)o0e! onl# a,ainst theState shoul! $e mo!i-e! to ena$le the ju!iciar# to coe 'ith ne' ara!i,ms an!to continue rotectin, the eole &rom ne' &orms o& a$uses.

True tra!itional !octrine hol!s that constitutional ri,hts ma# $e in)o0e! onl#a,ainst the State 'hich in the ast 'as the onl# entit# in a osition to )iolatethese ri,hts inclu!in, the !ue rocess clause. >o'e)er 'ith the a!)ent o&li$erali%ation !ere,ulation an! ri)ati%ation the State ten!e! to ce!e some o&

its o'ers to the mar0et &orces.K >ence cororate $ehemoths an! e)enin!i)i!uals ma# no' $e sources o& a$uses an! threats to human ri,hts an!li$erties. I $elie)e there&ore that this tra!itional !octrine shoul! $e mo!i-e! toena$le the ju!iciar# to coe 'ith ne' ara!i,ms an! to continue rotectin, theeole &rom ne' &orms o& a$uses.

?7. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; The imortance o& sen!in, thenotice o& termination shoul! not $e tri)iali%e!—the termination letter ser)es asin!u$ita$le roo& o& loss o& emlo#ment an! its receit comels the emlo#ee toe)aluate his or ne*t otions.

The imortance o& sen!in, the notice o& termination shoul! not $e tri)iali%e!. The termination letter ser)es as in!u$ita$le roo& o& loss o& emlo#ment an! itsreceit comels the emlo#ee to e)aluate his or her ne*t otions. /ithout suchnotice the emlo#ee ma# $e le&t uncertain o& his &ate; thus its ser)ice isman!ate! $# the Imlementin, ules. oncomliance 'ith the notice rule ase)i!ent in this case contra)enes the Imlementin, ules. Mut !oes the )iolationser)e to in)ali!ate the A,a$ons !ismissal &or just cause

?. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; The Court rior to theenactment o& the La$or Co!e 'as illreceti)e to the notion that termination &or

just cause 'ithout notice or hearin, )iolate! the constitutional ri,ht to !uerocess.

Clearl# the Court rior to the enactment o& the La$or Co!e 'as illreceti)e tothe notion that termination &or just cause 'ithout notice or hearin, )iolate! theconstitutional ri,ht to !ue rocess. onetheless the Court reco,ni%e! an a'ar!o& !ama,es as the aroriate reme!#. In +alsim ). 5M the Court hel!9 O&course the emlo#ers rero,ati)e to !ismiss emlo#ees hire! 'ithout a !e-niteerio! ma# $e 'ith or 'ithout cause. Mut i& the manner in 'hich such ri,ht ise*ercise! is a$usi)e the emlo#er stan!s to ans'er to the !ismisse! emlo#ee&or !ama,es.

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?H. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; The La$or Co!e in itsincetion !i! not re(uire notice or hearin, $e&ore an emlo#er coul! terminatean emlo#ee &or just cause.

The Termination 5a# La' 'as amon, the reeale! la's 'ith the enactment o&

the La$or Co!e in 1FH. Si,ni-cantl# the La$or Co!e in its incetion !i! notre(uire notice or hearin, $e&ore an emlo#er coul! terminate an emlo#ee &or

just cause. As Justice en!o%a e*laine!9 /here the termination o& emlo#ment'as &or a just cause no notice 'as re(uire! to $e ,i)en to the emlo#ee. It 'asonl# on Setem$er 1FG1 that notice 'as re(uire! to $e ,i)en e)en 'here the!ismissal or termination o& an emlo#ee 'as &or cause. This 'as ma!e in therules issue! $# the then inister o& La$or an! Emlo#ment to imlement M.5.Ml,. 1?: 'hich amen!e! the La$or Co!e. An! it 'as still much later 'hen thenotice re(uirement 'as em$o!ie! in the la' 'ith the amen!ment o& Art. 4HH2$3$# .A. o. H17 on arch 4 1FGF.

?G. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; It cannot $e !enie! thou,h

that the thin0in, that a$sence o& notice or hearin, rior to terminationconstitute! a constitutional )iolation has ,aine! a jurisru!ential &oothol! 'iththe Court.

It cannot $e !enie! thou,h that the thin0in, that a$sence o& notice or hearin,rior to termination constitute! a constitutional )iolation has ,aine! a

jurisru!ential &oothol! 'ith the Court. Justice 5uno in his Dissentin, Oinioncites se)eral cases in suort o& this theor# $e,innin, 'ith Matan,as La,una

Ta#a$as Mus Co. ). Court o& Aeals 'herein 'e hel! that the &ailure o&etitioner to ,i)e the ri)ate reson!ent the $ene-t o& a hearin, $e&ore he 'as!ismisse! constitutes an in&rin,ement on his constitutional ri,ht to !ue rocesso& la'.K Still this theor# has $een re&ute! elluci!l# an! eecti)el# to m# min!$# Justice en!o%as !is(uisition in Serrano.

?F. Constitutional La'; Le,al 5hilosoh#; Ju!icial Le,islation; Theories no matterho' entrancin, remain theoretical unless a!ote! $# le,islation or morecontro)ersiall# $# ju!icial oinion.

Justice 5uno characteri%es the notion that constitutional !ue rocess limits,o)ernment action alone as assK an! a!)erts to nou)elle )a,ue theories'hich assert that ri)ate con!uct ma# $e restraine! $# constitutional !uerocess. >is !issent allu!es to the American e*erience ma0in, re&erences tothe ostCi)il /arre/orl! /ar II era 'hen the US Sureme Court seeme!o)erl# solicitous to the ri,hts o& $i, $usiness o)er those o& the 'or0ers. Theoriesno matter ho' entrancin, remain theoretical unless a!ote! $# le,islation ormore contro)ersiall# $# ju!icial oinion. There 'ere a &e' !ecisions o& the USSureme Court that ostensi$l# imose! on ri)ate ersons the )alues o& theconstitutional ,uarantees. >o'e)er in !eci!in, the cases the American >i,hCourt &oun! it necessar# to lin0 the actors to a!e(uate elements o& the StateKsince the Bourteenth Amen!ment lainl# $e,ins 'ith the 'or!s o State shall . ..K ore cruciall# to the American e*erience it ha! $ecome necessar# to assle,islation in or!er to comel ri)ate ersons to o$ser)e constitutional )alues.

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/hile the e(ual rotection clause 'as !eeme! su=cient $# the /arren Court to$ar racial se,re,ation in u$lic &acilities it necessitate! enactment o& the Ci)ili,hts Acts o& 1F to rohi$it se,re,ation as en&orce! $# ri)ate ersons 'ithintheir roert#. In this juris!iction I ha)e trust in the statutor# re,ime that,o)erns the correction o& ri)ate 'ron,s. There are thousan!s o& statutes someenal or re,ulator# in nature that are the source o& actiona$le claims a,ainst

ri)ate ersons. There is e)en no stoin, the State throu,h the le,islati)ecaul!ron &rom comellin, ri)ate in!i)i!uals un!er ain o& le,al sanction intoo$ser)in, the norms or!aine! in the Mill o& i,hts.

:. Constitutional La'; Le,al 5hilosoh#; Ju!icial Le,islation; The straine! analo,#$et'een the State an! a ri)ate emlo#er !oes not s(uare since the attri$uteso& an emlo#er are star0l# incon,ruous 'ith those o& the State—emlo#erslainl# !o not ossess the a'esome o'ers an! the tremen!ous resources'hich the State has at its comman!.

Justice 5an,ani$ans Searate Oinion asserts that cororate $ehemoths an!e)en in!i)i!uals ma# no' $e sources o& a$uses an! threats to human ri,hts an!

li$erties. The concern is not un&oun!e! $ut aroriate reme!ies e*ist 'ithinour statutes an! so resort to the constitutional trum car! is not necessar#.E)en i& 'e 'ere to en,a,e the remise the roer juristic e*ercise shoul! $e toe*amine 'hether an emlo#er has ta0en the attri$utes o& the State so that itcoul! $e comelle! $# the Constitution to o$ser)e the roscritions o& the Mill o&i,hts. Mut the straine! analo,# siml# !oes not s(uare since the attri$utes o&an emlo#er are star0l# incon,ruous 'ith those o& the State. Emlo#ers lainl#!o not ossess the a'esome o'ers an! the tremen!ous resources 'hich theState has at its comman!. The !ierences $et'een the State an! emlo#ers arenot merel# literal $ut e*ten! to their )er# essences. Unli0e the State the raison!etre o& emlo#ers in $usiness is to accumulate ro-ts. 5erhas the State an!the emlo#er are similarl# caacitate! to inPict injur# or !iscom&ort on ersonsun!er their control $ut the same o'er is also ossesse! $# a school rincialhosital a!ministrator or a reli,ious lea!er amon, man# others. In!ee! thescoe an! reach o& authorit# o& an emlo#er ales in comarison 'ith that o& theState. There is no $asis to conclu!e that an emlo#er or e)en the emlo#erclass ma# $e !eeme! a !e &acto state an! on that remise comelle! too$ser)e the Mill o& i,hts. There is siml# no ne*us in their &unctions !ista asthe# are that ren!ers it necessar# to accor! the same jurisru!ential treatment.

1. Constitutional La'; Le,al 5hilosoh#; Ju!icial Le,islation; The reme!# tori,ht'ar! ju!icial $ias is not le&t'ar! ju!icial $ias—the more roer ju!icialattitu!e is to ,i)e !ue resect to le,islati)e rero,ati)es re,ar!less o& thei!eolo,ical sauce the# are !ie! in.

