Equality and Its Immoral Limits by O.G. Rose

7/21/2019 Equality and Its Immoral Limits by O.G. Rose

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Dqulcjty lk` Jts Jaahrlc CjajtsHk @yklaje Rrhedssds lk` Dxjstdktjlc Tkedrtljkty

H.I. _hsd

Ahrlcjty `dnjkds tfd plrladtdrs hn dqulcjty lk` l shejdty‚s ahrlcjty `dnjkds th wfhadqulcjty js dxtdk`d`. Pfhuif kht lcc shejdtjds lirdd hk wflt ehkstjtutds aur`dr, lcc shejdtjds

lirdd aur`dr js wrhki lk` tflt dqulcjty lk` thcdrlked lrd kht th od dxtdk`d` th tfhsd wfhehaajt tfd erjad. Uhejdtjds rdl`jcy `jserjajkltd liljkst aur`drdrs= tfdy lrd japrjshkd` lk` pukjsfd`. Pfd aur`drdr, jk efhhsjki th aur`dr, efhhsds th flvd fjs hr fdr dqulcjty `dkjd`. Zdttfjs `jserjajkltjhk jsk‚t l `dkjlc hn tfd pdrshk‚s fualkjty7 hk tfd ehktrlry, dqulcjty js `dkjd`

prdejsdcy odelusd tfd shejdty sh rdspdets tfd fualkjty lk` luthkhay hn jts jk`jvjùlcs tflt jterdltds l systda hn clws jk hr`dr th prdsdrvd jt lk` th odsthw jk`jvjùlcs wjtf tfd efhjed lk`lojcjty th ijvd jt up (oy ordlgjki tfhsd clws). Pfjs `dkjlc lk` tfd ehksdqudkeds lrd l sjik hnrdspdet= jk`jvjùlc luthkhay js sh efdrjsfd` tflt tfd jk`jvjùlc aly efhhsd th dnnled jt (tfhuiftflt jsk‚t th sly shejdtjds `dsjrd ukclwnuc letjhk). Jk htfdr whr`s, tfd jk`jvjùlc js nrdd (th od

nrdd) nrha nrdd`ha (tfhuif tflt jsk‚t th sly ukclwnuc lets `hk‚t rjiftcy dktljc ehksdqudkeds). Hkcy jk l shejdty js tfd ‖nrdd`ha th ijvd up nrdd`ha‚ phssjocd= wfdrd tfdrd lrd kh clws,

jk`jvjùlcs aust od nrdd (lk` sh elkkht od nrdd nrha nrdd`ha).< Jk tfjs sdksd, fualks elkkht odls nrdd hutsj`d shejdty ls tfdy elk od wjtfjk jt7 nurtfdrahrd, nrdd`ha elkkht od ls adlkjkinuc,nhr tfhsd wfh aust od nrdd elkkht od `dnjkd` nrha tfhsd wfh efhhsd th od nrdd. Nhred` nrdd`haelusds dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, nhr tfd pdrshk nhred` th od nrdd elkkht sly nhr surd tflt fd hr sfdwlkts th od nrdd. Yfdrd tfdrd js kh shejdty, jk`jvjùlcs elkkht efhhsd cjodrty lk`/hr od nrddjk/nrha nrdd`ha.

Pfd nlet tflt fualks lrd japrjshkd` nhr aur`dr wfjcd lkjalcs lrd kht jsk‚t odelusd tfd

shejdty vlcuds lkjalcs lohvd fualks, out dxletcy tfd hpphsjtd. Odelusd lkjalcs lrd `dkjd`dqulcjty wjtf fualks (lt cdlst hk l shejdtlc cdvdc), lkjalcs elkkht od (`jserjajkltdcy)japrjshkd`7 lkjalcs lrd uttdrcy nrdd= tfdy elk aur`dr lk` dlt hkd lkhtfdr, vjhcltd hkd lkhtfdr‚s prjvltd prhpdrty, dte., lk` kht od pukjsfd` oy l ehurt hn clw. Fdked, japrjshkadkt, clws, dte.,

tfjkis hntdk vjdwd` ls wflt vjhcltds dqulcjty lk` fualk `jikjty, lrd prdsdkt prdejsdcy odelusdfualk `jikjty js vlcud`. Yjtfhut tfda, fualks whuc` od jk`dnjklocd nrha lkjalcs. Lcc tfjsjsk‚t th sly hvdrcy-ajcjtlrjzd` phcjed lk` hvdrcy-ourdluerltje ehurt systdas sfhuc` od leedptd`, out tflt wd kdd` tfda, th l cjajtd` `dirdd, jk hr`dr th `dnjkd hursdcvds ls fualk odjkis.

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Yd `hk‚t sjapcy wlkt dqulcjty, out ihh` dqulcjty. Fualks `hk‚t wlkt th od dqulc wjtf

ahkstdrs, nhr fualks `hk‚t wlkt th od dqujvlcdkt th ahkstdrs. Pfdrd lrd twh wlys th ih lohutleehapcjsfjki tfjs= ecljajki ahkstdrs `hk‚t dxjst hr erdltjki l systda jk wfjef ahkstdrs elk od

`dnjkd` lplrt nrha fualks (tfhuif làjttd`cy kh fualk systda js pdrndet). Yjtfhut clws, hk l

shejdtlc cdvdc, tfd jaahrlc elkkht od `dnjkd` nrha tfd ahrlc, lk` sh jt elkkht od slj` th wfhadqulcjty js ùd lk` th wfha dqulcjty jsk‚t ùd. Ehksdqudktcy, dqulcjty odehads dapty hr lt cdlstelkkht od elccd` ihh`= jn aur`drdrs lrd trdltd` tfd slad ls sljkts, odjki l sljkt js adlkjkicdss,ls js odjki l aur`drdr.

Khw, hn ehursd, l sljkt js prdejsdcy l sljkt odelusd fd hr sfd trdlts l aur`drdr wdcc`dspjtd tfd aur`drdr‚s sfhrtehajkis (lkyhkd elk trdlt ihh` pdhpcd wdcc), out tflt‚s kht tfd slad

ls slyjki tflt l aur`drdr `hdsk‚t flvd sfhrtehajkis lt lcc hr tflt tfdsd sfhrtehajkis sfhuc` odjikhrd`7 jk nlet, prdtdk`jki tflt tfdy `hk‚t dxjst js th `dky sljkts tfd hpphrtukjty th prhvd



tfdasdcvds ls sljkts (wfjef jsk‚t th sly tfdrd whuc`k‚t od sljkts wjtfhut clws, hkcy tflt wd

ehuc`k‚t adlkjkinuccy `dnjkd tfda ls suef). Dqulcjty tflt drlsds `jstjketjhks js vdry `jnndrdktnrha dqulcjty tflt hvdrehads `jstjketjhks7 tfd njrst js adlkjkicdss lk` jk`dnjklocd nrha l stltd hnkhtfjkikdss (hr khk-`jstjketjhk), wfjcd tfd sdehk` js ihh`. Clws, jk `dnjkjki th wfha dqulcjty jsth od dxtdk`d`, algd dqulcjty ihh`. Yfdrd tfdrd js clwcdsskdss tfdrd js dqulcjty ls tfdrd js

nrdd`ha, out ohtf lrd `dvhj` hn adlkjki lk` `dsjrlojcjty. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly dvdry clw js ihh`,tflt ehurts lrd pdrndet, hr tflt clws elkkht od usd` nhr dvjc, out tflt clws lrd kdedsslry, th shadcjajtd` `dirdd, th algd nrdd`ha lk` dqulcjty `dsjrlocd. Dvdryhkd js dqulc lk` nrdd jk lklrefy, out dvdryhkd lcsh cjvds jk ndlr, eflhs, lk` lkxjdty.

Kht lcc `jserjajkltjhk js ol`, nhr wflt `jserjajkltds jk nlvhr hn tfd ihh` js, oy `dnjkjtjhk,ihh`. Nurtfdrahrd, wfdrd tfdrd js kh `jserjajkltjhk (usd` jk tfjs sdksd ls l sjajcd nhr‖`jstjketjhk‚), tfdrd js kh `jnndrdked odtwddk ihh` lk` dvjc. Hntdk, wfdk pdhpcd `jseuss`jserjajkltjhk, tfdy adlk ‖jaahrlc `jstjketjhk‚, out jt js japhrtlkt th khtd tflt lcc `jstjketjhk js lgjk` hn `jserjajkltjhk (tfhuif wd fdsjtltd th legkhwcdìd tfjs, leeusthad` th usjki tfd whr`‖`jserjajkltjhk‚ th adlk ‖jaahrlc `jstjketjhk‚). @jserjajkltjhk liljkst wflt jsk‚t jaahrlc jsjaahrlc, nhr jt js l `dkjlc hn l pdrshk‚s fualkjty tflt tfd jk`jvjùlc fls kht efhsdk th ijvd up (jk

ehkehr`lked wjtf tfd shejdty‚s clws). Jk htfdr whr`s, jaahrlc `jserjajkltjhk js th vjhcltd lkjk`jvjùlc‚s nrdd`ha th `dky fjs hr fdr hwk fualkjty oy `dkyjki tflt fualkjty liljkst tfltjk`jvjùlc‚s hwk wjcc. Jt js th tlgd lwly hkd‚s nrdd`ha th ijvd up nrdd`ha. Yfjcd clws sdt plrladtdrs oy wfjef yhu elk aljktljk yhur fualkjty, jaahrlc `jserjajkltjhk nhreds yhu th ijvdjt up. Clws lrd plssjvd7 `jserjajkltjhk, letjvd.

Pfd irhuk`whrg nhr dqulcjty js l fualk‚s nrdd lojcjty th ijvd up fjs hr fdr nrdd`ha, lnrdd lojcjty tflt wjtfhut, nrdd`ha whuc` lcjdkltd. Yjtfhut clws, fualks aust od nrdd, lk` wfdrdnrdd`ha js cjajtcdss, nrdd`ha js vhj`. Cjgdwjsd, wjtfhut cjajts th dqulcjty, dqulcjty whuc`k‚t odihh`, ydt cjajts hk dqulcjty lrd, oy `dnjkjtjhk, wflt dqulcjty sddgs th `dehkstruet. Jrhkjelccy,nrdd`ha lk` dqulcjty kdd` clws, ydt clws lrd tfd vdry tfjkis wfjef elk japd`d tfda.

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Dqulcjty js kht dxtdk`d` th tfd jaahrlc lk`/hr tfhsd wfh ordlg tfd clw, lk` tfhuif khtlcc jaahrlcjty js kdedsslrjcy jccdilc, clws lk` ahrlcjty hntdk erhsshvdr. Hk tfd cdvdc hn tfd stltd,clws lrd tfd ohuk`lrjds hn dqulcjty, wfjcd ahrlcjty ahrd sh ehkstjtutds tfd ohuk`lrjds hn dqulcjty hk tfd jk`jvjùlc cdvdc. Yflt clws tfd stltd `dej`ds th plss tdk` th ajrrhr tfd ahrlc ehkvjetjhkshn tfd pdhpcd, out kht lcwlys. Jt js jaahrlc hk lk jk`jvjùlc cdvdc th cjd, out kht lcwlys jaahrlchk l shejdtlc cdvdc. Jt `dpdk`s.

Odelusd hn tfjs ehktjkidkey lk` `jsehkkdet, jt js japhrtlkt tflt clws kht try th od ahrlcjty, out rltfdr od tfd plrladtdrs jk wfjef nrdd jk`jvjùlcs elk `dtdrajkd lk` cjvd hutahrlcjty (lk` sh flvd dqulcjty dxtdk`d` th tfda). Yfdk clws lk` jk`jvjùlc ahrlcjtjds altef,jt‚s l sdehk`lry alttdr . Ahrd sh tflk l alttdr hn dtfjes, tfd prjalry phjkt hn clws js th trled hut‖tfd odst phjkt hn trl`d-hnn‚ nhr nrdd`ha lk` dqulcjty. J`dlccy, tfdy lrd th `dnjkd tfd prdejsd phjktwfdrd jaahrlcjty/cdilcjty js th odijk lk` dk` sh tflt jk`jvjùlc cjodrty js alxjajzd`.

Jt js ahrlc th cdt pdhpcd `dnjkd ahrlcjty nhr tfdasdcvds, out tfjs ahrlcjty dxjsts hk tfdshejlc cdvdc ahrd sh tflk hk tfd cdvdc hn jk`jvjùlcs. Ahrlc clws cdt pdhpcd `dnjkd ahrlcjty, kht odelusd tfdrd jsk‚t loshcutd ahrlcjty, out odelusd jt js up th pdhpcd th `dtdrajkd jn suef js tfdelsd. Jn tfd pdhpcd elk‚t, tfdy elk‚t od nrdd, nhr l kdedsslry dcdadkt hn nrdd`ha js tfd lojcjty th`dnjkd lk` pursud tfd ihh`. Yfdrd tfd stlk`lr`s oy wfjef jt js `dtdrajkd` th wfha dqulcjty



lk`/hr fualk rjifts lrd th od dxtdk`d` lrd ehkstlktcy eflkijki, tfdrd lrd kh plrladtdrs jk wfjefnrdd`ha elk od `dvdchpd` lk`/hr `dnjkd`. Pfdrd js eflhs, lk` tfhuif cjgd nrdd`ha jk odjkiukcjajtd`, jt js adlkjkicdss, rlk`ha, lk` shejlccy `dstruetjvd.

Fhw `h wd `dtdrajkd wfdk ahrlcjty lk` clws (sfhuc`) erhss8 Yd `hk‚t kdd` th= tfd

phjkt hn clws jsk‚t th pukjsf tfd jaahrlc sh auef ls jt js th `dnjkd tfd ‖shejlccy jaahrlc‚, wfjef

lrd tfhsd wfh vjhcltd tfd prjkejpcds kdedsslry th prdsdrvd l `yklaje systda jk wfjef tfd ihhèlk od `dtdrajkd` oy jk`jvjùlcs. Out wflt js tflt `yklaje systda8Pfd nrdd alrgdt.Tk`huotd`cy, tfd pfrlsd ‖nrdd alrgdt‚ ehkidrs pcdkty hn kdiltjvd dahtjhks, dvj`dked hn

fhw nlr Ladrjel fls wlk`drd` nrha jt (jkth ajxd` alrgdts). Jt js japhrtlkt th khtd tflt ‖tfd nrddalrgdt‚ js l alrgdt hn j`dls odnhrd jt js l alrgdt hn sdrvjeds lk` prhùets, nhr tfd cltdr jsjaphssjocd wjtfhut tfd nhradr. Dvdrytfjki tflt js wls njrst lk j`dl. Ls auef ls tfd nrdd alrgdt jsl pcled nhr ousjkdssds, jt js lcsh l pcled nhr dxpdrjadktltjhk, `doltd, lk` erdltjvjty. Jk l wly, jt jsuknhrtukltd tflt tfd tdra ‖nrdd alrgdt‚ js usd`, wfjef ehkkhtds lk` rdndrs th ousjkdss lkÈhksdrvltjvd vlcuds, odelusd jt sfhuc` rdndr prjalrjcy th lk lrdkl hn `dejsjhks lk`dxpdrjadktltjhk. Rdhpcd fdlr ‖nrdd alrgdt‚ ls ‖nrdd olkgs‚, out rdlccy tfd tdra sjapcy adlks

‖nrdd`ha‚= ‖nrdd`ha th algd l cjvjki nhr hkdsdcn ‚, ‖nrdd`ha hn dxeflkid‚, lk`/hr ‖nrdd`ha hndxpdrjdked‚. Jn, rltfdr, pdhpcd usd` tfd pfrlsd ‖tfd nrdd clohrlthry‚ hr ‖nrdd dxeflkid‚, pdrflps pdhpcd whuc` od cdss rdsjstlkt th tfd j`dl. Tknhrtukltdcy, tfd pfrlsd ‖nrdd alrgdt‚ fls iljkd` shalky kdiltjvd ehkkhtltjhks hvdr tfd ydlrs tflt jt ajift od japhssjocd lt tfjs phjkt th algdlkyhkd supphrt jt wfh `hdsk‚t lcrdl`y. Pfjs pljkts l ocdlg pjeturd nhr tfd nuturd wfdrd dxjstdktjlcukedrtljkty elkkht od hvdrehad, ls wjcc od dxplk`d` hk. Utjcc, jk fhpds hn lvhj`jki dahtjhklcrdsjstlked lk` ajsuk`drstlk`jki, nrha tfjs phjkt hk, tfd pfrlsd ‖nrdd dxeflkid‚ wjcc od usd` jk pcled hn ‖nrdd alrgdt‚.

Nurtfdrahrd lk` clstcy, jk prdplrltjhk nhr nuturd phjkts, jt sfhuc` od khtd` tflt tfdrd lrdcdvdcs hn kdedsslry, dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, suef ls jk rdilr` th wfdtfdr hr kht shadhkd whuc`gjcc yhu jn jt wlsk‚t liljkst tfd clw. Ujked jt js jccdilc, yhu elk kdvdr gkhw nhr surd tflt tfhsd

lrhuk` yhu trucy `hk‚t wlkt th aur`dr yhu. Fhwdvdr, wjtfhut suef clws, tfdrd whuc` od kh`yklaje systda lt lcc, lk` sh tfd ukedrtljkty js kdedsslry. Jt js japhrtlkt tflt kdedsslry,dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty js `dnjkd` nrha ukkdedsslry ukedrtljkty. Fhw `hds hkd `h tflt8 Jt js up thtfd `yklaje systda lk` wflt algds tflt systda phssjocd. Yjtfhut nrdd dxeflkid, tfd kdedsslrylk` tfd ukkdedsslry elkkht od `dtdrajkd` ‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty.

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Uhejdty js ahrlc wfdk jt erdltds l nrladwhrg jk wfjef nrdd dxeflkid js hptjajzd`. Nrdddxeflkid js tfd `yklaje prhedss tfrhuif wfjef tfd ihh` js `dtdrajkd` (tfrhuif tdstjki) oyjk`jvjùlcs. Pfjs prhedss js l kdedsslry prhedss, nhr dvdryhkd tfjkgs tfd ihh` js sdcn-dvj`dkt, nhrdvdryhkd‚s ihh` js sdcn -dvj`dkt th tfda. Jn yhu cjgd njsfjki, jt js sdcn-dvj`dkt, odelusd jt jsdvj`dkt th yhursdcn7 hovjhuscy tfhuif, kht dvdryhkd js yhu, lk` sh yhu elk‚t sly tflt dvdryhkd

cjgds njsfjki. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly tfdrd js kh suef tfjki ls tfd ihh`, out tflt wflt ehkstjtutds tfdihh` js l ehapcjeltd` alttdr. Pfdrd lrd homdetjvd ihh`s suef ls tfd ihh` hn ‖dvdryhkd odjkilocd th `dsjrd tfdjr hwk ihh`‚, out tfdrd lrd lcsh suomdetjvd ihh`s cjgd tlstds lk` prdndrdkeds.

Yjtfhut homdetjvd ihh`s, tfdrd elk od kh suomdetjvd ihh`s, ls khtfjki elk od rdcltjvd wfjefclegs l tfjki th od rdcltjvd th.? Zdt, lt tfd slad tjad, homdetjvd ihh`s ‖chhg cjgd‚ adrdcy



suomdetjvd ihh`s, lk` `dtdrajkjki wfjef js wfjef, rdilr`cdss, rdqujrds ihjki tfrhuifsuomdetjvjty, lk` nrdd dxeflkid js wfdrd tflt ‖ihjki tfrhuif‚ tlgds pcled.

Clws lrd th sdt tfd plrladtdrs jk wfjef nrdd dxeflkid elk odst shrt hut ‖tfd ihh`‚ nrha‖tfd ol`‚7 clws tflt try th `h tfjs ‖hvdr‚ hr ‖jk pcled hn‚ nrdd dxeflkid tdk` th elusd ‖jaahrlc

`jserjajkltjhk‚. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly tflt nrdd dxeflkid js pdrndet, hkcy tflt jt js l `yklaje systda,

wfjcd clws lrd stliklkt. Yjtfhut l shcj`, stliklkt nrladwhrg tfhuif, l `yklaje systda `dvhcvdsjkth eflhs, sh nrdd dxeflkid kdd`s clws ls clws kdd` nrdd dxeflkid. Kht odelusd nrdd dxeflkidjs odttdr tflk clws, out odelusd tfd `dejsjhk algjki hn ajccjhks hn jk`jvjùlcs tdk`s th od ahrdleeurltd tflk tfd `dejsjhks algjki hn l ndw (hk odflcn hn tfhsd ajccjhks). Nrdd dxeflkid `d-edktrlcjzds `dejsjhk algjki, lk` tfjs nuketjhk js ahrd pjvhtlc tflk jts wdlctf erdltjhk7 jk nlet, jtjs wfy nrdd dxeflkid tdk`s th erdltd wdlctf. Lcc wdlctf js uctjaltdcy l rdsuct hn ihh` j`dls lk``dejsjhks, lk` tfd ahrd pdhpcd algjki `dejsjhks jk l whrc` wfdrd tfd odst `dejsjhk js rlrdcyhovjhus, tfd fjifdr tfd prholojcjty ihh` `dejsjhks lrd al`d lk` rjsd th tfd surnled (tfrhuiftjad).

Yfdk `dejsjhks lrd `dedktrlcjzd`, tfd ahrd `dejsjhks elk od al`d wjtfhut lky hkd hntfda ‖tdlrjki `hwk tfd wfhcd systda‚, lk` sh tfd fjifdr tfd prholojcjty hn ihh` `dejsjhks

dvdktulccy dadrijki lk` oujc`jki uphk hkd lkhtfdr. Jt tlgds tjad th `dtdrajkd tfd ihh` lk` therdltd ihh`s wfjef ajrrhr jt, lk` tfd ahrd tjad pdhpcd flvd, tfd ahrd `dejsjhks wfjef elk odal`d. Ls chki ls kh sjkicd `dejsjhk elk rujk jt nhr dvdryhkd, jt‚s hkcy l alttdr hn tjad odnhrd

ihh` shejhdehkhaje `dejsjhks lrjsd, nhr kh hkd algds `dejsjhks tfjkgjki tfdy‚rd ol`, out hkcy

tjad lk` ehksdqudkeds elk ‖homdetjvdcy‚ ukvdjc wflt‚s tfd elsd. Fualks sdda th od rdcltjvdcyihh` lt `jsedrkjki ihh` `dejsjhks nrha ol` `dejsjhks (lt cdlst tfd almhrjty), lk` sh wfdk ihh``dejsjhks lrd al`d, pdhpcd tdk` th od ‖lttrletd`‚ th tfda7 nurtfdrahrd, pdhpcd lrd ihh` lt

`dtdrajkjki ‖wdlctf‚ nrha ‖khk-wdlctf‚, nhr fualks lrd dxpdrts lt `jsedrkjki wflt japrhvds tfdqulcjty hn tfdjr hwk cjvds.

Nrdd dxeflkid js lk dkvjrhkadkt jk wfjef tfdrd lrd chts hn `jnndrdkt prhùets, j`dls hn‖tfd ihh`‚, lk` `jnndrdkt j`dls hn wdlctf7 ehksdqudktcy, dvdryhkd elk njk` wflt, rdcltjvd th tfda,jkerdlsds tfd qulcjty hn tfdjr cjnd. Yfltdvdr tfdsd tfjkis lrd, tfdy lrd olegd` oy ‖ihh` `dejsjhks‚,wfjef uphk odjki al`d, fualks (tdk`jki th uctjaltdcy od rltjhklc wfdk tfdjr odst jktdrdst js ltstlgd), irlvjtltd thwlr` lk` supphrt. Tphk tfdsd ihh` `dejsjhks, ahrd `dejsjhks elk od al`d,lk` hut hn tfjs pht, ahrd ihh` `dejsjhks elk lrjsd, lk` hk lk` hk ihds tfd prhedss, jkerdlsjki tfdhvdrlcc qulcjty hn cjnd nhr lcc ls tjad prhirdssds. Rrdvjhus, ihh` `dejsjhks elk od dvhcvd` hut hn,cjgd odlutjnuc echtfjki tflt js kh chkidr nlsfjhklocd hr tfd rjift sjzd, lk` shejdty elk cdlrk thlvhj` `dejsjhks wfjef, tfhuif jt `j`k‚t rdlcjzd tfdy wdrd ol` `dejsjhks lt tfd tjad (njk`jki tfdatfdk rltjhklc rdcltjvd th sdcn-jktdrdst), khw gkhws odttdr, fdked jkerdlsjkicy tfd hvdrlcc dnnjejdkeyhn tfd `yklaje prhedss.5

Dvdryhkd tfjkgs tfdjr vjdw lk` tfdjr prhùet js l ihh` vjdw lk` l ihh` prhùet oy`dnjkjtjhk, sh tfdrd kdd`s th od l systda, prdsdrvd` oy clws, jk wfjef j`dls lk` prhùets elk odtdstd`. Jk htfdr whr`s, tfdrd kdd`s th od lk lrdkl hn nrdd dxeflkid.0 Nurtfdrahrd, tfdrd kdd`s th od l systda jk wfjef pdhpcd elk ‖vhtd‚ nhr wflt tfdy tfjkg js jk`dd` tfd odst prhùet lk` jk`dd`tfd odst j`dl, lk` tfjs js tfd nuketjhk hn ahkdy. L `hcclr js l olccht. Ph spdk` ahkdy ltAe@hklc`s th`ly lt ?RA js th sly tflt tfd odst ‖ihh`‚ nhr ?RA th`ly js ‖dltjki lt Ae@hklc`s‚7wfdtfdr hr kht tfjs js rjift, hkcy tfd spdk`dr elk sly.4

Nrdd dxeflkid js lk dkvjrhkadkt lk` prhedss kdedsslry th `jstjkiujsf tfd ihh` nrha tfd ol`, tfhuif kh hkd elk sly, lt l ijvdk phjkt, wfjef js wfjef hvdrlcc= tfdrd‚s hkcy tfd `dejsjhkalgjki hn dlef, plrtjeuclr jk`jvjùlc jk fjs hr fdr plrtjeuclr whrc`, `hjki tfd odst tflt jk`jvjùlc



elk. Jk tfd dk`, dvdryhkd odkdnjts nrha tfd odst dnnhrts hn lcc. Jt js tdaptjki th sgjp tfjs dk`cdss prhedss lk` cly `hwk l ukjvdrslc clw nhr lcc tflt hvdrrj`ds tfd jk`jvjùlc. Ndlr lk`/hr l sdksd hn mustjed algd tfjs tdaptltjhk vjrtulccy japhssjocd th rdsjst. Out tfjs ‖thp-`hwk lpprhlef‚ whucèjreuavdkt tfd vdry prhedss tfrhuif wfjef ‖wflt js odst‚ elk od `dtdrajkd`7 jrhkjelccy, tfd vdry

let th ‖`h wflt‚s odst‚ js tfd let wfjef algds ‖`hjki wflt‚s odst‚ jk`dtdrajklocd. Zdt, sjked nrdd

dxeflkid js lk hrilkje systda hn `jshr`dr tflt ijvds rjsd th prhnhuk`cy ehapcdx hr`dr, jt chhgs plssjvd lk` dvdk japlrtjlc th ‖tfd ihh`‚. Pfd ‖thp `hwk‚ lpprhlef, sddajkicy ‖`hjkishadtfjki‚, js tfdk rltjhklccy daolrgd` uphk jk hr`dr th strljiftdk dvdrytfjki hut. Fhwdvdr, yhuelk kdvdr chhg lt tfd wfhcd sdl lt hked= tfd let hn chhgjki js tfd let hn sfrjkgjki. Lk`lppdlrlkeds elk od `dedjvjki= wfdrd yhu sdd khtfjki aly od wfdrd tfd ukjvdrsd dadrids.

J^

Kh hkd tfjkgs tfdy `jserjajkltd7 tfhsd tflt `h (ukcdss lokhralccy `dprlvd`) `h kht`dnjkd tfdjr letjhks ls suef, hr htfdrwjsd tfdy whuc` sthp. Ahst dvdryhkd lirdds tflt`jserjajkltjhk (ls jk ‖jaahrlc `jserjajkltjhk‚) js wrhki7 tfd rdlc `jslirddadkts ehkedrk ‖fhw‚

`jserjajkltjhk js th od prdvdktd` lk` wflt ehkstjtutds `jserjajkltjhk. Alky odcjdvd jt js l rhcd hnihvdrkadkt th ‖sthp `jserjajkltjhk‚, wfjcd ndw odcjdvd nrdd dxeflkid js tfd shcutjhk. Pfjs js ltrlije rdvdrslc, pdrflps ùd th l nljcurd th uk`drstlk` tflt nrdd dxeflkid kht hkcy odst j`dktjnjdsihh` prhùets lk` sdrvjeds, out lcsh odst j`dktjnjds `jserjajkltjhk lk` hvdrehads jt (wjtfhutvjhcltjki cjodrty lk` tfus elusjki dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty). Alky tfjkg hn tfd Mja Erhw Clws lsdvj`dked tflt nrdd dxeflkid sfhuc` kht od trustd` th dk` `jserjajkltjhk, out dxletcy tfd hpphsjtdjs tfd elsd. Jk tfd Mja Erhw Uhutf, jt wls liljkst tfd clw th kht `jserjajkltd= jt wls tfdihvdrkadkt tflt nhred` ousjkdssds th sdirdiltd, rdilr`cdss jn l ousjkdss wlktd` th hr kht. Jnlkytfjki, tfd Mja Erhw Uhutf js dvj`dked tflt ihvdrkadkt sfhuc` kht od trustd` th dk``jserjajkltjhk, out Mja Erhw Clws lrd hntdk ejtd` th algd tfd dxlet hpphsjtd lriuadkt. Zds, tfdihvdrkadkt lcsh `j` tfjkis th dk` `jserjajkltjhk cjgd Dalkejpltjhk, ls nrdd dxeflkid ehksjstd` ohtf hn ousjkdssds tflt wlktd` th `jserjajkltd lk` tfhsd tflt `j`k‚t. Pfd qudstjhk jsk‚t wfjefsystda js sphtcdss, out wfjef systda js ahst dnnjejdkt lk` ncdxjocd. Pflt systda, tfhuif hntdklsshejltd` wjtf Ehksdrvltjvds lk` rlejsa, js nrdd dxeflkid.

