-
1Erythrina
edulishttp://food-security.info/food-security.info/Winrock%20Archive/edulis.htm
Llamado tambin Bal, Sachaporoto, Poroto,Balsuy o Frijol
Mompas
el legado de LosIncas
El Chachafruto es conocido como el Man del Trpicocomo el rbol
multipropsito y tambin
como el rbol que nunca muere.
Oswaldo Prez *Una historia personalCuando renunci a mi cargo de
profesor en la ULA, enel ao 1975, para irme a una pequea finca
deaproximadamente 10 has. en el municipio AndrsBello del Estado
Mrida, fu con la intencin dedescubrir un nuevo modelo de vida sobre
el planetaque nos resultara mas satisfactorio y msconvincente.
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2 Cuestionbamos en esa poca la direccin que segua la sociedad
industrial de consumo y la forma comodentro de sta sociedad se
resolvan los asuntos bsicos de la existencia como lo son la
alimentacin, lavivienda, la convivencia de pareja, la salud, y la
educacin de los hijos. As que optamos por lanzarnos sin ningntipo
de experiencia a la aventura de irnos al campo, para iniciar la
investigacin prctica de un proceso orientadoa descubrir si exista
un nuevo modelo de vida que diera una respuesta diferente,
alternativa o mas adecuada anuestras inquietudes. Despus de 26 aos
de intensa bsqueda, nos encontramos en la actualidad en una
encrucijada importanteque nos interesa comunicar, pues estamos
seguros que lo que actualmente percibimos como una
verdaderasolucin, o un nuevo modelo de vida que puede llegar a ser
de extrema utilidad para nuestro Municipio, para elPas y para el
mundo entero.La Propuesta del ChachafrutoEsta propuesta la estamos
enviando actualmente a un concurso internacional y la hemos
titulado: "Consolidacinde un Nuevo Modelo Agroalimentario
Sustentable de Produccin de Protenas para la Regin Tropical".
ElSumario de este proyecto es el siguiente:"Los 800 millones de
personas que existen en el mundo en estado dedesnutricin crnica son
consecuencia de la aplicacin de un modelo agroalimentario de
produccin y consumoinsustentable. Se propone un nuevo modelo basado
en :1) El cultivo de la leguminosa "Erythrina Edulis" que es un
legado de los Incas, originaria de los Andes y que tiene la mayor
productividad de protena utilizable/Ha. del mundo,y
2) El procesamiento de esta leguminosa para la fabricacin de
"Miso", uno de los mejores y ms estratgicos alimentos del planeta
para consumo humano directo". Tratar en el presente artculo
introductorio hacer un resumen descriptivo de la agro ecologa de
esta leguminosa, dejando para el prximo nmero de La Era Ecolgica
los datos de utilidad prctica que permitan crear un semillero de
esta planta.
Descripcin agroecolgica del Chachafruto La "Erythrina Edulis" es
una de las 115 especies de Erythrinas dentro de la subfamilia
Papilionoideae de lasleguminosas, es un rbol que alcanza una altura
de 14 mts. y su follaje puede llegar a los 7 mts. de dimetro,
surango de vida oscila entre 30 y 40 aos, y el tronco principal
alcanza los 37 cms. de dimetro.El rango altitudinalpara sta especie
es desde los 1200 hasta los 2600 mts. sobre el nivel del mar. Los
nombres comunes con losque se conoce este rbol son los siguientes :
chachafruto, bal, sachaporoto, poroto, balsui y frijol mompas.
ElChachafruto es conocido como el "Man del Trpico", como el rbol
multipropsito y tambin como el rbol quenunca muere. Es calificado
como una planta milagrosa por sus propiedades medicinales y como
unsuperalimento para el hombre y los animales, no solo por la
cantidad de protenas sino tambin por la calidad ybalance de sus
aminocidos.