It ma# $e so as allu!e! in the !issent o& Justice 5uno that a conser)ati)e courts#stem o)erl# solicitous to the concerns o& $usiness ma# consciousl# ,ut a'a#at ri,hts or ri)ile,es o'in, to the la$or sector. This certainl# haene! $e&orein the Unite! States in the earl# art o& the t'entieth centur# 'hen thero,ressi)e la$or le,islation such as that enacte! !urin, 5resi!ent oose)eltse' Deal re,ime—most o& them a!!ressin, ro$lems o& la$or—'ere struc0!o'n $# an archconser)ati)e Court. The re&erre! rationale then 'as to

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enshrine 'ithin the constitutional or!er $usiness rero,ati)es ren!erin, themsuerior to the e*ress le,islati)e intent. Curiousl# &ollo'in, its ju!icialhilosoh# at the time the U.S. Sureme Court ma!e !ue rocess ,uaranteeto'ar!s emlo#ers re)ail o)er the olice o'er to !e&eat the cause o& la$or. O&course this Court shoul! not $e insensate to the means an! metho!s $# 'hichthe entrenche! o'er&ul class ma# maneu)er the socioolitical s#stem to ensure

sel&reser)ation. >o'e)er the reme!# to ri,ht'ar! ju!icial $ias is not le&t'ar! ju!icial $ias. The more roer ju!icial attitu!e is to ,i)e !ue resect tole,islati)e rero,ati)es re,ar!less o& the i!eolo,ical sauce the# are !ie! in.

4. Constitutional La'; Le,al 5hilosoh#; Ju!icial Le,islation; /hile the Mill o& i,htsmaintains a osition o& rimac# in the constitutional hierarch# it has scoe an!limitations that must $e resecte! an! asserte! $# the Court e)en thou,h the#ma# at times ser)e some'hat $itter en!s.

/hile the Mill o& i,hts maintains a osition o& rimac# in the constitutionalhierarch# it has scoe an! limitations that must $e resecte! an! asserte! $#the Court e)en thou,h the# ma# at times ser)e some'hat $itter en!s. The

!issentin, oinions are ala$l# !istresse! at the eect o& the Decision 'hich'ill un!ou$te!l# ro)o0e those rePe*i)el# s#mathetic to the la$or class. Muthaha%ar! le,al theor# cannot $e use! to justi&# the o$)erse result. Thea!otion o& the !issentin, )ie's 'oul! ,i)e rise to all sorts o& a$sur!constitutional claims. An e*communicate! Catholic mi,ht !eman! hisherreinstatement into the ,oo! ,races o& the Church an! into communion on the,roun! that e*communication 'as )iolati)e o& the constitutional ri,ht to !uerocess. A cele$rit# contracte! to en!orse 5esi Cola mi,ht sue in court to )oi! astiulation that re)ents himher &rom sin,in, the raises o& Coca Cola once in a'hile on the ,roun! that such stiulation )iolates the constitutional ri,ht to &reeseech. An emlo#ee mi,ht sue to re)ent the emlo#er &rom rea!in, out,oin,email sent throu,h the coman# ser)er usin, the coman# email a!!ress onthe ,roun! that the constitutional ri,ht to ri)ac# o& communication 'oul! $e$reache!.

?. Constitutional La'; Le,al 5hilosoh#; Ju!icial Le,islation; /e must a)oi!o)erarchin, !eclarations in or!er to justi&# an en! result $ene-cial to la$or.

The a$o)e concerns !o not in an#'a# ser)e to tri)iali%e the interests o& la$or.Mut 'e must a)oi! o)erarchin, !eclarations in or!er to justi&# an en! result$ene-cial to la$or. I !rea! the !octrinal accetance o& the notion that the Mill o&i,hts on its o'n aor!s rotection an! sanctuar# not just &rom the acts o&State $ut also &rom the con!uct o& ri)ate ersons. atural an! juri!ical ersons'oul! hesitate to interact &or &ear that a misste coul! lea! to their $ein,char,e! in court as a constitutional )iolator. 5ri)ate institutions that thri)e ontheir e*clusi)it# such as churches or cli(uish ,rous coul! $e &orce! to rene,eon their tra!itional tenets inclu!in, )o's o& secrec# an! the li0e i& !eeme! $#the Court as inconsistent 'ith the Mill o& i,hts. In!ee! that &un!amental ri,hto& all ri)ate ersons to $e let alone 'oul! $e &ore)er !iminishe! $ecause o& a(uestiona$le notion that contra)enes 'ith centuries o& olitical thou,ht.

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. Constitutional La'; Le,al 5hilosoh#; Ju!icial Le,islation; It is not !i=cult to $eenrature! $# no)el le,al i!eas—their characteri%ation is susceti$le to thesame mar0etin, tras that hoo0 consumers to ne' ro!ucts; Me&ore 'e join thema! rush in or!er to roclaim a theor# as $rilliantK a ri,orous test must -rst $eemlo#e! to !etermine 'hether it comlements or contra!icts our o'n s#stemo& la's an! juristic thou,ht; Just as atriotism is the last re&u,e o& scoun!rels

the $roa! constitutional claim that the Mill o& i,hts ma# $e in)o0e! to in)ali!ateactions $# ri)ate entities a,ainst ri)ate in!i)i!uals is the -nal resort o& the!eserate liti,ant.

It is not !i=cult to $e enrature! $# no)el le,al i!eas. Their characteri%ation issusceti$le to the same mar0etin, tras that hoo0 consumers to ne' ro!ucts./ith the hel o& uni(ue 'rain, a catch# la$el an! testimonials &romro&esse! e*erts &rom e*otic lan!s a malo!orous i!ea ma# ,ain 'i!eaccetance e)en amon, those sel&ossesse! 'ith their o'n hei,htene! senseso& ercetion. Qet $e&ore 'e join the ma! rush in or!er to roclaim a theor# as$rilliantK a ri,orous test must -rst $e emlo#e! to !etermine 'hether itcomlements or contra!icts our o'n s#stem o& la's an! juristic thou,ht. /ithout

such anal#sis 'e run the ris0 o& a$ne,atin, the !octrines 'e ha)e &ostere! &or!eca!es an! the rotections the# ma# ha)e imlante! into our 'a# o& li&e.Shoul! the Court a!ot the )ie' that the Mill o& i,hts ma# $e in)o0e! toin)ali!ate actions $# ri)ate entities a,ainst ri)ate in!i)i!uals the Court 'oul!oen the Poo!,ates to an! the !oc0et 'oul! $e s'ame! 'ith liti,ations o& thescurrilous sort. Just as atriotism is the last re&u,e o& scoun!rels the $roa!constitutional claim is the -nal resort o& the !eserate liti,ant.

7. Constitutional La'; La$or La'; Due 5rocess; It 'as onl# a&ter the enactment o&the La$or Co!e that the !octrine relie! uon $# the !issentin, oinions $ecameen )o,ue.

It is (uite aarent that the constitutional rotection o& la$or 'as entrenche!more than ei,ht !eca!es a,o #et such !i! not re)ent this Court in the ast&rom a=rmin, !ismissals &or just cause 'ithout )ali! notice. or 'as there an#retense ma!e that this constitutional ma*im aor!e! a la$orer a ositi)e ri,hta,ainst !ismissal &or just cause on the ,roun! o& lac0 o& )ali! rior notice. As!emonstrate! earlier it 'as onl# a&ter the enactment o& the La$or Co!e that the!octrine relie! uon $# the !issentin, oinions $ecame en )o,ue. This ointhi,hli,hts m# osition that the )iolation o& the notice re(uirement has statutor#moorin,s not constitutional.

. Constitutional La'; La$or La'; Due 5rocess; /ithout seci-c an! ertinentle,islation ju!icial $o!ies 'ill $e at a loss &ormulatin, their o'n conclusion toaro*imate at least the aims o& the Constitution—ultimatel# there&ore Section? o& Article III cannot on its o'n $e a source o& a ositi)e en&orcea$le ri,ht tosta)e o the !ismissal o& an emlo#ee &or just cause o'in, to the &ailure to ser)eroer notice or hearin,.

Thus the constitutional man!ates o& rotection to la$or an! securit# o& tenurema# $e !eeme! as sel&e*ecutin, in the sense that these are automaticall#ac0no'le!,e! an! o$ser)e! 'ithout nee! &or an# ena$lin, le,islation. >o'e)er

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to !eclare that the constitutional ro)isions are enou,h to ,uarantee the &ulle*ercise o& the ri,hts em$o!ie! therein an! the reali%ation o& i!eals thereine*resse! 'oul! $e imractical i& not unrealistic. The esousal o& such )ie'resents the !an,erous ten!enc# o& $ein, o)er$roa! an! e*a,,erate!. The,uarantees o& &ull rotection to la$orK an! securit# o& tenureK 'hen e*amine!in isolation are &aciall# un(uali-e! an! the $roa!est interretation ossi$le

su,,ests a $lan0et shiel! in &a)or o& la$or a,ainst an# &orm o& remo)alre,ar!less o& circumstance. This interretation imlies an unimeacha$le ri,ht tocontinue! emlo#ment—a utoian notion !ou$tless—$ut still har!l# 'ithin thecontemlation o& the &ramers. Su$se(uent le,islation is still nee!e! to !e-ne thearameters o& these ,uarantee! ri,hts to ensure the rotection an! romotionnot onl# the ri,hts o& the la$or sector $ut o& the emlo#ers as 'ell. /ithoutseci-c an! ertinent le,islation ju!icial $o!ies 'ill $e at a loss &ormulatin,their o'n conclusion to aro*imate at least the aims o& the Constitution.Ultimatel# there&ore Section ? o& Article III cannot on its o'n $e a source o& aositi)e en&orcea$le ri,ht to sta)e o the !ismissal o& an emlo#ee &or just causeo'in, to the &ailure to ser)e roer notice or hearin,. As mani&este! $# se)eral&ramers o& the 1FGH Constitution the ro)isions on social justice re(uire

le,islati)e enactments &or their en&orcea$ilit#.