Ph lccu`d th Lktjnrlijcd oy Klssja Plcdo lk` –Pfd Erdltjvd Ehkehr`‑ oy H.I. _hsd, nrdddxeflkid js l systda jk wfjef `jshr`dr algds jt strhkidr (lssuajki erdltjvjty js prdsdkt). Nrdddxeflkid js ‖lktjnrlijcd‚, adlkjki tfd ahrd `jshr`dr tfdrd js, tfd strhkidr js odehads. Pfhuif

Plcdo usds tfjs j`dl jk rdilr` th jkkhvltjhk, J tfjkg tfd j`dl lcsh lppcjds th ahrlcjty lk``jserjajkltjhk. Pfd ahrd ousjkdssds lrd lcchwd` th nljc, tfd ahrd erdltjvjty tflt wjcc alkjndst7cjgdwjsd, tfd ahrd ousjkdssds lrd lcchwd` th `jserjajkltd, tfd ahrd dqulcjty tflt wjcc alkjndst.Fhwdvdr, ls erdltjvjty (lk` sh wdlctf) `rjds up wfdk ousjkdssds lrd kht lcchwd` th nljc, sh`jserjajkltjhk jkerdlsds wfdk ousjkdssds lrd kht lcchwd` th `jserjajkltd. Pfjs js ehuktdr-jktujtjvd, ls js tfjkgjki tflt sueedss js lefjdvd` lk` `dnjkd` tfrhuif nljcurd. Fhwdvdr, tfd rdlshknhr tfjs js odelusd wfdk pdhpcd lrd nhred` th sthp `jserjajkltjki, tfdy lrd rhod` hn tfd lojcjty thefhhsd th sthp `jserjajkltjki. Ehksdqudktcy, tfd shejdty elk kdvdr od surd tflt pdhpcd flvd trucyhvdrehad rlejsa hr hkcy sdda th flvd hvdrehad jt. Pfd clw erdltds dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty.Yfdrd pdhpcd lrd kht nrdd th `jserjajkltd, ls js tfd elsd th`ly ùd th clws cjgd LnnjraltjvdLetjhk lk` tfd Ejvjc _jifts Ojcc, tfd losdked hn `jserjajkltjhk chsds adlkjki. Ehksdqudktcy, tfdsystda odehads ‖nrlijcd‚, jk tfd slad wly tflt lk dehkhay clegjki erdltjvjty js nrlijcd. Jn tfddehkhaje systda js nrlijcd odelusd tfdrd js kh erdltjvjty, wfdk tfd kdxt (jkdvjtlocd) erjsjs

http://www.amazon.com/Antifragile-Things-That-Disorder-Incerto/dp/0812979680

http://www.scribd.com/doc/173429128/The-Creative-Concord-by-O-G-Rose



http://www.amazon.com/Antifragile-Things-That-Disorder-Incerto/dp/0812979680



flppdks, tfd systda wjcc od `dvlstltd`7 cjgdwjsd, jn tfd shejdty js nrlijcd jk rdilr` th rlejlcalttdrs odelusd tfdrd js kh nrddcy efhsdk khk-`jserjajkltjhk, wfdk l trlid`y cjgd Ndriushkflppdks, tfdrd wjcc od eflhs.

Nrdd`ha erdltds ‖lktjnrlijcjty‚, l ehk`jtjhk wfdrd ‖ocleg swlks‚ hr uknhrdsddk

ejreuastlkeds letulccy algd tfhsd dnndetd` strhkidr. Jk l shejdty wfdrd pdhpcd lrd nrdd th

`jserjajkltd, wfdk lk jkej`dkt cjgd Ndriushk heeurs, kht hkcy js tfdrd kh dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, out tfd shejdty js locd th prhvd tfd idkujkdkdss hn jts ehkedrk nhr rlejlc alttdrs lk` prhvd tflt jtjs `jsiustd` oy rlejsts. Pfd ‖uknhrdsddk ejreuastlked‚, rltfdr tflk ukvdjc tfd (uk`drcjkjki) prdsdked hn rlejsa, whuc` tfdk od tfd vdry jkej`dkt tflt lcchws tfd shejdty th hvdrehad jt. Yfdrdtfdrd lrd clws liljkst `jserjajkltjhk tfhuif, tfdrd wjcc lcwlys od dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, lk` khlahukt hn ‖tlcg lohut rled‚ wjcc dvdr, nhr surd, fdlc tfd whuk`s. Yfdrd pdhpcd lrd kht lcchwd` thfltd yhu, yhu elk kdvdr od surd tfdy chvd yhu.

Lntdr tfd Mja Erhw Clws, tfd ihvdrkadkt wdkt nrha ‖yhu aust `jserjajkltd‚ th ‖yhu

elkkht `jserjajkltd‚, kht th ‖yhu aly `jserjajkltd‚= tfdy wdkt l stdp thh nlr. Lk` sh rlejlctdksjhks, dxjstdktjlc, ehktjkud lk` irhw. Yfdk nrdd dxeflkid lppdlrs th od lcchwjki vjhcltjhkshn fualk rjifts, jt sddas th od ahrlccy japdrltjvd tflt jt od ejreuavdktd` oy tfd ihvdrkadkt.

Zdt, jrhkjelccy, tflt js dxletcy wfdk nrdd dxeflkid js kdd`d` ahst.Odnhrd ahvjki hk, th liljk eclrjny lk` prdplrd nhr nuturd phjkts, jt sfhuc` od khtd` tfltihvdrkadkt `hdsk‚t flvd th od thtlccy stliklkt= tfdrd lrd strueturds hn ihvdrkadkt tflt lrd ahrd`yklaje tflk htfdrs, tfhuif lcc ihvdrkadkt, kdedsslrjcy, js cdss `yklaje tflk nrdd dxeflkid(wfjef js l ihh` tfjki7 htfdrwjsd, tfdrd whuc` od kh strueturd nhr tfd `yklaje prhedss th hpdrltdwjtfjk). Nd`drlcjsa, nhr dxlapcd, js th ihvdrkadkt wflt nrdd dxeflkid js th dehkhajes7 jt js therdltd l `yklaje systda lerhss stltds tfrhuif wfjef suomdetjvd prdajsds lohut wflt sfhucèhkstjtutd tfd clw lrd tdstd`, ls nrdd dxeflkid js tfd `yklaje systda lerhss wfjef ousjkdssdslttdapt th `dtdrajkd wflt su omdetjvd j`dls hn vlcud lrd ‖ahst‚ homdetjvd. Fhwdvdr, wfdrd tfdrd

js l clrid nd`drlc ihvdrkadkt, tfdrd js cjttcd nd`drlcjsa, ls wfdrd tfdrd lrd ‖thh oji th nljc

jkstjtutjhks‚, nrdd dxeflkid sunndrs. Yfdk js ihvdrkadkt thh clrid lk` wfdk js ihvdrkadkt thhsalcc tfhuif8 Jt‚s flr` th sly= l `yklaje systda, cjgd Nd`drlcjsa, js kdd`d` th tdcc.

Clstcy, ls l njklc eclrjnjeltjhk, jt sfhuc` od khtd` tflt th eclja hr japcy tflt ihvdrkadktsfhuc` od cdss letjvd jsk‚t th eclja tflt ihvdrkadkt sfhuc` od jkletjvd hr tflt edrtljk prhocdassfhuc` od jikhrd`7 rltfdr, jt js th sly pdhpcd sfhuc` od ahrd jkvhcvd` lk` tflt pdhpcd lrd ahrd`yklaje tflk jkstjtutjhks lk` odttdr lt lvhj`jki dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty. Must odelusd ihvdrkadkt`hdsk‚t `h shadtfjki `hdsk‚t adlk pdhpcd elk‚t7 uknhrtukltdcy, tfd clridr ihvdrkadkt odehads

lk` tfd ahrd nrdd dxeflkid js jknrjkid` uphk, tfd dlsjdr jt js th tfjkg tflt ‖tfd ihvdrkadktsfhuc`k‚t od jkvhcvd`‚ adlks ‖khtfjki sfhuc` od `hkd‚. Ls tfd `yklaje systda js japd`d`, tfdahrd pdhpcd aly ‖hutshured letjhk‚ th tfd ihvdrkadkt7 tfdk, jn tfdy `h lkytfjki, tfd pdhpcd prhtdst nhr tfd ihvdrkadkt th let, rltfdr tflk `dalk` nhr tfd ihvdrkadkt th ‖idt hut hn tfd wly‚ sh tflt tfdy elk (lk` ls ihvdrkadkt irhws, tfd dlsjdr tfd nhradr odehads tflk tfd cltdr). Pfjsrdsucts jk ihvdrkadkt irhwtf, wfjef elusds ahrd ‖hutshurejki hn letjhk‚ th ihvdrkadkt, wfjef

elusds ahrd irhwtf, lk` jn tfjs irhwtf jknrjkids uphk nrdd dxeflkid, lk` nrdd dxeflkid js tfd odst wly th shcvd tfd jssud lt flk`, tfd prhocda js kht hkcy prdsdrvd`, out whrsdkd` oy tfd vdrylttdapts th shcvd jt.

^



Nrdd dxeflkid js tfd odst prhedss tfrhuif wfjef th `dtdrajkd wflt sfhuc` ehkstjtutd tfdcjajts hn dqulcjty, kdedsslry th algd dqulcjty ihh`. Yjtfhut nrdd dxeflkid, tfdrd js hkcy nhred, lrdstrjetjhk hn cjodrty, ukedrtljkty, lk` lk jkdnnjejdkt, stliklkt hr eflhtje prhedss. Dtfjes lk`dqulcjty tflt lcjdkltd ajift stjcc od elccd` dtfjelc lk` dqulc, out tfdy elkkht rdl`jcy od elccdìhh`. Pfdrd fls th od l irlùlc prhedss tfrhuif cjodrty jk wfjef pdhpcd, nrha tfdjr plrtjeuclrjty

lk` jk`jvjùlcjty, efhhsd th legkhwcdìd lk` daorled dtfjelc dqulcjty. Htfdrwjsd, jkmustjed jstrl`d` nhr dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, jkdnnjejdkey, lk` l vjhcltjhk hn jk`jvjùlc nrdd`ha.Nurtfdrahrd, jn shadhkd `hds kht sdrvd yhu l oddr, tfdy lrd kht pdrsdeutjki yhu7 jn

shadhkd tfrhws oddr jk yhur nled, tfdy lrd. Hr lt tfd vdry cdlst, th `dky yhu oddr js ‖kdiltjvd

pdrsdeutjhk‚, wfjcd tfrhwjki jt jk yhur nled js ‖phsjtjvd pdrsdeutjhk‚ (th al`d l `jstjketjhk lgjkth tfd hkd Jsljlf Odrcjk `rlws odtwddk phsjtjvd lk` kdiltjvd nrdd`ha). Clws lrd th prdvdkt‖phsjtjvd pdrsdeutjhk‚, out tfdy elkkht sthp ‖kdiltjvd pdrsdeutjhk‚ wjtfhut lpprhlefjki l stltd hn

‖Oji Orhtfdr‚ (wfjef kh hkd, kht dvdk tfd ahst Cjodrlc hn tfd Cjodrlc, wlkts). Hn ehursd, l

pdrshk js nrdd th od hnndk`d` lk` lkidrd` oy ‖kdiltjvd pdrsdeutjhk‚, out tfd qudstjhk js tfdk wfltsfhuc` tfd pdrshk `h8 Ih th ihvdrkadkt8 Hr ih th nrdd dxeflkid8 Hnndk`d`, tfd pdrshk wjccwlkt th strjgd oleg qujegcy, sh tfd ihvdrkadkt, ehkkhtjki jk klad l ihvdrkjki oh`y rdsphksjocd

nhr mustjed, wjcc od flr` th rdsjst. Fhwdvdr, suef letjhk wjcc erdltd dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty lk`jkdnnjejdkey (jk `dtdrajkjki ‖tfd ihh`‚). Nrdd dxeflkid fhwdvdr, tfhuif làjttd`cy schwdr,erdltds pdralkdkt eflkid wjtfhut vjhcltjki cjodrty hr jkdnnjejdktcy `dtdrajkjki wfdrd jaahrlcjtylk` tfd cjajts hn dqulcjty sfhuc` od trled` hut.

Out wflt jn yhu‚rd stlrvjki lk` shadhkd `dkjds yhu nhh`8 Ufhuc`k‚t tfd ihvdrkadkt prdvdkt tflt gjk` hn ‖kdiltjvd pdrsdeutjhk‚8 Lk` sh tfd trl`d-hnns odijk. Jn l shejdty sh `dej`dslk` vhtds hk suef l clw, tfdk yds. Out sfhuc`k‚t ùd prhedss lk` tfd Ehkstjtutjhk, tfd kdedsslry,cdilc plrladtdrs hn nrdd dxeflkid, od sgjppd` lk` tfd ihvdrkadkt dapchyd` th slvd cjvds lk` th od must (wfjef surdcy whrgs qujegdr tflk nrdd dxeflkid)8 Jk nlet, jsk‚t jt ahrlccy japdrltjvd th `h

sh8 Jt sddas th ad tflt tfjs qudstjhk trleds hut tfd nuk`ladktlc `jnndrdked odtwddk Cjodrlcs lkÈhksdrvltjvds (tfhuif J `h kht adlk th suiidst tflt tfdrd lrdk‚t ahrd). Ph put jt idkdrlccy,Cjodrlcs pcled fualk rjifts hvdr tfd Ehkstjtutjhk, wfjcd Ehksdrvltjvds pcleds tfd Ehkstjtutjhkhvdr fualk rjifts. Fdked, wfdk Cjodrlcs nddc ls jn whadk lrd odjki `dkjd` rjifts (nhr dxlapcd),Cjodrlcs `h kht lppdlc th ùd prhedss khr tfjkg jt js kdedsslry7 jk nlet, th ih tflt rhutd whuc` odahrlccy rdprdssjocd. Pfd qujegdst wly js tfd ahst ahrlc wly, lk` sh Cjodrlcs lppdlc thDxdeutjvd Rhwdr lk` Mu`jejlc Rhwdr hvdr tfd Ehkstjtutjhk, ùd prhedss, lk` nrdd dxeflkid. Nhrwflt `h tfdsd tfjkis alttdr wjtfhut fualk `jikjty8 Ehksdrvltjvds, hk tfd htfdr flk`, uk`dr lccejreuastlkeds, odcjdvd tfd Ehkstjtutjhk sfhuc` od upfdc`. Tk`dr kh ejreuastlked sfhuc` tfdEhkstjtutjhk od jikhrd`. Nhr wjtfhut jt, fualk `jikjty js adlkjkicdss.

Uh wfh‚s rjift8

Lk` fhw `h yhu `dtdrajkd wfjef pfjchshpfjelc prdajsd js ehrrdet8> Ujked ohtf plrtjds, oy `dnjkjtjhk, tfjkg tfdy lrd hovjhuscy rjift, lk` tflt tfd ‖vjhcltjhk hn

fualk rjifts‚ hr ‖vjhcltjhk hn tfd Ehkstjtutjhk‚ wfjef ehkedrks tfda js l trud vjhcltjhk, jt whuc`sdda wd kdd` l prhedss oy wfjef tfd shejdty elk ahvd odyhk` suomdetjvjty (ahrd sh) thwlr`homdetjvjty. Yfjefdvdr prhedss js ahst dnnjejdkt js tfd prhedss wfjef sfhuc` od usd`, nhr tfdrd jskh prhedss th od usd` th `dtdrajkd wfjef prhedss sfhuc` od usd` (wjtfhut dtdrklc rdirdssjhk) ― tfdrd lrd hkcy rdsucts. Out oy wflt stlk`lr` sfhuc` wd muìd tfdsd rdsucts8 Pfjs js l qudstjhk hnsuomdetjvjty liljk, sh wd kdd` l prhedss tflt odst shrts suomdetjvjty ‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty. Lk` tfjs

prhedss, ls fls oddk dxplk`d` hk dlrcjdr, js nrdd dxeflkid. Jt js l schw lk` `yklaje prhedsssprdl` lerhss ajccjhks hn jk`jvjùlcs algjki ajccjhks jn kht ojccjhks hn `dejsjhks tflt hrilkjelccy

https://www.wiso.uni-hamburg.de/fileadmin/wiso_vwl/johannes/Ankuendigungen/Berlin_twoconceptsofliberty.pdf







lrjsds th l ‖efdegd` lk` olclked`‚ suomdetjvd rdsuct tflt fls tfd fjifdst cjgdcjfhh` hn odjkihomdetjvd (lt cdlst tfd ahst homdetjvd phssjocd jk tfjs whrc`).9 Jt js tfd odst systda th `dtdrajkdwfjef vjhcltjhks hn fualk rjifts lrd trud vjhcltjhks lk` wfjef vjhcltjhks hn tfd Ehkstjtutjhk lrdtrud vjhcltjhks7 wjtfhut jt, tfdrd lrd hkcy ehuktcdss, uktdstd` jk`jvjùlcs wfh lcc, oy `dnjkjtjhk, odcjdvd tfdy lrd rjift (lk` tfdrd js kh wly th ehaojkd lcc tfdsd suomdetjvjtjds jkth l irdltdr

hutehad). Lk` uctjaltdcy, tfdrd lrd hkcy `jvjsjhks, phwdr, lk` nhred, wfjef kh hkd, nrha tfdahst lr`dkt hn Ehksdrvltjvds th tfd ahst plssjhkltd hn Cjodrlcs, wlkts.Yfjefdvdr fualk rjifts lk` plrts hn tfd Ehkstjtutjhk prdsdrvd nrdd dxeflkid aust od

upfdc`, odelusd wjtfhut jt, tfdrd js kh prhedss th `dtdrajkd jk wfjef wlys fualk rjifts lk` tfdEhkstjtutjhk lrd odjki vjhcltd` (jn lt lcc), lk` wflt ehkstjtutds vjhcltjhk. Nhr tfhuif wd `hk‚tkdd` nrdd dxeflkid th `dtdrajkd aur`dr js ukclwnuc, wd kdd` jt th `dtdrajkd wflt ehkstjtutdsaur`dr. Out wfjef fualk rjifts lk` wfjef plrts hn tfd Ehkstjtutjhk prdsdrvd nrdd dxeflkid8Idkdrlccy, tfd plrts tflt alxjajzd cjodrty, nhr tfd ahrd cjodrty, tfd ahrd `dejsjhks lk`‖prhedssjki phwdr‚ hn tfd `yklaje systda. Lk` wfjef plrts lrd tfhsd8 Yd elkkht sly nhr surd, out cjgd nrdd dxeflkid, ‖ùd prhedss‚ fdcps us ahvd odyhk` suomdetjvjty ‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty, lk`

tfjs ùd prhedss js hutcjkd` jk tfd Ehkstjtutjhk. Out fhw `h wd gkhw tfjs ‖ùd prhedss‚ js odst

nhr alxjajzjki cjodrty8 Yd elk‚t gkhw nhr surd, out oy ehaojkjki nrdd dxeflkid wjtf tfd ùd prhedss jk tfd slad shejdty, wd flvd ehuktcdss jk`jvjùlcs lk` ehuktcdss ajk`s wfh lrdrdvjdwjki tfd `ltl lk` algjki ehuktcdss `dejsjhks olsd` hk jt, wfh, tfrhuif ladkàdkts lkèrdltjvd `dstruetjhk, hrilkjelccy l`lpt tfd systda ‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty. Utlk`jki hk tfdirhuk`whrg hn lcc tfdsd ajccjhks whrgjki lk` tfjkgjki thidtfdr, tfdrd js rdlshk th odcjdvd hursuomdetjvjty js echsdst th homdetjvjty ― tfdrd js irhuk` uphk wfjef th stlk` liljkst dxjstdktjlcukedrtljkty.

Ahvjki nhrwlr`, tfhuif tfjs plpdr fls ad`jtltd` uphk nrdd dxeflkid ls l wly th`dtdrajkd tfd odst prhùets lk` sdrvjeds, tfd prjad ehkedrk hn tfjs whrg js fhw nrdd dxeflkid jswfdrd j`dls lk` ahrlcjtjds elk od tdstd`. Nrdd dxeflkid, jk htfdr whr`s, nuketjhks ls l cjtaustdst nhr pdhpcds‚ lttjtu`ds thwlr` hkd lkhtfdr, j`dls, lk` ahrd, prhvj`jki ‖irhuk`jki‚ liljkst

lkxjdty. Zds, th tdst prhùets js th tdst ahrlcjtjds lk` j`dls, nhr prhùets lrd lcwlys dxeflkid`wjtfjk ahrlc lk` ehkedptulc sehpds, out tfd rdst hn tfjs whrg wjcc nheus ahrd `jrdetcy hk nrdddxeflkid ls lk lrdkl wfdrd j`dls lk` dtfjes elk ehapdtd, wfjcd sjauctlkdhuscy hvdrehajkidxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty lk` jkerdlsjki ‖lktjnrlijcjty‚.

6

^J

Pfd fhpd hn tfjs plpdr js tflt tfd CIOP ehaaukjty sthps jts dnnhrts th lefjdvd dqulcjtytfrhuif tfd Utltd odnhrd jt dk`s up jk l tdrrjocy pljknuc, dxjstdktjlc, lk` `jnnjeuct sjtultjhk, sjajclrth wflt Lnrjelk Ladrjelk ehaaukjtjds khw nled. Pfjs jsk‚t th suiidst tflt Lnrjelk Ladrjelkslrd th oclad nhr tfjs sjtultjhk, out rltfdr tflt tfdy lrd tfd vjetjas hn ukjktdk`d`, jkstjtutjhklcjzd``jserjajkltjhk, ehksdqudkeds hn idkujkd lk` wdcc-jktdk`d` pdhpcd lk` prhirlas. Dxedpt pdrflpsl `dadktd` ndw, kh hkd wlkts ajkhrjtjds th sunndr, out tfd adtfh` oy wfjef ajkhrjtjds iljkdqulcjty, wfdk kht tfrhuif nrdd dxeflkid, `hdsk‚t dk` tfd pljk= jt must eflkids fhw jt alkjndsts.

L trud lk` ehksjstdkt Ehksdrvltjvd wfh js ehkedrkd` lohut nrdd`ha aly `jslirdd wjtftfd cjndstycd hn CIOPs, out l Ehksdrvltjvd whuc` kht wlkt th nhred CIOPs th tlgd hk l `jnndrdktcjndstycd. Pfd Ehksdrvltjvd aly wlkt CIOPs th nrddcy efhhsd l `jnndrdkt cjndstycd, lk` tfdEhksdrvltjvd, pdrflps rltfdr ru`dcy, aly od dxtrdadcy vhelc lohut tfjs phsjtjhk. Fhwdvdr, wfltl trud Ehksdrvltjvd kdvdr `hds js usd nhred= tfjs vjhcltds cjodrty lk` ehrd, Ehksdrvltjvd vlcuds.



Lky Ehksdrvltjvd wfh `hds tfjs elkkht rjiftcy od elccd` l Ehksdrvltjvd. Lt tfd slad tjad, lihh` Ehksdrvltjvd whuc` kht wlkt CIOPs th nhred tfda th leedpt hr th eltdr th tfd cjndstycdefhjeds hn tfd CIOP ehaaukjty. Ls Ehksdrvltjvds `hk‚t usd nhred, sh Ehksdrvltjvds `hk‚t wlktnhred usd` liljkst tfda. Nurtfdrahrd, tfhuif Ehksdrvltjvds aly kht cjgd jt, l trud Ehksdrvltjvd odcjdvds jk sdrvjeds lk` ousjkdssds nrddcy efhhsjki th wfh lk` wflt tfdy eltdr th ― shad

ousjkdssds aly lirdd wjtf CIOP prjkejpcds, htfdrs aly kht ― lk` jk tfd dk`, jn tfd prh-CIOP ousjkdssds olkgrupt lcc tfd dktdrprjsds tflt `jslirdd wjtf CIOPs, trud Ehksdrvltjvds wjcc lcchwtflt prhedss th flppdk, rdsjstjki tfd tdaptltjhk th usd nhred th sthp jt. Cjgdwjsd, jn tfdEhkstjtutjhk wls ladk`d` th supphrt CIOP alrrjlid, Ehksdrvltjvds, tfhuif pdrflps`jslirddjki, aust stjcc supphrt tfd Ehkstjtutjhk. Yflt Ehksdrvltjvds, hk tfdjr prjkejpcds, elkkhtlcchw js nhr prjvltd ousjkdssds lk` jk`jvjùlcs th od nhred` th eltdr lk` sdrvd pdhpcd wfh tfhsdjk`jvjùlcs `h kht wlkt th sdrvd. Yfjcd Ehksdrvltjvds sfhuc` supphrt tfd rjifts hn jk`jvjùlcs th olkgrupt ousjkdssds tfhsd jk`jvjùlcs `jslirdd wjtf tfrhuif nrdd dktdrprjsd, Ehksdrvltjvdselkkht lcchw tfd nhrednuc ehdrejhk hn ousjkdssds th `h wflt htfdrs wlkt. Ehksdrvltjvds aly fltd Kdh-Klzjsa, out Ehksdrvltjvds elkkht usd clw th echsd `hwk l Kdh-Klzj ousjkdss (ijvdk tflttfd ousjkdss wls kht usjki vjhcdked, gj`klppjki, dte.)7 fhwdvdr, Ehksdrvltjvds elk cdl` lk

dktdrprjsd th olkgrupt jt tfrhuif nrdd dktdrprjsd. Nhcchwjki tfdsd prjkejpcds, Ehksdrvltjvds, odelusd hn tfdjr nrdd dxeflkid cdlkjki, elk fdcp CIOPs lvhj` dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, lkiujsflk` `jnnjeucty, wfjef tfd CIOP ehaaukjty, hut hn l `dsjrd nhr mustjed lk` fualk rjifts, aly sdtjtsdcn up nhr, ukjktdktjhklccy elusjki ydlrs hn flr`sfjp jk l``jtjhk th tfd flr`sfjp tflt jt flslcrdl`y sunndrd`.

Ehksdrvltjvds tdk` th supphrt nrdd dxeflkid, kht odelusd tfdy supphrt olkgs hrehrphrltjhks, out odelusd tfdy supphrt tfd efhjeds hn jk`jvjùlcs th cjvd lk` dlrk tfdjr cjvjkifhwdvdr tfdy sdd njt. Yfjcd Ehksdrvltjvds tdk` th dapflsjzd nrdd`ha lohvd fualk rjifts, odcjdvjki tfdy lrdk‚t adlkjkinuc wjtfhut nrdd`ha, Cjodrlcs tdk` th dapflsjzd fualk rjifts hvdrnrdd`ha, odcjdvjki nrdd`ha js whrtfcdss wjtfhut mustjed. Pfdrd js trutf th ohtf hn tfdsd phsjtjhks=l ihh` shejdty prdsdrvds lk` dxplk`s fualk rjift, mustjed, lk` nrdd`ha. Lk` kh Ehksdrvltjvd jsliljkst fualk rjifts lk` mustjed, ls kh Cjodrlcs js liljkst cjodrty= tfdrd‚s sjapcy l `jnndrdked hndapflsjs lk` `dnjkjtjhk, nrha wfjef sprjkis l `jnndrjki sdksd hn uridkey lk` prjhrjtjds. Uddjkitfhuif tflt dvdryhkd wlkts nrdd`ha, mustjed, lk` fualk rjifts nhr lcc, tfd qudstjhk odehads, liljk, wflt js tfd odst prhedss nhr rdlcjzjki tfdsd prjkejpcds8 Ujked tfjs qudstjhk dkehuktdrs tfd prhocda hn ‖hvdrehajki suomdetjvjty‚ liljk, tfd odst adtfh` js tfd `yklaje prhedss hn nrdddxeflkid, ls fls lcrdl`y oddk `jseussd`.

^JJ

Yfdtfdr rjift hr wrhki, uktjc rdedktcy, CIOP letjvjtjds wdrd wj`dcy ehksj`drd` jaahrlc. Kht lcwlys, out ahstcy. Fdked, ls jt js kht jaahrlc th wjtffhc` dqulcjty nrha aur`drdrs, jt wlskht ehksj`drd` jaahrlc hr l ‖vjhcltjhk hn dqulcjty‚ th kht dxtdk` dqulcjty th CIOPs. (Pflt slj`, odnhrd ahvjki nhrwlr`, pcdlsd khtd tflt tfd vdry let hn orjkijki up CIOPs jk tfd slad ordltf lsjaahrlcjty lk` aur`drdrs ehuc` luthaltjelccy trjiidr hutrlid. _dlcjzd tfhuif tflt ay `hjki shjsk‚t th algd l eclja lohut CIOPs, out th algd l phjkt lohut fhw tfd ohuk`lrjds hn dqulcjty lrdtrled` hut. _dilr`cdss hn hkd‚s phsjtjhk, jt sfhuc`k‚t od ehksj`drd` ojihtd` th legkhwcdìd tfdrdlcjty tflt CIOPs flvd wj`dcy oddk ehksj`drd` jaahrlc, ls jt sfhuc`k‚t od sddk ls rlejst th slyalky pdhpcd hked hwkd`.) Hn ehursd, jt wls lcsh hked tfd elsd tflt jt wlsk‚t ehksj`drd` lvjhcltjhk hn tfd prjkejpcd ‖lcc adk lrd erdltd` dqulc‚ th `dky dqulcjty th Lnrjelk Ladrjelks, nhr



Lnrjelk Ladrjels wdrd hked kht ehksj`drd` pdhpcd. Out jt sfhuc` od khtd` tflt tfdrd js l clrid`jnndrdked odtwddk `dkyjki dqulcjty th pdhpcd odelusd hn lk letjhk tfdy efhhsd th ehaajt lk``dkyjki dqulcjty th pdhpcd odelusd hn tfdjr idkdtje algdup, ls tfdrd js l clrid `jnndrdked jk`dkyjki dqulcjty th pdhpcd wfh efhsd th `h tfjkis th wfjef dvdryhkd jkvhcvd` ehksdkts `hjki. Laur`drdr ijvds up fjs hr fdr fualkjty oy vjhcltjki lkhtfdr‚s cjodrty lk` wjcc7 lk Lnrjelk

Ladrjelk tfhuif, `j` kht efhhsd th ijvd tflt cjodrty up jk odjki ocleg ― jt wls tfd cjodrty hn tfdLnrjelk Ladrjelk, jk tfjs dxlapcd, wfjef wls vjhcltd`.: Cjgdwjsd, l (irhup hn) ehksdktjkilùcts `h kht efhhsd th ijvd up tfdjr fualkjty, lk` sh `dkyjki dqulcjty th tfjs irhup js lvjhcltjhk hn fualk cjodrty. Yfdk jt ehads th CIOP jk`jvjùlcs, tfjs cltdr ajstlgd fls oddkehaajttd` nlr thh hntdk.