Ac en el Municipio Andrs Bello del Estado Mrida lohemos escogido
como uno de los renglones agrcolas
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3estratgicos para solventar la crisis econmica y ambientalen la
que estamos. Y esto debido a las inmensasposibilidades que nos
ofrece entre las que resalta el hechode que es totalmente
comestible: sus hojas, flores, cscaradel fruto y semillas, pueden
servir de excelente alimentoproteico para todos los animales y para
el ser humano. Losniveles de produccin de este rbol resultan
increbles puesse ubican en las 36 toneladas de frjol por hectrea,
paraejemplares de 6 aos sembrados con una densidad de 400rboles por
hectrea (5mts. x 5mts.). Este rbol puedeusarse como acompaante para
el cultivo del caf,recomendndose en este caso sembrar a 7 mts.x 7
mts. ytambin para otros cultivos como malanga, lulo y tomate
derbol. Esta especie puede usarse para "cercas vivas" puesprende
fcilmente por estacas. Se usa actualmente enColombia para "bancos
de protenas" pues produce 80toneladas de forraje protico por
hectrea (23% de protenas). Para este ltimo esquema de produccin,
hay quesembrarlo cada 50 cms. entre rbol y cada 1 mt. entrehileras.
La primera poda se hace a los 12 meses y las 2podas siguientes
distanciadas 6 meses cada una y enadelante cada 4 meses se puede
realizar un corte.
Los lectores de La Era Ecolgica que estn interesados en conocer
este proyecto en detalle pueden enviarnos sue-mail a la siguiente
direccin: [email protected] , y con mucho gusto le enviaremos una
copia del mismo.
Aqu les adelantar algunas direcciones en el cyberespacio que
tienen mas informacin sobre este tema
:www.winrock.org/forestry/factnet.htmwww.desde_abajo.org
* Ingeniero-Agricultor
Erythrina Species - Pantropical Multipurpose Tree
Legumeshttp://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e0b.htm
Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical
Agriculturehttp://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.htm#Contents
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4NFT HighlightsNFTA 94-01, January 1994A quick guide to nitrogen
fixing trees from around the world
Erythrina edulis: multipurpose tree for tropical
highlandsCultivated for centuries, Erythrina edulis is an important
food source for humans and animals in thetropical highlands of
South America. The seed is a component of many diets,and the trees
alsoprovide shade in coffee and cacao plantations, support for vine
crops, green manure, live fenceposts,wood for construction and
fuel, and medicinal preparations.
BotanyErythrina edulis Triana ex M. Micheli is one ofabout 115
Erythrina species in the subfamilyPapilionoideae of the Leguminosae
(syn.Fabaceae) family. Over a normal life span of 30to 40 years,
the leafy trees grow up to 14 m tallwith stem diameters up to 37 cm
and crowndiameters up to 7 m. The stem and branchesare covered with
stout prickles. The alternateleaves are trifoliate with long
petioles and twonectar-producing glands at the base of eachleaflet.
The flower cluster (raceme), supportedon a stout stalk, consists of
180 to 200short-stalked flowers arranged in threes aroundthe axis.
The flowers have a reddish-greencalyx and a crimson corolla with an
upper petal(standard) and two lateral petals forming thekeel. The
pistil is surrounded by 10 stamens.The two-petaled flowers face
upward, forminga large cup in which nectar gathers
(Ruskin,1989).
Erythrina edulis is cross pollinated by sucking insects, bees,
wasps and birds. Seeds mature 65days after flowering. Fruits hang
in bunches of 9 and 18 cylindrical pods. Pod size varies widely,
butaverages 32 cm long and 3 cm in diameter with six seeds. The
seed coat is generally brownish-redbut is sometimes yellow or black
(Acero, 1989). DistributionErythrina edulis is distributed from
Mrida in Venezuela, to the mountain ranges of Colombia andthe Andes
mountains of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. It is commonly known as
chachafruto, bal,basul or sachaporoto in Colombia, guato in
Ecuador, and pashuro, pajuro, basul sachaporotoor sacha purutu in
Argentina and Bolivia (Ruskin, 1989). Ecology
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5Erythrina edulis is a pioneer species that grows best in full
sunlight, but trees can tolerate someshade in the early stages of
growth. In Colombia, the species occurs from elevations of 1200
to2600 m, with an optimum range from 1600 to 2200 m. In Peru, E.
