Eriophyoid fungal interaction: a win win situation

13th

INTERNAr-rIONAL CONGRESS OF /\.CAROLOGY

August 23··27, 2010, Recife-PE, Brazil

ABSTRACT BOOK

Organized by GJ. de Moraes, R.C. Castilho & C.H.W. Flechtmann  

­ 1 -

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procedures. DNA­based methods could  form  a welcome  complement  to  the  morphological methods.  To  this  end,  we  first  i  ferred  the phylogenetic  relationships  within  the  genus Tetranychus using  the  internal  transcri ed spacer (ITS)  region  in  nuclear  ribosomal  DNA  and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase sub nit I (COl) region. We determined sequences of the 14 known Tetranychus species in  Japan, including the green and red forms of T urticae that were  ounted as separate species. The  ITS  phylogeny supported monophyly in  9 of the 14 species. ｔ ｨ ｲ ･ Ｈ ｾ   species ­T kanzawai, T parakanzawai and T ezoensis -composed a monophyletic clade. Two f rms of T urticae did not compose a monophyletic clade, but they had species-specific insertions. The COl phylogeny supported monophyly in 11 species, namely the monophyletic species in the ITS region plus T ezoensis and green-form T urticae. Red­form T urticae consisted of a paraphyletic group, including green-form T urticae. Thus, all Tetranychus species but two can clearly be separated using the COl region. The two species which could not be distinguished by DNA sequences, Tkanzawai and T. parakanzawai, seem to include one or two cryptic species, respectively.

Wednesday 25, Afternoon, Auditorium - Poster

165 - Dispersal strategies of Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) on coconut

AS. Galvao l, V.B. Monteir02, D.B. Lima2, M.G.C.

Gondim Jr.2 & GJ de Moraes3

JDepto. Cicncias Agnirias, IFMA 65400-000 Codo­MA, Brazil ([email protected]); 2Depto. Agronomia, Area de Fitossanidade, UFRPE, 52171­900 Recife-PE, Brazil; 3Depto. Entomologia e Acarologia, ESALQ-USP, 13418-900 Piracicaba­SP, Brazil.

The dispersal of mites may occur not onJy when they are transport by man on plant parts, but also as a direct action, either letting being carried by abiotic factors, walking, or attaching to carriers to be transported to other places. Aceria guerreronis Keifer has been considered a serious pest of coconut, by the damage it causes to developing fruits. Knowing its dispersal mec anisms is important to understand the process of infestation of new bunches as they are produced, or from plant to plant. Ultimately, this knowledge may provide

XIlI International Congress of Acarology

relevant information for the establishment of strategies for the management of A. guerreronis and its natural enemies. Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the mechanisms of dispersal of A. gerreronis in coconut palms. The hypothesis that A. guerreronis could disperse by the wind, phoresy and walking was tested. The results showed that it walks to disperse at short distances between fruits of the same bunch or between bunches of the same plant, mostly at night. They also showed that A. guerreronis uses air currents to disperse at longer distances, and that phoresy on insects seems to occur only occasionally.

Wednesday 25, Afternoon, Room 4

166 - Eriophyoid fungal interaction: a win win situation

E. Garnliel-Atinsky', S. Freeman2, M. Maymon2, E. Belausov3, R. Ochoa4

, G.R. Bauchan5, A Skoracka6

, J.E. Pena7 & E. Palevskl

'Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 2311 Plant Sciences, 120 Carlton St., Athers, GA 30602, USA; 2Department of Plant Pathology, the Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel; 3Microscopy Unit, The Volcani Center, ARO, Israel; 4Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; 5Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Agriculture Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; 6Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland; 7University of Florida, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Tropicai Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031, USA; 8Department of Entomology, Newe-Ya'ar Research Center, (ARO), P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay 30095, Israel ([email protected]).

