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QualityManagementLecture 3Quality Costs and
Controldoc.dr.sc. Marko Jurevi
prof.dr.sc. Roman Malari
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing
Department of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Concept of Quality Costs
quality costsmeans to quantify the total cost of quality-relatedefforts and deficiencies (Feigenbaum, 1956.)
By classifying quality-related entries from a company's general
ledger, management and quality practitioners can evaluate
investments in quality based on cost improvement and profit
enhancement.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Quality Costs
Feigenbaum defined the following quality cost areas:
Cost Area Description Examples
Costs of control (or
conformance)
PreventionEfforts to keep defects from
occurring
Quality planning
Statistical process control
Training and management in
Quality control (QC)
Product and design related
verification
Quality assurance (QA)
AppraisalInspection test and audits
are used to detect defects
Test and inspection of purchased
materials, final inspection, testing
Maintenance of inspection
equipment
quality audits, laboratoriy tests
Inspection documentation
Quality reports
Costs of failure of control
(non conformance)
Internal failure costs
Defects are caught internally
and dealt with by discarting
or repairing defective items
Scrap, rework, material
procurement costs
Deviation of
output quantities
External failure costsDefects that reach
customers
In- and Out of- Warranty
complaints, product service,
recall, lost of reputation and
customers
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Cost Area and Examples ...
Cost Area Examples
Tangible costsfactory accounts
Extra operations added because of defects; excess
inspection costs; investigation of defects causes;
labour, materials and burden necessary to repair od
scrapp/junk products
Tangible costssales accountsCustomer complaints -> Product discounts
Charges to quality guarantee account
Intangible costs
Delays and stoppages caused by defectives
Customer goodwill
Friction between departments
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Costs of poor quality Cost of poor quality (COPQ) or poor quality costs (PQC), are
defined as costs that would disappear if systems, processes,and products were perfect (H. James Harrington, Poor Quality
Costs, 1987)
Direct poor-quality costs / COPQ:
Controllable poor-quality cost Prevention cost
Appraisal cost
Resultant poor-quality cost
Internal error cost
External error cost
Equipment poor-quality cost
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Costs of poor quality ...
Indirect poor-quality costs
Customer-incurred cost
Customer-dissatisfaction cost
Loss-of-reputation cost
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Nonconformities and Their Economic Effects
some examples (also from the last lecture):
In 2003, Nissan recalls 2.5 mio. carsbecause of an engine problem
Costs: 120 m
On average, 6.2 out of 1,000 pieces of luggage dont make it totheir destinations at Northwest Airlines (USA)
Costs: 250per piece of luggage that issent separately
The Mecedes-Benz A-Class tips over during the moose accidenttest
Costs: Loss of image, costs of about 300 mfor remodeling
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
uality assurance
systematic measurement, comparison with a standard,monitoring of processes* and an associated feedback loop that
confers error prevention.
This can be contrasted with Quality "Control" which is focused
onprocess* outputs.
* processany single business or manufacturing activity thatcontributes to final product (or service)
Quality Process uses a phased approach, designed to support theentire product life cycle from inception, design and development,
through rollout, to updates and support.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
The Triangle of Effects
Quality, costs and time as
equal objectives
Quality
Time Costs
tension
triangle
Quality manager, 1958:
We manufacture high quality products thatjustify their price
Quality responsive excellence as the most
important business objective
Quality
Time Costs
triangle
of effects
Product manager, 2013:
Our products are produced at optimal costs andthey fulfill all quality-related requirements
extension of view
Quality of products Quality of business and continuous process improvement
Example:
OEM: The price of our brake system shall decrease by 5 % per year. End customer: The brake system shall still be free from defects in 5 years.Manufacturer (supplier): If the innovation cant be brought to market within the next 5 months, it wont be relevant until the
following series.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Increase of Process Quality through Avoidance of Waste
7 kinds of waste caused by:
Production
Stocks
Transport
Holding time
Production space
Rework (nonconformity) Transit time
Waste also includes not to use talents, skills and knowledge of allemployees!
Companies should not save on necessary but instead onunnecessary things:
Work that doesn't produce additional value (if it can be avoided)
Faulty work which decreases the value of a product
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Tasks of Quality Controlling
Supply of
informationPlanning and
control Coordination
Provisioning information on quality and coststhat is:
goal oriented
relevant for planning and decision-making retrospective and prospective
Preparation of the
information in the
form of compressedand clear reports
Evaluation of alternative choices of action in all quality-
relevant decisions to reach an optimum of quality costs
Coordination of
activities regarding
quality through plans
and programmes
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Quality Controlling and Cost Accounting
Financialreporting
Accounting
Annual financial
statemet
Balancing
Managerial accountng
Costs and results accounting
Standard costs accounting and budgeting
Difference between actual and target costs
Costcategory
accounting:
Which costs
are incured in
which
amount?
Investment
appraisal and
cash-flow
statement
Financial budgeting
and liquidity planning
Investment
appraisals and cost
effectiveness studies
Cost centre
accounting:
Where are
costs
incurred?
Cost unit
accounting
For what are
costs
incurred?
Quality controlling
Provision of data
Data preparationAppraisal
Coordination
Coordination
needed
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Arithmetic mean
Will-Rogers-Phenomenon
source: RWTH Aachen University
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Causation and Detection of Nonconformities
source: RWTH Aachen University
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Traditional Quality Cost Accounting
Quality costs are interpreted as asurchargeon manufacturing costs
It is misleadingto present the
connection between costs and
quality as a causal link. The costs
are not caused by quality, butrather bynonconformity with
quality standardsduring
production.