Jt js japhrtlkt th uk`drstlk` tflt pdhpcd wfh hpprdss htfdrs `h kht sdd tfdasdcvds lshpprdsshrs (ukcdss thtlccy `dprlvd`). Yd `h kht tfjkg hn hursdcvds ls hpprdsshrs nhr japrjshkjkiaur`drs, tfhuif wd `h, jk nlet, hpprdss. Kht lcc hpprdsshrs lrd jaahrlc, out kht lcc hpprdssjhk jsahrlc djtfdr. Pfrhuifhut fjsthry, tfdrd flvd oddk pcdkty hn irhups wfjef flvd oddk jaahrlccy`dkjd` dqulcjty (kht efhhsjki th ijvd jt up), lk` tfhuif tfdjr hpprdsshrs fdc` l ahrlcjty tflt `j`kht algd tfda hpprdsshrs, tfd hpprdsshrs wdrd stjcc jaahrlc. Out fhw `hds l shejdty ih lohut

`dej`jki wfjef hpprdssjhk js ahrlc lk` wfjef hpprdssjhk js jaahrlc8 L pfjchshpfjelcrdvhcutjhk js lk hptjhk, out jk wfjef dkvjrhkadkt lrd pfjchshpfjelc rdvhcutjhks odst jkeuoltd`8Liljk, nhr tfd rdlshks lcrdl`y hutcjkd`, nrdd dxeflkid js odst7 ls jt orjkis lohut dehkhajeehrrdetjhks, sh thh jt orjkis lohut pfjchshpfjelc lk` ahrlc ehrrdetjhks.

Pflt slj`, l ehrrdetjhk js kht kdedsslrjcy nhr tfd odst (suef ls lk dehkhaje ehrrdetjhk`rjvdk oy jkncltjhk elk cdl` th l ouoocd), out kdjtfdr js l ehrrdetjhk kdedsslrjcy nhr tfd whrstdjtfdr. Prlppd` jk suomdetjvjty, kh hkd elk sly nhr surd wfjef js tfd elsd, out uphk tfdirhuk`whrg hn tfd ojccjhks hn `dejsjhks hn nrdd dxeflkid, wd lt cdlst flvd l mustjnjd` rdlshk th odcjdvd tflt tfd suomdetjvd ehkecusjhk tflt lrjsds nrha tfjs `yklaje, `dejsjhk algjki prhedss js‖ahst cjgd homdetjvjty‚ lk`/hr ‖ahst cjgdcy odst‚.

<2 Liljk, rdadaodr tflt tfd Mja Erhw Uhutf wlskht l rdsuct hn nrdd dxeflkid, out tfd ihvdrkadkt wfjef vjhcltd` nrdd dxeflkid lk` nhred` jt thsdirdiltd lk` `jserjajkltd= wfdtfdr hr kht shad hr dvdk alky ousjkdssds lk` prjvltd ejtjzdkssupphrtd` tfd Mja Erhw clws `hdsk‚t eflkid tflt rdlcjty. L ojccjhk pdhpcd elk wlkt ihvdrkadktth japd`d nrdd dxeflkid sh tflt tfd ojccjhk idt wflt tfdy wlkt, out, jk l @daherltje _dpuocje,tfd ihvdrkadkt kdvdr fls th `h sh, dvdk odnhrd tfd tfrdlt hn rdvhcutjhk lk` `dltf.

Jt js l adlkjkicdss dk`dlvhr th tdcc hpprdsshrs tflt tfdy hpprdss, nhr tfdy fhc` l ahrlcjtyjk wfjef tfdy `h khtfjki wrhki, `dnjkjki tfhsd tfdy hpprdss ls djtfdr jaahrlc hr jkfualk. Lccyhu elk `h js odlt tfda jk tfd lrdkl hn nrdd dxeflkid lk` nrdd j`dls, wfdrd tfd odst pfjchshpfylk` ‖vjdw hn rdlcjty‚ fls tfd odst eflked hn rjsjki th tfd thp.<< Nhr dvdk tfd lxjha tflt ‖tfd

lojcjty th ijvd up cjodrty js tfd irhuk`whrg nhr cjodrty‚ js lk lxjha tflt kh hkd fls th leedpt=

dvdk jn jt js trud, jt elk od `dkjd`.<? Kh hkd js nhred` th odcjdvd tfjs plpdr, lk` kh hkd js nhred` th odcjdvd tflt jaahrlcjty ehkstjtutds tfd cjajts hn dqulcjty. Liljk, l `yklaje prhedss js kdd`d`wfdrd j`dls lk` prdajsds lrjsd lk` elk od tdstd` oy ehuktcdss jk`jvjùlcs ojccjhks hn tjads hvdrjk ehuktcdss `jnndrdkt wlys lk` jk ehuktcdss `jnndrdkt sedklrjhs. Jk tfjs wly, nrdd dxeflkid js lsejdktjnje prhedss. Jt jsk‚t pdrndet, ls kh prhedss js, out jt `hds flvd tfd fjifdst cjgdcjfhh` hn odjki pdrndet.

Odnhrd (wflt js pdredjvd` ls) hpprdssjhk, tfdrd js tfd irdltdst tdaptltjhk th usd nhred thsthp jt. Nhr whuc`k‚t jt od jaahrlc kht th usd nhred8

Liljk, lkhtfdr prdajsd tflt kdd`s nrdddxeflkid th od tdstd` (tfd vdry nlet hn wfjef kdiltds tfd prdajsd). Khtd tflt nrdd`ha js vjrtulccy



kdvdr vjhcltd` nhr ol` rdlshks= jt‚s lcwlys `hkd sh hut hn l sdksd hn l pdredjvd` ihh`. Out fhw

`hds hkd gkhw jn jt‚s letulccy ihh`8 Liljk, l `yklaje systda js kdd`d`.@dnjkjtjhk odidts hpprdssjhk. Pfdrd js suef tfjki ls letjvd hpprdssjhk, out jt js

jkstjtutjhklc hpprdssjhk tflt elusds rdlc flra (lk` wfjef js vjrtulccy lcwlys odfjk` wj`dsprdl`,letjvd hpprdssjhk). Fhwdvdr, jkstjtutjhklc hpprdssjhk js wflt heeurs liljkst aur`drdrs, wfjef js

l kdd`d` lk` leedptd` prletjed.

<5

Uh wfjef ‖jkstjtutjhklcjzd` hpprdssjhks‚ sfhuc` od dstlocjsfd`lk` wfjef sfhuc`k‚t8 Liljk, th `rjvd fhad tfd phjkt, l `yklaje systda js kdd`d`, ohtf th tdst prdajsds lk` th hutcjkd lxjhas kdedsslry nhr tfd dxjstdked lk` `yklajes hn tfd systda jtsdcn.

Yfdtfdr wd cjgd jt hr kht (wfjef lrd suomdetjvd sdktjadkts jk lk` hn tfdasdcvds tflt aust od tdstd`), th ahvd odyhk` suomdetjvjty ‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty, nrdd dxeflkid js jkdselplocd. Js jtschw lk` nucc hn tfd ihh` tfd ol` lk` tfd uicy8 Alyod ― l `yklaje systda js kdd`d` th ecljawflt ehkstjtutds ‖thh schw‚ lk` ‖tfd ihh`, tfd ol`, lk` tfd uicy‚ ― out rdilr`cdss, jt‚s kdedsslry.Lrd tfdrd ajstlgds jk l `yklaje systda8 Loshcutdcy= jn yhu rdahvd clws liljkst `ruis, nhrdxlapcd, tfdrd wjcc od ukjktdk`d` ehksdqudkeds. Out tflt js prdejsdcy wfy yhu wlkt l `yklajesystda. Pfdrd lrd lcwlys ukjktdk`d` ehksdqudkeds, out jk l `yklaje systda, yhu elk cdlrk nrhatfda lk` l`lpt qujegcy. Fhwdvdr, jk l stliklkt systda, suef ls tfhsd erdltd` oy ihvdrkadkt lk`

jts clws, ukjktdk`d` ehksdqudkeds lrd al`d (ahrd) pdralkdkt. Jk l `yklaje systda, tfdukjktdk`d` ehksdqudkeds hn `ruis heeur lk` lrd ehuktdrd`7 jk l stliklkt systda, tfd ukjktdk`dèhksdqudkeds heeur lk` ehktjkud. Pfd ehksdqudkeds aly dvdk od ahrlcjzd`, algjki tfdakdlrcy japhssjocd th njx. Yfdrd tfdrd js nrdd`ha, tfdrd js eflkid7 wfdrd tfdrd js nhred, tfdrd jsehktjkultjhk.

^JJJ

Pfd cjajts hn dqulcjty lrd `dtdrajkd` oy ahrlcjty, kdedsslry cjajts wfjef lrd `dtdrajkd`lk` tdstd` oy tfd `yklaje prhedss hn nrdd dxeflkid, hntdk rdndrrd` th ls ‖tfd nrdd alrgdt‚.^jhcltjhks hn tfjs prhedss lrd kht hkcy jkdnnjejdkt, out tfdy lcsh vjhcltd cjodrty lk` erdltddxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty. Pfjs js wfy rdedkt rdphrts hn CIOP adaodrs usjki nhred lk` tfdihvdrkadkt th eflkid tfd letjvjtjds hn prjvltd jk`jvjùlcs lk` ousjkdssds lrd sh trhuocjki= tfdsddnnhrts lrd sdttjki up CIOP ehaaukjtjds th sunndr ahrd. Pfd rdvhcutjhkjsts jk tfd Nrdkef_dvhcutjhk fl` rdlshk nhr rdvhctjki lk` trjd` th ehrrdet alky rdlc jkmustjeds, out odelusd tfdyusd` tfd wrhki prhedss nhr eflkijki tfd whrc` nhr tfd odttdr, tfdy sdt tfdasdcvds up nhr tfd_djik hn Pdrrhr. J ndlr l sjajclr ajstlgd js odjki al`d oy CIOPs, lk` J ndlr CIOPs wjcc nlednurtfdr sunndrjki ls l rdsuct.

Pfd ehkerdtd dxlapcd tflt ehads th ajk` js tfd rdedkt ehurt elsd liljkst Eyktfjl lk`_hodrt Ijnnhr`, wfh, odcjdvjki alrrjlid js th od odtwddk l alk lk` l whalk, `j` kht wlkt thrdkt hut tfdjr nlajcy nlra nhr l slad-sdx wd``jki edcdorltjhk. Pfjs wls `ddad` l vjhcltjhk hnfualk rjifts lk` rdsuctd` jk pdklcjzltjhk. Rdrflps Eyktfjl lk` _hodrt Ijnnhr` lrd vjhcltjkifualk rjifts ― l `yklaje prhedss js kdd`d` th tdcc. Lssuajki tfdy lrd, tfdrd lrd twh wlys th ihlohut ehrrdetjki tfda= hkd, wjtf nhred7 twh, tfrhuif nrdd dxeflkid. Pfd njrst, ls fls lcrdl`y oddkwrjttdk dxtdksjvdcy hk, dktljcs l cht hn prhocdas7 tfd sdehk` `hds kht. Jk nlet, tfd sdehk` kht hkcyehrrdets fualk rjifts vjhcltjhks, out lcsh j`dktjnjds tfda. Nhr dxlapcd, jk l nrdd dxeflkidsystda, tfd Ijnnhr`‚s whuc` `dej`d th kht lcchw tfd slad-sdx wd``jki th heeur hk tfdjr nlra.Pfd slad-sdx ehupcd whuc` od nrustrltd` oy tfjs `dejsjhk, out tfdy whuc` ih tlgd tfdjr ousjkdsslk` ahkdy dcsdwfdrd. Uh, tfd Ijnnhr`‚s `dejsjhk th kht fhst tfdjr wd``jki `hds flvd lehksdqudked nhr tfda= cdss ousjkdss. Yfjcd tfd slad-sdx ehupcd `hdsk‚t idt jts prdndrdked, jt elk



vhtd nhr lkhtfdr nlra, wjtf tfdjr ehksuadr olccht, oy rdktjki l `jnndrdkt wd``jki-nlra-vdkud.Yflt js odttdr lohut tfjs lpprhlef8 Jt `hdsk‚t clwnuccy pdklcjzd l ousjkdss nhr flvjki lk hpjkjhk7

jkstdl`, nrdd dxeflkid klturlccy pdklcjzds tfd ousjkdss oy tlgjki ahkdy lwly nrha jt tflt wjcc ihthwlr` l `jnndrdkt vdkud. Tctjaltdcy, jn tfd idkdrlc ehksdksus, jk nrdd dxeflkid, wdrd th `dej`dtflt tfd Ijnnhr`‚s wdrd `dpchrlocd nhr kht lcchwjki l slad-sdx wd``jki hk tfdjr prhpdrty, tfdy

wjcc dvdktulccy ih hut hn ousjkdss odelusd kh hkd wjcc wlkt th rdkt l vdkud nrha tfda. Pfjs prhedss whuc` tfdk trucy rdncdet tfd idkdrlc phpucltjhk‚s fdlrt `jsphsjtjhk thwlr` lcchwjki slad-sdx wd``jkis lkywfdrd, vdrsus flvjki tfd ihvdrkadkt stdp jk lk` nhred dvdryhkd th lcchwslad-sdx wd``jkis dvdrywfdrd, jk wfjef elsd, kh hkd ehuc` gkhw nhr surd jn tfd idkdrlc phpucltjhk (lk` vdkud hwkdrs) wlkt slad-sdx wd``jkis hr must flvd th odelusd jt‚s l clw.<0

Lktj-@jserjajkltjhk Clws algd `jserjajkltjhk jccdilc= J ndlr tfjs jsk‚t kdlrcy ls dnndetjvd

ls jk`jvjùlc nrddcy efhhsjki kht th `jserjajkltd, ls jt‚s ahrd dnndetjvd lk` rdncdetjvd nhr

jk`jvjùlcs th nrddcy efhhsd th kht supphrt l vdkud tflt wjcc hkcy eltdr th edrtljk alrjtlchrjdktltjhks. Hn ehursd, hkd ehuc` lriud tflt pdhpcd whk‚t eflkid wjtfhut clws, out tfjs js lsuomdetjvd prdajsd tflt kdd`s l `yklaje prhedss th tdst.<4 Lk` dvdk jn jt js tfd elsd tflt shad pdhpcd whk‚t eflkid, wjtf nhrednuc clws prdsdkt, tfd efhjed hn htfdrs th eflkid odehads cdss

adlkjkinuc lk` cdss locd th dnnled dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty.

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Algjki rlejst tfhuifts jccdilc js khtls dnndetjvd ls cdttjki tfda od dxprdssd` (lssuajki vjhcdked jsk‚t usd`), put jk tfd lrdkl th`dndk` nhr tfdasdcvds, lk` tfdk `dndltd`. Pfjs sfhws pdhpcd tfd nutjcjty hn rlejst phsjtjhks, lkìrlùlccy eflkids tfd eucturd. Out wfdrd tfd phsjtjhks elkkht od tdstd` odelusd tfdy lrd jccdilcth fhc`, tfd eucturd `hds kht eflkid, hr lt cdlst jt elkkht gkhw jn jt fls eflkid`= tfdrd jsdxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty. Clws, lcsh, `h kht flvd tfd lojcjty th algd pdhpcd tfjkg l edrtljk wly.Tknhrtukltdcy, dvdk algjki jt liljkst tfd clw th `jserjajkltd, sly jk tfd elsd hn tfd vdkud,`hdsk‚t adlk tfd vdkud hwkdrs `hk‚t `jserjajkltd jk tfdjr whr`s, ajk`s, lk` lttjtu`ds. Lk`nurtfdrahrd, jn dvdryhkd jk tfd eucturd sthps odjki rlejst out tfdrd js stjcc jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsa,jt wjcc sdda ls jn rlejsts lrd dvdrywfdrd. Pfd tfhuifts hn jk`jvjùlcs lrd kht wflt rujk l ehuktrylchkd (tfhuif tflt jsk‚t th sly suef tfhuifts sfhuc`k‚t edlsd), out tfd jkstjtutjhks wfjef prdvdkttfhuifts nrha odjki tdstd` lk` rdvhcutjhkjzd`.

Rdrflps l rdlshk tfd CIOP ehaaukjty fls irlvjtltd` thwlr` nhred js odelusd jt wlsnhred tflt put tfda jk tfd sjtultjhk tfdy lrd jk ― tfd nhred hn ihvdrkadkt alrjtlc clws wfjef`j`k‚t jkecu`d tfda. Cjgdwjsd, jt wls pdrflps tfd nhred hn tfd Mja Erhw Clws, tfd nljcurd hnihvdrkadkt th dknhred gj`klppjki lk` aur`dr clws ùrjki sclvdry lk` tfd sclvd trl`d, dte., tflt pusfd` Lnrjelk Ladrjelks th sddg Ejvjc _jifts Clws, Lnnjraltjvd Letjhk, dte. Pfd rdletjhk jschijelc, ls tfd Nrdkef _dvhcutjhk wls chijelc nhr tfd rdvhcutjhkjsts. Out wflt js chijelc jk tfdsfhrt-tdra alyod jkdnndetjvd jk tfd oji pjeturd. Lk` kh hkd elk prd`jet ukjktdk`dèhksdqudkeds, out l `yklaje systda elk rdsphk` th tfda, wfltdvdr tfdy ajift od.<9

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Pfd odst wly th hvdrehad ojihtry, rlejsa, sdxjsa, dte., js kht oy hutclwjki jt, out oylcchwjki jk`jvjùlcs th hvdrehad jt. Nhr tfjs rdlshk, prjvltd dktdrprjsds sfhuc` od lcchwd` thrdnusd sdrvjed th lkyhkd nhr lky rdlshk7 tfjs wly, ejtjzdks elk prhvd th hkd lkhtfdr tflt tfdyrdnusd jkthcdrlked lk` jaahrlc `jserjajkltjhk kht odelusd tfdy lrd lnrlj` hn tfd clw, out odelusdtfdy trucy odcjdvd jk ahrlc dqulcjty. Jk l whrc` wfdrd pdhpcd lrd nrdd th od rlejst, wfdk tfdrd jskh rlejsa, yhu gkhw nhr surd tflt rlejsa js `dl`7 jk l whrc` wfdrd rlejsa js jccdilc, yhu kdvdrgkhw nhr surd ― tfdrd js lcwlys lkxjdty. Hn ehursd, jk l whrc` wfdrd jkthcdrlked js jccdilc, tfdrd



wjcc od trucy thcdrlkt pdhpcd, out tfd jssud js tflt pdhpcd wjcc kht gkhw nhr surd tflt tfdsdjk`jvjùlcs lrd trucy thcdrlkt= tfdrd wjcc lcwlys od tfd phssjojcjty tflt tfdy hkcy let ls suef odelusd hn tfd clw. Pfd jk`jvjùlc ehuc` hkcy prhvd tfdasdcvds jn tfd clws wdrd rdahvd`, lkùktjc tfdk, tfdrd wjcc lcwlys od dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty.

Pfhuif jt whuc` od jaahrlc th wlkt pdhpcd th hpdk rlejst ousjkdssds, nhr dxlapcd, jt js

kht jaahrlc th lcchw pdhpcd th hpdk tfda, sddjki ls `hjki sh js tfd ahst dnndetjvd wly thhvdrehad rlejsa (ls wls must dxpcljkd`). Odelusd hn tfd Mja Erhw Uhutf, pdhpcd tfjkg tflt jn`jserjajkltjhk wlsk‚t jccdilc, ousjkdssds whuc` `jserjajkltd, out tfjs ndlr js iujcty hn nhridttjki

tflt jt wls liljkst tfd clw th hpphsd sdirdiltjhk lk` `jserjajkltjhk. Pfdrd fls kdvdr oddk l tjadjk Ladrjelk fjsthry wfdk pdhpcd wdrd nrdd th `jserjajkltd wjtfhut jkstjtutjhks dknhrejki jt,`rjvjki jt, jkeuoltjki jt, hutclwjki jt, lk`/hr nljcjki th upfhc` clws, suef ls tfhsd liljkst aur`drlk` gj`klppjki, kdedsslry nhr tfd nuketjhkjki hn tfd `yklaje systda hn nrdd dktdrprjsd= lntdrOrhwk v. Ohlr` hn Dùeltjhk, nhr dxlapcd, dktdrprjsds wdkt nrha odjki rdqujrd` th sdirdiltd,uk`dr Rcdssy v. Ndriushk, th sdirdiltjhk odjki jccdilc. Ehksj`drjki fhw tfd Mlplkdsd, Mdwjsf,lk` Eltfhcjes lrd `hjki jk Ladrjel th`ly, `dspjtd `jserjajkltjhk, tfdrd js rdlshk th odcjdvdLnrjelk Ladrjelks whuc` `h vdry wdcc jn tfd jkstjtutjhks fhc`jki oclegs oleg ― alky hn wfjef

wdrd drdetd` jk fhpds hn fdcpjki tfda ― whuc` od lohcjsfd`. Lk` tfjs js wfy tfd eurrdkt dnnhrt hntfd CIOP ehaaukjty th usd jkstjtutjhks vdrsus tfd `yklaje systda hn nrdd dxeflkid js sh prhocdaltje= jt js shwjki tfd sdd`s hn nuturd flr`sfjp.

Jn shadhkd wlkts th rdnusd sdrvjed th oclegs, oy lcc adlks cdt tfda, lk` tfdk wltef lstfdy ih hut hn ousjkdss, flvjki eut tfdjr sdcvds hnn nrha l clrid ehksuadr olsd lk` dapchylocdtlcdkt phhc. Pfd odluty hn tfjs adtfh` js tflt tfd shejdty js ijvdk l wly th prhvd tflt jt flshvdrehad ojihtry, wfjcd wfdk tfd ihvdrkadkt hutclws jt, yhu elk kdvdr gkhw nhr surd. Nrdd`hajs tfd odst wly th prhvd l shejdty fls trlksedk`d` ojihtry, wfjcd nhred lcwlys cdlvds rhha nhr`huot. Ehksdqudktcy, tfhuif tfhsd plssjhkltd lohut dqulcjty lcwlys flvd l rlccyjki ery, tfdihlcs nhr wfjef tfdy rlccy lrd kdvdr lefjdvd`.

Irlktd`, jn ousjkdssds whuc` flvd kht oddk nhred` th jaad`jltdcy jktdirltd lntdr ydlrs hn odjki nhred` th sdirdiltd, tfdrd whuc` flvd prholocy oddk l kuaodr hn ousjkdssds tflt rdaljkd`sdirdiltd` nhr l kuaodr hn ydlrs, lk` tfdy whuc` flvd oddk supphrtd` oy kuadrhus ehksuadrs.Jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsa prhpliltds rlejsa, lk` hked tfd jkstjtutjhks lrd ihkd, jt `hds tlgd tjadnhr tfd rlejsa th vlkjsf. Jn yhu sahgd nhr ydlrs, jt‚s flr` th qujt7 jn yhu‚vd oddk tluift lcc yhurcjnd tflt tfd whrc` js nclt, jt‚s flr` th odcjdvd tfd whrc` js rhuk`. Lntdr ydlrs hn jkstjtutjhks`jrdetcy lk` jk`jrdetcy tdlefjki pdhpcd th od rlejsts, jt‚s hkcy th od dxpdetd` tflt alky rdsjstd`

Orhwk v. Ohlr` hn Dùeltjhk, flvjki oddk tluift l ehuktdr ahrlcjty, l ehuktdr ahrlcjty tfltwhuc`k‚t flvd oddk sh wj`dcy fdc` fl` tfd ihvdrkadkt kht jkeuoltd` jt tfrhuif jkstjtutjhklcjzd`rlejsa hvdr sh chki. Pfd alrgs hn jkstjtutjhks tlgd tjad th nl`d lwly7 fhwdvdr, tfdy elk lk` `hnl`d.

Zdt, wfdrd tfdrd lrd kh clws liljkst (hr nhr) rlejsa, dvdk jn tfd rlejsa `hdsk‚t vlkjsfehapcdtdcy, wfdrd jt `hds vlkjsf, jt js uk`huotd`cy idkujkd ― tfdrd js kh dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty.Yfdrd tfdrd js japrhvdadkt jk rled rdcltjhks, tfdrd js, uk`huotd`cy, japrhvdadkt. Ph`lytfhuif, wd elkkht tdcc tfd `jnndrdked odtwddk wfdrd tfdrd lrd japrhvdadkts lk` wfdrd tfdrdlrdk‚t, ls wd elkkht tdcc tfd `jnndrdked odtwddk tfd pdhpcd wfh lrd phst-rlejlc lk` tfhsd wfh mustlet phst-rlejlc. Jt sddas th od tflt odelusd tfdrd wdrd kh (pdralkdkt) Ejvjc _jifts ojccs hrRrdndrdktjlc Rhcjejds cjgd Lnnjraltjvd Letjhk nhr Mlplkdsd-Ladrjelks (jk tfd klad hn tfdltrhejtjds ehaajttd` liljkst tfda ùrjki YYJJ), tfdrd fls oddk kh jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsaliljkst Mlplkdsd-Ladrjelks (tfhuif tfdrd aly stjcc dxjst drrhkdhus, jkdxeuslocd stdrdhtypds7



nurtfdrahrd, tfjs jsk‚t th sly hkcy Rrdndrdktjlc Rhcjejds lrd jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsas ― tfdrd js lcshtfd Ylr hk @ruis, tfd `lalids hn wfjef lrd dxplk`d` hk jk Pfd Kdw Mja Erhw Clws oyAjefdccd Lcdxlk`dr). Yfdrd wd flvd al`d prhirdss jk Mlplkdsd-wfjtd rdcltjhks, wd gkhw wd‚vdal`d prhirdss.<6 Tknhrtukltdcy, wd elkkht flvd tfjs edrtljkty jk ocleg-wfjtd rdcltjhks, lk` tfltfls elusd` irdlt flr`sfjp, flr`sfjp tflt fhpdnuccy tfd CIOP ehaaukjty elk lvhj` lk` tfd ocleg

ehaaukjty hvdrehad.Yfdrd tfdrd js kh nrdd`ha, tfdrd js dxjstdktjlc edrtljkty, lk` tfd CIOP ehaaukjty, jkvjhcltjki nrdd`ha th hvdrehad ojihtry, js sdttjki jtsdcn up th nhrdvdr od fluktd` oy ojihtry‚s spdetlthr. Pfjs js l nuturd kh hkd sfhuc` wlkt nhr lkyhkd, dvdk tfhsd tfdy ahst làjttd`cy`jslirdd wjtf. Ph `jslirdd wjtf shadhkd js rdspdetlocd7 th wjsf tfda flra, `dpchrlocd. L nrddshejdty js wfdrd wd aust njift sh tflt dvdryhkd fls tfd nrddst nuturd phssjocd, dvdk jn wd `jslirddwjtf fhw tfdy usd tflt cjodrty (lssuajki hn ehursd tflt usd `hdsk‚t vjhcltd dxjstjki clws th prdsdrvd nrdd`ha, cjgd clws tflt prdsdrvd cjnd lk` l pdrshk‚s pfysjelc wdccodjki). Nrdd`ha jsk‚t

nrdd`ha wfdk rdstrjetd` th hkcy tfhsd wfh sflrd tfd slad vjdw.

V

Odnhrd tfd njklc sdetjhk hn tfjs plpdr, tfdrd lrd shad phjkts tflt J tfjkg whuc` od fdcpnucth rdehikjzd, tfhuifts tflt wjcc fdcp us nrlad tfd jssuds jk qudstjhk (tfhuif làjttd`cy tfdy lrdshadwflt hn lk lsj`d).

Ph put jt strjgjkicy lk` jrhkjelccy= wfdrd tfdrd js kh dqulcjty, tfdrd js kh rlejsa. Jk htfdrwhr`s, tfdrd js kh kdd` nhr rlejsa th mustjny sclvdry jk l kltjhk tflt `hdsk‚t odcjdvd ‖lcc adk lrd

erdltd` dqulc‚. Uclvdry fls dxjstd` jk ahst kltjhks ls chki ls ejvjcjzltjhk fls dxjstd`7 wflt al`dLadrjelk sclvdry sh ‖dxedptjhklc‚ (ls jk ‖`jnndrdkt‚) lk` `dpchrlocd js tfd sclvd trl`d lk`dcdadkt hn `dfualkjzjki rlejsa lttlefd` th jt, rlejsa wfjef whuc`k‚t od ukkdd`d` jk l

ejvjcjzltjhk tflt `j`k‚t odcjdvd ‖lcc adk lrd erdltd` dqulc‚.<: Ujajclrcy, tfdrd elk hkcy od rlejsa

lk` jaahrlc `jserjajkltjhk liljkst CIOPs wfdrd tfdrd js tfd pfjchshpfjelc prdajsd hn dqulcjty.Jk htfdr whr`s, Ladrjel ehuc`k‚t od elccd` l fuo hn rlejsa, sdxjsa, dte., jn Ladrjel `j`k‚t wrjtdjkth jts nrladwhrg tfd vdry prdajsd oy wfjef jt js sh muìd`. Jk tfjs wly, Ladrjelk dqulcjty jsjrhkje.

Dapjrjelc dvj`dked suiidsts tflt dqulcjty js l nlcsd prdajsd= pdhpcd `h kht chhg hr cjvddqulccy, tfdy flvd `jnndrdkt tlcdkt sdts, dte. Zdt tfjs phjkt dqultds ‖dqulcjty‚ th ‖sladkdss‚, wfjef

`hdsk‚t sdda ehrrdet. Lcc lrd dqulc jkshauef ls lcc dqulccy flvd tfd rjift th ijvd up tfdjrdqulcjty tfrhuif nrdd lets, ls al`d phssjocd oy clws. Nurtfdrahrd, tfd pfrlsd ‖lcc adk lrderdltd` dqulc‚ sddas th sly ‖khkd lrd erdltd` gjkis‚= pdhpcd elk od dcdetd` (pdrflps dvdk ohrk) lgjki, out kh hkd elk sjapcy ‖od‚ hkd. Jt `hdsk‚t adlk th sly pdhpcd lrd ‖ohrk dqulc‚, out ‖erdltd`dqulc‚, nhr kht dvdryhkd js ohrk jk tfd slad stlrtjki ehk`jtjhk. Jt js japhssjocd nhr dvdryhkd th od ohrk j`dktjelccy, nhr kht dvdryhkd fls tfd slad plrdkts lk` kht dvdryhkd elk od ohrk lt tfd slad phjkt hn spled lk` tjad. Fhwdvdr, kh hkd sfhuc` od ohrk jkth l ehk`jtjhk jk wfjef tfdy lrdnhred` th ‖od‚ suofualk rltfdr tflk flvd tfd elplejty th ‖efhhsd th od‚ suofualk (oy ordlgjkiclws, suef ls clws liljkst aur`dr), lk` jt js must nhr l ihvdrkadkt th lssurd tfjs `hdsk‚t heeur.Htfdrwjsd, tfd `yklaje systda hn nrdd dxeflkid wjcc kht whrg ls dnndetjvdcy ls jt sfhuc`,rdùejki tfd qulcjty hn cjnd nhr lcc.

Jt sddas jt whuc` flvd slvd` tfd nrladrs tfd trhuocd hn odjki elccd` ‖rlejst, rjef wfjtd

adk‚ fl` tfdy kht jkecu`d` tfd j`dl ‖lcc adk lrd erdltd` dqulc‚, lk` rltfdr rdpfrlsd` jt ‖kh hkd jserdltd` l gjki‚. Out, nhr tfd odkdnjts hn ajccjhks, tfdy sdt tfdasdcvds up nhr erjtjejsa. Gddpjki

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tfjs jk ajk`, odnhrd oclajki Ladrjel nhr trdltjki pdhpcd uknljrcy lk` jaahrlccy, rdlcjzd tfltLadrjel js wflt prhvj`ds tfd pfjchshpfjelc prdajsd uphk wfjef Ladrjel js leeusd` hn suef. Jkhtfdr whr`s, Ladrjel erdltd` tfd whrc` jt js leeusd` nhr letjki jaahrlccy wjtfjk. Fdked, tfdkdd` nhr l `yklaje systda ― nrdd dxeflkid ― th hvdrehad rlejsa lk` jaahrlc `jserjajkltjhkwjtfhut idkdrltjki dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty js l ehksdqudked hn tfd j`dl hn dqulcjty wfjef

Ladrjel stjtefd` jkth jts nlorje. Ladrjel elk hkcy od muìd` ls rlejst lk` iujcty hn`jserjajkltjhk odelusd Ladrjel odcjdvds jk dqulcjty= jt js Ladrjel‚s ijnt oy wfjef jt js leeusd`.Pfjs jsk‚t th sly Ladrjel js jkkhedkt hn tfdsd vjhcltjhks hn fualk rjifts hr tflt jt sfhuc`k‚t flvd

jkecu`d` tfd pfrlsd ‖lcc adk lrd erdltd` dqulc‚ jk jts Ehkstjtutjhk, hkcy tflt jn Ladrjel js iujcty,jt sfhuc` od rdehikjzd` tflt Ladrjel js lcsh rdsphksjocd nhr oujc`jki tfd ehurt jk wfjef jt js muìd` lk` sdktdked`. Pfd let hn legkhwcdìjki jts ahrlc sfhrtehajkis js fhalid th jts ahrlcleehapcjsfadkts. Fdked, tfhuif Ladrjel sfhuc` od fdc` leehuktlocd nhr jaahrlc`jserjajkltjhk, jt sfhuc` od `hkd sh jk fuajcjty lk` irltjtu`d.

VJ

Jn l ousjkdss ecljad` tflt jt `j` kht prhvj`d sdrvjeds th ‖efjc` ahcdstdrs‚, tfdrd whuc` odkh prhtdsts jk tfd strddts. Out jsk‚t tfjs `jserjajkltjhk8 Zds, out sjked wd `dnjkd efjc`

ahcdstltjhk ls jaahrlc, tfjs gjk` hn `jserjajkltjhk `hdsk‚t ohtfdr us (hr lt cdlst jt `hdsk‚t ohtfdr

tfd almhrjty). Yflt wd ehksj`dr ojihtry js rdcltjvd th wflt wd ehksj`dr jaahrlc. Nurtfdrahrd,wd `h kht trdlt aur`drdrs ls dqulc= wd put tfda jk mljc. Pfjs js `jserjajklthry, out odelusdaur`dr js `dnjkd` ls jaahrlc, jt js kht sddk ls jaahrlc th `dky dqulcjty th tfda. Uuef`jserjajkltjhk js ihh` lk` ahrlc `jserjajkltjhk, algjki jt sdda ls jn tfd tdra ‖`jserjajkltjhk‚

jsk‚t dvdk lpprhprjltd th usd. Ph`ly, pdhpcd lrd `dalk`jki tflt dqulcjty od dxtdk`d` th CIOPs, odelusd CIOP

letjvjty js kh chkidr ehksj`drd` jaahrlc (lk` sh kdvdr jaahrlc). Ehksdqudktcy, tfd shejdty jsehkecu`jki tflt tfdy lrd ùd dqulcjty, wfjef rltjhklccy nhcchws.?2 Nhr tfhsd wfh ehksj`dr CIOPsjaahrlc, `dkyjki tfda alrrjlid jsk‚t l vjhcltjhk hn fualk rjifts, out chijelc. Uh wfh‚s rjift8Pfd almhrjty8 Kh ― kht sjapcy tflt ― kh hkd wlkts l shejdty ruk oy aho rucd. Jn tfd almhrjtyslys ‖? + ? 1 4‚, tfd hkd wfh odcjdvds ‖? + ? 1 0‚ js stjcc ehrrdet, lk` tfd phssjocy hn suef lsjtultjhk rdqujrds tfdrd th od l prhedss tflt efdegs lk` olclkeds tfd almhrjty. Pflt prhedss js nrdddxeflkid, lk` tfhuif jt js sjajclr th ‖almhrjty rucd‚, jt js `jnndrdkt. Ph odijk wjtf, nrdd dxeflkidjsk‚t sjapcy l alttdr hn hkd vhtd hn dlef jk`jvjùlc tflt heeurs hked dvdry khw lk` tfdk, out lalttdr hn alky vhtds hn dlef jk`jvjùlc tflt heeur alky tjads hvdr dvdry sjkicd `ly. Nrdddxeflkid js lcwlys tlgjki vhtds, wfdrdls lk dcdetjhk hkcy tlgds vhtds dvdry twh th nhur ydlrs. Pfdrd js auef ahrd `dejsjhk algjki olegjki tfd alrgdt, wfjef js wfy jt js ahrd `yklaje lk`vjorlkt. Nurtfdrahrd, jt hvdrehads ol` j`dls kht tfrhuif hutclwjki tfda, out tfrhuif tdstjkilk` ehapdtjtjhk. Jt js nljr lk` leehaah`ltjki, wfjcd dcdetjhks lk` ihvdrkadkt lrd ojlsd` lkùkleehaah`ltjki. Yflt algds Ladrjel irdlt js kht tfd japrjshkjki hn tfhsd wfh sly ‖Ladrjeljsk‚t irdlt‚, out tfd vdry nlet tflt pdhpcd lrd nrdd th sly tflt tfdy fltd tfd ehuktry tflt ijvds tfdatfd nrdd`ha th dxprdss tfdjr fltrd`. Lt tfd slad tjad, Ladrjel js lcsh irdlt odelusd jt `hds khtlcchw tfhsd wfh fltd Ladrjel th gjcc Ladrjelks. Rdrflps jt js wrhki th sly ‖J fltd Ladrjel‚ lk`tdaptjki th nhred suef jk`jvjùlcs th od qujdt, out jn tfjs tdaptltjhk js rdsjstd`, Ladr jel‚s

irdltkdss wjcc hkcy irhw. Jn l wd``jki vdkud `dkjd` sdrvjed th Kdh-Klzjs nhr kh htfdr rdlshk tflk odelusd tfdy lrd

Kdh-Klzjs, kh hkd whuc` ocjkg, lk` tfhsd wfh `j` prholocy whuc`k‚t od tlgdk out sh sdrjhuscy,



nhr tfd almhrjty `dnjkds Kdh-Klzjsa ls, hovjhuscy, jaahrlc.?< Jt js tfd jssuds tflt cjd hk tfd ohr`dr hn odjki leedptd` ls ahrlc tflt algd us ocjkg, out jt js prdejsdcy tfdsd jssuds wfdk tfdtdaptltjhk th usd nhred js irdltdst lk` ahst japdrltjvd th rdsjst. Ujked tfd almhrjty js edlsjki th`dnjkd CIOP letjvjtjds ls jaahrlc, pdhpcd lrd khw ‖ocjkgjki‚, pdr sd. Lrd wd ihjki th ijvd rjsd

th l whrc` wfdrd jn Kdh-Klzjs ehad th yhur vdkud lk` `dalk` l Klzj- prljsjki wd``jki, yhu‚cc

flvd th put jt hk8 Rrholocy kht, odelusd pdhpcd wjcc `dnjkd Klzjsa ls jaahrlc nhr l vdry chkitjad, jn kht nhrdvdr. Out tfjs wjcc od fypherjtjelc. Yfdk nrdd`ha js drh`d`, fypherjsy jsjkdvjtlocd7 wfdk nrdd`ha js aljktljkd`, tfd `yklaje systda hn nrdd dxeflkid elk odttdrleehaah`ltd lcc.

Lk japhrtlkt dcdadkt hn nrdd`ha js nhr pdhpcd th od locd th `dnjkd/rdlcjzd ahrlcjty, lk`fdked th `dnjkd tfd cjajts hn dqulcjty. Ls chki ls pdhpcd lrd kht flrajki htfdrs, tfd pdhpcdsfhuc` od cdnt lchkd th `dnjkd tfjkis fhw tfdy wjcc. Jn hkd wd``jki vdkud `dkjds sdrvjed thCIOPs, tfdk l wd``jki vdkud tflt `hdsk‚t elk pdrflps odehad qujtd prhnjtlocd oy odjki tfdhkcy vdkud jk tfd lrdl tflt sdrvds CIOPs. Yfdrd shad ousjkdssds `dky sdrvjed, tfdrd jshpphrtukjty nhr htfdrs. Fdked, nrdd`ha olclkeds hut, lk` oy prdsdrvjki jt, CIOPs kht hkcy lvhj`dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, out letulccy flvd lk hpphrtukjty th olkgrupt tfd pdhpcd wjtf wfha tfdy

`jslirdd. Yfy sdttcd wjtf l ehurt njkd lk` flvjki pdhpcd put hk yhur wd``jki tflt yhu gkhw`hk‚t cjgd yhu8 Ruttjki tfda hut hn ousjkdss sddas cjgd l auef odttdr plyoleg.Yjtfjk tfd ihh`, dvdryhkd js dxplk`d` dqulcjty, sh jt js dlsy th nhridt tflt tfd plrladtdrs

hn dqulcjty lrd wfdrd ahrlcjty sthps lk` jaahrlcjty odijks. Pfjs cjajt dxjsts ohtf hk lkjk`jvjùlc lk` l shejdtlc cdvdc7 nhr jk`jvjùlcs, tfd nrdd alrgdt js tfd `yklaje prhedss jk wfjefjk`jvjùlcs elk `dnjkd tfd khk-njxd` cjajt nhr tfdasdcvds. Hk tfd shejdtlc cdvdc, tfrhuif clws, tfdcjajt aust od njxd` uphk wfdrd jk`jvjùlc cjodrty js alxjajzd`. Hn ehursd, fualks lrdjapdrndet, sh wfdrd tfjs hptjalccy njxd` phjkt cjds js kht dlsy th `dtdrajkd7 tfdrdnhrd, tfdrd aust od l prhedss jk wfjef clws elk od eflkid` lk` ahvd`. Pflt slj`, clws lrd th rdaljk ahrd njxd`tflk ncuj`, odelusd jk`jvjùlcs, jkerd`jocy ncuj`, kdd` tflt rjij`jty th lvhj` spjrlcjki hnn jkthadlkjkicdss, lcjdkltjki eflhs. Jt js tfd nrdd alrgdt, kht eflhs, wfdrd ihh` j`dls prdvljc, lk` lshejdty tflt elkkht erdltd lk` jkeuoltd ‖tfd ihh`‚ js l shejdty tflt elkkht prhspdr, wfltdvdrjk`jvjùlcs aly efhsd nhr tflt th adlk.

Pfd ihvdrkadkt sfhuc` `dndk` tfd fualk rjift tflt pdhpcd flvd th `dnjkd lk` pursud‖tfd ihh` cjnd‚, out pdhpcd `hk‚t flvd l fualk rjift ‖th tfd ihh` cjnd‚ ( odelusd ‖tfd ihh` cjnd‚elkkht od ukjvdrslccy `dnjkd`). Nurtfdrahrd, pdhpcd eflkid tfdjr ajk`s, lk` wflt ehkstjtutds ‖l

ihh` ahktf‚ aly kht ehkstjtutd ‖l ihh` ahktf‚ kdxt ydlr. Rdhpcd lrd `yklaje lk` rdqujrd l

`yklaje systda jk wfjef th nchurjsf, lk` wflt vjhcltjhks fualk rjifts js tflt wfjef `hds khtupfhc` tfd nrladwhrg jk wfjef fualks elk `dnjkd nhr tfdasdcvds wflt ehkstjtutds ‖fualk

rjifts‚ lk` ‖tfd ihh` cjnd‚. Zds, nhred sddas qujegdr lk` kdedsslry wfdk nled` wjtf lk

dadridkey, out jk tfd dk`, nhred `hdsk‚t whrg. Jn jt js uridkt tflt hkd rdlefds tfd ohttha hn lecjnn, tfhuif mua pjki js qujegdr, jt jsk‚t lk hptjhk= tfd chki wly js tfd hkcy wly.

Pfdrd lrd twh wlys tfd CIOP ehaaukjty elk hotljk tfd fualk rjifts jt nddcs tflt jt fls oddk `dkjd`= oy dxplk`jki tfd clws hr oy drlsjki tfda, oy njiftjki nhr ‖ily alrrjlid‚ hr tfrhuiftfd `dcdtjhk hn lcc ihvdrkadkt alrrjlid. Jt js ihvdrkadkt, kht tfd rdcjijhus (tfhsd ahst hntdk oclad`), tflt fls erdltd` l eltdihry elccd` ‖alrrjlid‚ wfjef jt fls `dkjd` th edrtljk irhups hn pdhpcd. Jt js tfd ihvdrkadkt tflt fls ijvdk tfjs eltdihry l ayrjl` hn tlx odkdnjts lk` rjifts, khttfd rdcjijhus, ls jt wls tfd ihvdrkadkt tflt dknhred` Mja Erhw Clws, kht prjvltd ousjkdssds. Jwhuc` dkehurlid tfd CIOP ehaaukjty th pursud jts ihlcs kht tfrhuif ihvdrkadkt, out tfrhuifnrdd dxeflkid7 htfdrwjsd, J ndlr jt wjcc sdt jtsdcn up nhr dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, lcc wfjcd algjki



htfdrs nddc rdsdktnuc thwlr` CIOPs nhr vjhcltjki tfdjr cjodrtjds lk` algjki tfda odtrly tfdjrvlcuds. Pfjs `hds kht sdda cjgd rdehkejcjltjhk7 rltfdr, jt sddas cjgd tfd dxlet hpphsjtd. Jt alylefjdvd l whrc` jk wfjef tfd CIOP ehaaukjty jsk‚t hpprdssd`, out tfd ehaaukjty wjcc kdvdr odlocd th gkhw jn tfjs whrc` dxjsts odelusd jt js liljkst tfd clw nhr l `jnndrdkt whrc` th dxjst, hr odelusd pdhpcd flvd efhsdk jt. Pfd ehaaukjty wjcc kdvdr gkhw tflt jt js leedptd`, nhr jt wjcc

lcwlys od phssjocd tflt pdhpcd sly tfdy leedpt jt hut hn ndlr vdrsus idkujkd elrd. Jt wjcc kdvdrflvd tfd leedptlked jt chkis nhr hr tfd chvd khkd sfhuc` od uklocd th tdcc tfdy flvd oddk ijntd`. Pfdrd js shadtfjki fypherjtjelc lohut fdtdrhsdxulcs, hvdr 42% hn wfha idt `jvhreds,

`dkyjki alrrjlid th tfd CIOP ehaaukjty, ls tfdrd js shadtfjki fypherjtjelc lohut ijvjki rjiftslk` odkdnjts th l irhup tflt `hdsk‚t sdda th vlcud tfda.

?? Tphk tfdsd phjkts, tfd CIOPehaaukjty fls irhuk`s uphk wfjef th prhphsd tflt tfdy flvd oddk jaahrlccy `jserjajkltd`liljkst vdrsus sjapcy `jserjajkltd`. _ltfdr tflk usjki nhred th njx tfjs alttdr tfhuif, J whuc`l`vjsd tfd usd hn nrdd dxeflkid, lk` lcsh prhphsd l eflkid hn strltdiy. _ltfdr tflk try th dxplkàlrrjlid th jkecu`d CIOPs, pdrflps ejvjc alrrjlid sfhuc` od drlsd` dktjrdcy. J aysdcn laliljkst ohtf fhahsdxulc alrrjlid lk` fdtdrhsdxulc alrrjlid ls rdehikjzd` oy tfd ihvdrkadkt= J`hk‚t tfjkg tfd Utltd sfhuc` od jkvhcvd` lt lcc. Nurtfdrahrd, lk ukalrrjd` alk wfh cjvds wjtf

fjs sjeg orhtfdr hr nrjdk` sfhuc`k‚t od trdltd` `jnndrdktcy tflk l alrrjd` ehupcd, ls sfhuc`k‚t odtwh fdtdrhsdxulc hr fhahsdxulc jk`jvjùlcs cjvjki thidtfdr , ls sfhuc`k‚t od twh sjocjkis, ls

sfhuc`k‚t od lk dc`dr chhgjki lntdr l yhuki efjc`, ls sfhuc`k‚t od twh pdhpcd wfh lrd lsdxulc,dte. Ls chki ls tfd eltdihry hn ‖ejvjc alrrjlid‚ dxjsts, tfdrd wjcc lcwlys od shad wfh cjvdthidtfdr tflt tfd Utltd nlvhrs hvdr htfdr pljrjkis7 jn tfd eltdihry wls drlsd`, suef `jserjajkltjhkwhuc` kht heeur. Dvdryhkd js dqulc wfdrd tfdrd lrd kh odkdnjts lt lcc. Kh ehaojkltjhk hn pdhpcdcjvjki thidtfdr sfhuc` od ‖ocdssd`‚ oy tfd Utltd, nhr , jk ay hpjkjhk, jt js jkfdrdktcy uknljr.Nurtfdrahrd, Utltd jkvhcvdadkt jk alrrjlid aly jkedktjvd jk`jvjùlcs th idt alrrjd` nhr tfdwrhki rdlshks lk` elk lcsh elusd uknhrdsddk ehapcjeltjhks nhr pdhpcd wfh lrd hk `jslojcjty hrlssjstlked (wfh, jn tfdy idt alrrjd`, aly chsd tfd hkcy jkehad tfdy flvd). Pfd rdahvlc hn tfdUtltd nrha alrrjlid wjcc jkerdlsd cjodrty, lvhj` `jnnjeuct th l``rdss ukjktdk`d` ehksdqudkeds,lk` jkerdlsd tfd dnnjejdkey hn tfd `yklaje systda hn tfd nrdd alrgdt. Zds, tfjs js dlsjdr slj` tflk`hkd, lk` pdrflps l Utltd wjtfhut ejvjc alrrjlid js flr`dr th lefjdvd tflk lefjdvjki CIOPalrrjlid. Lk` yds, tfdrd wjcc od ehuktcdss ukjktdk`d` ehksdqudkeds, ls tfdrd lcwlys wjcc od, outwfdrd tfdrd js `yklajsa, tfdrd js l`lptjhk lk` dvhcutjhk. Yfdrd tfdrd js stliklkey, tfdrd js pljkwjtfhut iljk.

Odnhrd echsjki, J tfjkg jt whuc` od ihh` th legkhwcdìd liljk tflt jt js ahstcy rdcjijhusjk`jvjùlcs wfh lrd sddk ls `jserjajkltjki liljkst CIOPs. Pfjs aly od trud ― l `yklaje systdawhuc` od kdd`d` th tdcc ― out dvdk jn jt js, jt js tfd Utltd, kht odcjdvdrs, wfjef jkstjtutjhklccy`jserjajkltds liljkst CIOPs, lk` tflt js tfd rdlc prhocda. Jn tfdrd lrd lky odcjdvdrs aur`drjkiadaodrs hn tfd CIOP ehaaukjty, tfhsd Efrjstjlks sfhuc` od put jk mljc, lk` J odcjdvd ahst odcjdvdrs whuc` supphrt tfjs japrjshkadkt. Jn tfdrd lrd lky odcjdvdrs wfh lrd gddpjki CIOPadaodrs nrha dktdrjki tfdjr hwk fhads, tfd odcjdvdrs sfhuc` od sthppd` oy adlks hn Utltdnhred. Fhwdvdr, jn tfdrd lrd pdhpcd wfh sjapcy `h kht lirdd wjtf tfd CIOP pfjchshpfy, tfjs jssjapcy tfd jkdvjtlocd stltd hn l pcurlcjstje shejdty. Jkdvjtlocy, yhu wjcc dxpdrjdked fltrd` nrha pdhpcd wfh `jslirdd wjtf yhu, ls Ehksdrvltjvds dxpdrjdked fltrd` nrha Cjodrlcs, iddgsdxpdrjdked fltrd` nrha mhegs, Efjkdsd dxpdrjdked fltrd` nrha Mlplkdsd, dte. Pfjs js wrhki, out jtflppdks, lk` J‚a edrtljk tflt tfd ndlr lk` fltrd` jkeuoltd` jk l stltd hn dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty jsnlr irdltdr lk` ahrd pdralkdkt tflk tfd ndlr lk` fltrd` dxpdrjdked` jk l `jnndrdkt lk` `yklajestltd. Jk lk j`dlc whrc`, tfdrd whuc` od kh fltrd` lt lcc, out tfd whrc` js kht pdrndet, lk` tfjs js l



whrc` wfdrd trl`d-hnns flvd th od al`d. Pfdrd js kdvdr l pdrndet shcutjhk, hkcy l stltd wfdrd tfdukjktdk`d` ehksdqudkeds hn shcutjhks elk od ehrrdetd` uphk lrjsjki.

Jk Efrjstjlk tfdhchiy, nhr dxlapcd, lctfhuif Efrjstjlks aly flvd `jnndrdkt vjdws hnahrlcjty tflk htfdrs, Efrjstjlks lrd ehapdccd` th chvd htfdrs. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly ‖Ih` jsk‚t Mustjed‚,

out tflt Irled js tfd spled jk wfjef Mustjed heeurs odtwddk Ih` lk` fualkjty. Yfdrd Efrjstjlks

lrd nrdd th `dky CIOP adaodrs sdrvjeds, jk tdras hn ousjkdss, odelusd hn tfdjr rdcjijhus odcjdns,tfd CIOP adaodrs elk gkhw nhr surd tflt wfdk Efrjstjlks `h dxtdk` dqulc sdrvjeds tflt tfdylrd idkujkd. Jk tfjs wly, CIOP adaodrs elk lcsh gkhw wfjef Efrjstjlks `hk‚t lirdd wjtf tfdjr

cjnd efhjeds out stjcc chvd tfda (vdrsus sjapcy slyjki, daptjcy, ‖chvd tfd sjkkdr, kht tfd sjk‚).Yjtfhut tfjs nrdd`ha, tfdrd wjcc lcwlys od dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty odtwddk Efrjstjlks lk`CIOPs, lk` ehksdqudktcy, tfdrd wjcc od auef sunndrjki nrha wfjef kh hkd wjcc odkdnjt. Lcc tfdwfjcd, tfjs sunndrjki wjcc `jstrlet nrha tfd rdlc prhocda= tfd jknrjkijki hn tfd Utltd uphkjk`jvjùlc cjodrty. Yfdrd tfdrd lrd clws, tfdrd wjcc od ifhsts.?5

Pfd clws wfjef prdvdkt jaahrlc`jserjajkltjhk lrd wflt fjk`dr tfhsd wfha lrd jaahrlccy `jserjajkltd` liljkst, lk` ydt suefclws lrd erdltd` nhr tfd vdry purphsd hn algjki sur d tflt nuturd idkdrltjhks `hk‚t sunndr.?0 Oynheusjki hk cjodrltjhk nrha tfd Utltd vdrsus cjodrltjhk nrha tfd rdcjijhus, CIOPs wjcc lvhj` tfjs

pljknuc lk` fhrrjocd jrhky.Jk echsjki, l pdhpcd‚s chvd hn nrdd`ha js trucy adlsurd` oy fhw auef tfdy `dndk` tfdnrdd`has hn tfhsd tfdy `jslirdd wjtf lk` `hk‚t supphrt.?4 Jn Ehksdrvltjvds trucy elrd lohutcjodrty, ls tfdy sh eclja, tfdy aust `dndk` tfd rjifts hn CIOPs th cjvd lk` let jk tfd wly tfdy shefhhsd. Fhwdvdr, Ehksdrvltjvds sfhuc` kht cdt tfd CIOP ehaaukjty lttdapt th dxplk` l sdksdhn nrdd`ha tfrhuif clw, odelusd tfjs wjcc uctjaltdcy elusd dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty lk` furtCIOPs. Cjodrlcs, jk elrjki lohut tfd CIOP ehaaukjty sh plssjhkltdcy, sfhuc` stlk` lchkisj`dEhksdrvltjvds. J ndlr tfd CIOP ehaaukjty, jk jts dnnhrt th lefjdvd fualk rjifts, js sdttjki jtsdcnup nhr idkdrltjhks wfdrd tfd shejdty elk kdvdr gkhw jn jt fls trucy odehad leedptjki. Jn tfdCIOP ehaaukjty ehktjkuds th ih th tfd ihvdrkadkt nhr rdehkejcjltjhk rltfdr tflk nrdddxeflkid, J ndlr tfd rdehkejcjltjhk wjcc kdvdr trucy flppdk. Ehksdrvltjvds elk fdcp tfjs nltd nrha odnlccjki CIOPs, out tfdy aust kht oleg `hwk nrha `dndk`jki cjodrty, rdilr`cdss wflt kladstfdy lrd elccd`. Nhr tfd nrujts hn nrdd`ha, odjki ajsuk`drsthh` js l salcc prjed th ply.



Khtds

<Lccusjhk th tfd whrg hn Ulrtrd, wfh ecljad` wd lrd kht nrdd th kht od nrdd. Jk shejdty, wd letulccy elk od nrdd nrhanrdd`ha, fdked algjki hur jk`jvjùlc nrdd`ha ahrd adlkjkinuc. Zdt, lt tfd slad tjad, shejdty lk` tfd ihvdrkadktelk jknrjkid uphk jk`jvjùlc cjodrty. Fdked, ihvdrkadkt js kdd`d`, ydt ihvdrkadkt kdd`s th rdaljk cjajtd`.

<.<Yfdrd tfdrd lrd kh clws, ‖nrdd`ha thwlr` tfd ihh`‚ elkkht od `dnjkd` nrha ‖nrdd`ha thwlr` tfd ol`‚= nrdd`ha

tflt elusds lkxjdty lk` eflhs elkkht od `dnjkd` nrha nrdd`ha tflt ijvds cjnd lk` mhy. Nrdd`ha tflt ijvds cjnd lk` mhy, nhr dxlapcd, alyod idttjki th efhhsd l elrddr tflt yhu chvd, wfdrdls l nrdd`ha tflt elusds lkxjdty lk` eflhsalyod tfd efhjed th tlgd `ruis, rdsuctjki jk l``jetjhk. Jk`jvjùlcs lrd cdnt th `dnjkd wfjef nrdd`has lrd wfjef, outwjtfhut l shejdty, tfdy flvd kh stlk`lr` oy wfjef th ih lohut algjki tfd `dejsjhks. Jk suef l sjtultjhk, l fualk jsflr` th `dnjkd lplrt nrha tfd nrddst lk` ahst ‖uk-cjajtd`‚ dktjty hn lcc= khtfjkikdss.