A considerable number of plant feeding mites representing different families such as Acaridae, Siteroptidae, Tydeidae and Tarsonemidae interact with plant pathogenic fungi. While species within the Eriophyoidea appear to be the most common

- 90 - August 23-27, 2010; Recife-PE; Brazil

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phytophagous mites vectoring virus  diseases, little is  known  of  their  role  in  fungal  pathogen epidemiology. Interactions  between herbivores and causal  agents  of  diseases  can  be  complex. Herbivores  may  facilitate  fungal  infection  by vectoring pathogen spores and or by creating wound sites for  fungal penetration. Causal agents of plant disease can manipulate plant defense mechanisms such that population development of their arthropod vectors will  be enhanced substantially. In  this  talk we  will  present  results  from  two  studies  on eriophyoid­fungal relationships. The first  on Aceria mangiferae Sayed  and  the  fungal  pathogen Fusarium mangifera{' Britz,  Wingfield  & Marasas in  mango and the second on  the cereal rust mite Abacurus hystrix (Nalepa)  and  rusts  caused by Puccinia spp. Mango bud tissue colonized with  F. mangiferae, and  wheat  and  quackgrass leaves colonized  with  Puccinia spp.,  supported significantly  higher  populations  of  riophyoid mites. Both nite species were observed bearing the spores of  the  respective pathogens on  their  body integument.  Aceria mangiferae vectored  the pathogen's spore into the bud, the sole port of entry for  the  fungal  pathogen and  the  freq  ency  and severity  of  fungal  infection  increased  in  the presence of A.  mangiferae. While  it  appears that eriophyoids  are  playing  a  role  in  fungal epidemiology, further research is  clearly needed to enhance our  understanding of  direct and  indirect (plant  mediated)  interactions  between  plant pathogens and eriophyoid mites in  different plant­pathogen systems.

Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ ｾ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ Ｍ ＭThursday 26, Afternoon, Auditorium - Poster

167 - Assessing the suitability of the Oriental red mite Eutetranychus orientalis (Tetranychidae) as prey for the predatory mite Euseius stipulatus (Phytoseiidae)

A. Garzon-Hidalgo & F. Ferragut

Instituto Agroforestal Meditewineo, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, sin, 46022 Valencia, Spain ([email protected]).

The Oriental red mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Acari: Tetranychidae), is an important pest of citrus but it has also been reported causing d2mage to grapevine, cotton, peaches and pears. It has a worldwide distribution, being found for the first time in southern Spain in 2001. Subsequently, it

spread to the north, reaching the southern citrus crops of the Comunidad Valenciana, the main citrus producing region in Spain. In this area, the predominant phytoseiid mite is Euseius stipulatus (Acari: Phytoseiidae), which plays an important role in keeping the citrus red mite, Panonychus cirri, under control. In order to verify the predatory potential of E. stipulatus on t'. orientalis, developmental time, survivorship and oviposition rate of females on the first seven days of he reproductive period were studied under constant laburatory cunditions (25 ± 1°C, RH 65 ± 5%, photoperiod 16L: 8D h). Mites were kept individually in rearing units with a mixtun; of all developmental stages of prey ad libitum. Developmental time from egg to adult was 6.6 ± 0.7 days for females and 6.3 ± 0.9 for males, with an immature survival of 35%. MOltality was higher during larval period (52.3%), decreasing progressively for protonymphal (26.2%) and deutonymphal stages (21.5%). The percentage of fertile females was about 60%. There was considerable variation between individual females for both preoviposition period and fecundity rate. Preoviposition period (3.8 ± 1.39 days) was abnormally long and ranged from 2 to 6 days. Survivorship of adult females at the end of the seven days was 27%. Total fecundity was very low, reaching 1.1 ± 1. 81 eggs/female, at a rate of 0.4 ± 0.30 ｾ ｧ ｧ ｳ Ｏ ｦ ･ ｭ ｡ ｬ ･ Ｏ ､ ｡ ｹ Ｎ   Sex ratio of the offspring generation was 37.5% of females. During the trials we observed the presence of white coloration in the opisthosoma of many immature stages and adults, caused by large amounts of guanine crystals inside the excretory system which could affect the mite's perfonnance. Some authors have related these symptoms to a deficient diet. These results show that E. stipulatus is able to complete its life cycle when feeding on E. orientalis, despite the high mortality, but its reproductive parameters are very low and the production of eggs almost null, indicating that this prey is not a suitable food for that predator. In the worst case scenario, the spread of the pest throughout the whole citrus production area may disrupt the implementation of IPM programs where E. stipulatus is a key natural enemy of citrus red mite.