Quality costs in the traditional view
deflect attention from real savingspotentials.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Opportunity Costs
Opportunity costs: Profit or benefit of the next best alternative
forgone as the result of making a decision.
Opportunity costs in quality control: are caused by the
behavior of the customer due to low quality, which may lead todissatisfaction, migration to competitors and decrease of the
potential customers willingness to purchase.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Departmentof Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Including Opportunity Costs (Costs of Lost Sales)
source: RWTH Aachen University
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Structure und Classification of Quality Costs
source: RWTH Aachen University
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
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QualityManagementLecture 4Introduction to QualityInfrastructure - Metrology and
Standardsdoc.dr.sc. Marko Jureviprof.dr.sc. Roman Malari
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing
Department of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
WHY A QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE?
Storck Harbourscene
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
uality infrastructure
Quality infrastructure relates to all fields of metrology,standardizationand testing, of quality management and
conformity assessment, including certification and accreditation.
In the past, the abbreviation MSTQ (Metrology, Standardization,
Testing and Quality Assurance) was used for this combinationof single elements
Recommended reading (availabe on QM moodle site):
Dr. Clemens Sanetra, RocoM. Marbn: THE ANSWER TO THE GLOBAL
QUALITY CHALLENGE: A NATIONAL QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Target groups interested in QI Businesses and producers in agriculture, forestry, fisheries, crafts and
trades who will benefit from a trade sector regulated by reliable QI
services Small and medium-sized enterprises - key factor is that they are
enabled to increase sales of their product by being able to provideproof of its quality
Domestic trade and export/import, which rely on testing facilities
Regulators, who can rely on this infrastructure, thus avoidingduplicating facilities and services
Research and development in enterprises, as they will have betteraccess to all components of quality assurance
Scientific and academic communities who are dependent on soundand internationally recognized measurements and testing procedures
Financial institutions who will be more inclined to grant credits toenterprises capable of showing quality certifications
Arbitration bodies in commercial disputes
the entire population
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Challenges from free trade and globalization
All countries should be enabled to enjoy the advantages of globalization
Standards and their enforcement can mean new entry barriers
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Technical barriers to trade
The Agreement on Technical; Barriers to Trade (TBT) is one of the legal texts of the WorldTrade Organization (WTO) Agreement which obliges WTO Members to ensure thattechnical regulations, voluntary standards and conformity assessment procedures do notcreate unnecessary obstacles to trade
The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade tries to ensure that regulations, standards,testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles, while also
providing members with the right to implement measures to achieve legitimate policyobjectives, such as the protection of human health and safety, or the environment.
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tbt_e/tbt_e.htm
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Need for national quality infrastructure
A national quality infrastructure is essential in breaking down
technical barriers to trade. It is thus the key to the greaterintegration of the partner countries into the international tradingsystem
Bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements make more andmore reference to recognized technical competence through
equivalent QI structures. For instance, the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to
Trade (TBT) states clearly that Central Government Bodiesshall ensure acceptance of conformity assessment proceduresbased on adequate technical competence and verifiedcompliance through accreditations. This is a requirement thatcannot be fulfilled without having an internationally recognizedQI structure in place.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
National Quality Infrastructure ... requires at lest:
national standards organization - support setting up standards, give access to existing
standards and it can help entrepreneurs in the use of standards to meet therequirements set up by their national and international clients
national metrology institute - custodian of the national measurement standards withtheir international traceability and it transfers this traceability to secondary andindustrial measurement standards as well as eventually offering reliable calibrationservices at a reasonable cost
accreditation body - ensure the technical competence of laboratories, of inspectionbodies, and of the quality certifications granted in the country
totally independent, technical, not political
National
Standards Body
National
Metrology InstituteNational
Accreditation Body
National Quality Infrastructure
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Access to international markets and preservation of
domestic markets
Globalization means thatparticipation in markets is more and
more decided based on quality of
the products and services, rather
than on their price.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Harmonizing conformity assessment procedures around the
world has far-reaching benefits for international trade in
general.
Agreements among nations or regions on the mutual
acceptability of requirements, assessment methods, inspection
or test results, etc., can all help to reduce or remove so-calledtechnical barriers to trade. These are procedures or
requirements relating to importation and to market access that
vary from country to country and may bar a foreign product
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
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For the domestic market, the national quality infrastructure has,
amongst other things, a protective function. It provides the
necessary structure for effective market monitoring and for
consumer protection To ensure fair trade, both imports and local production must be
strictly submitted to the same rules; this protects domestic
producers and at the same time provides incentives for their
competitiveness.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Consumer protection (health, safety, environment)
The national legislature is responsible for the definition of the
desired level of protection of the country and its people.
it provides them with a basis for selecting products or services.They may have more confidence in products or services that
bear a mark or certificate of conformity that attests to quality,
safety or other desirable characteristics.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
National QI tasks
a national quality infrastructure shoud be capable of:
ensuring access to traceable calibrations (for instance, through a
National Metrology Institute),
ensuring internationally recognized accreditations (for instance,
through a national accreditation body), compliance with international requirements (ISO standards,
CODEX),
traceability of its national measurement standards,
participation in international intercomparisons, mutual recognition with other countries.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Metrology, calibration and legal metrology
The role of metrology is easily seen in the following:
No quality without quality control,
no quality controlwithout measurements,
no measurementswithout calibration, no calibrationwithout accredited laboratories,
no accredited laboratorieswithout traceability,
no traceabilitywithout measurement standards,
no measurement standardswithout metrology.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Metrology
metrologyis the science of correct and reliable measurements
a distinction is made between:
scientificmetrology (development of primary measurement
standards or primary methods), industrialmetrology (proper maintenance and control of industrial
measurement equipment including calibration of instruments and
working measurement standards), and
legalmetrology (verification of instruments used in commercial
transactions, according to criteria defined in technical regulations).