H. Constitutional La'; La$or La'; Due 5rocess; The Courts re&erence to la's otherthan the Constitution in resol)in, the issue o& !ismissal is an imlicitac0no'le!,ment that the ri,ht to securit# o& tenure 'hile reco,ni%e! in theConstitution cannot $e imlemente! uni&orml# a$sent a la' rescri$in,concrete stan!ar!s &or its en&orcement.

The necessit# &or la's concreti%in, the constitutional rinciles on the rotectiono& la$or is e)i!ent in the reliance lace! uon such la's $# the Court in resol)in,the issue o& the )ali!it# o& a 'or0ers !ismissal. In cases 'here that 'as theissue con&rontin, the Court it consistentl# reco,ni%e! the constitutional ri,ht tosecurit# o& tenure an! emlo#e! the stan!ar!s lai! !o'n $# re)ailin, la's in!eterminin, 'hether such ri,ht 'as )iolate!. The Courts re&erence to la's otherthan the Constitution in resol)in, the issue o& !ismissal is an imlicitac0no'le!,ment that the ri,ht to securit# o& tenure 'hile reco,ni%e! in theConstitution cannot $e imlemente! uni&orml# a$sent a la' rescri$in,concrete stan!ar!s &or its en&orcement. As !iscusse! earlier the )ali!it# o& anemlo#ees !ismissal in re)ious cases 'as e*amine! $# the Court inaccor!ance 'ith the stan!ar!s lai! !o'n $# Con,ress in the Termination 5a#La' an! su$se(uentl# the La$or Co!e an! the amen!ments thereto. Atresent the )ali!it# o& an emlo#ees !ismissal is 'ei,he! a,ainst the stan!ar!slai! !o'n in Article 4HF as 'ell as Article 4G4 in relation to Article 4HH2$3 o& theLa$or Co!e &or a !ismissal &or just cause an! Article 4G? &or a !ismissal &or anauthori%e! cause.

G. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; The circumstances!istin,uishin, just an! authori%e! causes are too mar0e!l# !ierent to $esu$jecte! to the same rules an! reasonin, in interretation.

Me&ore I rocee! 'ith m# !iscussion on !ismissals &or just causes a $rie&comment re,ar!in, !ismissals &or authori%e! cause un!er Article 4G? o& the

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La$or Co!e. /hile the justicia$le (uestion in Serrano ertaine! to a !ismissal &orunauthori%e! cause the rulin, therein 'as cra&te! as !e-niti)e to !ismissals &or

just cause. >ail# the Decision to!a# !oes not a!ot the same un'ise tac0. Itshoul! $e reco,ni%e! that !ismissals &or just cause an! !ismissals &or authori%e!cause are ,o)erne! $# !ierent ro)isions entail !i)er,ent re(uisites an!animate! $# !istinct rationales. The lan,ua,e o& Article 4G? e*ressl# eects the

termination &or authori%e! cause to the ser)ice o& 'ritten notice on the 'or0ersan! the inistr# o& La$or at least one 213 month $e&ore the inten!e! !ate o&termination. This constitutes an eminent !ierence than !ismissals &or justcause 'herein the causal relation $et'een the notice an! the !ismissal is note*ressl# stiulate!. The circumstances !istin,uishin, just an! authori%e!causes are too mar0e!l# !ierent to $e su$jecte! to the same rules an!reasonin, in interretation.

F. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; There is no e*ress ro)ision inthe La$or Co!e that )oi!s a !ismissal &or just cause on the ,roun! that there 'asno notice or hearin,—$ase! on rea!in, Section 4HF alone the e*istence o& justcause $# itsel& is su=cient to )ali!ate the termination.

There is no e*ress ro)ision in the La$or Co!e that )oi!s a !ismissal &or justcause on the ,roun! that there 'as no notice or hearin,. Un!er Section 4HF theemlo#er is reclu!e! &rom !ismissin, an emlo#ee e*cet &or a just cause asro)i!e! in Section 4G4 or an authori%e! cause un!er Sections 4G? an! 4G.Mase! on rea!in, Section 4HF alone the e*istence o& just cause $# itsel& issu=cient to )ali!ate the termination.

7:. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; einstatement; The reme!# o&reinstatement !esite termination &or just cause is siml# not authori%e! $# theLa$or Co!e.

The &ailure to su$stantiall# coml# 'ith the stan!ar!s o& !ue rocess inclu!in,the notice an! hearin, re(uirement ma# ,i)e rise to an actiona$le claim a,ainstthe emlo#er. Un!er Article 4GG enalties ma# arise &rom )iolations o& an#ro)ision o& the La$or Co!e. The Secretar# o& La$or li0e'ise enjo#s $roa! o'ersto in(uire into e*istin, relations $et'een emlo#ers an! emlo#ees. S#stematic)iolations $# mana,ement o& the statutor# ri,ht to !ue rocess 'oul! &all un!erthe $roa! ,rant o& o'er to the Secretar# o& La$or to in)esti,ate un!er Article4H?. >o'e)er the reme!# o& reinstatement !esite termination &or just cause issiml# not authori%e! $# the La$or Co!e. either the La$or Co!e nor itsimlementin, rules states that a termination &or just cause is )oi!e! $ecause there(uirement o& notice an! hearin, 'as not o$ser)e!. This is not siml# anina!)ertent semantic &ailure $ut a conscious eort to rotect the rero,ati)es o& the emlo#er to !ismiss an emlo#ee &or just cause. ota$l# !esite the se)eralronouncements $# this Court in the ast e(uatin, the noticehearin,re(uirement in la$or cases to a constitutional ma*im neither the le,islature northe e*ecuti)e has a!ote! the same tac0 e)en ,uttin, the rotection to ro)i!ethat su$stantial comliance 'ith !ue rocess su=ces. The La$or Co!esi,ni-cantl# ero!e! mana,ement rero,ati)es in the hirin, an! -rin, o&emlo#ees. /hereas emlo#ees coul! $e !ismisse! e)en 'ithout just causeun!er the Termination 5a# La' the La$or Co!e aor!s 'or0ers $roa! securit# o&

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tenure. Still the la' reco,ni%es the ri,ht o& the emlo#er to terminate &or justcause. The just causes enumerate! un!er the La$or Co!e—serious miscon!uctor 'ill&ul !iso$e!ience ,ross an! ha$itual ne,lect &rau! or 'ill&ul $reach o&trust commission o& a crime $# the emlo#ee a,ainst the emlo#er an! otheranalo,ous causes—are characteri%e! $# the harm&ul $eha)ior o& an emlo#eea,ainst the $usiness or the erson o& the emlo#er. These just causes &or

termination are not ne,ate! $# the a$sence o& notice or hearin,. An emlo#ee'ho tries to 0ill the emlo#er cannot $e ma,icall# a$sol)e! o& tresasses just$ecause the emlo#er &or,ot to ser)e !ue notice. Or a less e*treme e*amlethe ,ross an! ha$itual ne,lect o& an emlo#ee 'ill not $e imro)e! uon just$ecause the emlo#er &aile! to con!uct a hearin, rior to termination.

71. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Due 5rocess; The La$or Co!e resents note*tuall# !emonstra$le commitment to in)ali!ate a !ismissal &or just cause !ueto the a$sence o& notice or hearin,.

The La$or Co!e resents no te*tuall# !emonstra$le commitment to in)ali!ate a!ismissal &or just cause !ue to the a$sence o& notice or hearin,. This is not

surrisin, as such reme!# 'ill not restore the emlo#er or emlo#ee into e(uit#.A$sent a sho'in, o& inte,ral causation the mutual inPiction o& 'ron,s !oes notne,ate either injur# $ut instea! en&orces t'o in!een!ent ri,hts o& relie&.

74. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Searation 5a#; Sureme Court; E(uit# Juris!iction; The a'ar! o& searation a# as a measure o& social justice has nostatutor# $asis $ut clearl# emanates &rom the Courts socalle! e(uit#

juris!iction.K

The a'ar! o& searation a# as a measure o& social justice has no statutor#$asis $ut clearl# emanates &rom the Courts socalle! e(uit# juris!iction.K TheCourts e(uit# juris!iction as a $asis &or a'ar! no matter 'hat &orm it ma# ta0eis li0e'ise un'arrante! in this case. Eas# resort to e(uit# shoul! $e a)oi!e! asit shoul! #iel! to ositi)e rules 'hich reemt an! re)ail o)er suchersuasions. A$stract as the concet is it !oes not a!mit to !e-nite an!o$jecti)e stan!ar!s.

7?. La$or La'; Dismissal o& Emlo#ees; Social Justice; Social justice shoul! $e theasiration o& all that 'e !o #et I thin0 it the more mature attitu!e to consi!erthat it e$$s an! Po's 'ithin our statutes rather than )ie' it as an in!een!entsource o& &un!in,.