edulis grows from 900 to 3200m (Martel, 1989). In the species's
native range, annual rainfall varies from 450 to 1800 mm
andtemperatures are between 5 and 25C. The trees grow well in
loose-textured sandy loams and inheavy clay soils. They do not
tolerate frequent frosts. UsesHuman food. The seeds contain 23%
protein, 1% fat, 8% crude fiber and 84% moisture. Theyhave a good
balance of amino acids and a digestibility after cooking of about
50%. Seeds must beboiled at least 45 minutes or fried thoroughly
before being eaten. As a paste, they provide anutritious base for
tortillas, desserts, pies, soups and food for infants. They are
also boiled, sun dried,ground and added to flour. Research
indicates that uncooked E. edulis seeds can be toxic ifconsumed
over a long period (Prez et al., 1979). Seeds of all other
Erythrina species are highlytoxic. Forage. The leaves and tender
branches can be fed to cattle, goats, horses, pigs, guinea pigs
andrabbits. Leaves contain 24% protein, 29% crude fiber (dry
weight) and 21% total carbohydrates.They are rich in potassium but
low in calcium (Surco, 1987). Seeds and pods can be fed fresh
tocattle and goats, but should be cooked before feeding to pigs,
chickens, rabbits or fish. The podscontain 21% protein, 23% crude
fiber (dry weight), 24% carbohydrates and 91% moisture. Cookedseed
can replace up to 60% of the concentrate fed to chickens and fish
(Martn and Falla, 1991). For maximum fodder production, the trees
can be planted in protein banks at a close spacing (1.0 x0.5 m).
They are first pruned at 10 months and then at six- or four-month
intervals. A two-year-oldprotein bank can produce up to 80 tons of
leaves and tender branches per ha, or the leaves can bedried and
ground to produce 6 tons of chicken feed rich in carotene (Vargas
and Ocampo, 1991). Shade and support. Erythrina edulis is widely
used as a shade tree for coffee or as a support forvine crops such
as pepper, betel and grape. In Colombia, trees are spaced at 6 x 6
to 8 x 8 m incoffee plantations or 5 x 5 m with vine crops (Vargas
and Ocampo, 1991). Annual pod productionfrom three- to
four-year-old trees at a 6 x 6 m spacing can average 30 kg/tree or
8 tons/ha (greenweight); annual pod production from 20-year-old
trees can average 177 to 211 kg/tree. Live fenceposts. In Colombia,
live fenceposts are established from stakes at 2-m intervals
andallowed to grow for 30 months before pruning or attaching barbed
wire. Stakes should be at least 4to 6 cm in diameter and 2 m long.
Pruned at four-month intervals, leafy branches from 1 km offencing
can provide up to 30 tons of fodder per year; unpruned, the same
fenceposts can provide upto 85 tons of fruit (Vargas and Ocampo,
1991). Medicine. In Colombia, a soap made from the bark, branches
and leaves of E. edulis is used towash dogs with skin disease. In
Peru, the seed is mixed in a liquid concoction to treat
inflammationof the bladder. The flowers are used to treat eye
irritations (Acero, 1989). SilvicultureSeed treatment. Erythrina
edulis is easily propagated from seed or cuttings, but seedlings
tend toroot deeper and live longer than cuttings. Seed should be
removed from pods immediately andstored in paper bags in a cool,
dark place. They lose viability quickly and should be planted
withineight days of harvesting. Viability can be extended up to 20
days by dipping seeds for a moment inmolten paraffin so that a thin
layer of paraffin coats the entire seed. Seed size varies widely:
Acero(1989) reports 60 fresh seeds per kg in Colombia, while Martel
(1989) reports 146 fresh seeds perkg in Peru. Establishment. Larger
seeds tend to produce more vigorous seedlings. Plant seeds in
1-kgpolyethylene bags with the convex side facing upwards and
slightly exposed. Leave room between
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6planting bags to allow space for leaf development (Vargas and
Ocampo, 1991). Germination beginsin 5 to10 days. Shade the
seedlings in the nursery and reduce shade partially in the last two
weeksbefore outplanting. At 60 days, seedlings may be planted out
in holes 30 cm deep. Erythrina edulis can also be direct
seeded.Cultivate the soil thoroughly to a depth of 30 cm andplant
two seeds per hole. Thin to one seedling after four or five weeks.