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Some metrology terms Metrologyis the science of measurement. Metrology includes all theoretical and practical aspects of
measurement.
Measurement(from Old French, mesurement) is the assignment of numbers to objects or events;determination or estimation of ratios of quantities, quantitative attributes are those possible tomeasure, at least in principle
Quantityis a property that can exist as a magnitude or multitude.
Measurand is a quantity intended to be measured.
Influence Quantity is a quantity that is not the measurand but that affects the result of themeasurement (for electric devices, typical influence quantities may be temperature, humidity,pressure)
Measurement methodis a logical sequence of actions, described in general, used for measurement Measurement procedureis a detailed described sequence of actions needed for single
measurement according to specific measurement method
Measurement uncertaintyis a non-negative parameter characterizing the dispersion of the valuesattributed to a measured quantity
True value is the value that would be obtained by a perfect measurement, i.e. in an ideal world; valuethat is in conformance with the definition of a physical quantity
Accuracydescribes how closely a measurement comes to the true value of a physical quantity
(example, a collection of resistors all marked 1 kwill have a range of values, but the mean valueshould be 1 k. You can have more confidence in a number of measurements of a sample rather thanan individual measurement. The variation enables you to identify a mean, a range and the distributionof values across the range)
Precision: The closeness of agreement between replicate measurements on the same or similarobjects under specified conditions.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
... metrology terms
Repeatabilityor reproducibility(precision): The extent to which ameasurement replicated under the same conditions gives a consistentresult. Repeatabilityrefers to data collected by the same operator, inthe same lab/same conditions, over a short timescale.Reproducibilityrefers to data collected by different operators, indifferent laboratories/conditions.
Standardis an object, system, or experiment that bears a definedrelationship to a unit of measurement of a physical quantity
reference standard or prototype for the kilogram is the InternationalPrototype Kilogram (IPK), a one kilogram mass of a platinum-iridium alloykilogram maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesuresin
Svres, France. the reference standard for the meter is no longer defined by a physical
object. In 1983, the standard meter was redefined as the distance lighttravels in a vacuum during 1/299,792,458 of a second.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
National Metrology Institute every country has a National Metrology InstituteNMI, which is
responsible for the development and maintenance of the national
measurement standards in physical and chemical quantities. when they are declared as the national measurement standard of a
nation, they represent the countries capability
national custodian and verifier of reference standards and as such itmust obtain, conserve, develop and disseminate the basic
measurement units and the highest level of calibration standards. provides traceability to the national system and it ensures that
international technical guidelines are followed for the metrologicalperformance and testing procedures of measuring instrumentssubject to legal controls, and from the point of view of manufacturers
it ensures that their products meet international specifications formetrological performance and testing
examples: NIST (USA), NPL (GB), CMI (Croatia), PTB (Germany),AIST, KRISS...
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
NMI functions
it is the primary metrology laboratory; as such it develops national measurementstandards and disseminates their exactitude to industry and users in the country,
it establishes and maintains the national measurements system, giving technical supportto the network of secondary and tertiary laboratories,
it provides traceability to the national system and through it to the international system,
it offers technical support to industry in everything related to measurements, referencematerials, calibrations and data to establish traceability of their measurements,
it participates in modernization and technology transfer between academia, industry andgovernment, contributing to reinforce the scientific and technical infrastructure required byindustry to compete in the present global markets,
it supports development of reference standards and the national system of standards,
it facilitates international harmonization and compatibility of measurements,
it represents the country in the regional metrology organization RMO and the worldwidemetrology system coordinated by BIPM,
it participates in internationally organized intercomparison measurements, and
together with the national accreditation body it organizes national intercomparison
measurements for calibration laboratories in the country.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Traceability and calibration
International quality standards (ISO 9000, ISO/IEC 17025, etc)require traceability of measurements
concept of traceability means an uninterrupted chain of
comparison measurements with increasingly higher accuracy
instruments (smaller measurement uncertainty), starting at theinstrument used in industry up to the national measurement
standard.
This regularly repeated measurement to compare a measuring
instrument against a measurement standard with higheraccuracy is called calibration.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Traceability
Example: the Croatian national measurement standards of a Croatian NMI are
traceable to the German national metrology institute PTB, whichdemonstrates competence through participation in worldwide
intercomparison measurements. Croatian NMI demonstrates its competence by participating in international
and/or regional intercomparison measurements.
http://www.bipm.org/en/bipm/calibrations/traceability.html
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Example: Distribution of the Value of Mass
source: http://www.bipm.org/
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
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Example: Calibration Traceability
source: http://www.bipm.org/
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
(Inter)National Measurement Traceability for example, in order to ensure that dimensions of supplied automotive parts
or threshold values of contaminants in food products meet the requirementsexactly, measurements have to be as accurate as necessary for thepurpose. Additionally, it has to be borne in mind that every measurement hasan "uncertainty", as do test results and analytical research, due to statistical,human, or technical deviations
primary measurement standards are those that are a materialized measure,measurement instrument or system, or reference material, that defines or
materializes a given measurement unit, and as such they do not themselvesrequire traceability.
other levels require traceability to a primary standard, with a descendingorder of uncertainties of measurement. Maintenance of some of the primarymeasurement standards requires quite stringent conditions.