I consi!er the ronouncement re,ar!in, the roer monetar# a'ar!s in suchcases as /enhil Cor. ). LC eta an! to a !e,ree e)en Serrano asremise! in art on e(uit#. This !ecision is remise! in art !ue to the a$senceo& cite! statutor# $asis &or these a'ar!s. In these cases the Court !eeme! anin!emnit# a'ar! roer 'ithout e*actl# sa#in, 'here in statute coul! sucha'ar! $e !eri)e! at. 5erhas e(uit# or social justice can $e in)o0e! as $asis &orthe a'ar!. >o'e)er this sort o& ar$itrariness in!eterminac# an! ju!icialusuration o& le,islati)e rero,ati)es is recisel# the source o& m# !iscontent.Social justice shoul! $e the asiration o& all that 'e !o #et I thin0 it the more

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mature attitu!e to consi!er that it e$$s an! Po's 'ithin our statutes ratherthan )ie' it as an in!een!ent source o& &un!in,.

7. La$or La'; Criminal La'; Un!er Art. 4GG o& the La$or Co!e 'hich is a enalro)ision the enalt# shoul! $e ai! to the State an! not to the erson orersons 'ho ma# ha)e suere! injur# as a result o& the )iolation; Art. 4GG clearl#

ser)es as a uniti)e -ne rather than a comensator# measure—nothin, in itslan,ua,e in!icates an intention to comensate or remunerate a ri)ate erson&or injur# he ma# ha)e sustaine!.

It is aarent that Article 4GG is a enal ro)ision; hence the rescrition &orenalties such as -ne an! imrisonment. The Article is also e*licit that theimosition o& -ne or imrisonment is at the !iscretion o& the court.K Thus therocee!in,s un!er the ro)ision is enal in character. The criminal case has to$e institute! $e&ore the roer courts an! the La$or Co!e )iolation su$jectthereo& !ul# ro)en in an a!)ersarial rocee!in,. >ence Article 4GG cannotal# in this case an! ser)e as $asis to imose a enalt# on i)iera >omes. Ialso maintain that un!er Article 4GG the enalt# shoul! $e ai! to the State an!

not to the erson or ersons 'ho ma# ha)e suere! injur# as a result o& the)iolation. A enalt# is a sum o& mone# 'hich the la' re(uires to $e ai! $# 'a#o& unishment &or !oin, some act 'hich is rohi$ite! or &or not !oin, some act'hich is re(uire! to $e !one. A enalt# shoul! $e !istin,uishe! &rom !ama,es'hich is the ecuniar# comensation or in!emnit# to a erson 'ho has suere!loss !etriment or injur# 'hether to his erson roert# or ri,hts on accounto& the unla'&ul act or omission or ne,li,ence o& another. Article 4GG clearl#ser)es as a uniti)e -ne rather than a comensator# measure since thero)ision enali%es an act that )iolates the La$or Co!e e)en i& such act !oes notcause actual injur# to an# ri)ate erson. In!een!ent o& the emlo#eesinterests rotecte! $# the La$or Co!e is the interest o& the State in seein, to itthat its re,ulator# la's are comlie! 'ith. Article 4GG is inten!e! to satiate thelatter interest. othin, in the lan,ua,e o& Article 4GG in!icates an intention tocomensate or remunerate a ri)ate erson &or injur# he ma# ha)e sustaine!.

77. La$or La'; Dama,es; The roer le,al $asis &or hol!in, the emlo#er lia$le &ormonetar# !ama,es to the emlo#ee !ismisse! &or just cause is the Ci)il Co!e.

As earlier state! /enhil allo'e! the a#ment o& in!emnit# to the emlo#ee!ismisse! &or just cause is !een!ent on the &acts o& each case an! the ,ra)it#o& the omission committe! $# the emlo#er. >o'e)er I consi!ere! /enhilPa'e! inso&ar as it is silent as to the statutor# $asis &or the in!emnit# a'ar!.

This &ailure to m# min! ren!ers it un'ise &or to reinstate the /enhil rule an!&oster the imression that it is the ju!icial $usiness to in)ent a'ar!s &or!ama,es 'ithout clear statutor# $asis. The roer le,al $asis &or hol!in, theemlo#er lia$le &or monetar# !ama,es to the emlo#ee !ismisse! &or just causeis the Ci)il Co!e. The a'ar! o& !ama,es shoul! $e measure! a,ainst the loss orinjur# suere! $# the emlo#ee $# reason o& the emlo#ers )iolation or in caseo& nominal !ama,es the ri,ht )in!icate! $# the a'ar!. This is the roerara!i,m authori%e! $# our la' an! !esi,ne! to o$tain the &airest ossi$lerelie&.

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7. La$or La'; Dama,es; The !ama,es re&erre! un!er Section 41H23 o& the La$orCo!e are those a)aila$le un!er the Ci)il Co!e it $ein, the la' that re,ulates theri)ate relations o& the mem$ers o& ci)il societ# !eterminin, their resecti)eri,hts an! o$li,ations 'ith re&erence to ersons thin,s an! ci)il acts.

The !ama,es re&erre! un!er Section 41H23 o& the La$or Co!e are those

a)aila$le un!er the Ci)il Co!e. It is $ut roer that the Ci)il Co!e ser)e as the$asis &or the in!emnit# it $ein, the la' that re,ulates the ri)ate relations o&the mem$ers o& ci)il societ# !eterminin, their resecti)e ri,hts an! o$li,ations'ith re&erence to ersons thin,s an! ci)il acts. o matter ho' imresse! 'iththe u$lic interest the relationshi $et'een a ri)ate emlo#er an! emlo#ee isit still is ultimatel# a relationshi $et'een ri)ate in!i)i!uals. ota$l# e)enthou,h the La$or Co!e coul! )er# 'ell ha)e ro)i!e! set rules &or !ama,esarisin, &rom the emlo#eremlo#ee relationshi re&erral 'as instea! ma!e tothe concet o& !ama,es as enumerate! an! !e-ne! un!er the Ci)il Co!e.

Sonco vs. National La4or %elations Co!!ission, )5- SC%A $)' , Marc*&-, )##'

1. La$or La'; Commissions; The nature o& the 'or0 o& a salesman an! the reason&or such t#e o& remuneration &or ser)ices ren!ere! !emonstrate clearl# thatcommissions are art o& etitioners 'a,e or salar#.

/e a,ree 'ith the Solicitor +eneral that ,rantin, in ,ratia ar,umenti that thecommissions 'ere in the &orm o& incenti)es or encoura,ement so that theetitioners 'oul! $e insire! to ut a little more in!ustr# on the jo$s articularl#assi,ne! to them still these commissions are !irect remunerations &or ser)icesren!ere! 'hich contri$ute! to the increase o& income o& Vuelli,. Commission isthe recomense comensation or re'ar! o& an a,ent salesman e*ecutortrustee recei)er &actor $ro0er or $ailee 'hen the same is calculate! as a

ercenta,e on the amount o& his transactions or on the ro-t to the rincial2Mlac0s La' Dictionar# 7th E!. citin, /einer ). S'ales 41H !. 14? 11 A.4!HF H7:3. The nature o& the 'or0 o& a salesman an! the reason &or such t#e o&remuneration &or ser)ices ren!ere! !emonstrate clearl# that commissions areart o& etitioners 'a,e or salar#. /e ta0e ju!icial notice o& the &act that somesalesmen !o not recei)e an# $asic salar# $ut !een! on commissions an!allo'ances or commissions alone althou,h an emlo#eremlo#ee relationshie*ists.

4. La$or La'; Commissions; Searation 5a#; 5urose o&; The 5urose o& searationa# is to alle)iate the !i=culties 'hich con&ront a !ismisse! emlo#ee thro'n tothe streets to &ace the harsh necessities o& li&e.

Mearin, in min! the rece!in, !iscussions i& /e a!ot the oosite )ie' thatcommissions !o not &orm art o& 'a,e or salar# then in eect /e 'ill $esa#in, that this 0in! o& salesmen !o not recei)e an# salar# an! there&ore notentitle! to searation a# in the e)ent o& !ischar,e &rom emlo#ment. /ill thisnot $e a$sur! This narro' interretation is not in accor! 'ith the li$eral sirit o& our la$or la's an! consi!erin, the urose o& searation a# 'hich is to

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alle)iate the !i=culties 'hich con&ront a !ismisse! emlo#ee thro'n to thestreets to &ace the harsh necessities o& li&e.

?. La$or La'; Commissions; Searation 5a#; The a)era,e commissions earne! $#etitioners !urin, their last #ear o& emlo#ment shoul! $e use! in comutin,the searation a# al#in, the case $# analo,# in Soriano )s. LC et al. 2177

SCA 143.

A!!itionall# in Soriano ). LC et al. sura in resol)in, the issue o& the salar#$ase that shoul! $e use! in comutin, the searation a# /e hel! that9 Thecommissions also claime! $# etitioner 2Ro)erri!e commission lus Rnet !eositincenti)e3 are not roerl# inclu!i$le in such $ase -,ure since suchcommissions must $e earne! $# actual mar0et transactions attri$uta$le toetitioner.K Al#in, this analo,# since the commissions in the resent case'ere earne! $# actual mar0et transactions attri$uta$le to etitioners theseshoul! $e inclu!e! in their searation a#. In the comutation thereo& 'hatshoul! $e ta0en into account is the a)era,e commissions earne! !urin, theirlast #ear o& emlo#ment.

. La$or La'; In carr#in, out an! interretin, the La$or Co!es ro)isions an! itsimlementin, re,ulations the 'or0in,mans 'el&are shoul! $e the rimor!ialan! aramount consi!eration.