?Rdrflps tfdrd lrd suomdetjvd ihh`s, homdetjvd ihh`s, lk` Homdetjvd Ihh`(s), hr hkcy suomdetjvd ihh`s, hr hkcyHomdetjvd Ihh`(s), dte.8 Yfh‚s th sly8 Rdrflps shadhkd, out hkcy l `yklaje prhedss elk `dtdrajkd suef.

5Ehksj`drjki lcc tfjs, jn tfdrd js lk Homdetjvd Prutf, nrdd dxeflkid js tfd odst systda tfrhuif wfjef ‖trutf‚ elk

‖ahvd thwlr`‚ tflt Homdetjvd Prutf.

0Jk l wly, l phcjtjelc lrdkl nuketjhks ls l sjajclr gjk` hn tdstjki irhuk`, out tfdrd js l `jnndrdked odtwddk vhtjki nhr

wflt yhu tfjkg js tfd odst vleuua lk` usjki jt, pdr sd. Hkd-hk-hkd jktdrletjhk fls l fjifdr prholojcjty hn leeurleytflk `jstlkt lssdssadkt, kht odelusd tfd clttdr js kdedsslrjcy wrhki, out odelusd jt‚s sjapcy l alttdr hn prholojcjty

tflt yhu algd rjift `dejsjhks ahrd sh jk rdilr` th wflt yhu lrd nlajcjlr wjtf hk l `ly-th-`ly olsjs tflk jk rdilr` thwflt yhu flr`cy jktdrlet wjtf. _ltfdr tflk phcjtjes odjki tfd lrdkl wfjef l shejdty rdcjds hk nhr ihh` `dejsjhks, jtwhuc` od odst jn phcjtjes prdsdrvdrs l nrladwhrg jk wfjef jk`jvjùlcs ehuc` `jsedrk lk` algd ihh` `dejsjhks (nrdddxeflkid). Pfd ahrd icholcjzd` tfd whrc`, tfd ahrd tfjs js odkdnjejlc (tfhuif tfd hpphsjtd sddas th od tfd elsd), nhrtfd ahrd pdhpcd algjki `dejsjhks, tfd qujegdr tfd rltd hn ihh` `dejsjhks lrjsjki lk` sprdl`jki, hk wfjef ahrd ihh``dejsjhks elk od al`d, lk` sh hk.

4Jn yhu ih th Ae@hklc`s lk` idt sjeg, jt js, su``dkcy, homdetjvdcy trud tflt ihjki th Ae@hklc`s wls l ol` `dejsjhk7fhwdvdr, odnhrd idttjki sjeg, jt wls l alttdr hn suomdetjvjty. Jk tfjs wly, homdetjvjty lk` suomdetjvjty jknhra hkdlkhtfdr, lk` flvjki lk ‖djtfdr/hr‚ vjdw hn rdlcjty elk od thh sjapcjstje. Nurtfdrahrd, ehksj`drjki rdcjijhk, tfdrd jslcsh phtdktjlccy ‖Homdetjvd Ahrlcjty‚, out tfjs js `jstjket nrha ‖homdetjvd/suomdetjvd ahrlcjty‚, l thpje ahrd nuccy

dxplk`d` hk jk –(Ja)ahrlcjty‑ oy H.I. _hsd.

>Ls lk lsj`d, jt elk od fdcpnuc, jk lkswdrjki l qudstjhk cjgd tfjs, th trled hut fualk tdk`dkejds wfjef aly ocur`jsedrkadkt (alky hn wfjef lrd dxtdksjvdcy `jseussd` jk Jrhkjelccy oy H.I. _hsd). Fjif cdvdcs hn ehapcdxjtyelkkht od ehkedptulcjzd` (ls tfd chwdst cdvdcs hn ehapcdxjty elkkht od ehkedptulcjzd`), lk` sh wfdk shadhkd slys‖wd sfhuc` rdcy hk nrdd dxeflkid‚, wflt tfdy lrd suiidstjki elkkht od irlspd`. Yflt tfdy lrd lsgjki nhr shuk`s cjgdnljtf, out, sjked nrdd dxeflkid elkkht od ehkedptulcjzd`, tfdrd sddas th od kh rltjhklc hr dapjrjelc rdlshk th ijvd jt.Lk` jk nlet, oy suef stlk`lr`s, jt whuc` sdda th od jrrltjhklc. Lk` sh nrdd dxeflkid, `rjvdk oy rltjhklcjty, js rdsjstd` oy rltjhklcjty. Dspdejlccy wfdk dahtjhks lrd jkvhcvd`, wfjef js cjgdcy wfdk shadhkd js ehkedrkd` lohut lk‖jkmustjed‚= th lsg suef l pdrshk th `h wflt tfdy odcjdvd js lgjk th ‖`hjki khtfjki‚ lk` th odcjdvd jk wflt shuk`s cjgd

l ‖fjifdr phwdr‚ js th lsg tfda (ijvdk tfdjr uk`drstlk`jki hn rdlcjty) th plrtjejpltd jk lcchwjki lk` dvdk leedptjkitfd jkmustjed. Yfjcd ‖`hjki khtfjki‚ js jkehaprdfdksjocd, letjhk elk , hk tfd htfdr flk`, od irlspd` lkèhksdqudktcy, odelusd tfd orljk elkkht (lt cdlst dlsjcy) ehkedptulcjzd fjif cdvdcs hn ehapcdxjty, fualks klturlccy

irlvjtltd thwlr` ‖tlgjki jkjtjltjvd‚ (dspdejlccy wfdk jt ‖lppdlrs‚ rltjhklc, ls heeurs jk sjtultjhks wfdrd ehkedrk jsjkvhcvd`, ls hutcjkd` jk –Ehkedrkjki Dpjstdahchiy‑ oy H.I. _hsd). Liljk, tfhsd wfh sly ‖cdt tfd nrdd alrgdt whrg‚

ih liljkst dahtjhks lk` lsg pdhpcd th ‖`h khtfjki‚ wfdk tfdrd js kh ehkedjvlocd rdlshk th sjt oleg lk` rdclx. Pfdslad elk od slj` lohut tfhsd wfh sly ‖nhcchw tfd Ehkstjtutjhk‚. Pfd orljk sddas strueturd` th nlvhr Cjodrlcjsa,tfhuif tfjs `hds kht adlk Cjodrlc phsjtjhks lrd djtfdr ehrrdet hr jkehrrdet. Fualks lcsh sdda prjad` nhr clzjkdss,lk` ‖tfd flk`s hnn‚ lpprhlef hn Ehksdrvltjsa elk lppdlc th tfjs vjed. Liljk, Cjodrlc lk` Ehksdrvltjvd phsjtjhks lrdkht jkfdrdktcy rjift hr wrhki odelusd hn tfdsd fualk tdk`dkejds, out j`dktjnyjki tfdsd tdk`dkejds wjcc fdcp fualks od ahrd `jsedrkjki lohut wflt th `h.

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http://www.og-rose.com/#!essays/c10dx




>.<L shejdty‚s ehkedpt hn cjodrty elk lcsh jknrjkid uphk jts lojcjty th `jsedrk ihh` phcjey. Jn yhu tdcc l njsf ‖yhu lrd

nrdd th stly jk tfd wltdr hr ih hk clk` ― `h wfltdvdr js odst nhr yhu,‚ yhu aly od sdttjki up tfd njsf th `jd. Rdrflpstfd njsf, jk l sdksd, js rl`jelccy nrdd (th tlgd nrha Ulrtrd), out jt fls lcsh chst jts cjnd. Fhwdvdr, jt ehuc` od pdredjvd`ls adlk th tdcc tfd njsf th stly jk tfd wltdr, lk` sh tfdrd elk od lk dahtjhklc rdsjstlked th `h sh, dspdejlccy jkejreuastlkeds wfdrd jt js kht sh rdl`jcy lpplrdkt wfjef dxprdssjhks hn nrdd`ha flvd nltlc ehksdqudkeds. Pfdrd jslcsh lk dahtjhklc rdsjstlked nhr dvdr vjdwjki sjtultjhks jk tdras hn tfd njsf dxlapcd must ijvdk ― sjked fualks`dej`d ‖fhw‚ tfdy sdd tfjkis, tfdy elk rdsjst sddjki tfjkis jk wlys tflt nhred flr` `dejsjhks tflt ehuc` od jktdrprdtd`ls jkehksj`drltd. Pfhsd wfh sdd tfjkis jk tdras hn tfd njsf dxlapcd wjcc lcwlys shuk` adlk jk ehaplrjshk th tfhsdwfh `h kht, lk` sh tfdrd wjcc lcwlys od l ojls thwlr` tfjkgjki hn tfjkis jk tdras hn tfhsd wfh `jslirdd wjtf tfdah`dc. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly tflt tfdsd jk`jvjùlcs lrd kdedsslrjcy wrhki, hkcy tflt wd flvd l tdk`dkey th wlkt tfda th

od rjift. L plrdkt sfhuc`k‚t `jsejpcjkd fjs hr fdr efjc`rdk lcc tfd tjad, out jn l plrdkt kdvdr `hds, tfdjr efjc`rdk whk‚t od l ocdssjki th htfdrs hr th tfdasdcvds.

>.?Lcsh, rdlcjzd tflt jt js `lkidrhus th uk`drstlk` lk lriuadkt jk cjift hn jts lriudr . ‖? + ? 1 0‚ rdilr`cdss jn jt js slj`

oy shadhkd sphkshrd` oy Altf Ehrphrltjhks hr alkjpucltd` oy tfd Cjodrlc Altf Lidk`l. Lriuadkts lrd trud hrnlcsd jrrdspdetjvd hn wfh lriuds tfda. Ph od sh ehkedrkd` lohut tfd olegirhuk` hr sphkshrs hn tfd lriudr, ls wdsdda th od th`ly, js th suiidst tflt shadtfjki js al`d cdss hr ahrd trud odelusd hn wfh js lriujki. Pfjs jsk‚t tfd

elsd. Hk tfd htfdr flk`, jt js lcsh th suiidst tflt pdhpcd alkjpucltd nlets lk` fj`d trutfs, rdcltjvd th wflt tfdy wlktth odcjdvd. Rdrflps tfjs js tfd elsd, out jt‚s hkcy l prhocda jk l shejdty tflt fls chst tfd lojcjty th `jsedrk ihh`lriuadkts nrha ol` hkds, wfjef js l shejdty tflt clegs erjtjelc tfjkgjki. Jn tfjs js hur pcjift, tfd olegirhuk` hn

lriudrs js tfd cdlst hn hur whrrjds= hur dktjrd wly hn cjnd js jk mdhplr`y.

>.5Clstcy, l `yklaje systda js kh ahrd `yklaje tflk jts lidkts. Pfd fjifdr tfd erjtjelc tfjkgjki, tfd ahrd `yklajetfd pdhpcd. Yfdrd tfdrd js kh erjtjelc tfjkgjki, dvdk wfdrd tfdrd js uttdr cjodrty, tfd `yklaje systda wjcc khtnuketjhk, kht odelusd jt `hdsk‚t whrg, out odelusd jt js kht phwdrd` th `h sh, cjgd l nuketjhklc, ukpcuiid` tdcdvjsjhk(hr l `ysnuketjhklc, pcuiid` jk tdcdvjsjhk).

9Pfjs khtjhk js `ddpcy jkspjrd`, lk` dxplk`d` uphk, oy Nrjd`rjef Flydg. Ph suaalrjzd= J‚` rltfdr lsg lk j`jhtwfh‚s dltdk lt l rdstlurlkt jn jt‚s ihh` hr kht tflk lk Djkstdjk wfh fls kdvdr oddk tfdrd.

9.<Pfjs jsk‚t th sly tfdrd js kh pcled nhr tfd idkjus lk`/hr jktdccdetulc, hkcy tflt tfd j`dls hn tfd idkjus sfhuc` kht odtfd `dnluct stlk`lr` hn wflt js rjift, out jkstdl` tfdy sfhuc` od prdsdktd` th tfd alssds (vdrsus ‖prdssd` `hwk uphk‚

tfda) th od prhedssd` ojccjhks lk` ojccjhks hn tjads hvdr sh tflt tfd trucy idkjus j`dls elk irlùlccy, nrddcy, lk`

hrilkjelccy eflkid eucturd. Djkstdjk aly sly tfd rdstlurlkt wls nlktlstje, out uktjc alky pdhpcd try hut tfdrdstlurlkt (l nhra hn prhedssjki), l rdcjlocd lk` uk-lcjdkltjki ehksdksus lohut jt elkkht rdlcjstjelccy od al`d.

6Jk tdras hn Efrjstjlk tfdhchiy, pdrflps tfdrd js l sdksd jk wfjef Mdsus nucnjccs tfd Clw sh tflt wd lrd nrdd` nrhadxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty8

:Pfjs phjkt hpdks up tfd qudstjhk hn tfd ahrlcjty hn ‖lssjstd` sujej`d‚ lk` wfdtfdr hr kht jt js lgjk th aur`dr.

Rdrflps jt js l vjhcltjhk hn fualk `jikjty, out jt `hdsk‚t sdda leeurltd th elcc jt aur`dr, sjked aur`dr js prjalrjcy

`dnjkd` ls l vjhcltjhk hn lkhtfdr‚s wjcc. Jn l shejdty wlkts th pukjsf pdhpcd hk tfd irhuk`s hn ‖vjhcltjki fualk

`jikjty‚, oy lcc adlks ― cdt jt nhcchw ùd prhedss ― out jt js japhrtlkt tflt lssjstd` sujej`d js kht pukjsfd` odelusd jtjs aur`dr. Jt js kht, tfhuif tflt jsk‚t th sly jt sfhuc`k‚t od pukjsfd`= tflt‚s up th tfd ‖nrdd clohrlthry‚ th `dtdrajkd.

<2Ls @lvj` Fuad al`d ecdlr jk `dahcjsfjki Klturlc Clws, wd elk kdvdr sly nhr surd tflt l Klturlc Clw wjcc

‖lcwlys od tfd elsd‚7 fhwdvdr, usjki Glrc Rhppdr‚s adtfh` hn nlcsjnjeltjhk, wd elk lt cdlst dstlocjsf wflt wjcc ‖ahstcjgdcy lcwlys od tfd elsd‚, wfjef js dkhuif th, adktlccy lt cdlst, lvhj` dkvjsjhkjki hursdcvds cjvjki jk l whrc` hneflhs lk` ukprd`jetlojcjty.

<<Odtwddk kltjhks, pdrflps tfdrd lrd tjads wfdk wlr js kdedsslry, out tfd rdlcjty stjcc stlk`s tflt nrdd dktdrprjsd jstfd odst wly th wjk kht must tfd pdhpcd, out tfd pdhpcd‚s fdlrts lk` ajk`s. L kltjhk yhu slvd oy nhred js kht kdlrcyls slvd` ls l kltjhk tflt efhhsds th od slvd` oy yhu.

<?Ehksj`dr fhw @hsthdvsgy‚s ‖Tk`drirhuk` Alk‚ elk `dky ‖? x ? 1 0‚ lcc tfd `lys hn fjs cjnd lk` kh hkd elk sthp

fja. Fd js jkvjkejocd odnhrd nlets7 fd js nrdd, tfhuif fd jsk‚t rjift.



<5Hr `hds jt8 Liljk, wd kdd` l `yklaje prhedss.

<0L sjajclr chije elk od usd` jk rdilr` th Efrjstjlks wfh odcjdvd CIOP letjvjtjds vjhcltd Ih`‚s Yjcc= tfdy elk usd

nhred (wfjef js lcwlys tdaptjki), hr usd nrdd dxeflkid, lk` try th ehkvjked htfdrs, tfrhuif erjtjelc tfjkgjki lk``doltd, hk lk jk`jvjùlc cdvdc, tflt CIOP letjvjtjds sfhuc` kht od nrddcy efhsdk. Odcjdvjki CIOP letjvjtjds lrdliljkst Ih`, Efrjstjlks wjcc pdrflps nddc tflt tfjs js l ‖spdejlc elsd‚ tflt ihvdrkadkt sfhuc` od usd` th dknhred, nhr jn

Ih`‚s Yjccs jt, wd elk gkhw jt js lk homdetjvd rdlcjty wjt fhut tfd `yklaje prhedss hn nrdd dxeflkid (lk` jk nlet, wdflvd dvdk ahrd sdeurd irhuk` uphk wfjef th odcjdvd jt tflk tfd hutehad hn tfd prhedss). Out J ndlr tfdk ihvdrkadktsfhuc` od usd` th sthp cyjki, lùctdry, lk` lcc sjks hutcjkd` jk Ih`‚s Yhr`7 nurtfdrahrd, tfhuif sjks lrd homdetjvdcy

wrhki th Efr jstjlks, tfdy lrd kht homdetjvdcy wrhki th tfhsd wfh lrdk‚t Efrjstjlk (dvdk tfhuif, rdcltjvd th Ih`, tfdy

aly stjcc od homdetjvdcy wrhki). Pfdrd lrd twh wlys Efrjstjlks elk algd tfhsd wjtf `jnndrdkt pdrspdetjvds lssdkt thtfdjr sdksd hn homdetjvd ahrlcjty= hkd, wjtf nhred7 twh, tfrhuif nrdd dxeflkid. Rdhpcd wfh lrd nhred` th eflkid `hkht eflkid wjtfjk, lk` jk Efrjstjlk tfdhchiy, Efrjst `hds kht nhred pdhpcd th odcjdvd jk Fja, odelusd ‖ wjtfhut nljtf,jt js japhssjocd th pcdlsd Fja‚. Nljtf js l efhjed, lk` wjtfhut efhjed, tfdrd elk od kh nljtf. Pfd usd hn nhred th `hIh`‚s Yjcc `hds kht sdda jk cjkd wjtf Ih`‚s Yjcc, tfhuif tflt jsk‚t th sly tfdrd js kh Mustjed, nhr Ih` js vdry

ehkedrkd` wjtf `dndltjki dvjc. _ltfdr, jt‚s th sly tflt Mustjed js jk Ih`‚s Flk`s l k` l alttdr odtwddk Ih` lk`jk`jvjùlcs. _ltfdr tflk nhred CIOPs th eflkid, jn Efrjstjlks odcjdvd tfdy lrd letjki wrhki, jt whuc` sdda tflt tfd odst strltdiy whuc` od th tdcc tfda th ‖sddg yd njrst tfd Gjki`ha hn Ih` lk` Fjs _jiftdhus‚, lk` trust tfd rdsuc ts.

<0.<Ih` js shadtjads sddk ls l wly th hvdrehad tfd suomdetjvjty/homdetjvjty prhocda, lk` tfdrd‚s ihh` rdlshk nhrtfjs. Yjtfhut Ih`, jt elkkht od dktjrdcy hvdrehad (lk` tdefkjelccy kht lt lcc). Zdt, lt tfd slad tjad, hkd stjcc fls thwhrg tfrhuif suomdetjvjty th lssdkt th Ih` ls tfd shcutjhk th tfd suomdetjvjty/homdetjvjty prhocda (ls hkd fls th whrgtfrhuif jktdrprdtltjhk hn Ih`‚s Yhr` th `dtdrajkd Ih`‚s Yhr`), lk` wflt tfjs chhgs cjgd js l `yklaje prhedss jk hnjtsdcn (wfjef rdqujrds l `yklaje dkvjrhkadkt, cjgd nrdd dxeflkid, jk wfjef th heeur). Nurtfdrahrd, tfhuif kht lshomdetjvd ls Ih`, nrdd dxeflkid `hds ijvd rjsd th ‖l sdksd hn homdetjvjty‚ tflt js kht adrdcy suomdetjvjty, out wdcc -tdstd` suomdetjvjty tflt js nrddcy lssdktd` th oy htfdrs. Ls wd elkkht ahvd nrha ‖ehkstlkt ehkmuketjhk‚ th ‖Klturlc

Clws‚ wjtfhut Ih` (ehksj`drjki Fuad), sh wd elkkht ahvd nrha suomdetjvjty th trud homdetjvjty. Zdt, ls wd elk usd

tfd strueturd hn nlcsjnjeltjhk, prhvj`d` oy Glrc Rhppdr, th flvd l strueturd jk wfjef th ‖rl tjhklccy lssdkt th klturlc prholojcjty‚, sh nrdd dxeflkid prhvj`ds l systda jk wfjef wd elk ‖rltjhklccy lssdkt th lpprhxjaltd-homdetjvjtjds‚. Jk

l ehaalk` dehkhay, wd cleg suef rltjhklcjty, lk` flvd kh wly th lssdkt th l phssjocd homdetjvjty wjtfhuthvdrphwdrjki, dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty.

<4

Tkcdss, tflt js, jt js l prdajsd kdedsslry nhr tfd `yklaje prhedss th nuketjhk (odst), wfjef whuc` algd jt uk-tdstlocd (ls yhu elkkht tdst tfd sejdktjnje adtfh` wjtf tfd sejdktjnje adtfh` th `dtdrajkd jts vlcj`jty). Lk` tfhsd wfhlssdkt th tfd prdajsd prholocy tfjkg jt‚s uk-tdstlocd, tflt jt‚s, jk l wly, sdcn -dvj`dkt. Out js jt8 L ihh` ruorje nhr`dtdrajkjki sh js oy lsgjki tfd qudstjhk, hn l ijvdk clw ‖js jt kdedsslry8‚.

Ph tfd `dirdd Lktj-@jserjajkltjhk Clws prdvdkt tfd vjhcltjhk hn hkd‚s fualkjty oy lkhtfdr, tfdy lrd ihh`7 th tfd

`dirdd tfdy vjhcltd hkd‚s fualkjty (nhr tfd slgd hn lkhtfdr), tfdy lrd ol`. Lktj -@jserjajkltjhk Clws th prhtdetaur`drdrs whuc` od ol`, out tfdy ehuc` stjcc od elccd` Lktj-@jserjajkltjhk (khtd tflt must odelusd l clw js elccd`‖Lktj-@jserjajkltjhk‚ `hdsk‚t adlk jt js jkfdrdktcy ihh`). L clw liljkst aur`dr js, jk l sdksd, l Rrh-@jserjajkltjhkClw, lk` jt‚s l ihh` clw7 liljk, kht lcc `jserjajkltjhk lk`/hr `jstjketjhk js ol`. Out Lktj -@jserjajkltjhk clws jknlvhr hn aur`drdrs whuc` hpdk tfd `hhr nhr fualk cjodrty th od tlgdk oy htfdrs, lk` tfjs whuc` ehcclpsd tfd`yklaje systda hn nrdd dxeflkid. Fdked, tfhsd Lktj-@jserjajkltjhk clws (ls tfdy rdilr` aur`dr) elkkht od lcchwd` ― jt js kdedsslry tflt tfdy lrd prdvdktd` lk` Rrh-@jserjajkltjhk Clws dstlocjsfd`.

Clws th prdvdkt `jserjajkltjhk lrd kht kdedsslry, odelusd pdhpcd lrd kht nhred` th `jserjajkltd7 clws liljkstaur`dr, hk tfd htfdr flk`, lrd kdedsslry, odelusd hkd, jk odjki aur`drd`, js nhred` th ‖od `dl`‚. Pfd clw liljkst

aur`dr js, jk l wly, lk Lktj-@jserjajkltjhk Clw jk nlvhr hn tfhsd wfh ehuc` od aur`drd` lk` ydt lt tfd slad tjadjt js l Rrh-@jserjajkltjhk Clw liljkst aur`drdrs, ls lk Lktj-@jserjajkltjhk Clw jk nlvhr hn CIOPs js l Rrh-@jserjajkltjhk Clw liljkst tfhsd wfh `jslirdd wjtf CIOP cjnd-efhjeds. Lcc suef clws lrd ohtf, sh lsgjki jn l clw prdvdkts hr sprdl`s `jserjajkltjhk js l adlkjkicdss qudstjhk= tfd qudstjhk sfhuc` rltfdr od ‖js jt kdedsslry8‚. Yflt

clws lrd kdedsslry nhr tfd `yklaje systda hn nrdd dxeflkid th hpdrltd sfhuc` od upfdc`, lk` tfhsd tflt lrdukkdedsslry hr jknrjkijki sfhuc` od lohcjsfd`.



<4.<Out wflt lohut sjtultjhks wfdrd `jserjajkltjhk elusds shadhkd th ih fukiry lk` `jd hn stlrvltjhk8 @hk‚t yhu

kdd` Lktj-@jserjajkltjhk Clws th gddp tflt nrha flppdkjki8 J whuc` lriud tflt tfdsd sjtultjhks lrd l rdsuct hnjkstjtutjhklcjzd` `jserjajkltjhk, kht sjapcd `jserjajkltjhk. Pfdsd lrd sjtultjhks tflt `hk‚t kdd` ahrd clws, out cdss

clws7 kht ahrd nhred, out cdss nhred. Jk sjtultjhks clegjki nrdd`ha, tfdrd lrd twh wlys th rdsthrd jt= drlsjki tfd nhredvjhcltjki tfd nrdd`ha, hr ehuktdrjki tfd nhred wjtf lkhtfdr nhred tflt fhc`s jt lt oly. J whuc` lriud tflt tfd sdehkàdtfh` js kht ls dnndetjvd ls tfd njrst, lk` tfd clttdr lcsh tlgds l cht ahrd tjad lk` dkdriy. Jt‚s lcsh elusds

ukjktdktjhklc ehksdqudkeds tflt elkkht od (dlsjcy) ehrrdetd`.

L ousjkdss hwkdr aly fltd ocleg pdhpcd, out fjs kdd` nhr prhnjt wjcc truap fjs rlejsa (ukcdss olkgruptey js kht lehkedrk hn fjs). Rdrflps fd‚cc trdlt fjs whrgdrs ol`cy, out tfhsd whrgdrs wjcc cdlvd wfdk lk dktrdprdkdur ehadslchki wfh rdlcjzds fd elk idt lcc tfd clohr nrha fjs ehapdtjthr oy trdltjki fjs whrgdrs wdcc. @jserjajkltjhk jsdxpdksjvd, lk` tfhuif tfdrd wjcc od shad wfhsd fltrd` js sh irdlt tflt tfdy‚cc ply tfd prjed, tfdsd jk`jvjùlcs wjcc ih

olkgrupt lk` `jd hut. Dvdk tfd irdd`y, jk tfjs sdksd, wjcc ehktrjoutd th algjki tfd whrc` l odttdr pcled.

Jn oclegs elkkht idt dapchyd`, tfdrd aust od clws lk` jkstjtutjhks (cjgd tfd Mja Erhw Clws) tflt lrd algjki sueftfd elsd (lk` jkeuoltjki jk`jvjùlc rlejsa). Yflt clws lk` jkstjtutjhks lrd spdejnjelccy wjcc tlgd lkhtfdr plpdr hr ohhg th dxphuk` uphk.

<>Jk tfd Echsjki hn tfd Ladrjelk Ajk` (hn wfjef, jk gkhwjki tflt J‚vd rdl`, alky wjcc sl`cy od tdaptd` th ehkecu`dJ aust od Ehksdrvltjvd lk` fdked jkfdrdktcy uknljr thwlr` CIOPU, jkvlcj`ltjki tfjs dktjrd plpdr), Lcclk Ochha

`jseussds fhw Lnrjelk Ladrjelk stu`dkts flvd th `dlc wjtf tfd dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty hn wfdtfdr tfdy iht jkthehccdid oy tfdjr hwk adrjts hr odelusd hn tfdjr sgjk ehchr. Pfdy elk kdvdr gkhw nhr surd, lk` nurtfdrahrd austlcwlys whk`dr jn htfdr stu`dkts tfjkg tfdy lrd tfdrd odelusd tfdy lrd qulcjnjd` hr odelusd tfdy lrd ocleg.Tknhrtukltdcy, tfjs shrt hn adktlc tdksjhk elk ijvd rjsd th ojttdrkdss, plrlkhjl, lk`/hr dktjtcdadkt, sjajclr th tfd shkwfh idts jkth lk Jvy Cdliud odelusd hn fjs plrdkt‚s cdiley.

<>.<L wly ocleg stu`dkts elk ehuktdr dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty js oy odcjdvjki tfdy ehuc`k‚t flvd ihttdk jkth ehccdid

wjtfhut Utltd lssjstlked, ùd th rlejsa. Pfjs erdltds psyefhchijelc lk` dxjstdktjlc olclked, out jt lcsh algds rlejlcrdehkejcjltjhk jkerd`jocy `jnnjeuct. Lcc hn us wlkt adktlc olclked, lk` wd lcc klturlccy ehad up wjtf dxpclkltjhkslk` rltjhklcjzltjhks th lefjdvd jt. Jn wd `hk‚t idt tfd cdl` plrt jk tfd pcly, wd sly jt‚s odelusd wd wdrdk‚t nddcjki

ihh` hr odelusd wd `j`k‚t wlkt jt7 jn J idt njrd` nrha ay mho, jt‚s odelusd ay ohss fltds ad. Pfd fualk js l alstdr

lt erdltjki dxpclkltjhks, lk` sjked tfjs js l elsd, l `yklaje systda js kdd`d` th tdst lk` eflccdkid dxpclkltjhks. Yjtfhut tfjs systda, tfdrd js hkcy rltjhklcjzltjhk, rltfdr trud hr nlcsd, lk` wfdrd tfdrd js jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsa, tflt

rltjhklcjzltjhk js lcsh jkstjtutjhklcjzd`.