metrology institutes in countries with little demand or relatively low
uncertainty requirements do not necessarily have primary standards as theirnational measurement standards, as long as theirs are traceable to aninternationally recognized NMI with primary standards. They must guaranteereliable traceability, and intercomparison measurements will vouch for theirtechnical competence.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
MRA and key comparisons
NMI envolved in CIPM KCNMI envolved in CIPM KC and RMO KC
NMI envolved in RMO KC
NMI envolved in BIPM KC
NMI envolved in bilateral KC
International organization signing MRA
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Josephson device (KRISS)
http://www.kriss.re.kr
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Josephson device in Croatia
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
Calibration and Measurement Capabilities Assessments by peer groups and successful results of comparison
measurements are prerequisites to be accepted by the club
members. A key criterion is not the highest precision of measurementbut the highest reliability of the declared measurementcapabilities.
These so-called Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMC)are listed in a database administered by the BIPM in Paris andpublished on the Internet.
The database is frequently updated and extended; it shows thenational measurement capabilities of each country for physicalquantities and it has recently been extended to chemical quantitiesrelated to analytical capabilities e.g. for the determination of heavymetals, pesticides or antibiotics.
These data play an important role in international trade when it comesto the level of contaminants in agricultural or food products whereinternationally recognized certificates are required.
free trade agreements are beginning to refer to these measurementcapabilities.
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University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, Department
of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
OIML - International Organization of Legal Metrology
an intergovernmental treaty organization which: develops model regulations, standards and related
documents for use by legal metrology* authorities andindustry,
provides mutual recognition systems which reduce tradebarriers and costs in a global market,
represents the interests of the legal metrology communitywithin international organizations and forums concernedwith metrology, standardization, testing, certification andaccreditation,
promotes and facilitates the exchange of knowledge andcompetencies within the legal metrology communityworldwide,
cooperates with other metrology bodies to raise awarenessof the contribution that a sound legal metrologyinfrastructure can make to a modern economy.
OIML is an international standard-setting body in thesense of the WTO's Technical Barriers to Trade
Agreement. OIML publications should therefore be applied, when
appropriate, by all signatories of the TBT Agreementwhen developing technical regulations
http://www.oiml.org/en/about/about-oiml
* Legal metrology is the
application of legal
requirements tomeasurements and
measuring instruments.
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The Convention of the Metre, 1875
is a diplomatic treaty which gives authority to the General
Conference on Weights and Measures (ConfrenceGnraledes Poids et Mesures, CGPM), the International Committee for
Weights and Measures (ComitInternational des Poids etMesures, CIPM) and the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, BIPM)to act in matters of world metrology, particularly concerning the
demand for measurement standards of ever increasing
accuracy, range and diversity, and the need to demonstrate
equivalence among national measurement standards.
Representatives of seventeen nations signed the Convention in
Paris, in 1875.
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The Convention of the Metre, 1875
source: http://www.bipm.org/
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BIPM
BIPM - The International Bureau of Weights and Measures
(BIPM) was set up by the Metre Convention and has itsheadquarters near Paris, France. It is financed jointly by its
Member States and operates under the exclusive supervision of
the CIPM.
Its mandate is to provide the basis for a single, coherent system
of measurements throughout the world, traceable to the
International System of Units (SI). This task takes many forms,
from direct dissemination of units (as in the case of mass and
time) to coordination through international comparisons of
national measurement standards (as in electricity and ionizingradiation).
http://www.bipm.org/en/bipm/
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CIPM-Comit international des poids et mesures
The CIPM is made up of eighteen individuals, each of a
different nationality. Its principal task is to promote world-wide
uniformity in units of measurement and it does this by direct
action or by submitting draft resolutions to the General
Conference (CGPM).
The CIPM meets every year (since 2011 in two sessions per
year) and, among other matters, discusses reports presented to
it by its Consultative Committees.
http://www.bipm.org/en/committees/cipm/
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CGPM - Confrence Gnrale des Poids et Mesures
The General Conference on Weights and Measures (Confrence
Gnraledes Poids et Mesures, CGPM) is made up of delegates ofthe governments of the Member States and observers from theAssociates of the CGPM.
The General Conference receives the report of the InternationalCommittee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) on work accomplished;it discusses and examines the arrangements required to ensure the
propagation and improvement of the International System of Units(SI); it endorses the results of new fundamental metrologicaldeterminations and various scientific resolutions of internationalscope; and it decides all major issues concerning the organizationand development of the BIPM, including the dotation of the BIPM.
The CGPM meets in Paris, usually once every four years; the 24thmeeting was held from 17-21 October 2011.
http://www.bipm.org/en/convention/cgpm/
SI I i l S f U i
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SI, International System of Units The 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 adopted the name
SystmeInternational dUnits(International System of Units, internationalabbreviation SI), for the recommended practical system of units of measurement
defines rules for the prefixes, the derived units, and other matters
Metal bar, Pt-Ir, 1889-1960
Modern definition of meter
SI B U i
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SI Base Units Base units are a choice of seven well-defined units, which by
convention are regarded as dimensionally independent:
the metre, the kilogram,
the second,
the ampere,
the kelvin, the mole, and
the candela
all other units of measure can be derived from the base units
Derived units are those formed by combining base unitsaccording to the algebraic relations linking the correspondingquantities
http://www.bipm.org/en/si/
SI b i
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SI base units
Unit name Unit Symbol Quantity name Definition
metre m length The distance travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299792458second.
kilogram kg mass The mass of the International Prototype Kilogram
second s time
The duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom
ampere A electric current
The constant current which, if maintained in two straightparallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular
cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would
produce between these conductors a force equal to
2107newtons per metre of length
kelvin Kthermodynamic
temperature
The fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature
of the triple point of water
mole mol amount of substanceThe amount of substance of a system which contains asmany elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012
kilogram of carbon 12
candela cd luminous intensity
The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source
that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 5401012hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of
1/683 watt per steradian.