The -nal consi!eration is in carr#in, out an! interretin, the La$or Co!esro)isions an! its imlementin, re,ulations the 'or0in,mans 'el&are shoul! $ethe rimor!ial an! aramount consi!eration. This 0in! o& interretation ,i)esmeanin, an! su$stance to the li$eral an! comassionate sirit o& the la' asro)i!e! &or in Article o& the La$or Co!e 'hich states that all !ou$ts in theimlementation an! interretation o& the ro)isions o& the La$or Co!e inclu!in,its imlementin, rules an! re,ulations shall $e resol)e! in &a)or o& la$orK 2A$ella). LC +.. o H1G14 Jul# ?: 1FGH 174 SCA 1:; anila Electric Coman# ).LC et al. +.. o. HGH? Jul# 14 1FGF3 an! Article 1H:4 o& the Ci)il Co!e'hich ro)i!es that in case o& !ou$t all la$or le,islation an! all la$or contractsshall $e construe! in &a)or o& the sa&et# an! !ecent li)in, &or the la$orer.

?illua vs. National La4or %elations Co!!ission, && SC%A -9 , Auust&-, )##-

1. La$or La'; ana,erial Emlo#ees; e(uisites in or!er to $e a mem$er o& amana,erial sta.

Un!er ule I Section 42c3 Moo0 III o& the Imlementin, ules o& the La$or Co!eto $e a mem$er o& a mana,erial sta the &ollo'in, elements must concur or coe*ist to 'it9 213 that his rimar# !ut# consists o& the er&ormance o& 'or0!irectl# relate! to mana,ement olicies; 243 that he customaril# an! re,ularl#e*ercises !iscretion an! in!een!ent ju!,ment in the er&ormance o& his&unctions; 2?3 that he re,ularl# an! !irectl# assists in the mana,ement o& theesta$lishment; an! 23 that he !oes not !e)ote t'ent# er cent o& his time to'or0 other than those !escri$e! a$o)e.

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4. La$or La'; ana,erial Emlo#ees; The &unctions o& the osition o& etitionerElias illu,a in)ol)e e*ecution o& aro)e! an! esta$lishe! olicies.

Al#in, the a$o)e criteria to etitioner Elias illu,as case it is un!isute! thathis rimar# 'or0 or !ut# is to cut or reare atterns &or items to $e se'n not tola# !o'n or imlement an# o& the mana,ement olicies as there is a mana,er

an! an assistant mana,er 'ho er&orm sai! &unctions. It is true that in thea$sence o& the mana,er an! assistant mana,er he !istri$utes an! assi,ns 'or0to emlo#ees $ut such !ut# thou,h in)ol)in, !iscretion is occasional an! notre,ular or customar#. >e ha! also the authorit# to or!er the reair or rese'in, o& !e&ecti)e items $ut such authorit# is art an! arcel o& his &unction as cutter tosee to it that the items cut are se'n correctl# lest the !e&ecti)e nature o& the'or0manshi $e attri$ute! to his oor cuttin,.K Elias illu,a !oes notarticiate in olic#ma0in,. ather the &unctions o& his osition in)ol)ee*ecution o& aro)e! an! esta$lishe! olicies.

?. La$or La'; ana,erial Emlo#ees; The test o& suer)isor# or mana,erialstatusK !een!s on 'hether a erson ossesses authorit# that is not merel#

routinar# or clerical in nature $ut one that re(uires use o& in!een!ent ju!,ment.

In Bran0lin Ma0er Coman# o& the 5hiliines ). Trajano it 'as hel! thatemlo#ees 'ho !o not articiate in olic#ma0in, $ut are ,i)en rea!# oliciesto e*ecute an! stan!ar! ractices to o$ser)e are not mana,erial emlo#ees.

The test o& suer)isor# or mana,erial statusK !een!s on 'hether a ersonossesses authorit# that is not merel# routinar# or clerical in nature $ut one thatre(uires use o& in!een!ent ju!,ment. In other 'or!s the &unctions o& theosition are not mana,erial in nature i& the# onl# e*ecute aro)e! an!esta$lishe! olicies lea)in, little or no !iscretion at all 'hether to imlementsai! olicies or not.

. La$or La'; Mene-ts; Bact that illu,a is uni&orml# ai! $# the month !oes note*clu!e him &rom the $ene-ts o& holi!a# a# as hel! in the case o& Insular Man0o& America Emlo#ees Union )s. Incion,.

Conse(uentl# the e*clusion o& illu,a &rom the $ene-ts claime! un!er Article GH2o)ertime a# an! remium a# &or holi!a# an! rest !a# 'or03 Article F2holi!a# a#3 an! Article F7 2ser)ice incenti)e lea)e a#3 o& the La$or Co!e onthe ,roun! that he is a mana,erial emlo#ee is un'arrante!. >e is !e-nitel# aran0 an! -le emlo#ee hire! to er&orm the 'or0 o& a cutter an! not hire! toer&orm suer)isor# or mana,erial &unctions. The &act that he is uni&orml# ai!$# the month !oes not e*clu!e him &rom the $ene-ts o& holi!a# a# as hel! inthe case o& Insular Man0 o& America Emlo#ees Union ). Incion,. >e shoul!there&ore $e ai! in a!!ition to the 1?th month a# his o)ertime a# holi!a#a# remium a# &or holi!a# an! rest !a# an! ser)ice incenti)e lea)e a#.

7. La$or La'; Dismissal; A$an!onment; Bor a$an!onment to constitute a )ali!cause &or !ismissal there must $e a !eli$erate an! unjusti-e! re&usal o& theemlo#ee to resume his emlo#ment.

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or is ri)ate reson!ents claim that etitioner illu,a a$an!one! his 'or0acceta$le. Bor a$an!onment to constitute a )ali! cause &or !ismissal theremust $e a !eli$erate an! unjusti-e! re&usal o& the emlo#ee to resume hisemlo#ment. ere a$sence is not su=cient; it must $e accomanie! $# o)ertacts unerrin,l# ointin, to the &act that the emlo#ee siml# !oes not 'ant to'or0 an#more.

. La$or La'; Dismissal; Dismissal o& an emlo#ee !ue to his rolon,e! a$sence'ithout lea)e $# reason o& illness !ul# esta$lishe! $# the resentation o& ame!ical certi-cate is not justi-e!.

At an# rate !ismissal o& an emlo#ee !ue to his rolon,e! a$sence 'ithoutlea)e $# reason o& illness !ul# esta$lishe! $# the resentation o& a me!icalcerti-cate is not justi-e!. In the case at $ar ho'e)er consi!erin, that etitionerillu,a a$sente! himsel& &or &our 23 !a#s 'ithout lea)e an! 'ithout su$mittin, ame!ical certi-cate to suort his claim o& illness the imosition o& a sanction is

justi-e! $ut surel# not !ismissal in the li,ht o& the &act that this is etitioners-rst oense. In Lieu o& reinstatement etitioner illu,a shoul! $e ai!

searation a# 'here reinstatement can no lon,er $e eecte! in )ie' o& thelon, assa,e o& time or $ecause o& the realities o& the situation. Mut etitionershoul! not $e ,rante! $ac0'a,es in a!!ition to reinstatement as the same is not

just an! e(uita$le un!er the circumstances consi!erin, that he 'as not entirel#&ree &rom $lame.

H. La$or La'; Elements in !eterminin, the e*istence o& an emlo#eremlo#eerelationshi.

Bor an emlo#eremlo#ee relationshi to e*ist the &ollo'in, elements are,enerall# consi!ere!9 213 the selection an! en,a,ement o& the emlo#ee; 243the a#ment o& 'a,es; 2?3 the o'er o& !ismissal; an! 23 the o'er to controlthe emlo#ees con!uct.K

G. La$or La'; ere &act that etitioners 'ere ai! on a iecerate $asis is noar,ument that herein etitioners 'ere not emlo#ees.

eson!ent Commission is in error. The mere &act that etitioners 'ere ai! on aiecerate $asis is no ar,ument that herein etitioners 'ere not emlo#ees. Theterm 'a,eK has $een $roa!l# !e-ne! in Article FH o& the La$or Co!e asremuneration or earnin,s caa$le o& $ein, e*resse! in terms o& mone#'hether -*e! or ascertaine! on a time tas0 iece or commission $asis * * *.K

The &acts o& this case in!icate that a#ment $# the iece is just a metho! o&comensation an! !oes not !e-ne the essence o& the relations. That etitioners'ere allo'e! to er&orm their 'or0 at home !oes not li0e'ise iml# a$sence o&control an! suer)ision. The control test calls merel# &or the e*istence o& a ri,htto control the manner o& !oin, the 'or0 not the actual e*ercise o& the ri,ht.

F. La$or La'; In !eterminin, 'hether the relationshi is that o& emlo#er an!emlo#ee or one o& an in!een!ent contractor each case must $e !etermine!on its o'n &acts an! all the &eatures o& the relationshi are to $e consi!ere!.

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In !eterminin, 'hether the relationshi is that o& emlo#er an! emlo#ee or oneo& an in!een!ent contractorK each case must $e !etermine! on its o'n &actsan! all the &eatures o& the relationshi are to $e consi!ere!.K Consi!erin, thatetitioners 'ho are either se'ers reairmen or ironer ha)e $een in the emlo#o& ri)ate reson!ent as earl# as 1FH4 or at the latest in 1FH &aith&ull#ren!erin, ser)ices 'hich are !esira$le or necessar# &or the $usiness o& ri)ate

reson!ent an! o$ser)in, mana,ements aro)e! stan!ar!s set &or theirresecti)e lines o& 'or0 as 'ell as the customers seci-cations etitionersshoul! $e consi!ere! emlo#ees not in!een!ent contractors.

