03/13/22 Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) KAS3501
GROUP MEMBERS MATRIC NO
MUHAMMAD ASHRAF B ABU BAKAR UK 30009
SALMI BT JAMAL UK 27701
GUNASANGKARI A/P SUBRAMANIAM UK 29550
NOR SYUHADA BINTI MOHD ZAKI UK 29569
NORASHIKIN BINTI OTHMAN UK 29570
AMIRA AQILAH BINTI SAFIAN UK 29527
Group 19
04/15/23
Table of content:i. History of ergonomicii. Objective of ergonomiciii.Types of ergonomiciv.Principle of ergonomicv. Ergonomics injuriesvi.Ergonomic risks factorvii.Benefits of ergonomic
• The word Ergonomics is derived from the Greek words “ergos”
and nomos”.
• “Ergos” means work meanwhile “nomos” means principles of
laws (Evelyn Tan Guat Lin, 1996).
• International Labor Organization (ILO) defines ergonomics as the
application of the human biological sciences in conjunction with
the engineering sciences to the worker and which at the same
time enhances productivity.
History of Ergonomics
• Ergonomics is the science of “designing the job to fit the
worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit the job.
• Ergonomic design reduces risk factors known to contribute to
occupational ergonomic injuries and illnesses, such as sprains
and strains and cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs).
ergonomics
OBJECTIVES OF ERGONOMICS
• To improve the efficiency of operation
by taking into account a typical person's
size, strength, speed, and visual acuity.
• To maximize productivity while lowering
the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders
(MSDs).
Physical ergonomics the human body’s responses to physical and physiological
work loads. Repetitive strain injuries from repetition, vibration, force, and posture fall into this category.
Cognitive ergonomics the mental processes and capacities of humans when at work.
Mental strain from workload, decision making, human error, and training fall into this category.
TYPES OF ERGONOMICS
Organizational ergonomics the organizational structures, policies and
processes in the work environment, such as shift work, scheduling, job satisfaction, motivation,supervision,teamwork, telecommuting, and ethics.
Ergonomic injuries caused by the presence of ergonomic risk factors, including:
Awkward or sustained posturesForceful exertion or strainContact pressureExposure to vibrationExposure to heat or cold
Ergonomic injuries
• Combination of these risk factors that, over time , can lead to pain, injury, and disability.
• Ergonomic injuries may be referred to as:Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSIs),Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs),Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs),Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs), orCumulative Trauma Injuries (CTIs)
• OSHA typically use the term MSD or Musculoskeletal Disorder.
• Ergonomic injuries or MSDs can affect the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage and spinal discs. They can be directly or indirectly related to job duties or the work environment.
• Non-work activities and environments can also impact MSDs. For example, the average employee may spend 6-8 hours of the work day on the computer. With features such as internet shopping, web bill paying, and email that employee will likely spend 2-4 additional hours per day on his or her personal computer.
What are the sign and symptoms of an Ergonomic Injury or MSD?
• Pain in the fingers, wrists, or other parts of the body: may include a dull aching pain, a sharp stabbing pain, or even a burning sensation.
• Tingling or numbness, particularly in the hands or fingers
• Swelling, inflammation, or joint stiffness
• Loss of muscle function or weakness
• Discomfort or pain in the shoulders, neck, or upper or lower back
• Extremities turning white or feeling unusually cold
• General feeling of muscle tightness, cramping, or discomfort
• Clumsiness or loss of coordination
• Range of motion loss
• Discomfort when making certain movements
Risk factors become hazardous when:
there is a longer duration of exposure
Shoulders Working with the hand(s) above the head or the elbow(s) above the shoulder(s)
More than 4 hours total per day
Risk factors become hazardous when:
there is greater intensity
Working with the back bent forwardmore than 30º (without support, or theability to vary posture)
More than 4 hourstotal per day
Back
Working with the back bent forwardmore than 45º (without support or theability to vary posture)
More than 2 hourstotal per day
Risk factors become hazardous when:
there is a combination of risk factors Arms,
wrists, hands
Gripping an unsupported object(s) weighing 10 or more pounds per hand, or gripping with a force of 10 pounds or more per hand (comparable to clamping light duty automotive jumper cables onto a battery)
Highly repetitive motion
More than 3 hours total per day
Wrists bent in flexion 30° or more, or in extension 45° or more, or in ulnar deviation 30° or more
More than 3 hours total per day
Flexion
Extension
Ulnar deviation
30
Repetitive or sustained awkward postures, such as mopping surfaces by bending, positioning the elbow away from body, over-extending during push and pull movements and the figure-eight method, excessive wrist bending and twisting.
To improve postures and reduce the risk of injury:•provide mops with extendable handles•train workers in safe work procedures, for example, mopping small sections to avoid extended reaching, and stepping or shifting legs to avoid twisting the upper body.
Keep your wrist in a neutral position when typing. You may wear a wrist splint to prevent awkward positioning during work. Modify your work station as necessary
Benefits of Ergonomics
Employer1. Improves Employee Engagement
• Can reduce turnover, decrease absenteeism, improve morale and increase employee involvement
2. Creates a Better Safety Culture• Healthy employees are most
valuable asset; creating and fostering the safety & health culture in company will lead to better human performance for organization
3. Improves Quality• By designing a job to allow for
good posture, less exertion, fewer motions and better heights and reaches, the workstation becomes more efficient
Employee1. Increased Savings
• Fewer injuries and workers’ compensation claims
• More productive and sustainable employees
2. Increased Productivity• Reduce the primary risk factors
for MSDs , so workers are more efficient, productive and have greater job satisfaction
3. Increased Morale • Can make employees feel
valued because they know their employer is making their workplace safer
Ergonomics in the workplace in Malaysia
System Components Ergonomics AttributesEquipment Work equipment design, emergency routes, entry and exit
routes, display and control, installation, maintenance
Office Physical space, the components arrangement, working height, seating arrangement, materials movement
Work Process Work process design, methods, materials handling manual, skills requirement, fatigue and rest periods, repetition of work
Environment Noise, temperature, humidity, lighting, dust, pollution, foul vapors, vibration, work floor conditions, hygiene management
Management Plant layouts, ergonomics and safety programs, compliance with occupational safety and health, environmental standards, feedback and attitude
Employee Safety and work training, knowledge, skills, posture, personal protective equipment, pressure, fatigue, job satisfaction
Reference• Oklahoma State University. Defining Ergonomics.
https://ehs.okstate.edu/kopykit/ergo.htm • Jeffrey. E.F., Michael. G. ERGONOMICS IN THE WORKPLACE
http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/nawtec/nawtec08/nawtec08-0019.pdf
• What is ergonomics? (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2015, from http://www.ergonomics.org.uk/learning/what-ergonomics/
• Dan MacLeod,(2008). 10 Priciple of Ergonomic. Retrieved on May 6, 2015, from http://danmacleod.com/ErgoForYou/10_principles_of_ergonomics.htm
• 1.Adrian Hirst, L. M. (2011). Guidance for Occupational Hygienists. England: British Occupational Hygiene Society.
• Dhillon, P. S. (2011). Penyiasatan Kemalangan & Kejadian. Kuala Lupmpur: MSOSH.
• Research, H. (2013). Health and Safety Workplace Case Studies. Canterbury: Pullin Shearing Ltd.
• US Department of Labor. (2000). Ergonomics : The Study of Work. Osha 3125, 2000. Retrieved from www.osha.gov.
• https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/04/15/23