N d it d i d f SI b it
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Named units derived from SI base unitsName Symbol Quantity
Expressed in
terms of
other SI units
Expressed in
terms of
SI base units
radian rad angle 1 m/m
steradian sr solid angle 1 m2/m2
hertz Hz frequency s1
newton N force, weight kgms2
pascal Pa pressure, stress N/m2 kgm1s2
joule J energy, work, heat Nm kgm2s2
watt W power, radiant flux J/s kgm2s3
coulomb Celectric charge or quantity of
electricitysA
volt Vvoltage (electrical potential
difference), electromotive forceW/A kgm2s3A1
farad F electric capacitance C/V kg1m2s4A2
ohm electric resistance, impedance,
reactanceV/A kgm2s3A2
siemens S electrical conductance A/V kg1m2s3A2
weber Wb magnetic flux Vs kgm2s2A1
tesla T magnetic field strength Wb/m2 kgs2A1
henry H inductance Wb/A kgm2s2A2
degree Celsius C temperature relative to 273.15 K K
lumen lm luminous flux cdsr cd
lux lx illuminance lm/m2 m2cd
becquerel Bq radioactivity (decays per unit time) s1
gray Gy absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation) J/kg m2s2
sievert Svequivalent dose (of ionizing
radiation)J/kg m2s2
katal kat catalytic activity s1mol
N SI it t d f ith SI
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Non-SI units accepted for use with SI
the CIPM has recognised that some non-SI units still appear in the
scientific, technical and commercial literature, and will continue to beused for many years to come
Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI (minute, hour, day,
degree of arc, minute of arc, second of arc, hectare, litre and tonne)
Non-SI units whose values in SI units must be obtained
experimentally(electronvolt, dalton/unified atomic mass unit,
astronomical unit, speed of light, Planck constant and electron mass)
Other non-SI units (bar, millimetre of mercury, ngstrm, nauticalmile, barn, knot, neper and [deci]bel )
Non-SI units associated with the CGS and the CGS-Gaussiansystem of units (erg, dyne, poise, stokes, stilb, phot, gal, maxwell,
gauss and rsted)
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Importance of nits
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Importance of unitsMars Climate Orbiter, 1998
due to complications arisen from
human error, the spacecraftencountered Mars at a lower thananticipated altitude anddisintegrated due to atmosphericstresses.
the flight system software on the
Mars Climate Orbiter was writtento take thrust instructions usingthe metric unit newtons (N), whilethe software on the ground thatgenerated those instructions usedthe Imperial measure pound-force(lbf). This error has since beenknown as the "metric mixup" andhas been carefully avoided in allmissions since by NASA.
Regional metrology organizations (RMOs)
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Regional metrology organizations (RMOs)
Apart from the internationally operating CIPM the continents
have set up Regional Metrology Organizations (RMO), to
compare and harmonize their metrological systems.
The relevant RMO for the Europe is EURAMET, for Asian
countries is called Asia Pacific Metrology Program (APMP), inLatin America it is the SIMSistema Interamericano deMetrologa; Inter-American Metrology System.
http://www.bipm.org/en/practical_info/useful_links/rmo.html
EURAMET
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EURAMET
http://www.euramet.org/
The European Association of National Metrology Institutes(EURAMET) is a Regional Metrology Organisation (RMO) of Europe
coordinates the cooperation of National Metrology Institutes (NMI) ofEurope in fields like research in metrology, traceability ofmeasurements to the SI units, international recognition of nationalmeasurement standards and related Calibration and Measurement
Capabilities (CMC) of its members. Through Knowledge Transfer andcooperation among its members EURAMET facilitates thedevelopment of the national metrology infrastructures.
responsible for the elaboration and execution of the EuropeanMetrology Research Programme (EMRP)which is designed toencourage collaboration between European National Metrology
Institutes (NMIs) and partners in industry or academia. Theprogramme funds joint research projects in specific fields of metrologywith over 50 projects selected for funding so far and many moreexpected over the coming years.
EURAMET
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EURAMET
EURAMET
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EURAMET
12 Technical Commitees (TC)
TC-AUV: Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration TC-EM: Electricity and Magnetism
TC-F: Flow
TC-IR: Ionising Radiation
TC-L: Length
TC-M: Mass and Related Quantities
TC-MC: Metrology in Chemistry
TC-PR: Photometry and Radiometry
TC-T: Thermometry
TC-TF: Time and Frequency TC-IM: Interdisciplinary Metrology
TC-Q: Quality
Mutual recognition agreement (MRA)
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Mutual recognition agreement (MRA)
mutual recognition agreement (MRA)is an international
agreement by which two or more countries agree to recognizeone another's conformity assessments.