Weed periodically in a 1-mcircle around the plants. Seedlings grow
rapidly (2.5 m in the first year) and begin producing fruit
inapproximately 24 to 27 months. Cuttings of 4 to 6 cm diameter,
and usually 1 m in length, should be planted to a depth of 30 to
50cm within three days of harvesting (Vargas and Ocampo, 1991).
Cuts should be made withwell-sharpened tools to avoid damage that
can lead to rotting; the top cut should be at a 45 angle.Sealing
the cuts with paraffin, plastic, mud or other material can increase
survival rates. Cuttingsbegin producing fruit about 18 months after
planting. Erythrina edulis forms a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with
Rhizobium in the cowpea miscellany(Acero, 1989). Large nodules form
in the upper soil surface and decrease in size with increasing
soildepth. LimitationsErythrina edulis does not tolerate long
periods of drought, especially during early stages ofestablishment.
It does not grow well in strongly acidic soils (pH below 4.5). Stem
borers damageterminal shoots and cause lateral branching. Butterfly
larvae (Terastia meticulosalis) bore intoseeds. Trees are also
susceptible to nematodes (Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplotylus sp.
andMeloidogyne sp.) (Francia Varon de Agudelo, personal
communication). Future research needsThe large differences observed
in seed size suggest the existence of genetic variation.
Rangewideprovenance collection and testing is needed to determine
differences in fruit yield, biomassproduction, nutrient content and
adaptability. Research would also be useful on improved methodsto
increase seed viability. Symbiotic relationships need to be
explored and quantified. Finally,traditional agroforestry uses of
E. edulis and pest and ,disease management need
furtherdocumentation. ReferencesAcero, E. 1989. Informe final
silvicultura y productividad del chachafruto Erythrina edulis.
Part1. Bogot: Universidad Distrital-CIID-CONIF. Krukoff, B.A. and
Barneby, R.C. 1974. Conspectus of species of the genus Erythrina.
LLOYDIA(Journal of Natural Products). 37:359. Martel, A. 1989.
Erythrina edulis Triana, especie de gran potencial para
asociacionesagrofrestales; advances de su propagacin. Technical
Note 01. FAO/Holland/DGFF Project, 30pp. Martn, D. and Falla, J.A.
1991. Evaluacin de los efectos biolgicos de la sustitucin
deconcentrado por harina de chachafruto Erythrina edulis (15 y 30%)
en la alimentacin depollos de engorde bajo un esquema de produccin
de economa campesina. Thesis inZootechnology. Valle (Colombia):
Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Palmira. Patio, J.E. 1992.
Suplementacin de cabras con chachafruto Erythrina edulis.Thesis
inZootechnology. Valle (Colombia): Universidad Nacional de
Colombia-Palmira. Prez, G., de Martnez, C. and Daz, E. 1979.
Evaluacin de la calidad de la protena delchachafruto Erythrina
edulis. Bogot: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Ruskin, F.R. 1989.
Basul. In Lost crops of the Incas. Washington, DC: National Academy
Press,pp. 16471.
