Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC A. The Country: Some Facts Location: Eritrea located in the Horn of Africa: Borders: Sudan - West; Ethiopia - South; Djibouti- Southeast and Red Sea-East Population: 3.5 x 10 6 , growing at 2.7-3% per annum GDP per capita: USD 200.00 Ecology varies from desert to sub-humid temperate climate in elevations ranging from 0 - over 2300 m.a.s.l
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Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC. A. The Country: Some Facts Location: Eritrea located in the Horn of Africa: Borders: Sudan - West; Ethiopia - South; Djibouti- Southeast and Red Sea-East Population: 3.5 x 10 6 , growing at 2.7-3% per annum - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Population: 3.5 x 106, growing at 2.7-3% per annum
GDP per capita: USD 200.00
Ecology varies from desert to sub-humid temperate climate in elevations ranging from 0 - over 2300 m.a.s.l
High ecological variation due to high topographic variation
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Figure 1: Agro-ecological zones of Eritrea
High variability of precipitation with negative impacts on crop/ livestock productiongrazing lands water availability - human/ livestock consumption and for irrigation
High potential in Fisheries potential to sustainable catch of 70,000 tons per year envisaged current annual fish catch is about 13,000 tons per year
Industry/Mining: at its initial development but there are good prospects in future
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
B.The Process:
Institutional Arrangement The Project: Climate Change Enabling Activity Project
Implementing Agency: UNDP
Executing Agency: Department of Environment, Ministry of Land Water and Environment
Date of project start: 1998
Date of project completion: 2001
Date of Submission of National Communication: 10 September 2002
National Coordination
Establishment of a National Core Planning Team (CPT), coordinated by the National Focal Point National Project Director (National Focal Point)National Project Coordinator
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Modalities of Implementation
Hiring of local consulting firm
Hiring of international consulting firm (CEEST)
Teams established to assist implementation process
GHG inventory/ identification of mitigation options and policies coordinated by CPT - Energy sector
V and A assessment of agricultural sector coordinated by CPT, - Agricultural sector
V and A assessment, - Forestry, coordinated by CPT, - Agricultural sector
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Modalities of Implementation
V and A assessment of water - coordinated by CPT, - Water sector
V and A assessment of - health, coordinated by CPT, - Health sector
V and A assessment of - coastal zone, coordinated by CPT, - Fisheries sector
Organization of seminars, meetings, seminars and workshops, including training workshops to properly run models
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
C. National Inventory of Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
Inventory of GHG conducted using the revised 1996 IPCC guideline and adopting IPCC default values.
Inventory taken for Carbondioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Carbon monoxide (CO) and Non-Methane volatile compounds (NMVOCs)
Inventory addressed six sectors: energy, transport, industry, agriculture, LUCF and municipal solid waste.
CO2 constitutes by far the greatest share of GHG
Main source of CO2 are LUCF (70%) and fossil fuel combustion for energy use (28%)
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Contribution of Biomass to the total Energy supply
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Fuel wood Charcoal Dung Agr.residue
TOTAL FINAL ENERGY SUPPLY IN ERITREA
Biomass
oil
Electricity
Figure 2 : Total Final Energy Supply
Figure 3: Contribution of Biomass to Total Energy
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Limitations of the National GHG Inventory
Lack of country specific emission factors and emission ratios
Lack of time series data
Uncertainties not assessed
D. Current Mitigation Activities
Afforestation/reforestation programs
Enhancement of natural vegetation (closures)
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Increase of energy efficiency/conservation
Introduction of new power plant has reduced consumption of heavy fuel oil from 220 grams to 170 grams to produce 1 kWh of electricity. This is estimated to reduce CO2 emissions by around 45,000 tons in 2002, assuming 300 GWh of electricity generated
Technical loss in transmission and distribution system has also been reduced at least by 50%
Increasing efficiency of traditional stoves:
Efficiency of traditional stoves has increased from 10% to 21%.
Initial calculations suggest that CO2 reduction potential per improved stove is around 0.6 tons per year.
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Development and introduction of renewablesWind Energy: study in progress in southern coastal areas of Eritrea Solar PV: An aggregate capacity of over 500kW have been installed. Around 1.6 tons of CO2 is abated for each kW of renewable energy installed.
Expansion of LPG in rural areasMitigation in transport sector:
Transport sector constituted 41% of total CO2 emissions in 1994
Minimal tax for public busesEncouragement of non-motorized vehicles Introduction of regulatory frames that prohibit importation of older vehicles
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
E. Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change
Use of UK89 mode to formulate climate change scenario:-
An increase of 4.1 oC for doubling of CO2 over the next century has been predicted.
Rainfall expected to increase slightly.
Vulnerability and Adaptation assessment
Agriculture: sorghum and barley selected for V and A
Water resources: Gash - Barka drainage basin selected for V and A
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Forestry:
-Division of potential forest cover zones for current and future climate change scenarios (using Holdridge model)
-Prediction of plant species composition, vegetation structure etc. (using Forest Gap Model)
-The results of the models have received serious reservations by concerned experts
Coastal zone: Port city of Massawa (situated from below sea level - 1:0 m above sea level) selected to demonstrate effects of climate change.
-Analysis showed sea level to increase by 0.5m - 1.0m
-Loss estimated at about 257.0 million due to sea level rise.
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Human health: Due to increase of temperature and a slight increase of precipitation, the spread of malaria is expected to spread from its present situation. Currently there are indications that malaria is spreading to highland areas, an unusual occurrence in the past.
Problems encountered in vulnerability and adaptation assessment.
Application of GCMs in high topographic variations
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
F. Policy MeasuresPoverty reduction Environmental policies
Land degradation (NAP)NBSAPMarine and coastal environment Use of EIAEnergy and transport sectors
-Introduction and expansion of renewables
-Energy efficiency
-Regulation of importation of old vehicles
-Use of efficient public transport systems
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
G. Public awareness, education and training
Public awareness
Use of media to broadcast selected materials
Preparation of Eritrea's Initial National Communication
Education and Training
Integration of environmental education into the national educational system
Establishment of certificate, diploma and degree levels
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
H. Research and Systematic Observation
Systematic Observation
Problem: Lack of a strong national meteorological center for achieving an efficient national climate and resource information system.
Proposed solutions:
Establishment of a strong and effective institution to manage a national observation system
Development of human resource capacity in technical, scientific and management aspects
Introduction of state- of- the- art communication and information technology.
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Research
Short term: applied type of research focusing on:-
Development of policy guideline
Formulation of natural resources management strategies
Mitigation of natural hazards and setting up of a national early warning system
Long term: high level research on climate change and the environment by building upon the capacities and capabilities outlined above.
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
I. Financial and capacity needs Strength the National Focal PointStrength early warning systems Develop national climate and resource information systems
Climate and meteorology, water resources and hydrology Ecology and agriculture Energy resources Marine resources
Develop research capacities to undertake adaptation work on agriculture, land management, water resources, coastal zone and fisheries, infrastructure development, human health, energy and transport.
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
J. Implementation
CPT (Core Planing Team)
National Climate Change Secretariat
Sustainable Funding
Eritrea's Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC