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SMALL-SCALE RAINFALL VARIABILITY IN WESTERN PUERTO RICO AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT
Eric Harmsen, Professor
Dept. of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,
University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez
Jarek Cintron
Department of Industrial Engineering, UPRM, [email protected]
Edvier Cabassa
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UPRM, [email protected]
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SITUATION
Rain gauges are the most common means for farmers to determine whether their crops have received sufficient water, and whether supplemental irrigation is needed.
Farmers commonly rely on rainfall information from a single rain gauge on their farm or from a rain gauge located off the farm.
Similarly, university researchers commonly rely on rainfall information from the single rain gauge located on the experimental station.
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But how reliable is rainfall information from a single gauge located, in some cases, several kilometers from a field?
To help answer this question, a rainfall variability study was conducted near the University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez Campus in Western Puerto Rico.
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APPROACH
Twenty-eight rain gauges were installed within a 4 km x 4 km area. Rainfall amounts were measured every 5 minutes between August 2006 and August 2007.
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INSTALLING THE RAIN GAUGES
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STUDY AREA –RAIN GAUGE LOCATIONS
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EQUIPMENT
Watchdog Rain Gauge Watchdog Shuttle
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STUDY AREA – FINAL RAIN GAUGE LOCATIONS
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RESULTS
For the 62 storms evaluated, the average storm rainfall, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum rainfall were 15.94 mm, 11.87 mm, 30.14 mm and 4.53 mm, respectively.
For any single storm the statistics can be more striking, for example, May 24th, 2007, the average storm rainfall, standard deviation, and minimum and maximum rainfall were 55.4 mm, 30.74 mm, 129.4 mm and 28.2 mm, respectively.
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RAINFALL ANIMATION FROM RAIN GAUGES NETWORK
JUNE 27, 2007
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
12:37 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
12:42 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
12:47 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
12:52 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
12:57 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:02 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:07 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:12 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:17 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:22 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:27 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:32 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:37 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:42 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:47 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:52 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
1:57 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:02 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:07 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:12 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:17 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:22 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:27 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:32 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:37 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:42 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:47 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:52 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
2:57 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:02 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:07 PM
Page 43
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:12 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:17 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:22 PM
Page 46
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:27 PM
Page 47
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:32 PM
Page 48
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:37 PM
Page 49
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:42 PM
Page 50
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:47 PM
Page 51
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:52 PM
Page 52
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
3:57 PM
Page 53
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:02 PM
Page 54
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:07 PM
Page 55
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:12 PM
Page 56
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:17 PM
Page 57
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:22 PM
Page 58
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:27 PM
Page 59
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:32 PM
Page 60
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:37 pm
Page 61
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:42 PM
Page 62
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:47 PM
Page 63
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:52 PM
Page 64
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
4:57 PM
Page 65
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:02 PM
Page 66
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:07 PM
Page 67
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:12 PM
Page 68
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:17 PM
Page 69
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:22 PM
Page 70
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:27 PM
Page 71
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:32 PM
Page 72
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:37 PM
Page 73
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:42 PM
Page 74
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:47 PM
Page 75
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:52 PM
Page 76
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
5:57 PM
Page 77
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
6:02 PM
Page 78
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
6:07 PM
Page 79
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
6:12 PM
Page 80
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
6:17 PM
Page 81
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
6:22 PM
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- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
-0.200.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.822.22.42.62.833.23.43.63.844.24.44.64.855.2
6:27 PM
Page 83
mm
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
1 61 82 02 22 42 62 83 03 23 43 63 84 04 24 44 64 85 05 25 45 65 86 06 26 46 66 8
P 1
P 3
P 5P 7
P 1 0P 1 1
P 1 3 P 1 4 P 1 5P 1 6
C 1
C 2
C 3
C 4C 5
C 6
C 7C 8
C 9
C 1 0
C 1 1
C 1 2
- 6 7 . 1 2 5 - 6 7 . 1 2 - 6 7 . 1 1 5 - 6 7 . 1 1 - 6 7 . 1 0 5 - 6 7 . 1
1 8 . 2 1
1 8 . 2 1 5
1 8 . 2 2
1 8 . 2 2 5
1 8 . 2 3
1 8 . 2 3 5
0 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 1 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 2
Total Storm Rainfall
Page 84
RESULTS
These results have implications for scheduling irrigation.
Page 85
IMPLICATIONS OF RAINFALL RESULTS
In the May 24th example previously mentioned, the rainfall gradient was 43.4 mm/km; which means that if a farmer’s field was located 1 km from the rain gauge, the rainfall value would have been in error by 43.4 mm (1.7 inches)!
This result could have lead to a serious over or under estimation of supplemental irrigation.
Page 86
RECOMMENDATION
Every farm should have at least one rain gauge.
Investigators should not assume that the experiment station rain gauge will provide accurate values of rainfall at their experimental plots.
$10 > $1,000
Page 87
Is a $1,000+ weather station worth buying?
Page 88
THE COST OF OVER-APPLYING IRRIGATION WATER
Assume the following: Small 10-acre farm grows pumpkin Estimated consumptive use (CU) for season = 500 mm Actual potential CU for season = 400 mm Overall cost of water = $30/acre-ft (considering only: cost of water and electricity)
Assume the normalized yield vs. CU curve in the next slide is applicable.
Value of a typical Calibaza crop = $3,600/acre.
Page 89
Normalized Crop Yield as a Function of Normalized CU
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Normalized CU
No
rma
lize
d C
rop
Yie
ld
Page 90
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
Results: Excess water applied = 100 mm = 1.07million gallons = 3 acre-ft (lost to groundwater)
Normalized CU = 1.25, therefore normalized yield = 0.9 (or 0.1 loss)
Potential $ LOST = cost of water + lost yield = 3 ac-ft x $30/ac-ft + [0.1*$3600/ac] x 10 ac = $3690
Agr. Chemicals are leached to groundwater (cost was not included in calcluation). Groundwater was potentially contaminated
Page 91
COST OF UNDER-APPLYING IRRIGATION WATER
Assume the following: Same pumpkin farm (10-acres) Estimated CU for season = 300 mm Actual potential CU for season = 400 mm Assume the normalized yield vs. CU curve is applicable.
Value of a typical Calibaza crop = $3,600/acre.
Page 92
EXAMPLE CONTINUED
Results Water deficit = 100 mm With a normalized CU of 0.75, the normalized yield
= 0.85 (or 0.15 loss) Potential $ LOST = lost yield
= [0.15*$3600/ac] x 10 ac = $5,400
Page 93
CONCLUSIONS FROM EXAMPLES
The potential value of the crop may be significantly reduced by over or under-application irrigation water.
When water is over-applied, in addition to the reducing the potential value of the crop, certain costs are also wasted (water, fuel, chemicals, etc.)
Over application of water can lead to degradation of ground and surface waters.
Page 94
Yes!In order to reduce losses related to yield, water, energy and chemicals.
Is a $1,000+ weather station worth buying?
Page 95
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Financial support from:
• USDA-TSTAR • NOAA CREST• NASA EPSCoR • NSF-CASA