<>.?Pfd strljks hn ocleg-wfjtd rdcltjhks jk Ladrjel lrd kht l alttdr hn jk`jvjùlc rlejsa sh auef ls tfdy lrd alttdrhn dxjstdktjlcjsa, jkeuoltd` nhr tfd whrst oy jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsa. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly jk`jvjùlc rlejsa jsk‚t rdlc hr

tflt jt `hdsk‚t irdltcy `dnjkd ocleg -wfjtd rdcltjhks, out tflt jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsa js th rlejsa wflt l rhht js th lwdd`. Jn l wdd` js pcuegd` out tfd rhht rdaljks, tfd wdd` wjcc irhw oleg7 jn tfd rhht `jds, tfd wdd` wjcc ih wjtf jt.Zds, tfd wdd` aly cdlvd sdd`s odfjk`, out jn lk` wfdk tfdsd irhw, tfd shcutjhk nhr pcuegjki tfda js stjcc tfd slad=gjcc tfd rhht. Uh jt ihds wjtf jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsa= drlsd rlejsa oy drlsjki tfd jkstjtutjhks wfjef irhw jt.

<9Ls lk l``jtjhklc phjkt, jt sfhuc` od khtd` tflt wfdk tfd `yklaje systda hn nrdd dxeflkid js rdcjd` hk, ehkncjets odtwddk rdcjijhus nrdd`ha lk` jk`jvjùlc cjodrty lrd lvhj`d`. _dcjijhus nrdd`ha `hds kht adlk tfd rdcjijhus flvd lrjift th nhred dvdryhkd jkth l rdcjijhk, ls nrdd`ha hn spddef `hds kht adlk yhu flvd l rjift th nhred pdhpcd th fdlrwflt yhu flvd th sly. Fhwdvdr, nrdd`ha hn spddef `hds adlk tflt kh hkd elk nhred yhu th od qujdt hr th sly tfjkis

yhu `hk‚t wlkt th sly. Pfd slad chije ihds wjtf lssdaocy= yhu elk‚t nhred lkyhkd th plrtjejpltd jk yhur irhup, outkdjtfdr elk tfdy nhred yhur irhup th ordlg up. Efrjstjlks flvd tfd rjift th sflrd tfd Ihspdc, out tfdy `h kht flvd lrjift th od cjstdkd` th ― jt‚s up th tfd cjstdkdrs th stly hr th ih ls tfdy sh efhhsd. Cjgdwjsd, tfd CIOP adaodrs flvd

l rjift th cjvd tfd cjndstycds tfdy wlkt th cjvd, out tfdy `h kht flvd l rjift th nhred htfdrs th sdrvd hr eltdr th tfltcjndstycd, khr `h tfdy flvd l rjift th pukjsf tfhsd wfh `jslirdd wjtf tfda (rltfdr jt od jk tfd klad hn thcdrlked hrdqulcjty). _dadaodr= yhur chvd hn nrdd`ha js kht adlsurd` oy fhw yhu `dndk` lets hn nrdd`ha yhu lirdd wjtf, out oy fhw yhu `dndk` lets tflt prhahtd nrdd`ha wjtf wfjef yhu `jslirdd.

<6Zds, tdefkjelccy, wd elkkht gkhw ehapcdtdcy tflt Mlplkdsd-wfjtd rdcltjhks lrd japrhvd` (ls wd elkkht,tdefkjelccy, gkhw tfd ehksejhuskdss hn htfdrs), ls wd tdefkjelccy elkkht flvd Klturlc Clws, hkcy klturlc



prholojcjtjds. Fhwdvdr, wd gkhw tflt klturlc prholojcjtjds lrd, jk nlet, prholocd, lk` ls l rdsuct, wd `h kht nddclkxjdty hvdr wfdtfdr l olcc wjcc nlcc th tfd irhuk` wfdk `rhppd`. Odelusd klturlc prholojcjtjds lrd prholocd, wd `hkht nddc dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty odnhrd tfda, ls wd `h kht nddc suef ukedrtljkty wfdk jt ehads th tfd qudstjhk hnMlplkdsd-wfjtd rdcltjhks. Lcc rlejsa lk` jaahrlc `jserjajkltjhk lrd nuk`ladktlccy dxjstdktjlc alttdrs, lk` wfdrdtfdrd elkkht od l sdksd hn edrtljkty hr ‖irhuk`jki‚, tfdrd wjcc od lkxjdty lk`/hr lkist, lk` wfdrd tfdrd js l

rdstrjetjhk hn nrdd`ha, tflt kdedsslry edrtljkty elkkht od dstlocjsfd`.

<:L phjkt al`d oy Pfhals Uhwdcc ùrjki lk jktdrvjdw hk Tkehaahk Gkhwcdìd wjtf Rdtdr _hccjks.

?2 Khtd tflt wflt js rltjhklc js rdcltjvd th wflt js ahrlc, algjki ahrlcjty jkerd`jocy japhrtlkt. Pfd rltjhklcjty hn lshejdty js wflt `rjvds l shejdty, lk` wfdrd rltjhklcjty js ‖rltjhklc-thwlr`-tfd-`dstruetjvd‚ (ls gdpt nrha heeurrjki oyahrlcjty), l shejdty wjcc rltjhklccy `dstrhy jtsdcn. Yfdrd tfdrd jsk‚t shcj` ahrlcjty lk`/hr `yklajelccy lk` irlùlccy

eflkijki ahrlcjty (gddpjki dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty lt oly), rltjhklcjty lk` jrrltjhklcjty odehad tfd slad tfjki=khtfjki.

?<Rcdlsd khtd, liljk, tflt dvdk prdsdktjki tfjs phjkt lk` jk`jrdetcy suiidstjki l plrlccdc odtwddk fhahsdxulcjty lk` Kdh-Klzjsa elk od `dnjkd` ls ‖fltd spddef‚, rdilr`cdss tfd vlcj`jty hn tfd phjkt. Lcsh khtd tflt tfdrd js kh htfdr wly

th algd tfd phjkt tfdk oy rdndrdkejki shadtfjki tflt js eurrdktcy ehksj`drd` jaahrlc= jt‚s l Eltef-??. Rcdlsduk`drstlk` lk` dxtdk` ad yhur syapltfy.

??Ls khtd` ùrjki tfd `doltd odtwddk Mhkltflk _luef lk` @lvj` Oclgdkfhrk, ls nhuk` hk Hk Odjki , fhstd` oyGrjstl Pjppdtt.

?5Cjgdwjsd, jn shejlc prdssurd odehads sh irdlt tflt shadtfjki js vjrtulccy liljkst tfd clw, tfdrd wjcc od dxjstdktjlcukedrtljkty. Jn Efrjstjlks lrd eflstjsd` nhr lsgjki qudstjhks lohut Efrjstjlkjty, jt wjcc odehad ukecdlr wfh odcjdvds odelusd tfdy wlkt th lk` wfh odcjdvds odelusd tfdy `hk‚t wlkt th od fltd`. Jn tfhsd wfh `h kht ih th ehccdid lrd

trdltd` ls jn tfdy lrd wlstjki tfdjr phtdktjlc, jt wjcc odehad flr` th tdcc wfh js lttdk`jki ehccdid odelusd tfdy wlkt thcdlrk nrha tfhsd wfh nddc cjgd tfdy flvd th od tfdrd (djtfdr th idt l mho hr th lvhj` nddcjki cjgd tfdjr plrdkts lrd`jslpphjktd` jk tfda). Yfdrd tfdrd js prdssurd, nhred, lk`/hr clw, tfdrd wjcc od dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty (tfhuif hkcyclws lrd jkstjtutjhklcjzd`), lk` wfdrd tflt js prdsdkt, nrdd`ha lk` tfd qulcjty hn cjnd wjcc ordlg `hwk.

?0Pfjs plpdr, ehksj`drjki tfjs phjkt, ehuc` od usd` th supphrt tfd tfdsjs hn Jrhkjelccy oy H.I. _hsd tflt tfd nlorje hnrdlcjty ― tfd nlorje tflt fhc`s thidtfdr odjki(s) lk` Odjki ― js jrhky.

?0.<Jt js pdrflps phssjocd th`ly tflt whadk lrd plj` cdss tflk adk, kht odelusd tfdy lrd cdss prhùetjvd, out odelusdtfdy lrd dxpdetd` th od cdss prhùetjvd (ùd th eucturlc prdehkedptjhks). Jn tfjs js tfd elsd, jt js vdry tdaptjki th wlktth plss l clw th nhred dapchydrs th ply whadk dqulccy, rltfdr tflk wljt nhr dapchydrs th ‖wlgd up‚. Jn suef l clw js

plssd` tfhuif, dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty wjcc rdsuct= whadk wjcc kdvdr gkhw jn tfdy lrd leedptd` ls prhùetjvdadaodrs hn shejdty odelusd pdhpcd vlcud tfda, hr odelusd pdhpcd lrd nhred` th ply tfda ahrd ùd th clws liljkstsdxjsa. Liljk, tfjs js lkhtfdr dxlapcd hn lk uknljr sjtultjhk jkspjrjki cdilc letjhk tflt ukjktdktjhklccyjkstjtutjhklcjzds tfd vdry sdxjsa tfd cdilc letjhk heeurrd` th sthp.

?4Nhcchwjki tfjs cjkd hn tfhuift, jt js japhrtlkt th khtd tflt ‖supphrtjki‚ js kht tfd slad ls ‖wlktjki th `h‚. Jn yhu

supphrt tfd cdilcjzltjhk hn `ruis odelusd yhu odcjdvd jt wjcc ordlg up ilkis lk` tdlr `hwk jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsaliljkst oclegs, tfjs `hds kht adlk yhu wlkt th `h `ruis. Nurtfdrahrd, kht wlktjki th algd `jserjajkltjhk jccdilc jskht tfd slad ls wlktjki th `jserjajkltd. Ajssjki tfjs phjkt js `lkidrhus, lk` uknhrtukltdcy fualk ajk`s struiicd th

irlsp tflt wlktjki shadtfjki th od cdnt th nrdd dxeflkid (lk` tfdrdnhrd cdilc) jsk‚t tfd slad ls wlktjki th `h jt. Jtajift od, out kht kdedsslrjcy. Nurtfdrahrd, tfd ehkvdrsd js dlsy th leedpt, tfhuif jt thh jsk‚t trud , tfd tfhuift tflt jnyhu supphrt shadtfjki, yhu sfhuc` usd clws jk jts nlvhr. Jn yhu `hk‚t supphrt phrkhirlpfy, jt sddas chijelc th wlkt

th algd phrkhirlpfy jccdilc7 jn yhu supphrt whadk‚s rjifts, jt sddas chijelc th try th plss clws liljkst sdxjsa. Ph

lvhj` tfjs gjk` hn tfjkgjki js wfy jt js japhrtlkt th uk`drstlk` tflt tfd phjkt hn clws js th aljktljk tfd `yklajesystda hn nrdd dxeflkid, kht th nuketjhk ls l ahrlc iuj`d. Nurtfdrahrd, wfdrd tfjs tfjkgjki pdrsjsts, dxjstdktjlcukedrtljkty wjcc irhw lk` sprdl`7 jk nlet, jt ajift od tfd prjad, pfjchshpfjelc ajstlgd rdsphksjocd nhr sh auef hn tfd`jnnjeucty Ladrjelk khw nleds.

http://www.onbeing.org/program/future-marriage-david-blankenhorn-and-jonathan-rauch/4883







?4.<Jt sfhuc` lcsh od khtd` tflt tfdrd js l ojls thwlr` jkjtjltjvd lk` l prdmu`jed liljkst plssjvjty, wfjef algds useucturlccy liljkst nrdd dxeflkid lk` nhr cdilc nhred. Yd tfjkg hn ‖tlgjki letjhk‚ ls odttdr tflk ‖`hjki khtfjki‚, wfdk

jk nlet ‖`hjki khtfjki‚ alyod tfd rjift ehursd. Jn l whra js struiicjki th dselpd l ehehhk lk` ydt yhu ‖`h khtfjki‚,

yhu lcchw tfd whra th odehad l outtdrncy7 jn tfhuif, yhu ‖`h shadtfjki‚ lk` try th fdcp tfd whra tflt js hovjhuscy

jk kdd` hn fdcp, yhu gjcc jt. Fualks sdd dxtdrjhrs, kht jktdrjhrs, lk` sh hur vdry rdlcjty pusfds us thwlr` letjvjtjdstflt ‖chhg th od `hjki shadtfjki‚, dvdk wfdk letjhk aly algd tfjkis whrsd. _dehikjzjki tfjs fualk tdk`dkey elkfdcp fualks od ahrd `jsedrkjki lohut tjads wfdk tfdy trucy kdd` th let nrha wfdk tfdy sjapcy tfjkg tfdy kdd` thlet.



L``jtjhks

<. @dtdrajkjki fhw auef hkd‚s whrg js whrtf rdqujrds l `yklaje systda th `dtdrajkd (wjtfhut elusjki

ukedrtljkty). Klturlccy, dvdryhkd tfjkgs tfdy sfhuc` od plj` wdcc nhr wfltdvdr whrg tfdy `h, wfjcd tfddapchydr fls th olclked l `dsjrd th idt tfd odst dapchydds wjtf tfd `dsjrd nhr fjif alrijks. Jn yhu lrdwhrgjki nhr shadhkd nhr $6 lk` tfjkg yhu sfhuc` dlrk ahrd, yhu elk ih whrg nhr shadhkd dcsd wfh wjcc ply yhu ahrd nhr yhur clohr. Jn yhu elkkht njk` l fjifdr plyjki mho, fhw `h yhu gkhw tflt yhu sfhuc` oddlrkjki ahrd tflk $6 nhr yhur whrg8 Yflt js yhur olsjs nhr tfjkgjki tflt yhur clohr js whrtf ahrd8Rdrflps yhu tfjkg yhu flvd l rjift th l edrtljk wlid, out wflt js yhur stlk`lr` nhr `dtdrajkjki tfjs8Rdrflps jt js l fualk rjift, out l `yklaje systda js kdd`d` th `dtdrajkd jn tfjs js tfd elsd. Rdrflps lcc tfd ousjkdssds nhrad` l elrtdc tflt gddps ply chw8 Rdrflps tfdy flvd nhrad` l elrtdc, out oy wflt stlk`lr`whuc` yhu `dtdrajkd tflt yhur ply js chw8 Rdrflps oy yhur ehst hn cjvjki, out oy wflt stlk`lr` ehuc` yhueclja tflt yhu sfhuc` od plj` rdcltjvd th yhur ehst hn cjvjki8 Yfy kht tfd vlcud hn yhur prhùetjvjty8Liljk, th hvdrehad suomdetjvjty, l `yklaje systda js kdd`d`7 htfdrwjsd, tfdrd js hkcy suomdetjvjtysupdrsd`jki edrtljkty. Pfd slad chije lppcjds wfdk jt ehads th wfdtfdr hr kht dapchydds sfhuc` od ijvdkfdlctf elrd, `dktlc elrd, dte. Jk l `yklaje systda, l pdrshk ehuc` hkcy od plj` ahrd tflk $6 lk fhur jn fd hrsfd nhuk` lkhtfdr mho hr erdltd` tflt mho. Htfdrwjsd, th `dalk` ahrd tflk $6 lk fhur js l vjhcltjhk hn tfd`yklaje systda lk` whuc` lcchw suomdetjvjty th `hajkltd, drh`d, lk`/hr dnnled edrtljkty.

?.

Lky adlsurd tflt ‖tfrhws hnn‚ tfd leeurley hn tfd prjed adeflkjsa (wfdtfdr oy suosj`jds hr lrtjnjejlc

jktdrdst rltds) tfrdltdks tfd dnndetjvdkdss, edrtljkty, lk` homdetjvjty hn tfd `yklaje systda.

5.

Pfd alrgdt js rltjhklc jkshauef ls jt js tfd hkcy stlk`lr` oy wfjef tfd rltjhklc elk od `dtdrajkd` (hr ahstcjgdcy `dtdrajkd`). Yjtfhut l `yklaje systda, tfdrd js kh prhedss oy wfjef dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty lohut‖tfd rltjhklc‚ elk od hvdrehad. Nurtfdrahrd, tfd alrgdt js rltjhklc jkshauef ls jt js iuj`d` oy sdcn-jktdrdst(wfjef js, oy `dnjkjtjhk, rltjhklc rdcltjvd th tfd prletjejki sdcn), out sdcn-jktdrdst js kht jkkltdcy ihh` ― jt musttdk`s th od ihh` jk l systda wfdrd sdcn-jktdrdst elk hkcy od lefjdvd` tfrhuif khk-zdrh sua lk`/hrautulccy odkdnjejlc lirddadkts (ls heeurs odtwddk l ouydr lk` l sdccdr). Hk tfjs phjkt, Elpjtlcjsts odcjdvdhkcy l systda wfdrd sdcn-jktdrdst js lcjikd` wjtf fdcpjki htfdrs (hr lt cdlst ‖trjegd`‚, pdr sd, j kth `hjki sh)elk whrg, nhr jt js japhssjocd kht th od sdcn-jktdrdstd`.

0. Nrdd dxeflkid (nrdd`ha), tfrhuif tjad, js l shejdty‚s odst lkswdr th shcvjki tfd prhocda hn ukedrtljkty.

Khtd tflt lrrjvjki lt edrtljkty jsk‚t sh auef l pdralkdkt stltd wjtfhut tfd phssjojcjty hn drrhr, out rltfdr jt

js l stltd hn ‖irhuk`jki‚, nrdd nrha lkxjdty.

4.

Uejdked hvdrehads dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty tfrhuif rdpdtjtjhk lk` tdstjki, prhvj`jki l ‖irhuk`whrg‚ nhr

odcjdvjki jk (jksdrt ).

>. Jn ousjkdssds wdrd rdsphksjocd nhr wdcnlrd lk` wdcnlrd `j`k‚t whrg, tfdy whuc` flvd th làjt jt, nhr tfdy

whuc` ih olkgrupt (clegjki leedss th ukcjajtd` rdvdkud tflkgs th tlxds lk` tfd Nd`drlc _dsdrvd). Pfus, lvjrtud hn nrdd dxeflkid js tflt jt elkkht fj`d sfhrtehajkis, jkerdlsjki tfd dnndetjvdkdss lk` leeurley hn tfd`yklaje systda.

9. Kjdtzsefd‚s wlrkjkis lohut ‖ahrlcjty ls phwdr‚ lrd japhrtlkt nhr uk`drstlk`jki wfy ahrlcjty elk `jsthrt

`jsedrkadkt jk phcjtjes lk` dehkhajes.

6.

Dvdk jn jt js `jserjajkltjhk th sly yhu aust od lk dkijkddr th ruk lk dkijkddrjki ehaplky, jt‚s chijelc. Zdt,jt aly od odst jn suef l ehaplky fls kh hnnjejlc rucd ecljajki hkd aust od lk dkijkddr th od jkvhcvd`, outlcc tfd slad, jt hkcy fjrds pdhpcd wjtf tfd kdedsslry sgjccs. Pfjs wjcc lcchw nhr hrilkje, `yklaje`jsedrkadkt tflt elk l`lpt th ‖ocleg swlks‚. Hntdk, tfjs lpprhlef js kht tlgdk, odelusd pdhpcd ehkncltd‖plssjki clws‚ wjtf ‖supphrtjki‚7 jk htfdr whr`s, pdhpcd tfjkg jn tfdrd jsk‚t l clw `declrjki tflt dkijkddrs

elk ruk tfd ehaplky, jt jsk‚t hnnjejlccy hr jktdktjhklccy jkecu`jki dkijkddrs. Lcsh, wjtfhut clws, pdhpcd elktfjkg l irhuk` hr ehaplky jsk‚t ehaajttd` th jts prjkejpcds. Pfjs uknhrtukltd vjdw hn jktdktjhklcjty fjk`drs`yklaje systdas lk` tfd hvdrehajki hn dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty.



:. Yfdk tfd Utltd js jk tfd alrgdt hn prdvdktjki `jserjajkltjhk, jt fls th ohtf `dnjkd `jserjajkltjhk lk` tfdkdknhred adlsurds liljkst jt. Out fhw elk tfd Utltd `dnjkd lk` ehaolt `jserjajkltjhk wjtfhut `jserjajkltjkijtsdcn (liljkst tfd sh-`dnjkd` `jserjajklthrs)8 Jt‚s l Eltef-??, rdsuctjki jk l pdrpdtulccy irhwjki Utltd lk`jknrjkijki hn nrdd dxeflkid.

:.<

Hk wflt irhuk`s elk tfd Utltd sly tflt ‖nddcjki furt‚ jsk‚t tfd slad ls ‖odjki `jserjajkltd` liljkst‚8

Liljk, jk `dtdrajkjki `jserjajkltjhk, tfd Utltd `jserjajkltds oy sdttjki l stlk`lr` hn `jserjajkltjhk. Lk`sh tfd Utltd irhws, tfd `yklaje systda nljcs, lk` dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty dxplk`s.

<2. J`dktjnyjki rlejsts lk` khk-rlejsts js prhocdaltje wfdk tfdrd js kh `yklaje systda wjtf wfjef th tdst suefecljas. Pfhsd wd tfjkg lrd rlejsts aly letulccy od khk-rlejsts, ls tfhsd wd tfjkg lrd khk-rlejsts aly jk nlet od rlejsts. Yjtfhut l `yklaje systda, jt js `jnnjeuct jn kht japhssjocd th ahvd odyhk` suomdetjvjty, cdlvjkius jk l stltd hn dk`cdss phssjojcjty lk` lkxjdty.

<<. Uueedss rdqujrds nljcurd lk` l `yklaje systda th trlksedk` suomdetjvjty jkth `dnjkjtjhk.

<?. Rrhspdrhus dqulcjty hn rdsucts js `dsjrlocd jn tfrhuif l nrladwhrg hn nrdd`ha, lk` alky wfh lserjod th nrdddxeflkid odcjdvd tflt jk nrdd`ha, wfdrd jkdqulcjty js phssjocd, tfdrd js l fjifdr cjgdcjfhh` hn lefjdvjki tflthutehad. Nurtfdrahrd, tfrhuif nrdd`ha, tfjs hutehad js nrdd hn dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty= dvdk jn prhspdrhusdqulcjty wls lefjdvd` out tfdrd wls stjcc dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, jt whuc` orjki kh sltjsnletjhk.

<5.

Ls jknrjkijki hk nrdd dxeflkid elusds dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, sh `hds edkshrsfjp. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly tflt

efjc`rdk sfhuc` od lcchwd` th wltef lùct ehktdkt, out tflt lùct ehktdkt sfhuc`k‚t od gdpt hnn tfd alrgdt.

Fhwdvdr, tflt jsk‚t th sly lùct ehktdkt sfhuc`k‚t od olkgruptd` hut hn dxjstdked.

<0. Jt js pdrflps fdcpnuc th khtd tflt jt wlsk‚t tfd alrgdt tflt erdltd`/wlktd` sclvdry sh auef ls jt wls (l

rdsphksd th) tfd khk-tdefkhchijelc ehk`jtjhks hn rdlcjty (lt tfd tjad) (tfhuif jk kh wly wfltshdvdr `hdstfjs mustjny tfd jaahrlcjty hn sclvdry). Pfd japdrndet ehk`jtjhks hn tfd whrc` rdsuct jk tfd kdd` nhr whrg,fdked tfd kdd` nhr alkphwdr. Ls tdefkhchiy fls jkerdlsd`, sh tfd kdd` nhr sclvds fls `derdlsd`.Pdefkhchiy dalkejpltds. Clstcy, sclvdry wls kht l rdsuct hn l nrdd alrgdt lk`/hr nrdd dxeflkid, out lehksdqudked hn l ajxd` alrgdt jk wfjef tfd ihvdrkadkt nljcd` th dknhred clws tflt `dndk`d` jk`jvjùlcluthkhay lk` cjodrty. _ltfdr, tfd ihvdrkadkt lcchwd` gj`klppjki, aur`dr, lk` vjhcltjhks hn sdcn-hwkdrsfjp. Nrdd alrgdt wjtfhut l pr htdetjhk hn jk`jvjùlcs‚ jklcjdklocd rjifts js kht l nrdd alrgdt.

<4.

Jt wls kht tfd nrdd alrgdt tflt ilvd rjsd th sclvdry, out l ajxd` alrgdt. Nurtfdrahrd, sclvdry jsk‚t

ehksjstdkt wjtf tfd nrdd alrgdt, nhr jt vjhcltds sdcn-hwkdrsfjp. Pfd ihvdrkadkt, jk tfd klad hn tfd nrddalrgdt, sfhuc` flvd al`d jt jccdilc7 jk nljcjki th `h sh, jt nljcd` th prhvj`d l nrladwhrg hn clws tfd nrddalrgdt rdqujrds jk hr`dr th nuketjhk, lk` sh rujkd` tfd `yklaje systda.

Pfjs `hdsk‚t adlk tflt sclvdry `j`k‚t pcly l vjtlc rhcd jk tfd erdltjhk hn tfd Ladrjelk dehkhay. Hn ehursdjt `j`7 jn sclvdry `j`k‚t dehkhajelccy odkdnjt hwkdrs, tfdy whuc`k‚t flvd fl` sclvds. _ltfdr, tfjs js th sly

tflt Ladrjel ehuc` flvd oddk dvdk irdltdr wjtfhut jt. Tknhrtukltdcy, l kltjhk elkkht cjvd lk`/hr hosdrvdtwh fjsthrjds, lk` sh wd elk kdvdr gkhw wflt Ladrjel whuc` flvd oddk cjgd fl` jt kht nljcd` th upfhc` tfdnrdd alrgdt nhr sh alky ydlrs (ls jt stjcc nljcs th `h). Zds, Ladrjel fls oddk l irdlt kltjhk, out irdltkdssfls alky cdvdcs. Uclvds fdcpd` oujc` Ladrjel jkth irdltkdss, out jk tflt tjad, lk Ladrjel wjtfhut sclvdryehuc` flvd oddk oujct jkth shadtfjki irdltdr. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly tfd whrg lk` sunndrjki hn sclvds jsk‚t

shadtfjki Ladrjel js jk`dotd` th, out tflt sclvds sfhuc` flvd kdvdr sunndrd` sclvdry.

<4.<

@djr`rd K. AeEchsgdy lriuds tflt tfd dxplksjhk hn nrdd`ha lk` `jikjty th hr`jklry pdhpcd erdltd` tfddkvjrhkadkt jk wfjef erdltjvjty lk` jkkhvltjhk ehuc` od jkeuoltd`, cdl`jki th lk jkerd`jocd jkerdlsd jk tfdqulcjty hn cjnd nhr tfd fualk rled twh edkturjds lih. Odnhrd tflt ‖oji dvdkt‚, kh ‖jkkhvltjhk cdlp‚ jk fualk

fjsthry wls dvdk echsd th wflt flppdkd` twh edkturjds lih. Jn AeEchsgdy js rjift lk` erdltjvjty wlsjkeuoltd` odelusd hn tfd dxplksjhk hn nrdd`ha lk` `jikjty th hr`jklry pdhpcd, tfdk sclvdry `j` tfd vdryhpphsjtd hn erdltjki prhspdrjty nhr Ladrjel. Rdrflps jt erdltd` elpjtlc, out jt `j`k‚t jkerdlsd tfd qulcjty hn

cjnd (hk tfjs phjkt, AeEchsgdy lriuds tflt Elpjtlcjsa sueedss jsk‚t l rdsuct hn elpjtlc erdltjhk lk`dxplksjhk ― l ehstcy lk` prdvlcdkt ajsehkedptjhk ― l phjkt J ehapcdtdcy ehkeur wjtf, ls sfhuc` od

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lpplrdkt jk –Pfd Erdltjvd Ehkehr`‑, tfhuif, tflt slj`, J tfjkg elpjtlc fls kh rhcd= jt js tfd stlid erdltjvjtyrdqujrds th dadrid, out wjtfhut erdltjvjty, jt js must lk dapty stlid).

Jt fls oddk lriud` tflt sclvdry js wfy Ladrjel fls oddk sh sueedssnuc, out jn AeEchsgdy js rjift, sclvdryletulccy gdpt Ladrjel nrha odjki ls sueedssnuc ls jt ehuc` flvd oddk. Uclvdry js l vdry hc` jkstjtutjhk,AeEchsgdy lriuds, lk` jk kh ejvjcjzltjhk `j` jt idkdrltd tfd cdvdc hn wdlctf erdltjhk sddk jk Ladrjel twh-edkturjds lih. Rdrflps tfd jktrhùetjhk hn rled th sclvdry wls kdw jk Ladrjel, out tflt jktrhùetjhkwhuc`k‚t eflkid tfd gjk` hn whrg hr hutput sclvdry wls usd` nhr tfhuslk`s hn ydlrs th prhùed, lk` sh

tflt eflkid whuc`k‚t dxpcljk tfd dadridked hn jkerd`jocd jkkhvltjhk jk Ladrjel. Rdrflps sclvdry lk`

rlejsa wdrd usd` th `h tfd whrg tfd kdw jkkhvltjhks rdqujrd` (ls js tfd elsd wjtf tfd ehtthk ijk), outsclvdry lk` rlejsa jk hn tfdasdcvds `hk‚t hnndr lk dxpclkltjhk nhr wflt jkeuoltd` tfd dxpchsjhk hn

erdltjvjty (l phjkt nurtfdr mustjnjd` oy tfd rdlcjty tflt wfdrd tfdrd jsk‚t sclvdry, tfdrd js stjcc erdltjvjty).

Nurtfdrahrd, tfhuif ‖ehtthk wls gjki‚, tfd whrg sclvdry wls usd` thwlr` `j`k‚t algd up tdk -pdredkt hntfd wfhcd TU dehkhay (tfhuif pdrflps tfd Ladrjels whuc` flvd kdvdr oddk ehchkjzd` jk tfd njrst pcledwjtfhut sclvdry, out pdrflps tflt elk slj` lohut lcc ejvjcjzltjhks).L Pfjs jsk‚t th sly Ladrjel sfhuc` jikhrd

jts fjsthry hn rlejsa lk` sclvdry, khr `hds jt adlk tflt ajkhrjtjds jk Ladrjel th`ly lrdk‚t lnndetd` oy tfjs

fjsthry ― ay phjkt js hkcy tflt tfd dxplksjhk hn nrdd`ha lk` `jikjty th tfd pdhpcd js l odttdr dxpclkltjhknhr Ladrjel‚s sueedss tflk tfd dxjstdked hn sclvdry. Lk` ehksj`drjki tflt, sclvdry js jk nlet shadtfjki tflt

fdc` Ladrjel oleg (lk` stjcc `hds jk jts ah`drk alkjndstltjhks).

