Era06

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The Great Global Convergence

1400 1800 C.E.

Big Era Six

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The Great Global Convergence

Welcometo

Big EraSix!

Big Era Sixlasted from

1400 to 1800CE.

97Era 6Era 3 Era 5Era 4 8

Today

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What was global convergence?

Convergemeans to

cometogether.

Change acceleratedwhen people,

resources, and ideas

from the whole worldcame together.That made the worldmore like we know ittodaymore modern!

Accelerate meansto speed up.

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Sciences, philosophy, and the arts

flowered in Europe after 1400.

Knowledge of the Ancientsentered Europe during the12th century. Its originswere Greek, Arabic, Chinese,and Indian. It contained allnatural sciences, math,

applied sciences, andphilosophy.

Scholarsflocked toSpain in the

1100s totranslatebooks fromArabic toLatin.

Scholars

representedtheheritage ofancient and

easternknowledge

as agiant.

Europeans

had somecatchingup to do.

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Rise of European Universities

Demand for educationstimulated the growthof Europeanuniversities in major

towns.

These universitiesintroduced newknowledge into the

curriculum.

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Printing technology spread from China to Europe.European and Korean artisans invented printing

with moveable metal type at about the same time.

Gutenbergs printingpress with moveabletype could reproducepages quickly, addingwoodcut illustrations.

By the time heinvented hisprinting press,papermaking had

spread to Europe. In the first century of

printing, thousands ofbooks were sold andadded to Europes

growing libraries.

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Religious institutions and ideaschanged with the times

International religious institutions developed,such as Sufi orders in Islam, Catholic and

Protestant missionary orders in Christianity, andMuslim reformist groups in Africa and Arabia.

Martin Luther challenged the Catholic

Churchs authority and brought on theProtestant Reformation after 1517. Hetranslated the Bible into German.

Political leaders took sides, spawningEuropean religious and national conflicts that

lasted more than a centuryto the mid-1600s. Neo-Confucian

doctrines werechallenged by WangYangming (1472-1529) and his

followers,emphasizing rationalthought andreflection.

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Asian commercial and politicalvoyages on the seas

continued.

Ottoman naval vessels patrolledthe Mediterranean, the Black

Sea, and the Indian Ocean.

Zheng He, Admiralof the Ming fleet,made seven

voyages around theIndian Ocean.

Indian Ocean traderoutes attractedmerchants as they hadfor centuries.

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Technologies from Afroeurasia led to newEuropean ship designs in the 15th century.

Chinesesternpost

rudder

Arablateen sailChinese

compass

Muslim portolan

charts and maps

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Columbus1492

Vasco daGama1498

Magellan1519

After 1415, European mariners made voyagesacross the seas toward east and west. By 1519,Spanish ships had circumnavigated the globe.

Others set out in search of wealth and adventure.

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AztecEmpire

MayanStates

IncaEmpire

Spanish conquistadors ended Aztec andInca rule and claimed their lands in

Mesoamerica and Andean South America.

In 1492, twomajor empires

in the Americas,

the Aztecs andthe Inca, ruledmany people.

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From 1400 to 1800the rate of changeaccelerated morerapidly in many

areas of humanactivity.

Ideas &Inventions

States &Empires

Trade &

Manufacturing

Population &Environment

Global convergence sped up thedynamic of world change.

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The GreatDying

The Great Dying was caused by

smallpox and other disease germscarried by the conquerors. NativeAmericans had no immunity to thesediseases.

By some accounts, the population of

the Americas fell from 22 million in1500 to less than 1 million in 1640.


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Europeans broughtAfrican slaves across theSouth Atlantic to labor inthe colonies. The Atlantic

slave trade grew fromabout 1,000 per year in

the early 1500s to nearly

80,000 per year at theend of the 1700s.


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The Columbian Exchange

Plants, animals, and micro-organisms of Afroeurasia were

exchanged with those of the Americas across the oceans.


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The Columbian Exchange

New crops likepotatoes and beansspread andimproved nutritionworldwide.

Luxury products likecoffee, chocolate,tea, tobacco, and

spices meant newcultural habits forthose with moneyto spend.

Population &

Environment

i l h l d
http://www.superluminal.com/cookbook/gallery_ottoman_coffeehouse.html

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Global cash cropswere grown onlarge plantationswith slave labor.

Caribbean sugar plantation1600s

Environmental changes resultedfrom introducing new species

Livestock

introduced to theAmericas changedindigenous groupsways of life.

Plains woman hunting buffalo1800s


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mining

boiling sugar

Deforestation intensified with growth inmining, shipbuilding, and plantation

agriculture.Population &Environment

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World population grew a lotduring Big Era Six

Population change in millions, 1400-1800 CE

0

100

200300

400

1400 CE 1600 CE 1800 CE

China

India

Europe

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America

The number of people inthe world increased about2 times between 1400

and 1800 CE

Growth differedamong world

regions.