At a meeting held in Paris on 14 October 1999, the directors of
the national metrology institutes (NMIs) of thirty-eight Member
States of the BIPM and representatives of two internationalorganizations signed a Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM
MRA) for national measurement standards and for calibration
and measurement certificates issued by NMIs. A number of
other institutes have signed since then.
http://www.bipm.org/en/cipm-mra/
Conformity assessment
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Conformity assessment Conformity assessment, also known as compliance assessment is any
activity to determine, directly or indirectly, that a process, product, or service
meets relevant technical standards and fulfills relevant requirements
Conformity assessment activities may include:
Testing
Surveillance
Inspection Auditing
Certification
Registration
Accreditation
the World Trade Organisation (WTO) governs conformity assessmentthrough the Agreement on Mutual Recognition in Relation to Conformity
Assessment (Signed July 4, 2000)
Certification
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Certification certificationconfirms conformity with requirements defined in written standards.
recognition can be achieved by using standards and assessment procedures which areimplemented worldwide (ISO-Standards, Codex Alimentarius recommendations, etc.).
a third party assessment of the competence of the Certification Body and regularsurveillance visits by an accreditation body will confirm reliability and facilitate internationalrecognition
Different kinds of certifications are known: Certification of management systems - management systems demonstrate that the enterprise in
question has implemented procedures to structure and document its administration andmanagement processes:
Quality Management Systems according to the ISO 9000 series Environmental Management Systems according to the ISO 14000 series
Occupational Health and Safety Systems according to the OHSAS 18000 series
Hygienic Systems: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control PointHACCP
Certification of products proves that production processes, contents, properties, etc. of a product comply with the
requirements of a written standard CE: European Union Compliance Mark
VDE: Electrical Equipment Quality Mark GS: Safety Certification
Organic or Bio product certification
GMO (Genetically Modified Organisms)
Halal (Muslim food requirements)
Kosher (Jewish Food requirements)
Accreditation
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Accreditation Accreditation and Certification are often confused or seen as
equivalent, which is a misconception.
much more than a certification
Accreditationis the procedure by which an authoritative body
gives formal recognition that a body or person is competent to
carry out specific tasks.
accreditations are granted in many different fields.
a typical structure of an accreditation body might comprise
departments for the accreditation of:
Testing and calibration laboratories according to ISO/IEC 17025
Inspection Bodies according to ISO/IEC 17020
Certifying Bodies for Environmental Management Systems
according to ISO/IEC 17021
Standards?
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Standards?
Example: various
telephone plugs
Standardization and International standards
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Standardization and International standards
standard(another similar definition) is a document,established by consensus and approved by arecognized body, that provides, for common andrepeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics foractivities or their results, aimed at the achievement ofthe optimum degree of order in a given context.
International standards: developed by international standards organizations.
International standards are available for considerationand use worldwide.
may be used either by direct application or by a process ofmodifying an international standard to suit local conditions
if adopted, result in the creation of national standards thatare substantially the same as international standards intechnical content, but may have (i) editorial differences as to appearance, use of symbols
and measurement units, substitution of a point for acomma as the decimal marker, and
(ii) differences resulting from conflicts in governmentalregulations or industry-specific requirements caused byfundamental climatic, geographical, technological, orinfrastructural factors, or the stringency of safetyrequirements that a given standard authority considersappropriate
Standardization and International standards
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Standardization and International standards
International standards are one way of overcoming technical
barriers in international commerce, caused by differencesamong technical regulations and standards developedindependently and separately by each nation, nationalstandards organization, or company
standards can vary in two major respects:
the typeof agreement
the numberof people, organizations or countries who wereinvolved in making the agreement.
In some standards, the type of agreement essentially amounts
to advice and guidance; others are much more prescriptive andset out absolute requirements that have to be met if a userwishes to make a claim of compliance with the standard.
Standardization and International standards
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Standardization and International standards
Croatian (HR), British (BS), German (DIN) ... other national
European (EN) and
internationalstandards (ISO/IEC) are developed according to
strict rules to ensure that they are transparent and fair private/internalcompany standards
The standards infrastructure is responsible for producing:
full consensus documents, i.e. standards; and partial consensus documents
Examples of full consensus standards
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Examples of full consensus standards
Examples of full consensus standard:
British Standard (BS), which can take the form of a specification,
method of test, vocabulary, code of practice or guide
European standard (EN)
international standard International Organization forStandardization (ISO) or International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC)
Related publications:
Draft for development (DD)
Guide European Committee for Standardization CEN/CLC, or
ISO Technical specification CEN/CLC/TS, ISO or IEC/TS
Technical report CEN/CLC/TR, ISO or IEC/TR
Standards Hierarchy
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Standards Hierarchy
Companies
Industry
R
ecognized
contractors suppliers
APIEEMUA UKOOA
ASME
National ANSI BS
Regional CEN /CENELEC
International ISO / IEC
Vienna agreementon technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN
operators
OGP
otherEuropean
HRN
Categories of standards - function
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Categories of standards - function standards can be categorized according to the function they need to
perform:
most common is the Specification(a highly prescriptive standard settingout detailed absolute requirements) commonly used for product safety purposes or for other applications
where a high degree of certainty and assurance is required by its usercommunity
Codes of practice recommend sound good practice as currentlyundertaken by competent and conscientious practitioners. drafted to incorporate a degree of flexibility in application, whilst offering
reliable indicative benchmarks.
commonly used in the construction and civil engineering industries.
Methods- highly prescriptive, setting out an agreed wayof measuring,testingor specifyingwhat is reliably repeatable in different circumstancesand places, wherever it needs to be applied.
Vocabulary- a set of terms and definitions to help harmonize the use oflanguage in a particular subject or discipline.
Guides- published to give less prescriptive advice which reflects thecurrent thinking and practice amongst experts in a particular subject.