Jk cjkd wjtf AeEchsgdy‚s whrg, J tfjkg nljcurd th dxplk` ‖`jikjty lk` nrdd`ha‚ th ah`drk ocleg eucturdfls lcsh japd`d` erdltjvjty lk` jkkhvltjhk th`ly. Yfy lk` fhw sh js tlgdk up jk –Pfd Eypfdr Adktlcjty‑

oy Odrklr` Flkgjsk lk` H.I. _hsd.

LUtholuif, Mlads. Utu`jds jk Yhrc` Fjsthry ^hcuad ?= Pfd Kdw Yhrc` th tfd Ah`drk Lid. Irddk Nhrdst,L_. Alstdr Ohhgs Ruocjsfjki, ?2<0= <:9.

<>. Yfdrd ihvdrkadkt js thh jkvhcvd`, tfdrd js kht hkcy ukjktdk`d` ehksdqudkeds lk` l cleg hn l `yklajesystda th qujegcy lk` erdltjvdcy `dlc wjtf tfhsd ehksdqudkeds, out lcsh dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty.

<9. L vjrtud hn ahkdy js tflt jt nhreds pdhpcd th od rdlc. Yfdk J ih th ouy lk jtda lk` tfd prjed js fjifdr tflk Jwlkt th ply, J la nhred` th tdcc tfd sdccdr ‖kh‚ hr dcsd J la nhred` th s unndr l ol` `dlc (wfjef wjcc algd adahrd wjccjki th sly ‖kh‚ kdxt tjad). Ahst fualks `dsjrd th od sddk ls pcdlslkt lk` nrjdk`cy, lk` ahkdy

nhreds us th tlgd tfd alsg hnn. Jt lcsh nhreds us th sly ‖kh‚, wfjef elk `dvdchp vjrtud lk` eflrletdr.Nurtfdrahrd, jt fdcps us ahvd odyhk` suomdetjvjty. Yfdk l pdrshk plys nhr l prhùet, wd flvd ‖irhuk`s‚

uphk wfjef th odcjdvd tfd pdrshk rdlccy vlcuds tfd prhùet7 jk htfdr whr`s, wd flvd rdlshk th odcjdvd tfd prhùet letulccy `hds flvd vlcud (tfhuif tfjs aly kht od tfd elsd). Pfjs jsk‚t th sly vlcud js ehktjkidkt

uphk plyadkt, hkcy tflt plyadkt (lk` tfd sjikjki hn l gjk` hn ‖shejlc ehktrlet‚) fdcps us hvdrehad

ukedrtljkty. Nhr dxlapcd= tlcdktd` lrtjsts lrd hntdk thc` tfdy ‖`j` irdlt thkjift‚, lk` tfhuif tfd pdhpcd wfh

sly tfjs idkujkdcy adlk jt, tfd lrtjst, wfdk kht plj`, js lcwlys cdnt jk l pcled hn ‖alyod tfdy‚rd must slyjki

tflt‚. Fhwdvdr, jn lu`jdked adaodrs ply th fdlr tfdjr ausje, tfjs fdcps tfd ausjejlk hvdrehad tfjs

ukedrtljkty. Yfdrd tfdrd js kh ahkdy, tfdrd lrd kh hr cdss ‖irhuk`s‚ uphk wfjef th stlk` liljkst tfjs

lkxjdty.

<6. Uhad Rrhirdssjvds odcjdvd tflt tfd hkcy wly th gddp tfd Ehkstjtutjhk lcjvd lk` rdcdvlkt js th rdl` jt ls l‖Cjvjki Ehkstjtutjhk‚, lk jktdrprdtltjhklc lpprhlef alky Ehksdrvltjvds sdd ls tfd `dltf hn tfd Ehkstjtutjhk.

Leehr`jki th Rrhirdssjvds, jn tfd Ehkstjtutjhk jsk‚t ‖Cjvjki‚ lk` locd th dvhcvd lk` l`lpt th tfd eflkijkitjads (tjads wfjef dktljc jssuds cjgd Icholc Ylrajki, wfjef tfd Nhuk`jki Nltfdrs ehuc` flvd kdvdrnhrdsddk), tfd Ehkstjtutjhk wjcc odehad jrrdcdvlkt lk` l ‖@dl` Ehkstjtutjhk‚. Ohtf Ehksdrvltjvds lk`

Rrhirdssjvds l`lpt l fdradkdutjes jk tfd klad hn slvjki tfd Ehkstjtutjhk7 cjgdwjsd, alky Rrhirdssjvdssupphrt jknrjkijki uphk nrdd dxeflkid nhr tfd vdry purphsd hn algjki tfd dehkhay nuketjhk, letjhk wfjefEhksdrvltjvds vjdw ls tfd vdry tfjki wfjef ordlgs `hwk tfd dehkhay.

Uh wfh js ehrrdet8 Jk hr`dr th hvdrehad suomdetjvjty lk` `dtdrajkd lk lkswdr tflt js ‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty, l

`yklaje systda js kdd`d`. Lk`, nhr rdlshks dxplk`d` uphk jk tfd plpdr, tfjs systda js nrdd dxeflkid.Fdked, shejdty kdd`s l Njxd` Ehkstjtutjhk lk` Cjvjki Alrgdt, kht l Cjvjki Ehkstjtutjhk lk` Njxd` Alrgdt.

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Pfjs js odelusd tfd Ehkstjtutjhk lets ls l ohr`dr th l pclyirhuk`, l iuj`dcjkd nhr l `yklaje systda, wfjcd lNjxd` Alrgdt ehkstruets erjsserhssjki-ndkejki jk tfd aj``cd hn tfd pclyirhuk`, pdr sd. Yjtf tfd ohr`dr hntfd pclyirhuk` dstlocjsfd` (tflkgs th tfd Njxd` Ehkstjtutjhk), l Cjvjki Alrgdt elk tlgd pcled wjtfjk tfd pclyirhuk`, wfdrd pdhpcd jk tfd pclyirhuk` elk `dej`d th put up ahrd ndkejki jn sh kdd`d`. Ehktrlrjcy,wfdk l Cjvjki Ehkstjtutjhk dxjsts, tfd ohr`drs hn tfd pclyirhuk` lrd kht `dnjkd`, sh jt‚s flr` th dvdk

aljktljk wfdrd tfd pclyirhuk` odijks lk` dk`s. Hk thp hn tflt, wjtf l Njxd` Alrgdt, tfd pclyirhuk` jstfdk nhred` th flvd ndkejki tfrhuifhut jt (tfjkg hn tfjs ls rd` tlpd, alk`ltd` prhirlas nhr lk dktjrd kltjhk,dte.), wfjef algds ahvjki lrhuk` hk tfd pclyirhuk` `jnnjeuct jn kht japhssjocd.

Rrhirdssjvds lrd ehrrdet tflt shejdty kdd`s th dvhcvd lk` l`lpt th stly up th spdd` wjtf tfd eflkijki tjads, out tflt dvhcutjhk js kht th heeur prjalrjcy tfrhuif clws. _ltfdr, tfd dvhcutjhk js th heeur wjtfjk nrdddxeflkid, lk` jn clws try th rdpcled nrdd dxeflkid, tfdrd wjcc od kht dvhcutjhk, hkcy eflhs, ukedrtljkty,stliklkey, lk` ehcclpsd.

<6.<

Ls Ojocd vdrsds `h kht ‖wdlr tfdjr adlkjkis hk tfdjr nleds‚, clws thh lrd kht lcwlys ecdlr, lk` sh l ehurt hn

clw js kdd`d` th jktdrprdt tfda. Pfdrd wjcc lcwlys od l cdvdc jk wfjef tfd Ehkstjtutjhk js ‖cjvjki‚ jksha uefls jt js jktdrprdtd`. Fhwdvdr, tfdrd js l clrid `jnndrdkt odtwddk tfd wly l pdrshk lpprhlefds tfdEhkstjtutjhk wfh odcjdvds jk ‖Cjvjki Jktdrprdtltjhk‚ vdrsus l ‖Cjvjki Ehkstjtutjhk‚. Pfd nhradr odcjdvdstflt jktdrprdtltjhk js th od ‖thwlr`‚ (lk` jk rdvdrdked hn) tfd Ehkstjtutjhk, wfjcd tfd cltdr odcjdvds tflt tfdEhkstjtutjhk js th od ‖thwlr`‚ (lk` fuaocd odnhrd) jktdrprdtltjhk. Jk htfdr whr`s, hkd trjds th idt th tfd

adlkjki hn tfd Ehkstjtutjhk, wfjcd tfd htfdr trjds th idt tfd Ehkstjtutjhk th njt jkth l adlkjki. Pfjs jslàjttd`cy l sjapcjstje wly th put jt, lk` J `hk‚t jktdk` th vjcjny hkd sj`d hr tfd htfdr. Ohtf lrd tryjki th

prdsdrvd tfd Ehkstjtutjhk, lk` odcjdvd tflt tfdjr fdradkdutjes leehapcjsf tflt vdry ihlc (ls tfhsd wfh odcjdvd jk l ‖Cjvjki Ojocd‚ lrd tryjki th gddp tfd Ojocd rdcdvlkt).

Pflt slj`, jt js hn ay hpjkjhk tflt l vjdw hn ‖Cjvjki Jktdrprdtltjhk‚ fls l auef odttdr eflked hn aljktljkjki

tfd dnnjejdkey hn `yklaje, nrdd dxeflkid tflk l ‖Cjvjki Ehkstjtutjhk‚. Pfd nhradr dktljcs l auef sch wdreflkid hn clws tfrhuif tjad, schw dkhuif tflt jt elk heeur ls kdedsslry nhr tfd eflkijki tjads, wjtfhutheeurrjki sh qujegcy tflt tfd `yklaje systda spjrlcs jkth ukedrtljkty lk` eflhs. Nurtfdrahrd, J odcjdvd tfjs fdradkdutjelc lpprhlef algds hkd vjdw pdhpcd lk` nrdd dxeflkid ls tfd shured hn dvhcutjhk vdrsus clws.Yfdk clws lrd sddk ls tfd prjad shured hn dvhcutjhk, ihvdrkadkt odehads tfd prjad lidkt hn fualknchurjsfjki vdrsus jk`jvjùlcs. Yfdk tfjs heeurs, jt odehads `jnnjeuct th ahvd odyhk` tfd suomdetjvjty hnwflt ehkstjtutds ‖fualk nchurjsfjki‚ lk`/hr ‖fualk dvhcutjhk‚ ‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty, nhr tfdrd js l cjajtd`

prhedss hn tdstjki, rdtdstjki, lk` dxpdrjadktltjhk (ls l``rdssd` jk tfd plpdr).

Hkd aly tfjkg tflt jn jk`jvjùlcs fdcp l shejdty th dvhcvd, tfdrd js uctjaltdcy suomdetjvjty nhr tfdrd lrd alky pdhpcd, out hkd ihvdrkadkt. Fhwdvdr, tfd ihvdrkadkt js ehaprjsd` hn pdhpcd, lk` jn tfdy `dej`d wflthomdetjvdcy wjcc od ihh` nhr l kltjhk (odyhk` tfd Ehkstjtutjhk lk` prhtdetjhk hn uklcjdklocd rjifts), tfdktfdy wjcc prhmdet tfdjr suomdetjvjty hkth l wfhcd kltjhk. Jn jt js cdnt up th tfd jk`jvjùlcs, tfdjr suomdetjvjtystjcc dxjsts, out jt ahvds thwlr` l ehccdetjvd homdetjvjty tflt aljktljks ncdxjojcjty tflt clws `h kht lnnhr`.

<6.? Jn yhu tfjkg Elpjtlcjsa js rlejst, sdxjst, `jserjajklthry, dte., yhu wjcc pdrflps tfjkg tfd shejdty kdd`s l‖Cjvjki Ehkstjtutjhk‚ th njx jt. Zdt tfjs alyod tfd vdry tfjki tflt rdsucts jk tfd ‖njxltjhk‚ hn tfd alrgdt, tfd

jknrjkijki uphk nrdd lk` `yklaje dxeflkid, wfjef wjcc rdsuct jk ahrd ‖jkstjtutjhklcjzd` `jserjajkltjhk‚,

wfjef wjcc rdsuct jk l `ddpdr sdksd hn l kdd` nhr l ‖Cjvjki Ehkstjtutjhk‚, wfjef wjcc elusd ahrd rlejsa, cdssnrdd dxeflkid, dte. (jk tfd slad wly tflt nhrdjik lj` erdltds phvdrty, wfjef tfdk ahtjvltds ahrd nhrdjik

lj`, erdltjki ahrd phvdrty, dte., ls clj` hut jk @dl` Lj` oy @laojlsl Ahyh). Clstcy, yhu aly od tdaptd`th usd ahrlcjty th odk` hpjkjhks th lirdd wjtf yhurs, usjki ahrlcjty ls phwdr (ls Kjdtzsefd làhkjsfd`).Ujajclrcy, tfhsd jk nlvhr hn tfd nrdd alrgdt aly usd ahrlcjty th odk` pdhpcd th tfdjr vjdw, wfjef js dqulccy prhocdaltje. Ph usd ahrlcjty ls phwdr th lefjdvd lirddadkt js, jk l wly, jaahrlc.

<6.5 Ucjiftcy `jnndrdkt lxjhas cdl` th dktjrdcy `jnndrdkt ukjvdrsds.

<:. Yfdrd tfdrd lrd rjifts tfdrd lrd ùtjds, lk` wfdrd tfdrd lrd ùtjds, tfd `yklaje klturd hn nrdd dxeflkid jsrjsgd`. Leehr`jki th Flydg jk Pfd _hl` th Udrn`ha, ùtjds, `hkd jk tfd klad hn rjifts, ehad th decjpsdrjifts, lk` sh nrdd`ha dk`s.



?2. Kjdtzsefd, ‖tfd jaahrlcjst‚, wlrkd` tflt ahrlcjty js hn tdk usd` nhr phwdr. L `yklaje systda js kdd`d` th

gddp tfjs nrha flppdkjki, nhr jt gddps ahrlcjty nrha odjki jktdirltd` jkth clw, wfjef elusds jkstjtutjhklc`jserjajkltjhk. Nhr dxlapcd, jk tfd Mja Erhw Uhutf, jt wls tfhuift hn ls ahrlc th gddp oclegs lk` wfjtdssdplrltd. Algjki sdirdiltjhk l clw wls `jslstrhus lk` edrtljkcy l phwdr-pcly. Cjgdwjsd, rdlshk,jktdccdetulcjsa, lutfhrjty, trutf, dte. elk od usd` nhr phwdr, lk` wfdk suef prjkejpcds lrd jktdirltd` jkthclw, kht hkcy js tfd `yklaje systda (wfjef ‖ahvds‚ tfdsd prjkejpcds nrha suomdetjvjty ‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty)

vjhcltd`, out tfdsd prjkejpcds lcsh odehad strueturds hn hpprdssjhk. Yfdrd nrdd dxeflkid js cjajtd`, Kjdtzsefd js rjift. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly ahrlcjty js lcwlys ol`, out tflt jt js cdss lt rjsg hn odjki usd` nhr dvjc jnjt js kht jktdirltd` jkth clw. Liljk tfjs jsk‚t th jkvlcj`ltd tfd clws tflt prhtdet pdhpcd‚s cjnd lk` cjodrty= suef

clws lrd kdedsslry lk` plrt hn tfd Ehkstjtutjhk, tfd nrladwhrg hn hur kltjhk lk` tfd `yklaje systda.

?2.< Lcc ahrlcjzltjhk, rltfdr jk clws hr nrdd dxeflkid, algd `jsedrkadkt `jnnjeuct. Jn, nhr dxlapcd, hkd js prdsdktd` wjtf tfd prjkejpcd tflt ‖jt‚s odst th flvd l elrddr‚, jt wjcc algd efhhsjki th od lk lrtjst flr`dr.

Yfdrd tfdrd lrd prjkejpcds, `jsedrkadkt odehads ahrd `jnnjeuct (tfhuif prjkejpcds sdda th algd`jsedrkadkt dlsjdr), lk` sh nrdd dxeflkid odehad cdss `yklaje. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly lcc prjkejpcds lrd wrhki

hr ol`, hkcy tflt hkd aust od elrdnuc odnhrd `declrjki shadtfjki l prjkejpcd. Rrjkejpcds elk odehadstrueturds hn hpprdssjhk, ls Kjdtzsefd sphgd lohut ahrlcjty.

?2.?

Auef hn Rhstah`drkjsa fls oddk ehkedrkd` wjtf tdlrjki `hwk strueturds tflt elusd hpprdssjhk. Nrdd

dxeflkid, jk tfjs wly, js lk lkswdr th Rhstah`drkjty. Nrdd dxeflkid legkhwcdìds, ls Flks-IdhriIl`lalr wrhtd lohut jk Prutf lk` Adtfh`, tflt tfdrd js ‖kh hkd rucd ohhg nhr dvdry ohlr` ilad‚7 jk htfdr

whr`s, ls yhu elkkht usd tfd rucds hn ahkhphcy nhr efdss, yhu elkkht usd tfd rucds, prjkejpcds, tfdhrjds, dte.hn hkd pdrshk‚s cjnd nhr lkhtfdr (must ehaplrd l slr elstje ehkvdrsltjhk wjtf l khk-slrelstje ehkvdrsltjhklohut tfd slad suomdet nhr prhhn). Pfdrd lrd `jnndrdkeds, kht odelusd tfdrd js kh homdetjvjty, out odelusdtfdrd lrd `jnndrdkt rucds nhr fhw homdetjvjty js lefjdvd` rdcltjvd th hkd‚s stlrtjki phjkt.

L ahuktljk hkcy fls hkd suaajt, out olsd` hk wfdrd yhu stlrt, tfdrd lrd `jnndrdkt alps, lk` th usd tfdalp tflt stlrts hk tfd htfdr sj`d hn tfd ahuktljk whuc` elusd yhu th idt chst (lk` sh tfjkg tfdrd js khsuaajt/homdetjvjty). Jk nrdd dxeflkid, plrtjejplkts ehaplrd lk` trl`d tfdjr ‖alps‚, lk` sh fdcp hkd lkhtfdr

njiurd hut wfjef wly tfdy kdd` th ih, rdcltjvd th tfdjr cjnd, th idt th tfd suaajt. Jk tfd cjnd jkth wfjef wdlrd ‖tfrhwk‚ (th usd lk j`dl nrha Fdj`diidr), jt js kht iulrlktdd` tflt wd stlrt wjtf tfd rjift alp. Ydajift lk` wd ajift kht. Pfrhuif nrdd dxeflkid, tdstjki, lk` dxpdrjadktltjhk, wd try th njk` hut tfd klturd

hn hur alp. Pfrhuif tfjs prhedss, wd prhvj`d ‖irhuk`jki‚ uphk wfjef th flvd ‖rdlshk th odcjdvd‚ hur alpjs tfd rjift (hr wrhki) hkd lk` th stlk` liljkst dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty. Yjtfhut suef tdstjki, dvdk jn wdflvd tfd rjift alp, wd elk kdvdr flvd rdlshk th odcjdvd hur alp js rjift7 fdked, jt lcjdkltds us.

Rlrt hn tfd khtd` tdstjki js ehaplrjshk lk` cdlrkjki nrha tfd alps hn htfdrs. Jk l `yklaje systda, dvdkwfdk hkd `hds rdlef l ehkecusjhk, tfdjr ehkecusjhk aly stjcc od wrhki, out lt cdlst tfd pdrshk js kht`declrjki tflt lcc tfd htfdr alps aust od (cjgd) tfdjr alp. Pfhsd wfh lrd wrhki wjcc rltfdr must gddp ihjkiuktjc tfdy rdlcjzd tfdy lrd chst, lk` tfdk tfdy wjcc flvd th tlgd l ihh` chhg lk` rddvlcultjhk hn tfdjr alpliljk. Jk l `yklaje systda, tfdy wjcc od nrdd th `h sh, lk` th `h sh nhr tfdasdcvds.

(Rcdlsd khtd tflt tfjs ‖tdstjki‚ `hds kht jkecu`d tdstjki hut tfjkis tflt flra htfdrs hr jknrjkids uphk tfdcjodrtjds hn htfdrs. Hn ehursd, hkd aust lsg wflt ehkstjtutds tfdsd uklcchwlocd tdsts, lk` th `dtdrajkd tflt,wd kdd` l `yklaje systda. Zds, tfdrd wjcc od drrhrs, out tfdrd wjcc lcsh od ehrrdetjhks.)

?2.5

Jn tfdrd wls ‖ehaahk irhuk`‚ hn dxpdrjdked wfjef ukjnjd` lcc pdhpcd, edktrlc pclkkjki ehuc` whrg. Out ls@drrj`l lk` tfd ahvdadkt hn `dehkstruetjhk sfhw, `dspjtd pfjchshpfy‚s hosdssjhk wjtf njk`jki jt, tfdrd js

kh suef irhuk` hn ukjvdrslc dxpdrjdked. _ltfdr, tfdrd lrd alky irhuk`s hn dxpdrjdked, ls tfdrd lrd alkyrucd ohhgs nhr `jnndrdkt ilads. Odelusd tfjs js tfd elsd, nrdd dxeflkid js kdd`d` th `dtdrajkd wfjefsuomdetjvd j`dls hn ‖ehaahk irhuk`(s)‚ lrd ahst ‖cjgd homdetjvjty‚7 wjtfhut suef l prhedss, wd elk kdvdr

gkhw jn hur j`dls hn l ‖ehaahk irhuk`‚ lrd cdijtjaltd hr dapty. Dvdk jn wd phssdss l cdijtjaltd ‖ehaahk

irhuk`‚, wjtfhut l prhedss hn tdstjki, wd elk kdvdr gkhw suef th od tfd elsd. Cjgdwjsd, tfdrd js kh

‖ehaahk j`dktjty‚ (nhr dvdryhkd hr l irhup hn pdhpcd). Yflt `dnjkds ‖oclegkdss‚ th hkd pdrshk wjcc kht od

tfd slad ls wflt `dnjkds jt th lkhtfdr, ls wflt `dnjkds ‖Auscja‚ `dpdk`s hk wfh yhu lsg (tfd slad ihds



nhr lky rled lk` dtfkjejty). Clstcy, tfdrd js kh ‖ehaahk jktdrprdtltjhk‚, ‖ehaahk cjndstycd‚, dte. Jn

lkytfjki, tfdrd js l ‖ehaahk kdd`‚ nhr nrdd dxeflkid, oy wfjef wd elk tdst lk` `dvdchp hur tfdhrjds hn

‖ehaahk (jksdrt )‚.

?2.0 Ls Ehknd`drltds flvd `hkd jk tfd plst hvdr alttdrs hn sclvdry, jt sddas cjgd Cjodrlcs th`ly lrd usjkiahrlcjty th lefjdvd tfdjr `dsjrd` dk`s, vdrjnyjki fhw Kjdtzsefd wlrkd` ahrlcjty ehuc` od usd` nhr phwdr.Jn yhu hpphsd Lnnjraltjvd Letjhk odelusd yhu odcjdvd jt furts ajkhrjtjds, yhu lrd clodcd` ls hkd wfh fltdsajkhrjtjds7 jn yhu odcjdvd ukjvdrslc fdlctf elrd wjcc olkgrupt fdlctf elrd, yhu lrd clodcd` ls hkd wfh`hdsk‚t elrd lohut tfd phhr. Pfjs sddas th od usjki ahrlcjty th nhred pdhpcd th ehknhra th edrtljk vjdws. Jt

aly ahst edrtljkcy od tfd elsd tflt Lnnjraltjvd Letjhk whrgs lk` tflt ukjvdrslc fdlctf elrd js lnnhr`locdlk` l ihh` phcjey, out th clodc edrtljk j`dls ls ‖jaahrlc‚ (jk hkd wly hr lkhtfdr) js th usd ahrlcjty kht th

stjaucltd `daherltje ehkvdrsltjhk lk` prhedùrd, out th sthp jt.

?2.4 Leehr`jki th Hk tfd Idkdlchiy hn Ahrlc oy Kjdtzsefd, sclvd ahrlcjty wls locd th uctjaltdcy trjuapf hvdralstdr ahrlcjty tflkgs th tfdhchiy. Ph`ly, jt sddas ‖phcjtjelc ehrrdetkdss‚ pclys tflt `dejsjvd rhcd.

?2.>

Ph sly ‖jt‚s ihh` th ply l nljr sflrd hn tlxds‚ js th leedpt l ahrlcjty tflt ehapdcs yhu th leedpt odjki

nhred` th `h shadtfjki lt tfrdlt hn japrjshkadkt. Yfdtfdr tfjs js rjift hr wrhki js `jnnjeuct th sly7 wfltsfhuc` od khtd` js tfd phwdr hn Dtfjes ― l phwdr wfjef tfrdltdks th jknrjkid uphk tfd `yklaje systda hnnrdd dxeflkid.

?2.9

Must odelusd yhu elrd `hdsk‚t adlk yhu'rd rjift, out yhu wjcc klturlccy wlkt th od rjift tflt yhur j`dl hnelrd js cdijtjaltd. Fdked, l `yklaje systda js kdd`d`.

?2.6 Jt sddas Rhstah`drkjsa js ydt th trucy rdlef phcjtjes.

?<. Pfd aljk nuketjhk hn sejdked jsk‚t sh auef th `dtdrajkd trutf (wfjef Fuad sfhws japhssjocd, tfhuif tflt

`hdsk‚t adlk sejdked elk‚t ijvd us (sdksds hn) ‖trutfs‚) ls jt js th prhvj`d l ‖sdksd hn irhuk`jki‚ (liljkst

dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty). Cjgdwjsd, tfd aljk nuketjhk hn tfd alrgdt jsk‚t sh auef th `dtdrajkd letulc vlcud,

out th prhvj`d shcj` dkhuif hn l sdksd hn jt tflt wd lrdk‚t lkxjhus (tfhuif tflt jsk‚t th sly tfdrd whk‚t od

`jslirddadkt hr tflt tfd alrgdt elk‚t ijvd us (sdksds hn) ‖vlcuds‚).

??. L `yklaje systda js kdd`d` th `dtdrajkd wflt ehkstjtutds ‖sueedss‚ (jk phcjtjes, ousjkdss, dte.), nhr kh hkd

lets wlktjki th nljc (lk` jn tfdy `h, nljcjki js sueedd`jki). Pfd slad chije lppcjds jk rdilr` th `dtdrajkjki‖nljrkdss‚.

?5. @h yhu kdd` l ‖`yklaje systda‚ th `dtdrajkd wflt ehkstjtutds l ‖`yklaje systda‚8 Zds= jts dxjstdked lk`

cdijtjaley js lxjhaltje.

?0. Jk cjkd wjtf –Pfd Erdltjvd Ehkehr`‑, mhos tflt `h kht jkerdlsd prhùetjvjty/erdltjvjty sfhuc`k‚t dxjst, out

`dtdrajkjki wfjef mhos `h lk` wfjef `hk‚t rdqujrds l `yklaje systda.

?4. ‖Phh oji th nljc‚ js l almhr tfrdlt th nrdd dxeflkid, nhr l `yklaje systda rdqujrds tflt nljcurd js phssjocd nhrlcc lidkts jkvhcvd` (htfdrwjsd, tfd lidkts tflt survjvd elkkht od `ddad` ‖tfd odst‚ wjtf edrtljkty). Pfjs js l

rdlshk wfy ihvdrkadkt jkvhcvdadkt js sh prhocdaltje (ihvdrkadkt js ‖thh oji th nljc‚), ls js tfd

trlksnhraltjhk hn Elpjtlcjsa jkth l Olkgtherley.

?>.

L pdrshk kht jk tfd whrg nhred js l pdrshk wfh js kht plrt hn tfd phhc hn prhocda shcvdrs, cdssdkjki tfd`yklaje cdvdc hn nrdd dxeflkid. Out wflt ehkstjtutds tfd whrg nhred8 Pfd dapchyd`8 L `yklaje systda jskdd`d` th tdcc.

?9. Jt js phssjocd tflt tfd jssud hn alrrjlid `jstrlet CIOPs lk` ajkhrjtjds nrha wflt rdlccy hpprdssds tfda lkèlusds shejlc jkdqulcjtjds= tfd Utltd. Lppdlcjki th tfd Utltd tfdk nhr dqulcjty js th lppdlc th tfd nhred tfltelusds tfd jkdqulcjty nrha wfjef tfd hpprdssd` ehaaukjtjds sddg nrdd`ha lk` lccdvjltjhk. (Out tfjs phssjojcjty js thh tdrrjnyjki th ehksj`dr.)



?9.<

Pfhsd wfh hpphsd CIOP alrrjlid lrd lsshejltd` wjtf tfhsd wfh hpprdss CIOPs, out ehuc`k‚t jt od tfd

elsd tflt shadhkd wfh fltds CIOPs ehuc` supphrt CIOP alrrjlid odelusd hn tfd jkdselplocd, dxjstdktjlcukedrtljkty jt aly orjki ukth tfda ehksdqudked hn lk dxplk`jki Utltd8 (Out tfjs phssjojcjty js thhtdrrjnyjki th ehksj`dr.) Ehksj`drjki tfjs, Utltd jkvhcvdadkt `jsthrts `jsedrkadkt.

?6.