1:. La$or La'; In!een!ent Contractors; In!een!ent contractors are those 'hoe*ercise in!een!ent emlo#ment contractin, to !o aiece o& 'or0 accor!in, totheir o'n metho!s an! 'ithout $ein, su$jecte! to control o& their emlo#ere*cet as to the result o& their 'or0.

In!een!ent contractors are those 'ho e*ercise in!een!ent emlo#mentcontractin, to !o a iece o& 'or0 accor!in, to their o'n metho!s an! 'ithout$ein, su$jecte! to control o& their emlo#er e*cet as to the result o& their 'or0.

M# the nature o& the !ierent hases o& 'or0 in a tailorin, sho 'here thecustomers seci-cations must $e &ollo'e! to the letter it is inconcei)a$le thatthe 'or0ers therein 'oul! not $e su$jecte! to control.

11. La$or La'; In!een!ent Contractors; Tailors an! similar 'or0ers hire! in thetailorin, !eartment althou,h ai! 'ee0l# 'a,es or iece'or0 $asis areemlo#ees not in!een!ent contractors.

In osario Mrothers Inc. ). Ole this Court rule! that tailors an! similar 'or0ershire! in the tailorin, !eartment althou,h ai! 'ee0l# 'a,es on iece'or0$asis are emlo#ees not in!een!ent contractors. Accor!in,l# as re,ularemlo#ees ai! on a iecerate $asis etitioners are not entitle! to o)ertimea# holi!a# a# remium a# &or holi!a#rest !a# an! ser)ice incenti)e lea)ea#. Their claim &or searation a# shoul! also $e !enie! &or lac0 o& e)i!encethat the# 'ere in &act !ismisse! $# ri)ate reson!ent. The# shoul! $e ai!ho'e)er their 1?th month a# un!er 5.D. G71 since the# are emlo#ees notin!een!ent contractors.

:i@os De >. Escao, Inc. vs. NL%C, &') SC%A $- , Auust &&, )##)

1. La$or La'; Elements in !eterminin, the e*istence o& an emlo#eremlo#eerelationshi.

It is -rml# settle! that the e*istence or none*istence o& the emlo#eremlo#eerelationshi is commonl# to $e !etermine! $# e*amination o& certain &actors orasects o& that relationshi. These inclu!e9 2a3 the manner o& selection an!en,a,ement o& the utati)e emlo#ee; 2$3 the mo!e o& a#ment o& 'a,es; 2c3the resence or a$sence o& the o'er o& !ismissal; an! 2!3 the resence ora$sence o& a o'er to control the utati)e emlo#ees con!uct.

4. La$or La'; Arrastre Ser)ice; Ste)e!orin, an! arrastre !istin,uishe!.

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Ste)e!orin, is not or!inaril# inclu!e! in the $usiness o& transortin, ,oo!s it2ste)e!orin,3 $ein, a secial 0in! o& ser)ice 'hich in)ol)es the loa!in, orunloa!in, o& car,o on or &rom a )essel on ort. It consists o& the han!lin, o&car,o &rom the hol! o& the shi to the !oc0 in case o& iersi!e unloa!in,. or to a$ar,e. in case o& unloa!in, at sea. The loa!in, on a shi o& out,oin, car,o isalso art o& ste)e!orin, 'or0. Arrastre uon the other han! in)ol)es the

han!lin, o& car,o !eosite! on the 'har& or $et'een the esta$lishment o& theconsi,nee or shier an! the shis tac0le.

?. La$or La'; Arrastre Ser)ice; Emlo#ees o& the ste)e!orin, an!or arrastrecoman# shoul! not $e !eeme! the emlo#ees o& the shiin, coman# in thea$sence o& an# sho'in, that the arrastre an!or ste)e!orin, coman# in &actacte! as an a,ent onl# o& the shiin, coman#.

Consi!erin, that a shiin, coman# is not normall# or customaril# en,a,e! inste)e!orin, an! arrastre acti)ities either &or itsel& or other )essels it contracts'ith other comanies oerin, those ser)ices. The emlo#ees ho'e)er o& theste)e!orin, an!or arrastre coman# shoul! not $e !eeme! the emlo#ees o&

the shiin, coman# in the a$sence o& an# sho'in, that the arrastre an!orste)e!orin, coman# in &act acte! as an a,ent onl# o& the shiin, coman#.

. La$or La'; Constitutional La'; i,ht to sel&or,ani%ation; The Constitutione*ressl# reco,ni%es the ri,ht o& emlo#ees 'hether o& the u$lic or the ri)atesector to &orm unions.

Moth the Constitution an! the La$or Co!e ,uarantee to the ste)e!ores a ri,ht tosel&or,ani%ation. It 'as unla'&ul &or 5IE G AS to !eri)e them o& that ri,ht $#its un!ue inter&erence. The Constitution 2Article III Section H3 e*ressl#reco,ni%es the ri,ht o& emlo#ees 'hether o& the u$lic or the ri)ate sector to&orm unions.

National Service Cor+oration vs. NL%C, )$5 SC%A )&& , Nove!4er &#, )#55

1. La$or la'; Dismissal; The ,ui!elines &or !ismissal re(uire t'o 243 'ritten noticeso& !ismissal $e&ore a termination o& emlo#ment can $e le,all# eecte!.

These ,ui!elines man!ate that the emlo#er &urnish an emlo#ee sou,ht to $e!ismisse! t'o 243 'ritten notices o& !ismissal $e&ore a termination o&emlo#ment can $e le,all# eecte!. These are the notice 'hich arises theemlo#ee o& the articular acts or omissions &or 'hich his !ismissal is sou,htan! the su$se(uent notice 'hich in&orms the emlo#ee o& the emlo#erNs!ecision to !ismiss him.

4. Same; Same; Emlo#er must aor! the emlo#ee concerne! amle oortunit#to $e hear! an! to !e&en! himsel&. @

Li0e'ise a rea!in, o& the ,ui!elines in consonance 'ith the e*ress ro)isionso& la' on rotection to la$or 1G2'hich encomasses the ri,ht to securit# o&tenure3 an! the $roa!er !ictates o& roce!ural !ue rocess necessaril# man!atethat notice o& the emlo#erNs !ecision to !ismiss an emlo#ee 'ith reasons

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there&or can onl# $e issue! a&ter the emlo#er has aor!e! the emlo#eeconcerne! amle oortunit# to $e hear! an! to !e&en! himsel&.

?. Same; Same; Same; ASECO !i! not coml# 'ith the ,ui!elines in eectin,Cre!os !ismissal. @

In the case at $ar ASECO !i! not coml# 'ith these ,ui!elines in eectin,Cre!oNs !ismissal. Althou,h she 'as arise! an! ",i)en the chance to e*lainher si!e" o& the char,es -le! a,ainst her this chance 'as ,i)en so er&unctoril#thus ren!erin, illusor# Cre!oNs ri,ht to securit# o& tenure. That Cre!o 'as not,i)en amle oortunit# to $e hear! an! to !e&en! hersel& is e)i!ent &rom the&act that the comliance 'ith the injunction to arise her o& the char,es -le!a,ainst her an! to aor! her a chance to reare &or her !e&ense 'as !isense!in onl# a !a#. This is not eecti)e comliance 'ith the le,al re(uirementsa&orementione!.

. Same; Same; Same; ASECO 'as alrea!# $ent on terminatin, her ser)ices 'henshe 'as in&orme! on 1 Decem$er 1FG? o& the char,es a,ainst her. @

The &act also that the otice o& Termination o& Cre!oNs emlo#ment 2or the!ecision to !ismiss her3 'as !ate! 4 o)em$er 1FG? an! ma!e eecti)e 1Decem$er 1FG? sho's that ASECO 'as alrea!# $ent on terminatin, herser)ices 'hen she 'as in&orme! on 1 Decem$er 1FG? o& the char,es a,ainsther an! that an# hearin, 'hich ASECO thou,ht o& aor!in, her a&ter 4o)em$er 1FG? 'oul! merel# $e ro &orma or an e*ercise in &utilit#.

7. Same; Same; Same; Cre!os noncomliance 'ith Lorens memoran!um !i! not'arrant the se)ere enalt# o& !ismissal. @

Mesi!es Cre!oNs mere noncomliance 'ith Lorens memoran!um re,ar!in, theentr# roce!ures in the coman#Ns Statement o& Millin,s A!justment !i! not'arrant the se)ere enalt# o& !ismissal o& the LC.

. Same; Same; Same; Cre!os re)ious an! reeate! acts o& insu$or!ination!iscourtes# an! sarcasm to'ar!s her suerior o=cers are !eeme! to ha)e $eencon!one! $# ASECO. @

O& course in justi&#in, Cre!oNs termination o& emlo#ment ASECO claims asa!!itional la'&ul causes &or !ismissal Cre!oNs re)ious an! reeate! acts o&insu$or!ination !iscourtes# an! sarcasm to'ar!s her suerior o=cers alle,e!to ha)e $een committe! &rom 1FG: to Jul# 1FG?. I& such acts o& miscon!uct'ere in!ee! committe! $# Cre!o the# are !eeme! to ha)e $een con!one! $#ASECO. Bor instance sometime in 1FG: 'hen Cre!o alle,e!l# "reacte! in ascan!alous manner an! raise! her )oice" in a !iscussion 'ith ASECONs Actin,hea! o& the 5ersonnel A!ministration no !iscilinar# measure 'as ta0en ormete! a,ainst her. or 'as she e)en reriman!e! 'hen she alle,e!l# tal0e! Nina shoutin, or #ellin, manner" 'ith the Actin, ana,er o& ASECONs Muil!in,aintenance an! Ser)ices Deartment in 1FG: or 'hen she alle,e!l# "shoute!"at ASECONs Cororate Au!itor "in &ront o& his su$or!inates !isla#in, arro,ancean! unrul# $eha)ior" in 1FG: or 'hen she alle,e!l# shoute! at ASECONs

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Internal Control Consultant in 1FG1. Mut then in shar contrast to ASECONsenchant &or i,norin, the a&oresai! acts o& miscon!uct 'hen Cre!o committe!&re(uent tar!iness in Au,ust an! Setem$er 1FG? she 'as reriman!e!.