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7Surco, J. 1987. Evaluacin de minerales nutricios en las semilla
de Erythrina edulis. Cuzco(Peru): Universidad Nacional San Antonio
Abad del Cuzco. Vargas, L.R. and Ocampo, M.P., eds. 1991. El
chachafruto o balprotector de aguas ysuelos superalimento humano,
forraje para el ganado. Extension Bulletin 7. Bogot:
FederacinNacional de Cafeteros de Colombia, p. 22.
Written by Nancy Barrera, Universidad Nacional de
Colombia-Palmira, A.A. 237 Palmira, Valle,Colombia, with material
added by NFTA staff.
A publication of the Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network
(FACT Net)(formerly the Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association)Winrock
International38 Winrock DriveMorrilton, AR 72110-9370 USATel:
501-727-5435 Fax: 501-727-5417 Email:
[email protected]/forestry/factnet.htm
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1791
Species identityTaxonomyCurrent name: Erythrina edulisAuthority:
Triana ex M. MicheliFamily: Fabaceae - Papilionoideae
Synonym(s)Erythrina esculenta SpragueErythrina lorenoi
Macbr.
Common names
(Spanish) : bal, basul, basul sachaporoto, basul/bal,
chachafruto, guat, pajuro, pashuro, sacha purutu,sachaporoto
Botanic descriptionErythrina edulis is a leafy tree growing up
to 14 m tall with stem diameter up to 37 cm and crown diameterup to
7 m. The stem and branches are covered with stout prickles. Leaves
alternate, trifoliate with longpetioles and two nectar-producing
glands at the base of each leaflet. Flower cluster (raceme),
supported ona stout stalk, consists of 180-200 short-stalked
flowers arranged in threes around the axis. The flowershave a
reddish-green calyx and a crimson corolla with an upper petal
(standard) and two lateral petalsforming the keel. The pistil is
surrounded by 10 stamens. The two-petaled flowers face upward,
forming alarge cup in which nectar gathers. Fruits hang in bunches
of 9 and 18 cylindrical pods. Pod size varieswidely, but averages
32 cm long and 3 cm in diameter with six seeds. The seed coat is
generallybrownish-red but is sometimes yellow or black. Erythrina
comes from the Greek word eruthros-red, alludingto the showy red
flowers of the Erythrina species.Ecology and distributionHistory of
cultivationCultivated for centuries, E. edulis is an important food
source for humans and animals in the tropicalhighlands of South
America.Natural HabitatE. edulis is a pioneer species that grows
best in full sunlight, but trees can tolerate some shade in the
earlystages of growth. In Colombia, the species occurs from
elevations of 1 200-2 600 m, with an optimum
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8range from 1 600-2 200 m. In Peru, E. edulis grows from 900-3
200 m. In the species's native range,annual rainfall varies from
450-1 800 mm and temperatures are between 5-25 deg C. The trees
grow wellin loose-textured sandy loams and in heavy clay soils but
not in strongly acidic soils (pH below 4.5). E.edulis does not
tolerate long periods of drought, especially during early stages of
establishment and doesnot tolerate frequent frosts.Geographic
distributionNative : Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Venezuela
Biophysical limitsAltitude: 900-3 200 m Mean annual temperature:
5-25 deg C Mean annual rainfall: 450-1 800 mm Soiltype: The trees
grow well in loose-textured sandy loams and in heavy clay
soils.
Reproductive BiologyE. edulis is cross pollinated by sucking
insects, bees, wasps and birds. Seeds mature in about 3 monthsafter
flowering.
Propagation and managementPropagation methodsE. edulis is easily
propagated from seed or cuttings, but seedlings tend to root deeper
and live longer thancuttings. Larger seeds tend to produce more
vigorous seedlings. Seeds should be planted in 1-kgpolyethylene
bags with the convex side facing upwards and slightly exposed.