Some technical standard organisations
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Some technical standard organisations International standards organizations
ANSI American National Standards Institute
BIPM, CGPM, and CIPM Bureau International des Poids et Mesures and therelated organizations established under the Metre Convention of 1875. DCMI Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Ecma International Ecma International (previously called ECMA) IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE-SA IEEE Standards Association
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU The International Telecommunication Union TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association
WMO World Meteorological Organization W3C World Wide Web Consortium
Regional (European) standards organizations CEN European Committee for Standardization CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ISO International Organization for Standardization
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ISO - International Organization for Standardization
International Organization for Standardization - an internationalstandard-setting body composed of representatives from variousnational standards organizations
ISO was founded on 23 February 1947
the organization today known as ISO began in in 1906. asInternational Electrotechnical Commission; 1926 as theInternational Federation of the National Standardizing
Associations (ISA) (focus: mechanical engineering) currently headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland
WWW: http://www.iso.org
voluntary organization; members are recognized authorities onstandards, each one representing one country
products: international standards
technical reports, technical specifications, publicly availablespecifications, technical corrigenda, and guides
ISO structure
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ISO structure
CASCOConformity assessmentCOPOLCOConsumer Policy
DEVCODeveloping country matters
REMCOCommittee on reference materials
http://www.iso.org/
ISO organization
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ISO organization
strategic decisions are referred to ISO members, who meet for an
annual General Assembly Members review proposals developed by the ISO Council, which
resembles the board of directors of a business organization, withmembers drawn from the membership as a whole.
The ISO Council meets three times a year, and its members arerotated to ensure that it is representative of ISO's membership.
Operations are managed by the Secretary-General, whoseappointment is permanent.
The Secretary-General reports to the President, who is a prominentfigure in standardization or in business and is elected for two years.
The Secretary-General is based at the ISO Central Secretariat in
Geneva, Switzerland, with a compact staff, which providesadministrative and technical support to ISO members, coordinates thedecentralized standards' development programme and publishes theoutput.
Member categories of ISO
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Member categories of ISO Membership in ISO is open to national standards institutes or similar
organizations that are most representative of standardization in their country(one member in each country).
ISO members are divided into three categories: Member bodies - "full member", is the national body "most representative of
standardization in its country". Only one full member for each country isaccepted for membership in the ISO. Member bodies are entitled toparticipate and exercise full voting rights on any technical committee or policycommittee of ISO.
Correspondent members - usually an organization in a country that doesnot yet have fully developed national standards activities. Correspondentmembers do not take an active part in the technical and policy developmentwork, but are entitled to be kept fully informed about the work of interest tothem.
Subscriber membership has been established for countries with very smalleconomies. Subscriber members pay reduced membership fees thatnevertheless allow them to maintain contact with internationalstandardization activities.
http://www.iso.org/iso/home/about/iso_members.htm
ISO standards designation
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ISO standards designation
International standards are designated with the format ISO[/IEC][/ASTM] [IS] nnnnn[-p]:[yyyy] Title
nnnnn - number of the standard
p - optional part number
yyyy - year published
Title - describes the subject
IECis included if the standard results from the work of ISO/IEC JTC1(the ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee)
ASTM(American Society for Testing and Materials) is used forstandards developed in cooperation with ASTM International
Examples:
ISO/IEC TR 17799:2000 Code of Practice for Information Security
Management ISO/TR 19033:2000 Technical product documentation Metadata for
construction documentation
How does ISO develop standards?
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How does ISO develop standards? If an industry or business sector needs a new standard, it should
communicate the requirement to one of ISO's national members.
The member then proposes the new work item to the ISO. If accepted, the work item is assigned to an existing technical committee.
Proposals may also be made to set up technical committees to cover newscopes of technological activity. In order to use resources most efficiently,ISO only launches the development of new standards for which there isclearly a market requirement.
ISO standards are developed by technical committees (TC), subcommittees(SC), working groups (WG) and study groups (SG).
These groups are comprised of experts on loan from industrial, technical andbusiness sectors who have requested the standards, and will subsequentlyput them to use.
The experts may be joined by others with relevant knowledge, such asrepresentatives of government agencies, testing laboratories, consumerassociations, environmentalists, .... They participate as national delegations,chosen by the ISO national member institute for the country concerned.
How does ISO develop standards?
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How does ISO develop standards?
International Standards are developed by a process with six steps: Stage 1: Proposal stage
Stage 2: Preparatory stage
Stage 3: Committee stage
Stage 4: Enquiry stage
Stage 5: Approval stage
Stage 6: Publication stage
TC/SC may set up working groups (WG) of experts for thepreparation of a working drafts
Subcommittees may have several working groups, which can haveseveral Sub Groups (SG)
http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development.htmhttp://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards_development/resources-for-technical-work/stages_of_the_development_of_international_standards.htm
National contribution in global standardization
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National contribution in global standardization
Characteristics of ISO standards
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Characteristics of ISO standards key criteria for ISO standards are that they should be
equal- every participating ISO member institution has the right to take part inthe development of any standard which is judged to be important to itscountry's economy
voluntary ISO has no legal authority to enforce their implementation.
Some ISO standards (mainly concerned with health, safety or environment) havebeen adopted in some countries as part of their regulatory framework, or arereferred to as the technical basis for legislation.