H. Same; Same; Same; einstatement is roer &or the acts or omissins &or 'hichCre!os emlo#ment 'as sou,ht to $e le,allt terminate! 'ere insu=cientl#

ro)e!. @

Consi!erin, that the acts or omissions &or 'hich Cre!oNs emlo#ment 'assou,ht to $e le,all# terminate! 'ere insu=cientl# ro)e! as to justi&# !ismissalreinstatement is roer. Bor "a$sent the reason 'hich ,a)e rise to 6theemlo#eeNs8 searation &rom emlo#ment there is no intention on the art o&the emlo#er to !ismiss the emlo#ee concerne!." 4F An! as a result o& ha)in,$een 'ron,&ull# !ismisse! Cre!o is entitle! to three 2?3 #ears o& $ac0'a,es'ithout !e!uction an! (uali-cation.

G. Same; Same; Same; Juris!iction; ulin, in >C )s Juco that emlo#ees o& +OCCare ,o)erne! $# the ci)il ser)ice la' shoul! $e ,i)en retroacti)e eect.

It 'oul! aear that in the interest o& justice the hol!in, in sai! case shoul! not$e ,i)en retroacti)e eect that is to cases that arose $e&ore its romul,ation on1H Januar# 1FG7. To !o other'ise 'oul! $e oressi)e to Cre!o an! otheremlo#ees similarl# situate! $ecause un!er the same 1FH? Constitution $utrior to the rulin, in *ational /ousin# -orporation vs. uco this Court ha!reco,ni%e! the alica$ilit# o& the La$or Co!e to an! the authorit# o& the LCto e*ercise juris!iction o)er !isutes in)ol)in, terms an! con!itions o&emlo#ment in ,o)ernment o'ne! or controlle! cororations amon, them theational Ser)ice Cororation 2ASECO3.

F. Same; Same; Same; LC has juris!iction to accor! relie& to the arties.

On the remise that it is the 1FGH Constitution that ,o)erns the instant case$ecause it is the Constitution in lace at the time o& !ecision thereo& the LChas juris!iction to accor! relie& to the arties. As an a!mitte! su$si!iar# o& theIDC in turn a su$si!iar# o& the 5M the ASECO is a ,o)ernmento'ne! orcontrolle! cororation 'ithout ori,inal charter.

Taa6a vs. Tuvera, )"$ SC%A ""$ , Dece!4er &#, )#5$1. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; The clause "unless it is other'ise ro)i!e!" in Art 4

o& the CC re&ers to the eecti)it# o& la's an! not to the re(uirement o&u$lication.

A&ter a care&ul stu!# o& this ro)ision an! o& the ar,uments o& the arties $othon the ori,inal etition an! on the instant motion 'e ha)e come to theconclusion an! so hol! that the clause "unless it is other'ise ro)i!e!" re&ersto the !ate o& eecti)it# an! not to the re(uirement o& u$lication itsel& 'hichcannot in an# e)ent $e omitte!. This clause !oes not mean that the le,islaturema# ma0e the la' eecti)e imme!iatel# uon aro)al or on an# other !ate'ithout its re)ious u$lication.

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4. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; The rior u$lication o& la's $e&ore the# $ecomeeecti)e cannot $e !isense! 'ith.

lt is not correct to sa# that un!er the !isute! clause u$lication ma# $e!isense! 'ith alto,ether. The reason is that such omission 'oul! oen! !ue

rocess inso&ar as it 'oul! !en# the u$lic 0no'le!,e o& the la's that aresuose! to ,o)ern it. Surel# i& the le,islature coul! )ali!l# ro)i!e that a la'shall $ecome eecti)e imme!iatel# uon its aro)al not'ithstan!in, the lac0 o& u$lication 2or a&ter an unreasona$l# short erio! a&ter u$lication3 it is notunli0el# that ersons not a'are o& it 'oul! $e reju!ice! as a result; an! the#'oul! $e so not $ecause o& a &ailure to coml# 'ith it $ut siml# $ecause the#!i! not 0no' o& its e*istence. Si,ni-cantl# this is not true onl# o& enal la's asis commonl# suose!. One can thin0 o& man# nonenal measures li0e a la'on rescrition 'hich must also $e communicate! to the ersons the# ma#aect $e&ore the# can $e,in to oerate.

?. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; Bor uroses o& the rior u$lication re(uirement

&or eecti)it# the term "la's" re&er not onl# to those o& ,eneral alication $utalso to la's o& local alication ri)ate la's; a!ministrati)e rules en&orcin, astatute; cit# charters. Central Man0 circulars to "-llin the !etails o& the CentralMan0 Act; $ut not mere interretati)e rules re,ulatin, an! ro)i!in, ,ui!elines&or uroses o& internal oerations onl#.

The term "la's" shoul! re&er to all la's an! not onl# to those o& ,eneralalication &or strictl# sea0in, all la's relate to the eole in ,eneral al$eitthere are some that !o not al# to them !irectl#. An e*amle is a la' ,rantin,citi%enshi to a articular in!i)i!ual li0e a relati)e o& 5resi!ent arcos 'ho 'as!ecree! instant naturali%ation. It surel# cannot $e sai! that such a la' !oes notaect the u$lic althou,h it un(uestiona$l# !oes not al# !irectl# to all theeole. The su$ject o& such la' is a matter o& u$lic interest 'hich an# mem$ero& the $o!# olitic ma# (uestion in the olitical &orums or i& he is a roer art#e)en in the courts o& justice. In &act a la' 'ithout an# $earin, on the u$lic'oul! $e in)ali! as an intrusion o& ri)ac# or as class le,islation or as an ultra)ires act o& the le,islature. To $e )ali! the la' must in)aria$l# aect the u$licinterest e)en i& it mi,ht $e !irectl# alica$le onl# to one in!i)i!ual or some o&the eole onl# an! not to the u$lic as a 'hole.

. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; Same.

/e hol! there&ore that all statutes inclu!in, those o& local alication an!ri)ate la's shall $e u$lishe! as a con!ition &or their eecti)it# 'hich shall$e,in -&teen !a#s a&ter u$lication unless a !ierent eecti)it# !ate is -*e! $#the le,islature.

7. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; Same.

Co)ere! $# this rule are resi!ential !ecrees an! e*ecuti)e or!ers romul,ate!$# the 5resi!ent in the e*ercise o& le,islati)e o'ers 'hene)er the same are)ali!l# !ele,ate! $# the le,islature or at resent !irectl# con&erre! $# the

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Constitution. A!ministrati)e rules an! re,ulations must also $e u$lishe! i& theirurose is to en&orce or imlement e*istin, la' ursuant also to a )ali!!ele,ation.

. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; Same.

Interretati)e re,ulations an! those merel# internal in nature that is re,ulatin,onl# the ersonnel o& the a!ministrati)e a,enc# an! not the u$lic nee! not $eu$lishe!. either is u$lication re(uire! o& the socalle! letters o& instructionsissue! $# a!ministrati)e sueriors concernin, the rules or ,ui!elines to $e&ollo'e! $# their su$or!inates in the er&ormance o& their !uties.

H. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; Same.

Accor!in,l# e)en the charter o& a cit# must $e u$lishe! not'ithstan!in, that italies to onl# a ortion o& the national territor# an! !irect# aects onl# theinha$itants o& that lace. All resi!ential !ecrees must $e u$lishe! inclu!in,

e)en sa# those namin, a u$lic lace a&ter a &a)ore! in!i)i!ual or e*emtin,him &rom certain rohi$itions or re(uirements. The circulars issue! $# theonetar# Moar! must $e u$lishe! i& the# are meant not merel# to interret $utto "-ll in the !etails" o& the Central Man0 Act 'hich that $o!# is suose! toen&orce.

G. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; Local +o)ernments; Internal instructions issue! $#an a!ministrati)e a,enc# are not co)ere! $# the rule on rior u$lication. Alsonot co)ere! are municial or!inances 'hich are ,o)erne! $# the Local+o)ernment Co!e.

>o'e)er no u$lication is re(uire! o& the instructions issue! $# sa# theinister o& Social /el&are on the case stu!ies to $e ma!e in etitions &ora!otion or the rules lai! !o'n $# the hea! o& a ,o)ernment a,enc# on theassi,nments or 'or0loa! o& his ersonnel or the 'earin, o& o=ce uni&orms.5arentheticall# municial or!inances are not co)ere! $# this rule $ut $# theLocal +o)ernment Co!e.

F. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; 5u$lication o& statutes must $e in &ull or it is nou$lication at all.

/e a,ree that the u$lication must $e in &ull or it is no u$lication at all since itsurose is to in&orm the u$lic o& the contents o& the la's. As correctl# ointe!out $# the etitioners the mere mention o& the num$er o& the resi!ential!ecree the title o& such !ecree its 'herea$outs 2e.,. "'ith Secretar# Tu)era"3the suose! !ate o& eecti)it# an! in a mere sulement o& the O=cial+a%ette cannot satis&# the u$lication re(uirement. This is not e)en su$stantialcomliance. This 'as the manner inci!entall# in 'hich the +eneralAroriations Act &or BQ 1FH7 a resi!ential !ecree un!enia$l# o& ,eneralalica$ilit# an! interest 'as "u$lishe!" $# the arcos a!ministration. Thee)i!ent urose 'as to 'ithhol! rather than !isclose in&ormation on this )italla'.