Tuesday 24, Afternoon, Room 6

168 - Morphometries and host specificity in Laelapine Mites (Acari: Laelapidae)

XlII lnternalional Congress of Acarology - 91 - August 23-27, 2010; Recife-PI':; Brazil

Of  the  60  species sampled,  15  cnuld  not  be identified to species level. Most of these species are new  species that  needs to  be described. There is currently insufficient taxonomic capacity in  South Africa  with  lack  of  staff,  students and  research funding. Government and funding agencies must be made  aware  of  the  importance  of  classical taxonomy to have credible biology. 

Tuesday 24, Morning, Room 2

204 ­ Steneofarsonemus spinki, field  observations in 2007 and an update on the status in the United States 

N.A.  Hummell,  MJ.  Stoutl , R.  Ochoi,  B.A. Castr03 &  E.M. McDonald4 

'Dept.  of  Entomology, LSU  ａ ｧ ｃ ･ ｮ ｾ ･ ｲ Ｌ   404  Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA  70808, USA ([email protected]);  2Systematic Entomology Laboratory, ARS, PSI, U:;DA,  BARC­West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; 3Dow AgroSciences, Western U.S Research Center, 7521 W. California Ave., Fresno, CA 93706, USA; 4USDA-APHIS, USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Plant Inspection Facility, 19581 Lee Road, Humble, TX 77338, USA.

The panicle rice mite (PRM), Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley (Acari: Tarsonemidae), was found in breeding greenhouses (Arkansas, Louisiana, New York. and Texas) and a few rice fields (Louisiana and Texas) in the United States in the summer of 2007. Subsequently, in 2009, PRM was collected in greenhouses in northern California. This talk will summarize the areas infested, regulatory action initiated and survey efforts conducted in response to the initial reports. Currently, the PRM is listed as a reportable and actionable pest by the USDA­APHIS. The reason for this status is that it has been reported to cause from 5-90% crop losses in the Caribbean region. The PRM is not thought to have the ability to thrive in the temperate climate of the United States. Yet, southwest Louisiana has a sub­tropical climate with high temperatures and high humidity. The PRM thrives under both of these conditions. Furthermore, the PRM has been reported to cause economically significant losses when found in ｡ｾｳｯ｣ｩ｡ｴｩｯｮ   with Burkholderia glumae (bacterial panicle blight) and Sarocladium oryzae (sheath rot) pathogens. Both of these pathogens are present in southwest Louisiana. A

winter survey conducted from 2007 to 2008 found that mites were reduced to undetectable levels before fallow fields were planted in the spring. Mites have not been collected in commercial fields since the initial reports in 2007, but they have reinfested greenhouses.

Tuesday 24, Afternoon, Auditorium - Poster

205 - Some phytophagous mites associated with pomegranate, palm and citrus in southeast Iran

H. Izadi l, A. Asadabadi J, M. Khanjane & A.

Payandeh3

[Department of plant protection, Valie Asr University, Rafsanjan, Iran ([email protected]); 2Department of plant protection, Boali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran; 3Azad Islamic University, Bam, Iran.

During 2009-2010, mite faunal studies were conducted in pomegranate, palm and citrus orchards of Bam townships of southeast of Kerman Province, which resulted in collecting, mounting and identifying 8 species, 8 genera and 3 families. Mites were collected from soil and plants, mounted in Hoyer's medium and examined at 1000x under an Olympus BX50 phase-contrast microscope. All drawings were prepared with a camera lucida. Body length measurements represent the distance between the base of the gnathosoma and the end of the idiosoma, width was measured at the broadest point of the idiosoma, just anterior to legs Ill. Setae were measured from base to tip; distances between setae were measured between setal bases. Families, genera and species are listed below: Tetranychidae: Tetranychus urticae Koch, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), Bryobia praetiosa (Koch), Panonychus citri (McGregor), Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor); Tenuipalpidae: Tenuipalpus punicae (Pritchard & Baker), Dolichotetranychus n. sp.; AC2ridae: Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank).

