ERA OF SOCIAL CHANGE LATINOS & NATIVE AMERICANS CHAPTER 31, SECTION 1.

ERA OF SOCIAL ERA OF SOCIAL CHANGECHANGE

LATINOS & NATIVE LATINOS & NATIVE AMERICANS CHAPTER 31, AMERICANS CHAPTER 31,

SECTION 1SECTION 1

VOCABULARYVOCABULARY

CESAR CHAVEZCESAR CHAVEZ UNITED FARM WORKERS UNITED FARM WORKERS

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE (U.F.W.O.C.)(U.F.W.O.C.)

LA RAZA UNIDALA RAZA UNIDA AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT

(A.I.M.)(A.I.M.)

MAJOR DATESMAJOR DATES

1966: U.F.W.O.C. FOUNDED1966: U.F.W.O.C. FOUNDED 1968: 1968:

CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACTEDUCATION ACT

A.I.M. FOUNDEDA.I.M. FOUNDED 1973: A.I.M. LEADS WOUNDED KNEE 1973: A.I.M. LEADS WOUNDED KNEE

STANDOFFSTANDOFF

AMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATIONAMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION

BACKGROUND:BACKGROUND: ““LATIN” AMERICANS HAVE DIVERSE LATIN” AMERICANS HAVE DIVERSE

BACKGROUNDS:BACKGROUNDS: MEXICOMEXICO PUERTO RICOPUERTO RICO CUBACUBA C. AMERICAC. AMERICA S. AMERICAS. AMERICA

““LATINO” POPULATION HAS STEADILY GROWN IN LATINO” POPULATION HAS STEADILY GROWN IN U.S.U.S.

1960’s: LATINO POPULATION GROWS FROM 3 1960’s: LATINO POPULATION GROWS FROM 3 TO 9+ MILLIONTO 9+ MILLION

WHERE? SPECIFIC PARTS OF U.S. HAVE SEEN WHERE? SPECIFIC PARTS OF U.S. HAVE SEEN HIGHEST GROWTH; HIGHEST GROWTH; SEE GRAPH, P. 921SEE GRAPH, P. 921

CITIES: L.A., NYC, MIAMI, CHICAGOCITIES: L.A., NYC, MIAMI, CHICAGO OTHER AREAS: SOUTHWESTERN U.S.OTHER AREAS: SOUTHWESTERN U.S.

CA, AZ, NM, NV, TXCA, AZ, NM, NV, TX

AMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATIONAMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION WHY? MANY REASONSWHY? MANY REASONS

ECONOMIC: EX.: 1940s/50s: MEXICAN LABORERS, ECONOMIC: EX.: 1940s/50s: MEXICAN LABORERS, BRACEROSBRACEROS, COME TO WORK U.S. AGRICULTURE, COME TO WORK U.S. AGRICULTURE

POLITICAL: EX.: CUBAN REVOLUTION FORCES MANY TO POLITICAL: EX.: CUBAN REVOLUTION FORCES MANY TO FLORIDAFLORIDA

WAR/CHAOS: EX.: C. AMERICAN REFUGEES FROM WAR/CHAOS: EX.: C. AMERICAN REFUGEES FROM DICTATORSHIPS / CIVIL WARSDICTATORSHIPS / CIVIL WARS

FAMILY: EX.: MEXICAN FAMILIES SETTLE IN U.S. FAMILY: EX.: MEXICAN FAMILIES SETTLE IN U.S. BORDER STATES / CITIESBORDER STATES / CITIES

PROBLEMS?PROBLEMS? YES:YES:

DIFFICULTY W/ LANGUAGE BARRIERDIFFICULTY W/ LANGUAGE BARRIER LACK OF TECHNICAL SKILLS / TRAININGLACK OF TECHNICAL SKILLS / TRAINING ETHNIC PREJUDICEETHNIC PREJUDICE

RESULT? UNEMPLOYMENT 50% HIGHER THAN WHITE RESULT? UNEMPLOYMENT 50% HIGHER THAN WHITE AMERICANSAMERICANS

JOB OPPORTUNITIES OFTEN APPEAR IN LOWER PAYING JOB OPPORTUNITIES OFTEN APPEAR IN LOWER PAYING OCCUPATIONSOCCUPATIONS

BARRIOSBARRIOS BECOME CULTURAL NEIGHBORHOODS BECOME CULTURAL NEIGHBORHOODS

AMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATIONAMERICA’S LATIN AMERICAN POPULATION LATINO’S FIGHT FOR CHANGE:LATINO’S FIGHT FOR CHANGE:

WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS? 1960’s: LATINOS DEMAND MORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY 1960’s: LATINOS DEMAND MORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY

& CULTURAL RESPECT& CULTURAL RESPECT CESAR CHAVEZCESAR CHAVEZ & DOLORES HUERTA ESTABLISH THA & DOLORES HUERTA ESTABLISH THA

NATIONAL FARM WORKERS UNION (1962)NATIONAL FARM WORKERS UNION (1962) 1966: 1966: UNITED FARM WORKERS ORGANIZING UNITED FARM WORKERS ORGANIZING

COMMITTEECOMMITTEE (U.F.W.O.C.) (U.F.W.O.C.) FOUNDEDFOUNDED WHAT DO THEY WANT?WHAT DO THEY WANT?