Using ISO standards is a sovereign decision made by the regulatory authorities orgovernments; ISO itself does not regulate or legislate.
they may become a market requirement (example: the case of ISO 9000 qualitymanagement systems or of dimensions of freight containers and bank cards).
market-driven- ISO develops only those standards for which there is amarket requirement
consensual- the fact that they are developed in response to market demandand are based on consensus among the interested parties ensureswidespread applicability of the standards.
international- ISO standards are technical agreements that provide theframework for compatible technology worldwide
Some popular ISO standards
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Some popular ISO standards
ISO 9000 - Quality management
ISO 14000 - Environmental management
ISO 22000 - Food safety management
ISO 20121 - Sustainable events
ISO 26000 - Social responsibility
ISO 31000 - Risk management
ISO 50001 - Energy management
ISO 27001 - Information security
ISO 3166 - Country codes
ISO 4217 - Currency codes
ISO 639 - Language codes
http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards.htm
IEC - International Electrotechnical Commission
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IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
the leading global organization that prepares and
publishes international standards for all electrical,electronic and related technologies
cooperates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization(ISO) and the International
Telecommunication Union(ITU) officially founded in June 1906, in London, England
in 1938, IEC produced the first edition of the International
Electrotechnical Vocabulary(IEV)
in 1948, the IEC Central Office moved from London toGeneva, Switzerland
http://www.iec.ch/
CENELEC - European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
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p
European Committee for
Electrotechnical Standardization
a non-profit technical organization
created in 1973 as a result of the merger of two previous European
organizations: CENELCOM and CENEL
is responsible for standardization in the electrotechnical engineering
field creates market access at European level but also at international
level, adopting international standards wherever possible, through its
close collaboration with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC), under the Dresden Agreement
composed of the National Electrotechnical Committees of 22
European countries
http://www.cenelec.eu
CEN - European Committee for Standardization
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CEN European Committee for Standardization
fr. ComitEuropennede Normalisation
officially created as an international non-profit association based in
Brussels on 30 October 1975
major provider of European Standards and technical specifications
only recognized European organization according to Directive
98/34/EC for the planning, drafting and adoption of European
Standards in all areas of economic activity with the exception of
electrotechnology (CENELEC) and telecommunication (ETSI)
33 National Members work together to develop voluntary EuropeanStandards (ENs)
http://www.cen.eu
EN, the European Standard
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EN, the European Standard European Standards (EN) are documents that have been ratified by one of
the 3 European Standards Organizations, CEN, CENELEC or ETSI
designed and created by all interested parties through a transparent,consensual process
key component of the Single European Market
Internal Regulations, Part 3, states that the EN (European Standard) carrieswith it the obligation, in accordance with IR Part 2, to be implemented atnational level, by being given the status of a national standard and bywithdrawal of any conflicting national standards
must be transposed into a national standard in all member countriesguarantees that a manufacturer has easier access to the market of all theseEuropean countries when applying European Standards
Member countries must also withdraw any conflicting national standard: theEN prevails over any national standard
http://www.cen.eu/cen/products/en/pages/default.aspx
ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
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ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
produces globally-applicablestandards for Information
and Communications Technologies (ICT),including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internettechnologies
produces standards and specifications supporting EU and EFTApolicy issues such as the New Approach, other EU legislation (e.g.Electronic Fee Collection, the interoperability regulation under theSingle European Sky (SES) initiative, the Electronic CommunicationNetwork and Services Framework Directives), mandated activity andother EU initiatives (e.g. Strategy 2020 and Digital Agenda)
recognized by the European Union as a European StandardsOrganization
not-for-profit organization with more than 700 ETSI memberorganizations drawn from 62 countries across 5 continents world-wide
http://www.etsi.org/
ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute
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S e ca a o a S a da ds s u e
founded on October 19, 1918 as a private, not-for-profit organization
is the official U.S. representative to the International Organization forStandardization (ISO) and, via the U.S. National Committee, the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
a member of the International Accreditation Forum (IAF)
regionally, the Institute is the U.S. member of the Pacific Area
Standards Congress (PASC) and the Pan American Standards
Commission (COPANT). ANSI is also a member of the Pacific
Accreditation Cooperation (PAC) and via the ANSI-ASQ National
Accreditation Board (ANAB), a member of the Inter American
Accreditation Cooperation (IAAC)
http://www.ansi.org
Q li
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Quality
ManagementLecture 6Laboratory Accreditationand Mutual Recognition
doc.dr.sc. Marko Jurevi
prof.dr.sc. Roman Malari
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing
Department of Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Measurements, 2013
The Influence of Metrology on Trade
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gy
Metrology = foundation of quality; has a very close relation to
standardization
Metrology (includes testing instruments, testing methods and
testing standards) plays a very important role in international
trade
The process of the dissemination of the value of quantity is to
transmit gradually, through the different grade standards, thevalue reproduced by the national or international primary
standard to the measuring instruments and tools in the
laboratory
dissemination of the value of quantity is the fundamentalwork of metrology and the most important part of legal
metrology
Accreditation
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laboratory is an institute that calibrates and tests the procedure
of experimental certification The aim of the existence of laboratory is to provide society with
accurate and credible testing data and results
Laboratory Accreditationprovides a means of determining
the competence of laboratories to perform specific types oftesting, measurement and calibration.
general requirements for laboratory accreditation are contained
in ISO/IEC 17025 (contains quality system requirements and
technical requirements that the laboratories must meet) Ofcourse, laboratory accreditation requirements go beyond just
ISO/IEC 17025
Benefits of Laboratory Accreditation
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by obtaining accreditation, a laboratory will gain following
benefits:
enhancing the laboratory competence in order to be recognizednationally and internationally;
increasing the confidence in and the reliability of test results or
calibration results generated by the accredited laboratory
acceptance of testing and calibration certificates from accreditedlaboratories in countries who are members of APLAC and ILAC
Mutual Recognition Arrangements;
facilitating trade in national and international markets;
reducing technical barriers to trade, by eliminating the need for
repeated testing in the importing country;
the accredited laboratory will be used as a testi