Tuesday 24, Afternoon, Auditorium - Poster

206 - Some predatory mites associated with pomegranate, palm and citrus from southeast of Iran

!L Izadi I, A. Asadabadi I, M. Khanjani2 & A. Payandeh3

XIIllnternational Congress of Acarology - 112 - August 23-27, 2010: Recife-PE; Brazil

tion  level ｾ   FX3864 of  mite semester. increased reaching 

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vegetation  bordering  the  crop.  Each  sample consisted of seven leaves taken from each of fifteen trees in  each area. The total :"Illmber of mites found on  both  leaf  surfaces was  registered. Data  were analyzed by  ANOVA  to  compare abundance of C. heveae, T. heveae and predators between plantations and between clones. The results suggest that rubber tree  areas surrounded and  bordered by  native vegetation  had  lower  pop  lation  density  of phytophagous mites (F=7.626; p=O.OOl); however, no  differences were observed between plantations for  predator  population  (F=2.241;  p=0.113); phytophagous mites were less abundant on clone MDF  180 than on clone FX  3864 (F=60.462; P= 0.(01). Calacarus heveae was the most abundant specie in  all  studied areas, fdlowed by T. heveae and species of the genus Lorryia (Cooreman, 1958). Phytoseiidae was  the  most  common  family  of predatory mites in  all  plantations, but  the species found  differed  between  plantations.  Leonseius regularis (De Leon,  1965) was the most common phytoseiid  on  rubber  trees  close  to  native vegetation, whereas Euseius alatus De Leon was the most  common in  traditional  rubber tree  system. Other two  most common species also  positively influenced by  the native vegetation, Cunaxatricha tarsospinosa (Castro  & Den  Heyer,  2008) (Cunaxidae) and Agistemus sp. (Stigmaeidae), were three times more abundant in  the  areas close to native vegetation than in areas far :rom the forests. 

Thursday 26, Afternoon, Room 4

342· Raoiella: more than meets the eye 

R.  Ochoa!,  1.1. Beard2,7,  G.R.  Bauchan3,  E.A. Ueckermann4,  W.e. WeIbourns & A.P.G. Dowling6 

[Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, Beltsville,  MD,  USA  ([email protected]); 2Queensland Museum,  PO  :s ox  3300,  South Brisbane,  QLD,  4101,  Australia;  3Electron  & Confocal Microscopy Unit, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland,  20705,  USA;  4AgJicultural  Research Council,  Plant  Protection  Research  Institute, Queenswood, Private  Bag  X134,  Pretoria 0121, South Africa;  SFlorida Department of  Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, PO  Box  147100, Gainesville, FL  32614  USA; 6Department  of  Entomology,  319  Agriculture Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701  USA;  7Department  of  Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 

XIII  International Congre% of Acarology 

20742, USA. 

The chaetotaxy of the palpi, coxae ano tibiae of the legs, the length and type of dorsal setae, as well  as idiosomal  cuticular  patterns  have  been  used diagnostically  for  the  genus  Raoiella. These characters were  interpreted from  slide  mounted specimens using light!  phase contrast microscopy. However,  the  body  shape,  cuticular  patterns, variation  in  chaetotaxy  of  the  palpi  and characteristics of the dorsal setae are often unclear or  difficult  to  see.  The  use  of  confocal  laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and low  temperature scanning electron microscopy (LT­SEM) has led to the  discovery of  novel  characters useful  at  the species  level,  and  has  also  enabled  the  re­interpretation of some previously mentioned characters. For example, the round body reported in some species is an artefact of the slide mounting process, the position and number of setae on the dorsum of the immature stages and adults has been misinterpreted, and the presence of a dorsal plate has been overlooked through the use of conventional light microscopy. The CLSM has helped identify the presence of plates and the LT­SEM has allowed us to see minute details of the stylet tip, segmentation of the palpi, solenidia, cuticular sculpturing, shape and length of dorsal setae, tubercles, and the nature of the empodial complex. In addition, it has enhanced our understanding of the feeding behaviour and host plant associations within the genus.

Monday 23, Afternoon, Room 6

343 - Phylogenetic relationships of the Sarcoptoidea (Acari: Astigmata) parasitic on mammals: evidence for polyphyly of the group

B.M. OConnor & P.B. Klimov

Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA 48109-1079 ([email protected]; [email protected]).

The superfamily Sarcoptoidea comprises 12 families of astigmatiJ mites that are permanent parasites of mammals. We used approximately 5.1 kb of sequence data from 3 genes (28S, 18S rDNA and EF-1a) to test the monophyly of the Sarcoptoidea and that of the Psoroptidia, a group of astigmatid mites that includes most of the permanent parasites of vertebrates and the house

- 185 - August 23-27, 2010; Recife-PE; Brazil

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North  America.  Here,  the  authors are  going  to discuss their experience working with  this predator under  laboratory  and  field  conditions.  The abundance, phenology, behavior, ｲ ･ ｬ ｾ ｡ ｳ ･   for  spider mite control and insecticide resistance of N. fallacis are the topics to be treated in  this article. 