Germination begins in 5-10days. Seedlings should be shaded in the
nursery and shade partially reduced in the last two weeks beforeout
planting. At 60 days, seedlings may be planted out in holes 30 cm
deep. E. edulis can also be directseeded. Cuttings of 4-6 cm
diameter, and usually 1 m in length, should be planted to a depth
of 30-50 cmwithin 3 days of cutting. Cuts should be made with
well-sharpened tools to avoid damage that can lead torotting; the
top cut should be at a 45 angle. Sealing the cuts with paraffin,
plastic, mud or other materialcan increase survival rates.
Tree ManagementE. edulis has a normal life span of 30-40 years,
its seedlings grow rapidly (2.5 m in the 1st year) and
beginproducing fruit in approximately 24-27 months. Cuttings begin
producing fruit about 18 months afterplanting. For maximum fodder
production, the trees can be planted in protein banks at a close
spacing (1 x0.5 m). They are first pruned at 10 months and then at
6- or 4-month intervals. A 2-year-old protein bankcan produce up to
80 tons of leaves and tender branches per ha, or the leaves can be
dried and ground toproduce 6 tons of chicken feed rich in carotene.
In Colombia, live fence posts are established from stakesat 2 m
intervals and allowed to grow for 30 months before pruning or
attaching barbed wire. Pruned atfour-month intervals, leafy
branches from 1 km of fencing can provide up to 30 tons of fodder
per year;unpruned, the same fence posts can provide up to 85 tons
of fruit.
Germplasm ManagementSeed should be removed from pods immediately
and stored in paper bags in a cool, dark place. Seedslose viability
quickly and should be planted within 8 days of harvesting.
Viability can be extended up to 20days by dipping seeds in molten
paraffin so that a thin layer of paraffin coats the entire seed.
Seed sizevaries widely and there are 60-146 fresh seeds/kg.
Functional usesProductsFood: The seed is a component of many
diets and contains 23% protein, 1% fat, 8% crude fiber and
84%moisture. Seeds have a good balance of amino acids and a
digestibility of about 50% after cooking. Seedsmust be boiled for
at least 45 minutes or fried thoroughly before being eaten. As a
paste, they provide anutritious base for tortillas, desserts, pies,
soups and food for infants. They are also boiled, sun dried,ground
and added to flour. Research indicates that uncooked E. edulis
seeds can be toxic if consumed overa long period. Fodder: The
leaves and tender branches can be fed to cattle, goats, horses,
pigs, guineapigs and rabbits. Leaves contain 24% protein, 29% crude
fiber (dry weight) and 21% total carbohydrates.They are rich in
potassium but low in calcium. Seeds and pods can be fed fresh to
cattle and goats, butshould be cooked before feeding to pigs,
chickens, rabbits or fish. The pods contain 21% protein, 23%crude
fiber (dry weight), 24% carbohydrates and 91% moisture. Cooked seed
can replace up to 60% of theconcentrate fed to chickens and fish.
Fuel: The tree is used as firewood. Timber: The wood is used
forconstruction. Medicine: In Colombia, a soap made from the bark,
branches and leaves of E. edulis is usedto wash dogs with skin
disease. In Peru, the seed is mixed in a liquid concoction to treat
inflammation ofthe bladder. The flowers are used to treat eye
irritations.
ServicesShade or shelter: The trees also provide shade in coffee
and cacao plantations. Nitrogen fixing: E. edulisforms a
nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with Rhizobium in the cowpea miscellany.
Large nodules form in theupper soil surface and decrease in size
with increasing soil depth. Soil improver: The fallen leaves
provideleaf litter. Boundary or barrier or support: Live fence
posts are established from stakes as support for vinecrops.
Pests and diseasesStem borers damage terminal shoots and cause
lateral branching. Butterfly larvae (Terastia meticulosalis)bore
into seeds. Trees are also susceptible to nematodes
(Helicotylenchus sp., Hoplotylus sp. andMeloidogyne sp.).