SOCIAL & ECONOMIC JUSTICE FOR FARM WORKERSSOCIAL & ECONOMIC JUSTICE FOR FARM WORKERS WANT U.F.W.O.C. TO BE THE BARGAINING AGENT FOR WANT U.F.W.O.C. TO BE THE BARGAINING AGENT FOR

FARM WORKERS, ESPECIALLY IN THE S.W.FARM WORKERS, ESPECIALLY IN THE S.W. DID WHAT?DID WHAT?

CHAVEZ BELIEVES IN NON-VIOLENT (LIKE MLK, Jr.) CHAVEZ BELIEVES IN NON-VIOLENT (LIKE MLK, Jr.) METHODS TO GET RESULTSMETHODS TO GET RESULTS

CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. ORGANIZE NATION-WIDE BOYCOTTS CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. ORGANIZE NATION-WIDE BOYCOTTS OF GRAPES & OTHER FARM PRODUCEOF GRAPES & OTHER FARM PRODUCE

RESULTS?RESULTS? 1970: GRAPE GROWERS OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZE 1970: GRAPE GROWERS OFFICIALLY RECOGNIZE

U.F.W.O.C. U.F.W.O.C. FARM WORKERS GET HIGHER WAGES & OTHER BENEFITSFARM WORKERS GET HIGHER WAGES & OTHER BENEFITS CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. BECOME POWERFUL CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. BECOME POWERFUL

REPRESENTATIVES OF THE LATINO COMMUNITYREPRESENTATIVES OF THE LATINO COMMUNITY

Cesar Chavez & RFKCesar Chavez & RFK Cesar Cesar Chavez Stamp Chavez Stamp

MIGRANT FARM WORKERSMIGRANT FARM WORKERS

OTHER CULTURAL EFFECTSOTHER CULTURAL EFFECTS CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. INFLUENCE OTHER CHAVEZ & U.F.W.O.C. INFLUENCE OTHER

LATINO GROUPSLATINO GROUPS PUERTO RICAN COMMUNITY IN N.Y. MAKE PUERTO RICAN COMMUNITY IN N.Y. MAKE

EDUCATION DEMANDSEDUCATION DEMANDS EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?

BILINGUAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITYBILINGUAL EDUCATION OPPORTUNITY LATINO CULTURE COURSESLATINO CULTURE COURSES

RESULT?RESULT? 1968: CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT1968: CONGRESS PASSES BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT ACT PROVIDES FUNDS FOR BILINGUAL EDUCATION ACT PROVIDES FUNDS FOR BILINGUAL EDUCATION

PROGRAMSPROGRAMS OTHER CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS:OTHER CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS:

““CHICANOS”CHICANOS” : TERM USED BY MEXICAN-AMERICANS : TERM USED BY MEXICAN-AMERICANS FOR THEMSELVESFOR THEMSELVES

MORE EDUCATIONAL DEMANDS AT HIGH SCHOOLS & MORE EDUCATIONAL DEMANDS AT HIGH SCHOOLS & UNIVERSITIESUNIVERSITIES

LATINOS & POLITICSLATINOS & POLITICS LATINOS GET AND EXERCISE MORE POLITICAL POWERLATINOS GET AND EXERCISE MORE POLITICAL POWER WHEN? 1960’sWHEN? 1960’s HOW? LATINOS WORK TO WIN SUPPORT FOR LATINO HOW? LATINOS WORK TO WIN SUPPORT FOR LATINO

ISSUES & CANDIDATESISSUES & CANDIDATES EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?

MEXICAN AMERICAN POLITICAL ASSOCIATION MEXICAN AMERICAN POLITICAL ASSOCIATION (M.A.P.A.)(M.A.P.A.)

DID WHAT?DID WHAT? SPONSORED CANDIDATESSPONSORED CANDIDATES 1961: HELPED GET 11961: HELPED GET 1stst LATINO, HENRY GONZALEZ LATINO, HENRY GONZALEZ

(TX), ELECTED TO CONGRESS(TX), ELECTED TO CONGRESS REGISTERED VOTERSREGISTERED VOTERS LOBBIED FOR LEGISLATION THAT BENEFITS LOBBIED FOR LEGISLATION THAT BENEFITS

LATINOSLATINOS LA RAZA UNIDA (THE UNITED PEOPLE PARTY)LA RAZA UNIDA (THE UNITED PEOPLE PARTY) DID WHAT?DID WHAT?