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1:. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; 5rior u$lication o& statutes &or uroses o&eecti)it# must $e ma!e in &ull in the O=cial +a%ette an! not else'here.

At an# rate this Court is not calle! uon to rule uon the 'is!om o& a la' or to

reeal or mo!i&# it i& 'e -n! it imractical. That is not our &unction. That &unction$elon,s to the le,islature. Our tas0 is merel# to interret an! al# the la' asconcei)e! an! aro)e! $# the olitical !eartments o& the ,o)ernment inaccor!ance 'ith the rescri$e! roce!ure. Conse(uentl# 'e ha)e no choice $utto ronounce that un!er Article 4 o& the Ci)il Co!e the u$lication o& la's must$e ma!e in the O=cial +a%ette an! not else'here as a re(uirement &or theireecti)it# a&ter -&teen !a#s &rom such u$lication or a&ter a !ierent erio!ro)i!e! $# the le,islature.

11. Statutes; /or!s an! 5hrases; La's must $e u$lishe! as soon as ossi$le.W

/e also hol! that the u$lication must $e ma!e &orth'ith or at least as soon as

ossi$le to ,i)e eect to the la' ursuant to the sai! Article 4. There is thatossi$ilit# o& course althou,h not su,,este! $# the arties that a la' coul! $eren!ere! unen&orcea$le $# a mere re&usal o& the e*ecuti)e &or 'hate)er reasonto cause its u$lication as re(uire!. This is a matter ho'e)er that 'e !o notnee! to e*amine at this time.

14. Statutes; The re(uirement o& rior u$lication see0s to re)ent a$uses $# thela'ma0ers an! ensure the eoleNs ri,ht to in&ormation.

The cate,orical statement $# this Court on the nee! & or u$lication $e& ore an#la' ma# $e ma!e eecti)e see0s to re)ent a$uses on the art o& thela'ma0ers an! at the same time ensures to the eole their constitutional ri,htto !ue rocess an! to in&ormation on matters o& u$lic concern.

1?. Constitutional La'; Statutes; To interret Art 4 CC literall# so as to authori%e astatute to $e eecti)e uon its romul,ation 'ithout u$lication is to ma0e itcolli!e 'ith the !ue rocess clause.

A statute 'hich $# its terms ro)i!es &or its comin, into eect imme!iatel# uonaro)al thereo& is roerl# interrete! as comin, into eect imme!iatel# uonu$lication thereo& in the O=cial +a%ette as ro)i!e! in Article 4 o& the Ci)ilCo!e. Such statute in other 'or!s shoul! not $e re,ar!e! as urortin, literall#to come into eect imme!iatel# uon its aro)al or enactment an! 'ithoutnee! o& u$lication. Bor so to interret such statute 'oul! $e to colli!e 'ith theconstitutional o$stacle ose! $# the !ue rocess clause. The en&orcement o&rescritions 'hich are $oth un0no'n to an! un0no'a$le $# those su$jecte! tothe statute has $een throu,hout histor# a common tool o& t#rannical,o)ernments. Such alication an! en&orcement constitutes at $ottom ane,ation o& the &un!amental rincile o& le,alit# in the relations $et'een a,o)ernment an! its eole.

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1. Constitutional La'; Statutes; Seci-cation $# la' that the O=cial +a%ette shall$e the or,an 'here statutes must $e u$lishe! $e&ore the# ta0e eect ma# $eamen!e! to authori%e u$lication in other ne'saers.

At the same time it is clear that the re(uirement o& u$lication o& a statute inthe O=cial +a%ette as !istin,uishe! &rom an# other me!ium such as a

ne'saer o& ,eneral circulation is em$o!ie! in a statutor# norm an! is not aconstitutional comman!. The statutor# norm is set out in Article 4 o& the Ci)ilCo!e an! is suorte! an! rein&orce! $# Section 1 o& Common'ealth Act o.?G an! Section ?7 o& the e)ise! A!ministrati)e Co!e. A seci-cation o& theO=cial +a%ette as the rescri$e! me!ium o& u$lication ma# there&ore $echan,e!. Article 4 o& the Ci)il Co!e coul! 'ithout creatin, a constitutionalro$lem $e amen!e! $# a su$se(uent statute ro)i!in, &or instance &oru$lication either in the O=cial +a%ette or in a ne'saer o& ,eneral circulationin the countr#. Until such an amen!ator# statute is in &act enacte!. Article 4 o&the Ci)il Co!e must $e o$e#e! an! u$lication eecte! in the O=cial +a%ettean! not in an# other me!ium.

:i@os De >. Escao, Inc. vs. NL%C, &') SC%A $- , Auust &&, )##)

1. La$or La'; Elements in !eterminin, the e*istence o& an emlo#eremlo#eerelationshi.

It is -rml# settle! that the e*istence or none*istence o& the emlo#eremlo#eerelationshi is commonl# to $e !etermine! $# e*amination o& certain &actors orasects o& that relationshi. These inclu!e9 2a3 the manner o& selection an!en,a,ement o& the utati)e emlo#ee; 2$3 the mo!e o& a#ment o& 'a,es; 2c3the resence or a$sence o& the o'er o& !ismissal; an! 2!3 the resence ora$sence o& a o'er to control the utati)e emlo#ees con!uct.

4. La$or La'; Arrastre Ser)ice; Ste)e!orin, an! arrastre !istin,uishe!.

Ste)e!orin, is not or!inaril# inclu!e! in the $usiness o& transortin, ,oo!s it2ste)e!orin,3 $ein, a secial 0in! o& ser)ice 'hich in)ol)es the loa!in, orunloa!in, o& car,o on or &rom a )essel on ort. It consists o& the han!lin, o&car,o &rom the hol! o& the shi to the !oc0 in case o& iersi!e unloa!in,. or to a$ar,e. in case o& unloa!in, at sea. The loa!in, on a shi o& out,oin, car,o isalso art o& ste)e!orin, 'or0. Arrastre uon the other han! in)ol)es thehan!lin, o& car,o !eosite! on the 'har& or $et'een the esta$lishment o& theconsi,nee or shier an! the shis tac0le.

?. La$or La'; Arrastre Ser)ice; Emlo#ees o& the ste)e!orin, an!or arrastrecoman# shoul! not $e !eeme! the emlo#ees o& the shiin, coman# in thea$sence o& an# sho'in, that the arrastre an!or ste)e!orin, coman# in &actacte! as an a,ent onl# o& the shiin, coman#.

Consi!erin, that a shiin, coman# is not normall# or customaril# en,a,e! inste)e!orin, an! arrastre acti)ities either &or itsel& or other )essels it contracts'ith other comanies oerin, those ser)ices. The emlo#ees ho'e)er o& theste)e!orin, an!or arrastre coman# shoul! not $e !eeme! the emlo#ees o&

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the shiin, coman# in the a$sence o& an# sho'in, that the arrastre an!orste)e!orin, coman# in &act acte! as an a,ent onl# o& the shiin, coman#.

. La$or La'; Constitutional La'; i,ht to sel&or,ani%ation; The Constitutione*ressl# reco,ni%es the ri,ht o& emlo#ees 'hether o& the u$lic or the ri)atesector to &orm unions.

Moth the Constitution an! the La$or Co!e ,uarantee to the ste)e!ores a ri,ht tosel&or,ani%ation. It 'as unla'&ul &or 5IE G AS to !eri)e them o& that ri,ht $#its un!ue inter&erence. The Constitution 2Article III Section H3 e*ressl#reco,ni%es the ri,ht o& emlo#ees 'hether o& the u$lic or the ri)ate sector to&orm unions.

Manila :otel Co!+an vs. Court o1 In6ustrial %elations, # SC%A )5" ,Se+te!4er -', )#$-

1. Emlo#er an! Emlo#ee; Seasonal emlo#ee 'hen consi!ere! in re,ular

emlo#ment.

/here it aears that the (uestione! emlo#ees 'ere ne)er searate! &rom theser)ice $ut their status is that o& re,ular seasonal emlo#ees 'ho are calle! to'or0 &rom time to time mostl# !urin, summer season an! the nature o& theirrelationshi 'ith the hotel is such that !urin, o season the# are temoraril#lai! o $ut !urin, summer season the# are reemlo#e! or 'hen their ser)icesare nee!e! an! the# are not strictl# sea0in, searate! &rom the ser)ice $utare merel# consi!ere! as on lea)e o& a$sence 'ithout a# until the# are reemlo#e! it is hel! that their emlo#ment relationshi is ne)er se)ere! $ut onl#susen!e! an! as such the# can $e consi!ere! as in the re,ular emlo#mento& the hotel.

4. Court o& In!ustrial elations; Juris!iction; Inclu!es re,ular seasonal emlo#ees.

/here the mana,ement o$jecte! to the juris!iction o& the Court o& In!ustrialelations o)er some emlo#ees 'ho 'here not actuall# in the ser)ice at the timethe instant etition 'as -le! $ut it aears that the# 'ere su$se (uentl# reemlo#e! e)en 'hile the resent inci!ent 'as en!in, consi!eration $# the trialcourt it is hel! that the trial court acte! correctl# 'hen it assume! juris!ictiono)er their claim.

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