Bibliography
-
9Arguello Arias H. 1995. Biochemical changes and their
application for green manure use, as organic matterand nutrient
source, in agroforestry systems. Agronomia Colombiana. 12(2):
169-181.Krukoff BA and Barneby RC. 1974. Conspectus of species of
the genus Erythrina. LLOYDIA (Journal ofNatural Products).
37:359.NFTA. 1994. Erythrina edulis: multipurpose tree for tropical
highlands. NFTA 94-01. Waimanalo.Ruskin FR. 1989. Basul. In: Lost
crops of the Incas. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp.
164-71.Zimsky M. 1990. Using nitrogen fixing trees for human food.
NFTA-News. 11: 1-2, 6. Nitrogen Fixing TreeAssociation.
Waimanalo.
Fruit
Catalogue number: 60340Botanical classification:
LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE Erythrina edulis
Common name(s): Wood Kidney Bean, Frijol del Monte, Junchua
SachaPorotaGeographical description: Ecuador, AndesCollector
number: Collection date:Donor: Spruce, Richard Donation date:
20/02/1865Dimensions (cm): Length: Width: Depth: Diameter:
17.2 1.8Specimen label:Pods with edible seeds, Andes of Ecuador
where it is called Frijol del Monte or in inJunchua Sacha-porota,
both names signifying Wood Kidney Bean Erythrina sp. Spruce(5005)
Feb 20/65.
See also:Uses:Taxa: LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE Geography:
Ecuador
FRJOL GIGANTE PERUANO
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10
EL PAJURO
Texto y Fotos
Perunatural.netMientras en las ciudades peruanas se sufrepor el
pan con qumicos en los Andes y la
Selva tenemos alternativas altamentenutritivas y naturales.
-
11
El pajuro es un frejol peruano que llega a medir cincocentmetros
y se produce desde hace miles de aos
sobretodo en el Per (Cajamarca, La Libertad, Ancash,Huanuco,
Cerro de Pasco, Junn, Cusco y Ayacucho) . En
la imagen vemos que el pajuro alcanza el tamao de undedo meique
y es diez veces mas grande que un frejol
comn.En la siguiente nota Perunatural.net da a conocerlos puntos
de vista del Magister en Microbiologa
ngel Vargas Mosqueira sobre el pajuro, el pijualloy otras
opciones nutritivas nacionales para
enriquecer la dieta diaria. El Mg Vargas ha sidocatedrtico en
varias Universidades peruanas en las
reas de post grado.Es nuestra intencin recuperar la estima de
los
peruanos a travs de la mirada a nuestro pasado y ala puesta en
valor de estos alimentos que por falta
de consumo estn al borde la extincin.
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12
FAVOR MENCIONAR LA FUENTE WEB EN CASO DE USO EN UN MEDIO DE
COMUNICACIN.ENVI LA DIRECCIN DE ESTA REVISTA DIGITAL A QUIEN LA
NECESITE. SI DESEA
COLABORAR CON PER NATURAL O RECIBIR INFORMACIN SOBRE MEDICINA
ALTERNATIVAEN SU E-MAIL PUEDE COMUNICARSE CON DEITER LINARES
GUERRERO
(www.deiterlinares.com ) DIRECTOR, AL 4872242, 98577979 o
ESCRIBIR A:[email protected]
Para chatear pueden agregar al msn de hotmail las direcciones:
[email protected],[email protected], o
[email protected]
Hoy en da, lamentablemente; los hbitos y costumbres alimenticias
denuestros antepasados, se han perdido y nos hemos convertido
enconsumidores de alimentos refinados, mas agradables pero
menosnutritivos y con muy poca fibra o si ella.Un alimento que
merece una especial mencin, es el pajuro llamadotambin basul o
poroto. Este es un frejol de 3 a 4 cm de tamao, deforma ovoide que
est recubierto por una cscara gruesa, brillante ylustrosa de color
marrn oscuro.El pajuro con su alto porcentaje de protenas (25 gr. x
100) y su fcildigestibilidad, podra ser una alternativa para
combatir la desnutricin en lapoblacin infantil y las madres
gestantes.La planta que produce el pajuro es un rbol de la familia
Fabaceae(Leguminosae) que no obstante ser oriundo de los andes
centrales delPer es casi desconocida en las grandes ciudades como
Lima por la mismarazn, no se consume. Su nombre cientfico es
Erythrina edulis.Alimentos tuberosos andinos como la mashua,
racacha, maca, y frijolescomo el pajuro, tarwi (chocho) son slo
unos ejemplos de la gran variedadde alimentos que cumplieron un
valioso papel en la nutricin de loshabitantes antiguo Per dndoles
vigor y longevidad. La existencia deestos alimentos en pocas
pasadas, ha quedado registrada en loscermicos de diversas culturas
pre-hispnicas que son fiel testimonio de suexistencia en dichas
pocas. La longevidad que se podra alcanzar conestos alimentos
autoctonos se deja ver en pueblos como Acora en Puno,donde se ha
censado a personas como el Sr. Clemente Alanoca con 110aos y la
Sra. Eugenia Vilca con 116 aos de edad.El investigador Santiago
Antnez de Mayolo en su obra "LA NUTRICINEN EL ANTIGUO PERU" dice
textualmente lo siguiente "las principalesmenestras cultivadas en
el antiguo Per fueron la cazza o parca (Canavalia
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sp.), los pallares (Phaseolus lunatus L.), los porotos
(Phaseolus vulgarisL.), el pajuro (Erythrina edulis L.) y el tarwi
(Lupinus mutabilis Sweet)".
El pajuro (semillas maduras), constituye un alimento importante
por sualto contenido de protenas cuyos valores porcentuales
realizados endistintos Laboratorios de Investigacin fluctan entre
las siguientescantidades (x 100 gr.) que mostramos en el siguiente
cuadro:
Promedios porcentuales
Pajuro (Basul) : 25 %Arvejas : 21 %
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Frejol bayo : 20 %Garbanzo : 19 % Lentejas : 22 %Pallares : 20
%
El contenido de grasa es bajo, lo que favorece su conservacin;
elextracto etreo que contiene la grasa, no alcanza al1 %. Este
valor esmenor al encontrado en otras leguminosas como las arvejas
(3.2 %),frijol bayo (1.5 %), garbanzo (6.1 %), habas (1.5 %),
pallares (1.2 %) ytarwi (17.5 %). En cuanto al contenido de
carbohidratos, flucta entre 42y 55 %, siendo el almidn el principal
componente.Se han encontrado los siguientes aminocidos: treonina,
alanina yfenilalanina en cantidad abundante; valina, prolina, cido
asprtico, lisinae histidina en cantidad moderada; poca cantidad de
tirosina, triptfano;y adems trazas de metionina.Las semillas del
pajuro contienen fsforo, hierro, azufre, sodio, potasio,cobre,
manganeso, magnesio y calcio. En suma, se trata pues de uno de los
pocosrboles que provee al hombre de un nivel alimentara bsico. Es
nuestro deber dar aconocer estos alimentos y fomentar su
consumo.
Si las cualidades del Pajuro le han parecido pocas aqu le
presentamos unaimagen del PIJUALLO un alimento amaznico de
similares bondades.
Un regalo mas del Per maravilloso.
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Mayor Informacin:
PER NATURALRevista Digital de Medicina Natural y Alternativa
Telfonos en Lima, Per:511-4872242, 511-98577979
E-mails:[email protected]
[email protected]
Web Site:www.perunatural.net
RECOMIENDE ESTA REVISTA DIGITAL A SUS AMIGOSEN PER NATURAL
TAMBIN CREEMOS QUE EL
PER ES SPERhttp://www.peruessuper.com
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http://food-security.info/food-security.info/