Tuesday 24, Morning, Room 1

539 ­ When a predator becomes a prey: threat-sensitive predator species recognition by prey in an acarine guild 

A.  Walzer & P. Schausberger 

University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Protection, Peter Jordanstrasse 82,  A­1l90  Yie:ma,  Austria ([email protected]). 

Frequently prey  is  faced  with  multiple  predator species, which differ in  their predation risk for prey. Since any  anti­predation behaviour is  traded­off against other fitness related activities, prey should be able to discriminate among high risk and low risk predator species and  adjust  their  anti­predation behaviour  accordingly.  Such  threat­sensitive responses are well  documented in  classical prey-predator interactions, but  not  in  predator­predator ,interactions. The members of phytoseiid mite guilds are  ideal  study  organisms to  evaluate potential threat­sensitive responses of intraguild (IG)  prey to species­specific IG  predation risk.  The predatory mites  Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus alifomicus and Amblyseius andersoni constitute a atural  guild  sharing spider mites  in  Sicily  and 

elsewhere in the world. The small and little  mobile arvae of  P. persimilis are more likely  and more often preyed upon by  the high risk IG predator A. ndersoni than  by  the  low  risk  IG  predator N. ali/amicus. First,  we  measured survival  and 

Yideotaped the  behaviour of  single P. persimilis arvae held on leaf discs in  the presence of only Cues or physical presence of a high or low  risk IG predator female  and  predator absence. 66%  and 21% of the larvae were killed  within 60 minutes in the presence of the high and low  risk IG  predator. Preliminary analyses indicate that the total distance covered  by  IG  prey  larvae  was  sorter in  the presence (cues or  physical) of  the  high  risk  IG predator than in  predator absence whereas it  was longer in  the presence (cues or physical) of the low 

risk IG predator as compared to the control. Thus, it seems that IG  prey larvae are threat­sensiti ve  but respond in  opposite directions relative to  p;­edator absence. In  any case, anti­predation behaviours by larvae were rather inefficient. Second, we assessed oviposition site selection of naive and experienced IG  prey females in  choice experiments using bean leaves with or without cues of the high risk or  low risk  IG  predator.  IG  predation risk  !riggered  a threat­sensitive response in  experienced females, which deposited nearly all  eggs in  the predator free prey  patches. We  conclude that  threat­sensitive oviposition  behaviour  by  experienced IG  prey females is a more ･ ｦ ｦ ｩ ｣ ｩ ･ ｮ ｾ   strategy to reduce the IG predation risk of offspring than direct anti­predation behaviours by the larvae themselves. To the best of our knowledge, our study is  the first  experimental documentation of  learned threat­sensitive species recognition  and  anti­predation  response  in  a predator guild. 

Thursday 26, Moming, Room 4

540 ­ The usual Brevipalpus suspects and their taxonomy (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) 

W.C.  Welbourn l , R.  Ochoa2,  J.  Beard3  & G.R. Bauchan4 

IDivision  of Plant industry, Florida Department of Agriculture &  Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL, USA  ([email protected]); 2Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA,  ARS,  Beltsville, MD, USA; 3Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA; 4Electron &  Confocal  Microscopy Unit,  USDA, ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA. 

The  genus  Brevipalpus has  over  280  species worldwide and includes some of the most important agricultural pests. Many species within  the genus have been consistently confused and misidentified over  the  years.  The  present study  provides  a discussion of  the  characters and  character states used  to  separate  Brevipalpus species.  Low-temperature scanning  electron  microscopy  and traditional light microscopy techniques were used to illustrate the morphological differences between six common pest species (E. phoenicis, E. califomicus, B. obovatus, E. lewisi, B. chilensis and  B. trinidadensis). Morphology  of  the  prodorsum, opisthosoma, and leg chaetotaxy of all  six  species was examined and compared. 

XIlllntemational Congress of Acarology  ­ 291 ­ August 23­27, 2010; Recife­PE; Brazil