WAS AN INDEPENDENT LATINO POLITICAL PARTYWAS AN INDEPENDENT LATINO POLITICAL PARTY RAN LATINO CANDIDATES FOR POLITICAL OFFICESRAN LATINO CANDIDATES FOR POLITICAL OFFICES

NATIVE AMERICAN ISSUESNATIVE AMERICAN ISSUES NATIVE AMERICANS HAVE WIDESPREAD NATIVE AMERICANS HAVE WIDESPREAD

DIVERSITY:DIVERSITY: EXAMPLES:EXAMPLES:

IROQUOISIROQUOIS (EASTERN U.S.) (EASTERN U.S.) CHEROKEECHEROKEE (SOUTHERN PLAINS) (SOUTHERN PLAINS) SIOUXSIOUX (NORTHERN PLAINS) (NORTHERN PLAINS) NAVAJONAVAJO (SOUTHWEST) (SOUTHWEST)

NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCES EXIST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCES EXIST BETWEEN GROUPS (LIKE LATINO BETWEEN GROUPS (LIKE LATINO POPULATION)POPULATION)

PROBLEM?PROBLEM? MOST NATIVE AMERICANS SHARED A BLEAK MOST NATIVE AMERICANS SHARED A BLEAK

EXISTENCE, REGARDLESS OF THEIR GROUPEXISTENCE, REGARDLESS OF THEIR GROUP 1960’s: MANY N.A. GROUPS BEGIN TO 1960’s: MANY N.A. GROUPS BEGIN TO

DEMAND BETTER TREATMENT & CONDITIONSDEMAND BETTER TREATMENT & CONDITIONS

NATIVE AMERICAN ISSUESNATIVE AMERICAN ISSUES UNDER U.S. GOV’T., NATIVE AMERICANS UNDER U.S. GOV’T., NATIVE AMERICANS

EXPERIENCE MAJOR PROBLEMS:EXPERIENCE MAJOR PROBLEMS: EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?

THE HIGHEST POVERTY RATETHE HIGHEST POVERTY RATE THE HIGHEST UNEMPLOYMENT RATETHE HIGHEST UNEMPLOYMENT RATE MOST LIKELY TO SUFFER SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS MOST LIKELY TO SUFFER SERIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS

(ALCOHOLISM, TB, ETC.)(ALCOHOLISM, TB, ETC.) INFANT MORTALITY (2x NATIONAL AVERAGE)INFANT MORTALITY (2x NATIONAL AVERAGE) LOWER LIFE EXPECTANCY THAN AVERAGE AMERICANSLOWER LIFE EXPECTANCY THAN AVERAGE AMERICANS LOW EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENTLOW EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT EXTREMELY POOR LIVING CONDITIONS ON EXTREMELY POOR LIVING CONDITIONS ON

RESERVATIONSRESERVATIONS MORE PROBLEMS: MORE PROBLEMS:

1953: TERMINATION POLICY: EISENHOWER and HOG 1953: TERMINATION POLICY: EISENHOWER and HOG ADMINISTRATION ATTEMPTS RELOCATIONOF N.A. INTO ADMINISTRATION ATTEMPTS RELOCATIONOF N.A. INTO U.S. CITIESU.S. CITIES

COMPLETE FAILURECOMPLETE FAILURE

NATIVE AMERICAN OBJECTIVESNATIVE AMERICAN OBJECTIVES WHAT DO THE N.A. WANT?WHAT DO THE N.A. WANT?

DON’T WANTDON’T WANT FORCED FORCED ASSIMILATIONASSIMILATION INTO INTO U.S. SOCIETYU.S. SOCIETY

DO WANT DO WANT MORE ABILITY TO CONTROL THEIR MORE ABILITY TO CONTROL THEIR OWN LIVESOWN LIVES

DO WHAT?DO WHAT? 1961: CHICAGO: REPS. OF 67 N.A. NATIONS 1961: CHICAGO: REPS. OF 67 N.A. NATIONS

SIGN SIGN DECLARATION OF INDIANDECLARATION OF INDIAN PURPOSEPURPOSE DOES WHAT? DOES WHAT?

CALLS FOR GREATER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ON CALLS FOR GREATER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ON RESERVATIONSRESERVATIONS

END TO ASSIMILATION POLICIESEND TO ASSIMILATION POLICIES EFFECT?EFFECT?

1965: LBJ’s GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAM ESTABLISHES 1965: LBJ’s GREAT SOCIETY PROGRAM ESTABLISHES NATIONALNATIONAL COUNCIL ON INDIAN OPPORTUNITYCOUNCIL ON INDIAN OPPORTUNITY

COUNCIL IS U.S. GOV’T. AGENCY TASKED WITH COUNCIL IS U.S. GOV’T. AGENCY TASKED WITH ADDRESSING N.A. ISSUESADDRESSING N.A. ISSUES

NATIVE AMERICAN PROTESTNATIVE AMERICAN PROTEST MANY N.A. ANGRY ABOUT SLOW PACE OF GOV’T. MANY N.A. ANGRY ABOUT SLOW PACE OF GOV’T.

REFORMREFORM 1968: MINNEAPOLIS, MN.: 1968: MINNEAPOLIS, MN.: AMERICAN INDIANAMERICAN INDIAN

MOVEMENT (A.I.M.)MOVEMENT (A.I.M.) FOUNDED FOUNDED A.I.MA.I.M.: PURPOSE?.: PURPOSE?

DEFENSE AGAINST POLICE BRUTALITYDEFENSE AGAINST POLICE BRUTALITY DEMANDING RESTORATION OF N.A. LANDS, BURIAL DEMANDING RESTORATION OF N.A. LANDS, BURIAL

GROUNDS, FISHING & TIMBER RIGHTSGROUNDS, FISHING & TIMBER RIGHTS MORE RESPECT FOR N.A. CULTUREMORE RESPECT FOR N.A. CULTURE

OTHER PROTEST GROUPS?OTHER PROTEST GROUPS? 1969: “INDIANS OF ALL TRIBES” SEIZE ALCATRAZ 1969: “INDIANS OF ALL TRIBES” SEIZE ALCATRAZ

ISLAND (CA)ISLAND (CA) CLAIMED ISLAND WAS N.A. LAND BY RIGHTCLAIMED ISLAND WAS N.A. LAND BY RIGHT

A.I.M. LOGOA.I.M. LOGO

A.I.M. FLAGA.I.M. FLAG

A.I.M. PROTESTSA.I.M. PROTESTS 2 MAJOR PROTESTS:2 MAJOR PROTESTS:

1972: “TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES”1972: “TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES” CALLED FOR RESTORATION OF 110 MIL. ACRES CALLED FOR RESTORATION OF 110 MIL. ACRES

OF N.A. LAND TO N.A. TRIBESOF N.A. LAND TO N.A. TRIBES 1973: WOUNDED KNEE, S.D.1973: WOUNDED KNEE, S.D. WHAT HAPPENED?WHAT HAPPENED?

SIOUX PROTESTED LIVING CONDITIONS ON SIOUX PROTESTED LIVING CONDITIONS ON RESERVATIONSRESERVATIONS

A.I.M. ACTIVISTS SEIZED THE TOWN, TOOK A.I.M. ACTIVISTS SEIZED THE TOWN, TOOK HOSTAGESHOSTAGES

10 WEEK STANDOFF10 WEEK STANDOFF SHOOTOUT W/ FBI; 1 KILLED, 1 WOUNDEDSHOOTOUT W/ FBI; 1 KILLED, 1 WOUNDED

RESULT? GOV’T. PROMISES TO REEXAMINE RESULT? GOV’T. PROMISES TO REEXAMINE N.A. RIGHTSN.A. RIGHTS

WOUNDED KNEE, 1973WOUNDED KNEE, 1973

Native American ProtestersNative American Protesters

FBI & PoliceFBI & Police

SharpshootersSharpshooters

RESULTSRESULTS N.A. DID ACHIEVE N.A. DID ACHIEVE SOMESOME REFORMS REFORMS EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?

1971: ALASKA NATIVE LANDS CLAIM SETTLEMENT1971: ALASKA NATIVE LANDS CLAIM SETTLEMENT 40 MIL. ACRES GIVEN TO N.A.40 MIL. ACRES GIVEN TO N.A. $962 MIL. PAID OUT TO N.A. PEOPLE IN CASH$962 MIL. PAID OUT TO N.A. PEOPLE IN CASH

1972: INDIAN EDUCATION ACT1972: INDIAN EDUCATION ACT 1975: INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION & 1975: INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION &

EDUCATION ASSISTANCE ACTEDUCATION ASSISTANCE ACT SO WHAT? N.A. GROUPS SLOWLY GAIN…SO WHAT? N.A. GROUPS SLOWLY GAIN…

FINANCIAL COMPENSATION FOR PAST WRONGS FINANCIAL COMPENSATION FOR PAST WRONGS LEGAL RECOGNITION OF TRIBAL LANDSLEGAL RECOGNITION OF TRIBAL LANDS

RESULTS?RESULTS? ““BROWN POWER” BROWN POWER” LATINO MOVEMENTS GAIN LATINO MOVEMENTS GAIN

POWERPOWER N.A. NATIONS GAIN MORE RIGHTS & N.A. NATIONS GAIN MORE RIGHTS &

OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITY