ERT 417 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY WASTE MINIMIZATION & MANAGEMENT
Jan 12, 2016
ERT 417WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY
WASTE MINIMIZATION & MANAGEMENT
SUB-TOPICS
Waste Minimization Strategy Waste Management Practice:
i) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
ii) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
WASTE MINIMIZATION Reasons of waste minimization:
1. Energy requirement- rises exponentially with increasing waste
2. Reduce total cost- for collection, segregation, intermediate storage, transport, treatment and final storage
3. Profitability - waste = inefficiency- reduce waste = efficiency & profitability
CLEAN TECHNOLOGY Generation of less waste Consumption of fewer raw materials Less energy
1. Cannot be zero waste from any manufacturing process
2. Once created, waste cannot be destroyed
- waste can be minimized in terms of both quantity and toxicity.
WASTE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
4 major categories:
1. Inventory management
2. Production process modification
3. Volume reduction
4. Recovery
i) Inventory management
Inventory management is divided into two: inventory control materials control
Inventory Control involves techniques to reduce inventory size and
hazardous chemical use while increasing inventory turnover.
proper inventory control help reduce wastes method that can be used are purchasing in small
quantities, purchasing in appropriate container sizes and just-in-time purchasing
Materials Control proper control over the storage of raw materials,
products and process waste and the transfer of these items within the process and around the facility.
Minimize the losses through spills, leaks or contamination
Ensure the material is efficiently handled and used in the production process and does not become waste
ii) Production process modification
3 techniques for production process modification:
a) operation and maintenance procedures
b) material change
c) equipment modifications
a) operation and maintenance procedures
- corrective and preventive maintenance can reduce waste generation caused by equipment failure.
- can help spot potential sources of release and correct a problem before any material is lost.
b) material change
- the replacement of materials used in either a product formulation or in a production process, can either result in elimination of a hazardous waste or facilitate recovery of a material.
- Example: 1. In pharmaceutical company – replace solvent based tablet coating process with a water based process
c) equipment modifications
- installation of more efficient equipment or modification of equipment can reduce the generation of waste.
- installation of completely new equipment may be involved.
iii) Volume reduction
a) source segregationb) concentration
a) Source segregation- segregation of wastes allows them to be more readily removed or recovered.
b) Concentration- concentrate waste through separation processes
such as filtration, centrifugation, membrane separations and evaporations
iv) Recovery- on-site- off-site
On-site Recovery- reduce possible handling losses and allow the management
of the waste to remain within the compass of the producer.- Recovered material can be reused as raw material- Example: in printing industry, use vapor recovery system to
recover solvents
Off-site Recovery- if on-site recovery is not feasible, for economic or other
reasons, off-site recovery should be considered.- Waste may be transferred to other company for use as a raw
material in the other company’s manufacturing process.
LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Definition: an evaluation of the environmental effects associated with any given activity from the initial gathering of raw material from the earth until the point at which all residuals are returned to the earth.
LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT Definition: a systematic inventory and
comprehensive assessment of the environmental effects of two or more alternative activities involving defined product in a defined space and time including all steps and co-products in its life cycle.
STAGES IN LIFE CYCLE:
LIFE CYCLE OF CHOCOLATE
Cocoa Cultivation
Bagging and storage
Harvesting, Fermentation and Drying
Transport of beans to processing factory
Mixing of cocoa liquor, cocoa butter, milk, sugar and other ingredients
Expired food & packaging disposal
Tempering and Moulding
Distribution and Retail
Industrial cleaning, roasting, breaking and winnowing, and grinding of cocoa beans
Conching and Refining
Chocolate packaging
Consumption phase
Fertilizer production
Sugar production Milk production
Jute bag cultivation and Manufacturing
Pesticides production
Production of packaging
REFER EXAMPLE OF LCA OF CHOCOLATE PRODUCTION
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Is a process that requires consideration of the environmental
and public participation in the decision-making process of project development.
"the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made“-The International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA)
to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a project.
EIS – environmental impact statement – a review document prepared for assessment in EIA process.
STAGES IN EIA
LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Related to legislations Example: In Malaysia,
Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978
Environmental Quality (Control of pollution from solid waste transfer and landfill) Regulations 2009
Environmental Quality (Refrigerant Management) Regulations 1999
etc.
FOR OTHER REGULATIONS, visit www.doe.gov.my
Example: treatment of waste (sludge) through landfilling – comply with Environmental Quality (Control of pollution from solid waste transfer and landfill) Regulations 2009.
Treatment of scheduled waste – comply with Environmental Quality (Scheduled waste treatment and disposal facilities ) Regulations 1989
ASSIGNMENT
Submit by Monday of week 15 Questions: 1) Demonstrate stages in the life cycle of a
product. Give an example of product life cycle (excluding example in the lecture note)
2) List all environmental regulations (Malaysia) related to waste treatment and management.