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Islam and Christianity spreadwith empires, trade, and

migration.

Traders and Sufi ordersspread Islam in Africa andAsia. The Ottoman Empireexpanded into eastern Europe,

and Islam spread into theBalkans.

Catholic missionaries andreligious orders followed thespread of empires in Asia,Africa, and the Americas.

Protestants colonized NorthAmerica.


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Printed books carried moreand more information.

Ideas &Inventions Page numbers, indexing,

and other citation systemsbecame common.

Rich illustrations

stimulated interest inliteracy and learning.

Scientists shared detaileddiagrams to replicate

experiments andinstruments.

Sharp, accurateengraved

illustrations helpedspread innovativeinventions rapidly.

Copernicus Galileo and Kepler proved

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Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler provedthat the earth was not the center of theuniverse but the Church opposed the

idea.You mean

Im not thecenter of

everything?!

Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition, apainting by Cristiano Banti, 1857

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Mapsreflecteddiscovery

andcolonization.

and helpedexchanges ofknowledge

among people

in the world.

Ideas &

Inventions

Maritime

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Maritimetechnologies

continued to improve

after 1500.Mapping world windpatterns and oceaniccurrents.

Ships were fully riggedwith sails for speed andhandling.

Ships grew larger &stronger (500 tons in1450 to 2000 tons by1590).

The sextant greatlyimproved navigation atsea.

Cannons and ammunitionimproved.

Ideas &

Inventions

Trade encircled the

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Trade encircled theglobe.

Trade &Manufacturing

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Global artistic influences led tonew European industries.

Ottoman and Persianceramics led to HollandsDelft stoneware industry.

Chinese influence led Englishmanufacturers to try to makechina after they found the rightclay.

Trade &Manufacturing

Chinese silks and Indiancottons led to building ofEnglish and French textilefactories.

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Accountants learned double-entrybookkeeping with Arabicnumerals.

Commercial law protected privateproperty and investments.

More efficient bureaucracies andtaxation increased the power ofthe governments purse.

European monarchs issuedcharters to colonize overseas.

Jurists experimented with civiland constitutional law.

Banking and law servednew demands.Trade &

Manufacturing

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Large bureaucraticstates in Afroeurasiaused gunpowder and

artillery to expandtrade and win

territory in severalparts of Afroeurasia.

Big Era Six

was thefirst age ofglobal

empires.

States &

Empires

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Persian, Indian, Turkish,Chinese, Japanese, andEuropean artisansexperimented with steelproduction for weapons.

Land and maritimeempires battled over

control of trade,resources, andterritory.

Gunpowder empires inAsia, Africa, and

Europe honed skills inproduction of artillery

and handguns.

States &

Empires

States and Empires in 1519 CE

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States &

Empires


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States &

Empires


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States &

Empires


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States &

Empires

Monarchs claimed

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Monarchs claimedabsolute power.

States &

Empires

Louis XIVFrance

1643-1715

Catherine the GreatRussia

1762-1796

Elizabeth IEngland

1558-1603

Philip IISpain

1556-1598

Xizong

Ming China1620-1627

Shah Abbas

Persia1587-1629

Jahangir

India1605-1627

Sleyman

Ottoman Empire1520-1566

Ch ll t b l ti f

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Charles I, beheaded in 1649Charles I

1625-1649

King George III

1760-1820

Rebellion in American

Colonies 1776

Challenges to absolutism came from newelites with ideas about human rights.

French Revolution1789

Louis XVI1775-1793

States &

Empires

Summary: global convergence led

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Environmental change accelerated with theColumbian Exchange, intensified resourceexploitation, and continuing deforestation.

World population increased owing to

improved nutrition and migration. But Africagained only slowly due to slavery, andnative Americans suffered massivepopulation losses because of Old Worlddisease pathogens.

Science, technology and culturaldevelopment expanded with the inventionof printing and new knowledgeinstitutionslibraries, universities, and

museums.

Summary: global convergence ledto accelerating world change.

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Summary: global convergence ledto accelerating world change.

World trade volume increased dramaticallyand began to shift its center from Asia tothe Atlantic region.

States increased their power withgunpowder conquests and new sources ofmercantile wealth.

In Europe rising economic elites enjoyed

growing wealth, which led them tochallenge old landed aristocracies andmonarchs.

I Bi E Si

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Is Big Era Sixthe Modern World?

Are wethereyet?

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Historians argue whether the world

became modern in Big Era Six.

Do you thinkhuman societywas there

yet in Big Era

Six?

Wait untilyou seeBig Era

Seven!

Modernity meansadvanced, continuoushuman development in

science, technology,

standards of living, andsocial organization.

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End of Big Era Six

Era06

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