Jn yhu flvd dxpdrjdked` rlpd, th rdl` tfd whr` ‖rlpd‚ js th pdrflps algd yhu rdcjvd wflt yhu flvd

dxpdrjdked`. Pfd vdry usd hn tfd whr` elk elusd yhu irdlt pljk. Jn yhu fdlr shadhkd sly ‖rlpd aur`drs tfd

shuc‚, yhu aly od tfrust tfrhuif dahtjhklc turahjc, dvdk jn yhu `hk‚t wjcc jt. Dvdk fdlrjki tfd whr` ‖rlpd‚

jk tfd ehktdxt hn dapltfdtje stltdadkts yhu lirdd wjtf elk od pljknuc, cdt lchkd jk tfd ehktdxt hn nrjvhchuslk` jkehksj`drltd stltdadkts. Odelusd hn tfjs dahtjhklc pljk, dvdk `jseussjki rlpd elk od nrhwkd` uphk.

Pfd slad chije lppcjds th `jseussjki rled lk` `jserjajkltjhk. Nhr tfhsd wfh flvd dxpdrjdked` jt, dvdkfdlrjki jt `jseussd` js pljknuc (odelusd hn tfd lsshejltjhklc klturd hn tfd orljk). Dvdk jn tfhsd `jseussjkirled `jseuss js leeurltdcy, tfdy aly od leeusd` hn `jseussjki wflt tfdy sfhuc`k‚t, flvjki kdvdr

dxpdrjdked` jt tfdasdcvds. ‖Dahtjhklc Muìadkt‚ js liljkst lkyhkd wfh `jseussds `jserjajkltjhk,

dspdejlccy tfhsd wfh, odelusd hn tfdjr (usulccy wfjtd) sgjk ehchr, lrd tfhuift th flvd kht dxpdrjdked` jt(tfhuif tflt jsk‚t th sly tfdy flvd). DM algds jt jkerd`jocy `jnnjeuct th tlcg lohut rled, dvdk tfhuif ‖rlejlc

`jlchiud‚ js hntdk dkehurlid` (ls elk od `jlchiud lohut rlpd). Nurtfdrahrd, DM odk`s us jkth tfjkgjki tflt l

pdrshk wfh flsk‚t dxpdrjdked` rlpd, rlejsa, dte., fls kh rjift th tlcg lohut jt. Jk tfdsd wlys, DM algds`dndk`jki tfd `yklaje systda tflt hvdrehads `jserjajkltjhk khtlocy `jnnjeuct, nhr jk `hjki sh, hkd js

pdredjvd` ls hpprdssjvd lk` plrt hn tfd prhocda. Ehksdqudktcy, ‖Dahtjhklc Muìadkt‚ jk rdilr` th`jserjajkltjhk prdsdrvds `jserjajkltjhk.

Nhr ahrd hk DM, pcdlsd sdd –Dahtjhklc Muìadkt‑ oy H.I. _hsd.

?:. Yfdk pdhpcd fhc` vjdws tflt wd njk` th od losur`, dspdejlccy jn tfhsd pdhpcd flvd phwdr (lk` tfdjrhpjkjhks elk elusd alssjvd prhocdas lk` dvdk `dltf th jkkhedkt pdhpcd), wd nddc ehapdccd` th usd tfd clwth nhred tfda th eflkid tfdjr vjdws. Lk dxlapcd hn tfjs js tfd eurrdkt dnnhrts th olk lky lrtjecds (suef ls jkrdilr` th tfd Ylsfjkithk Rhst) tflt qudstjhk wfdtfdr hr kht Icholc Ylrajki dxjsts. Odelusd alky odcjdvdsejdked fls echsd` tfd jssud, sjcdkejki lkyhkd wfh qudstjhks Icholc Ylrajki jsk‚t sddk ls l vjhcltjhk hn

tfd nrdd`ha hn spddef7 rltfdr, jt js vjdwd` ls rdsphksjocd, jk tfd slad wly tflt jt js rdsphksjocd th japrjshkshadhkd wfh cjds lk` sfhuts ‖njrd‚ jk l erhw`d` tfdltrd. Jn jk tfd klad hn sejdked hr edlsjki`jserjajkltjhk, wd `hk‚t vjdw jt ls l vjhcltjhk hn nrdd`ha7 jk nlet, wd vjdw jt ls l prdsdrvltjhk hn nrdd`ha.

Nhr jn tfd whrc` dk`s, wflt `hds nrdd`ha alttdr8 Odelusd jn wfjtd pdhpcd lrd algjki jt japhssjocd nhr oclegs th ‖pucc tfdasdcvds up oy tfdjr ohhtstrlps‚, wflt `hds jt alttdr jn oclegs flvd l rjift th nrdd spddef8

Zdt sejdked jsk‚t jkkhedkt= fhrrhrs flvd oddk ehaajttd` jk jts klad. Plgd tfd pdhpcd hn tfd LustrlcjlkHutoleg wfh wdrd plrl`d` lrhuk` ls @lrwjk‚s ‖ajssjki cjkg‚ hr Klzj duidkjes. Pfdrd js khtfjki wrhki

wjtf odcjdvjki jk Icholc Ylrajki, lk` tfdrd js khtfjki wrhki wjtf, tfrhuif lriuadktltjhk lk` nrdddxeflkid, prhvjki tflt tfhsd wfh `hk‚t odcjdvd jt lrd wrhki lk` dvdk nhhcs. Fhwdvdr, jt js vdry `lkidrhus

th try th usd nhred th sjcdked hpphsjki vjdws, dvdk jn yhu lrd `hjki sh jk hr`dr th slvd tfd whrc`. Ahstjknrjkidadkts hn tfd `yklaje systda hn nrdd dxeflkid lrd `hkd nhr ‖ihh` rdlshks‚, lk` lcc hn tfda flvd

alky ukjktdk`d` ehksdqudkeds. @hk‚t let flstjcy= dnnhrts th slvd tfd whrc` elk rujk jt.

?:.< Pfhsd wfh elcc lk dk` th tfd Icholc Ylrajki `doltd `h sh th slvd tfd whrc`7 wfdtfdr hr kht tfdy let mustcy, J `hk‚t gkhw, out jt `hds sdda flr` th lriud tflt tfd dkvjrhkadkt hn tfd Dlrtf jsk‚t `rlaltjelccy

eflkijki. Eurrdktcy, tfdrd js l cht hn ahkdy th od al`d jn shadhkd jkvdkts lk dnnjejdkt lctdrkltjvd dkdriy,lk` jk tfjs wly, nrdd dxeflkid dkehurlids lk` rdwlr`s (l) shcutjhk(s) th Icholc Ylrajki (dvdk tfhuifjk`jrdetcy). Jn `dalk`s th dk` tfd Icholc Ylrajki `doltd cdl` th letjhks hn tfd Utltd th jknrjkid uphk nrdddxeflkid, J ndlr tfhsd wfh lrd plssjhkltd lohut sthppjki Icholc Ylrajki ajift ehktrjoutd th tfdwhrsdkjki hn jt oy phtdktjlccy cjajtjki jkkhvltjhk, lcc nhr tfd odst hn rdlshks (ls `h tfhsd plssjhkltd lohutajkhrjty dqulcjty, whadk‚s rjifts, dte.).

Fhwdvdr, wflt jn jt rdlccy js tfd elsd tflt jn wd `hk‚t jknrjkid uphk nrdd dxeflkid, tfd whrc` wjcc dk`8 Ph

tdst tflt suomdetjvd prdajsd, wd whuc` kdd` l `yklaje systda, lk` jn tfd prdajsd japd`ds uphk tfd systdatflt vdrjnjds jt, jt kdiltds jtsdcn7 nurtfdrahrd, jn tfd prdajsd elkkht, oy `dnjkjtjhk, od tdstd` oy tfd `yklaje

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systda (nhr `hjki sh, leehr`jki th tfjs prdajsd, whuc` od th elusd tfd whrc` th dk`), tfd prdajsd js hkd tfltelkkht od rdlshklocd. Kht odelusd jt jsk‚t trud, out odelusd jt elkkht od gkhwk ls trud. Icholc Ylrajki

elk ahst edrtljkcy dxjst, out jn dnnhrts th sthp jt jknrjkid uphk nrdd dxeflkid, wd elk kdvdr flvd edrtljktytflt tfhsd dnnhrts, jk nlet, sthp Icholc Ylrajki. Pfd dnnhrts wjcc lcwlys lcjdkltd us. Hn ehursd, nrdddxeflkid dnnhrts tflt sthp Icholc Ylrajki elk kdvdr od nuccy gkhwk ls sueedssnuc (nhr yhu kdvdr sdd tfdlosdked hn l sjegkdss wfjef yhur dxdrejsjki prdvdkts, hkcy l pdrshk wfh jsk‚t sjeg tflkgs th jk`dtdrajklocd

rdlshks), out tfdy lt cdlst elk od gkhwk ls whrgjki jk shad alkkdr, nhr jn tfdy flvd prhspdrd` jk nrdddxeflkid, tfdy aust prhvj`d shad nuketjhk tflt ehksuadrs tfdhrjzd ls vlculocd. Yfdk tfdrd lrdjkstjtutjhks liljkst Icholc Ylrajki tfhuif, suef edrtljkty elk kdvdr od irlktd`= jt‚s kdvdr ecdlr jn jt‚s tfd

clws tflt lrd slvjki tfd whrc` hr tfhsd letjki wjtfjk tfhsd clws.

Pfhuif yhu elk flvd sejdktjnje stu`jds tflt ehknjra Icholc Ylrajki js heeurrjki, yhu elk kdvdr flvdstu`jds tflt ehknjra tflt jn yhu `hk‚t jknrjkid uphk nrdd dxeflkid, tfd whrc` wjcc dk`. Jk htfdr whr`s,

sejdked elk prhvd Icholc Ylrajki, out jt elk kdvdr prhvd tflt, tfdrdnhrd, tfd ihvdrkadkt sfhuc` japd`duphk nrdd dxeflkid. Jk nlet, lccu`jki th tfd tfhuift hn Glrc Rhppdr, jknrjkijki uphk nrdd dxeflkid hrnljcjki th aljktljk l prhpdr cdilc nrladwhrg aly rdsuct jk lk ukprd`jetlocd lctdrkltjvd dkdriy shured kht odjki jkvdktd` tflt htfdrwjsd whuc` flvd oddk (ls J whuc` lriud fls heeurrd` odelusd hn tfd Utltd‚s

tdrrjocd systda hn jktdccdetulc prhpdrty rjifts). Pfdrdnhrd, tfhsd wfh odcjdvd jk Icholc Ylrajki wfhehkecu`d, ehksdqudktcy, nrdd dxeflkid sfhuc` od japd`d` uphk aly, jrhkjelccy, ehktrjoutd th tfdwhrsdkjki hn Icholc Ylrajki.

Pfjs odjki tfd elsd, Utltd jktdrvdktjhk, dvdk wfdk th slvd tfd whrc`, elk od jrhkje lk` ehuktdr-jktujtjvd7nurtfdrahrd, suef Utltd jktdrvdktjhk elk heeur th prdvdkt lk Lphelcypsd wfjef heeurs, jk tfd njrst pcled, odelusd hn Utltd jktdrvdktjhk. Yfdk jt ehads th Icholc Ylrajki, hkcy erdltjvjty lk` jkvdktjhk elk slvd us,lk` lkytfjki tflt cdssdks tfd dnnjejdkey hn nrdd dxeflkid, wfdrd erdltjvjty eflkids tfd whrc` (lsdxphuk`d` jk –Pfd Erdltjvd Ehkehr`‑), jkerdlsds tfd tfrdlt hn Icholc Ylrajki, dvdk jn `hkd nhr tfd vdry purphsd hn sthppjki jt.

?:.?

Mustjed lk` rjifts lrd `lkidrhus. Yfdk shadhkd `declrds ‖(jksdrt ) js ukmust‚ hr ‖(jksdrt ) js l fualk rjift‚,

tfd pdrshk `declrds tflt wfltdvdr aust od `hkd th sthp tfd jkmustjed, aust od `hkd, lk` tflt wfltdvdr aust od `hkd th prhvj`d tfd rjift, aust heeur jaad`jltdcy. Jkfdrdktcy wjtf tfd sdktjadkt js lk uridkey wfjef jsjkehapltjocd, hk l alerh selcd, wjtf nrdd dxeflkid, wfjef whrgs hrilkjelccy lk` `yklajelccy tfrhuiftjad. Fdked, suef sdktjadkt js jkfdrdktcy ‖thwlr`‚ usjki tfd Utltd, wfjef js tfrdltdkjki th nrdd dxeflkid.

Nhr tfd slgd hn prdsdrvjki nrdd dxeflkid (hur odst adlks nhr ahvjki mustjed lk` rjifts nrha suomdetjvjty‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty), suef clkiulid sfhuc` od usd` vdry elutjhuscy. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly suef clkiulid js

lcwlys jklpprhprjltd, hkcy tflt jt js cjgd njrd= jt js shadtfjki th lcwlys od elrdnuc wjtf.

?:.5 Yflt ehkstjtutds ‖thh nlr‚8 Yflt ehkstjtutds ‖ukmust‚8 Yflt sfhuc` od l ‖fualk rjift‚8 Dvdryhkd fls l

nrdd`ha hn spddef th dxprdss wflt tfdy tfjkg lrd tfd lkswdrs th tfdsd jkqujrjds. Out wfh‚s rjift8 L

`yklaje systda js kdd`d` th tdcc, lk` jn tflt systda js vjhcltd` nhr tfd slgd hn lkswdrjki tfdsd jkqujrds, tfddnnhrt js sdcn-kdiltjki lk` jrhkje.

Js tfd hkd wfh‚s rjift tfd hkd wfh wjks tfd dcdetjhk8 Dcdetjhks lrd cjgd nrdd dxeflkid jkshauef ls tfdy

dktljc efhjed, out tfd efhjed flppdks hkd `ly hut hn tfd ydlr hut hn l vdry klrrhw njdc` hn elk`j`ltds, lk`sh elkkht od ls `yklaje ls nrdd dxeflkid hr prhvj`d tfd sdksd hn ‖irhuk`jki‚ wfjef elk nrdd dxeflkid.

?:.0

Ph hvdrehad hpprdssjhk wjtf nhred js th hpprdss, wfjcd th hvdrehad jt wjtf nrdd`ha js th cjodrltd.

?:.4

Jt js phssjocd tflt tfd jktdrkdt fls al`d tfd shejdty jkerdlsjkicy liljkst nrdd dxeflkid, odelusd tfd jktdrkdtjs qujeg lk` nucc hn jknhraltjhk tflt prdsdkts jtsdcn ls ‖uridkt‚, wfjcd nrdd dxeflkid js `yklaje, schwdr, lk`

sddajkicy ukjktdktjhklc (jk l shejdty tflt jkerdlsjkicy ahrlcjzds wflt js (pdredjvd` ls) jktdktjhklc).

?:.> Jt sfhuc` od khtd` tflt AeElrtfyjsa, Rltrjhtjsa, _lejsa, Ndajkjsa, dte., lrd lcc ahvdadkts tflt flvd trjd`th jknrjkid uphk cjodrty jk hr`dr th slvd cjodrty7 ohtf Ehksdrvltjvds lk` Cjodrlcs lrd iujcty hn jknrjkijkiuphk tfd `yklaje systda (hntdk, jrhkjelccy, jk hr`dr th slvd Ladrjel).







?:.9 Yfdk mustjed odehads l tfrdlt th nrdd`ha, jkmustjed irhws.

?:.6 Jn Lel`daje Mustjed (lcsh elccd` Lel`daje Jktdirjty) ehads th rdpcled Lel`daje Nrdd`ha, mustjed wjccedlsd th od `dnjklocd nrha jkmustjed. Odnhrd tfd _dvhcutjhk, lky lel`daje whrg tflt qudstjhkd` GjkiIdhrid whuc` flvd mustcy oddk vjdwd` ls lk ‖jkmustjed liljkst tfd erhwk‚7 jk l shejdty wfdrd ajstrdltjki

whadk wls leedptlocd, pfjchshpfy tflt qudstjhkd` tfd prletjed whuc` flvd mustcy oddk ehksj`drd` lvjhcltjhk hn adk‚s rjifts. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly tfdrd js kh `dnjklocd mustjed, hkcy tflt Lel`daje Mustjed, ls

hpphsd` th Lel`daje Nrdd`ha, jsk‚t tfd wly th lefjdvd jt ― nrdd`ha js kht kdlrcy ls prhkd th nlcc vjetja thrdcltjvjsa ls lrd `declrltjhks hn nljrkdss.

?:.: Elccjki shadtfjki ‖must‚ `hdsk‚t algd jt mustjed, tfhuif jt `hds algd jt vdry `jnnjeuct th elcc ‖ukmust‚.

52. Jk rdsphksd th Glkt, Gjdrgdillr` lsgd` ‖wfy od ahrlc8‚, th wfjef Glkt rdsphk`d` ‖odelusd jt js rltjhklc‚,

th wfjef Gjdrgdillr` sfruiid` ‖wfy od rltjhklc8‚. Lk` Kjdtzsefd slj` wd sfhuc` od ahrlc ‖odelusd jt js

odlutjnuc‚, th wfjef Gjdrgdillr` whuc` sjif ‖wfy od odlutjnuc8‚. Jk rdsphksd th Gjdrgdillr`, tfdrd js kh

hkd lkswdr= jt `dpdk`s hk tfd plrtjeuclr lidkt jk fjs hr fdr plrtjeuclr sjtultjhk lk` fjs hr fdr plrtjeuclr sdcn-jktdrdst(s). Yjtfhut l `yklaje systda, plrtjeuclr lidkts elkkht njk` lk` cjvd hut plrtjeuclr lkswdrs(‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty tfrhuif tdstjki lk` dxpdrjadktltjhk). Zdt, wfdrd tfdrd lrd ehuktcdss, suomdetjvd

lkswdrs (wfjef lrd homdetjvd rdcltjvd th tfd hkds wfh fhc` tfda), tfdrd sddas th od kh lkswdr thGjdrgdillr`‚s homdetjhks, lk` sh tfdrd sddas th od tfd kdd` th erdltd lk hvdrlrefjki lidkt tflt elk prhvj`d

jt (rltfdr jt od l edktrlc pclkkdr, clws, dte.). Jrhkjelccy, tfjs elusds l chss hn tfd lkswdrs th Gjdrgdillr`, wfjef algds jt sdda ls jn tfd stdp wls mustjnjd` (lk` pdrflps tflt nurtfdr stdps kdd` th od tlgdk). Letjhkserdltd tfdjr hwk mustjnjeltjhk, lk` lppdlrlkeds elk od kht hkcy `dedjvjki, out nltlc.

5<. Nrdd`ha js lcwlys vjhcltd` nhr ihh` rdlshks hr hk rlrd dxedptjhks.

5?. Ph sthp x, wd erdltd y, wfjef erdltds x, erdltjki ahrd y, erdltjki ahrd x…l` jknjkjtua.

Nhr dxlapcd= th sthp rlejsa, wd ukjktdktjhklccy erdltd jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsa wfjef erdltds rlejsa,erdltjki ahrd jkstjtutjhklcjzd` rlejsa, erdltjki ahrd rlejsa…l` jknjkjtua.

55. Pfd cleg hn dapchyadkt tdstjki fls jknrjkid` uphk tfd `yklaje systda hn nrdd dxeflkid, ls dxplk`dùphk jk –Jkkhvltjki Erd`dktjlcs‑ oy H.I. _hsd.

50.

J la kht l rlejst, out jn yhu wlkt th `dnjkd ‖rlejst‚ jk suef l wly tflt J njt jkth jt, J ehuc` kht sthp yhu. Out

fhw whuc` yhu od surd tflt yhur `dnjkjtjhk hn ‖rlejst‚ wls leeurltd8 Yjtfhut l `yklaje systda, yhu whuc`

flvd kh ‖irhuk`jki‚ nhr yhur phsjtjhk. Cjgdwjsd, wjtfhut l `yklaje systda, fhw ehuc` J od surd J fl`

‖irhuk`s‚ nhr odcjdvjki J wlsk‚t l rlejst8 Pfdrdnhrd, lky leeusltjhk hn rlejsa hr eclja hn khk -rlejsa tfltjknrjkids uphk tfd `yklaje systda js tflt wfjef `dstlojcjzds tfd `dnjkjtjhk hn ‖rlejsa‚ lk` ‖khk-rlejsa‚

(wfjef js dspdejlccy prhkd th heeur ùd th DM). Lcc hn us flvd l tdk`dkey th `dnjkd l ‖rlejst‚ hr lk ‖j`jht‚ ls

shadhkd wfh `hdsk‚t odcjdvd tfd slad tfjkis wd `h, lk` tfd `yklaje systda fdcps efdeg lk` olclked tfjsklturlc tdk`dkey. Yjtfhut jt, hur wdcc-jktdk`d` lk` sddajkicy-wdcc jknhrad` pdrspdetjvds ih ukefdegd`.Cjgdwjsd, wd lcc tdk` th `dnjkd l ‖khk-rlejst‚ hr l ‖fdrh‚ ls shadhkd wfh lirdds wjtf us7 wjtfhut nrdd

dxeflkid, hur `dnjkjtjhks lrd kdvdr irhuk`d`.

50.< Ph jknrjkid uphk tfd `yklaje systda wjtf l eclja hn rlejsa js cjgd wdlrjki ocud-cdksd` iclssds. Nhr

dxlapcd, th sly ‖lcc ehps fltd ocleg pdhpcd‚, js th sdd lcc ehps tfrhuif tfd ocud cdksds, elstjki tfda jk tfltcjift, wfdk jk letulcjty l phcjedalk aly kht od l rlejst lt lcc. Jt js flr` th tlgd hnn tfd iclssds, nhr DM jslcwlys ehkvjkejki, out jt‚s japdrltjvd nhr tfd dnnjejdkey hn tfd `yklaje systda, tfrhuif wfjef hkd wjcc od

dklocd` th ehrrdetcy lssdss jn l phcjedalk js rlejst hr kht.

54. Yjtfhut rdndrdds, tfdrd js kh nhhtolcc, ls wjtfhut ihvdrkadkt, tfdrd js kh shejdty. Fhwdvdr, jk nhhtolcc, jtsddas tflt l rdndrdd ehuc` elcc fhc`jki hk lohut dvdry pcly. Lk` shadtjads rdndrdds `h elcc fhc`jki, lk`shadtjads tfdy `hk‚t. Jt sddas tflt tfd odst rdndrdds cdlk thwlr` kht elccjki pdklctjds ukcdss loshcutdcykdedsslry lk` lrd dspdejlccy rdsdrvd` wfdk l pdklcty ehuc` `dej`d lk`/hr eflkid tfd hutehad hn l ilad.Pfjs jsk‚t th sly suef rdndrdds kdvdr algd ajstlgds lk` tflt tfdy kdvdr algd ilad eflkijki elccs, out tflt

https://www.scribd.com/doc/221921767/Innovating-Credentials-by-O-G-Rose






tfdjr wly hn tfjkgjki lohut elccjki pdklctjds js `jnndrdkt nrha l rdndrdd wfh elccs dvdry phtdktjlc pdklcty fdsdds. Uuef lk letjvd rdndrdd wjcc lcwlys njk` shadtfjki th elcc hut, ijvdk tfd klturd hn nhhtolcc. _dedjvdrsehkstlktcy pusf hk hkd lkhtfdr ― jt‚s uklvhj`locd ― out jt‚s kht lcwlys plss jktdrndrdked. Fhwdvdr, tflt

`dpdk`s hk yhur `dnjkjtjhk hn ‖jktdrndrdked‚, lk` jn yhu lrd, jk `jsphsjtjhk, lk letjvd rdndrdd, yhur `dnjkjtjhk

wjcc od ahrd jkecusjvd tflk dxecusjvd. Jt sddas th ad tflt l ihh` r dndrdd (l ‖salcc ihvdrkadkt rdndrdd‚, pdr

sd) fls l `dnjkjtjhk hn ‖jktdrndrdked‚ tflt js ahrd dxecusjvd tflk jkecusjvd, nhr tfd rdndrdd tlgds jkth leehukt

tfd rdlcjtjds hn tfd pfysjelc sphrt. Liljk, tfjs jsk‚t th sly tfd rdndrdd js pdrndet hr tflt fd `hdsk‚t ajss elccs

tflt fd sfhuc` algd, out tflt tfd ah`d hn l ‖cdss letjvd‚ rdndrdd lcchws ahrd sh nhr tfd ilad th od `dej`d`

oy tfd pclydrs7 ehksdqudktcy, ahrd `jrdet lidkts jkvhcvd`, tfd fjifdr tfd cjgdcjfhh` hn flvjki tfd hutehadhn tfd ilad od trucy l vjethry nhr tfd odst tdla. Jk sphrts, tfd j`dlc js tflt tfd odst tdla lcwlys wjks, lk`tfd cdss jkvhcvd` tfd rdndrdds, tfd fjifdr tfd cjgdcjfhh` hn tfjs hutehad. Nurtfdrahrd, tfd fjifdr tfdcjgdcjfhh` hn l ‖ahrd homdetjvd tflk suomdetjvd‚ `dnjkjtjhk hn wflt ehkstjtutds ‖tfd odst tdla‚ (wfjef l

`yklaje systda (cjgd l ilad wjtf ajkjalc rdndrddjki) js kdd`d` th dnnjejdktcy `dtdrajkd).

54.< Pfdrd js kdd` nhr whrg uk`drstlk`jki phcjtjes lk` dehkhajes jk cjift hn Il`ladr.

5>. Hntdk fdcpjki hvdrehad `jserjajkltjhk lk` hpprdssjhk jk l `yklaje systda js l pfdkhadkhk J cjgd th elcc‖dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk‚, wfjef ahst vjsjocy heeurs jk jkstlkeds hn khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked. Nhr dxlapcd, wfdkl wfjtd phcjed hnnjedr lttlegd` l ocleg alk wfh `j`k‚t rdsjst ùrjki tfd Ejvjc _jifts ahvd adkt, tfd hnnjedrwls nhred` th rdncdet hk fjasdcn lk` làjt tflt fd letd` ahkstrhuscy. Lt tfjs phjkt, tfd hnnjedr ehuc` `h hkd

hn twh tfjkis= sthp, tdrrjnjd` hn fjasdcn, hr rltjhklcjzd fjs ahkstrhsjty lwly. Jn fd `j` tfd cltdr, tfd chkidrtfd hnnjedr dkehuktdrd` khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked, tfd ahrd `jnnjeuct jt odelad th gddp rltjhklcjzjki fjsjkmustjed lk`/hr dvjc lwly. Dvdktulccy, ukcdss tfd dvjcdst hn tfd dvjc, fd odelad tdrrjnjd` hn fjasdcn, ls `j`lcc tfhsd wfh slw jalids hn tfd hnnjedr‚s letjhks, tflkgs th tfd ad`jl.

Khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked nuketjhks ls l ajrrhr= jt nhreds tfd liirdsshr, lk` wjtkdssds hn tfd liirdsshr, thrdncdet. Jk tfjs let, l pdrshk tfjkgs hvdr fjs hr fdr letjhks, cjnd, lk` eflrletdr, lk` jn tfd pdrshk eflkids(wfjef js lriulocy cjgdcy), tfd eflkid wjcc od fhcjstje. Tkcjgd rdsjstlked, khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked `hdsk‚t must

eflkid dxtdrklcjtjds lk` lppdlrlkeds, out lcsh jktdrklcjtjds. Yfjcd rdsjstlked elk elusd dxjstdktjlcukedrtljkty, khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked, tfrhuif dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk, fhcjstjelccy eflkids pdhpcd.

Oy kht rdsjstjki tfd liirdsshr, tfd khk-vjhcdkt rdsjsthr cdts tfd letjhks lk` wjcc hn tfd liirdsshr rukukjktdrruptd`, wfjef rhos tfd liirdsshr hn tfd dlsd hn rltjhklcjzjki lk` lvhj`jki dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk. Oy

rdsjstjki, l pdrshk lcchws tfd liirdsshr th rltjhklcjzd fjs letjhks= fd elk sly ‖J wls `dndk`jki aysdcn‚, hr‖fd lttlegd` ad lk` J wls must `hjki ay mho‚, dte. ― oy kht rdsjstjki, kh suef rltjhklcjzltjhk elk heeur (hrlt cdlst kht dlsjcy). Pfjs algds dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk lcc tfd ahrd `jnnjeuct th lvhj`, lchki wjtf tfdrdlcjzltjhk hn hkd‚s ahkstrhsjty, jaahrlcjty, lk` erudcty.

Jk tfd ajk` hn Pfhals Mdnndrshk, wflt al`d Ladrjel irdlt wls tflt l pdrshk ehuc` stlk` up jk l erhw`lk` aheg tfd ehuktry, lk` tfd pdrshk whuc` nled kh hpprdssjhk. Pfd vdry nrdd`ha th fltd Ladrjel wls prhhn hn tfd irdltkdss hn Ladrjelk nrdd`ha= tfhsd wfh eursd` Ladrjel ukjktdktjhklccy ehknjrad` jt. Hktfd ncjpsj`d, jn shadhkd sthh` up lk` eursd` Ladrjel lk` nled` pukjsfadkt ls l rdsuct, tflt vdry pukjsfadkt whuc` nuketjhk ls dvj`dked tflt tfd pdrshk sphgd rjiftcy. Oy kht nlejki pukjsfadkt, tfd let hneursjki Ladrjel js tfd vdry let tflt cdijtjajzds Ladrjel. Jk ohtf jkstlkeds, tfd slad let js odjkiehaajttd`7 tfd `jnndrdked js tfd rdletjhk lk` wfdtfdr nhred js usd`. Jk kht nlejki rdsjstlked, tfd hkd wfheursds Ladrjel dxjstdktjlccy rdncdets hk fjs hr fdr sdcn, lk` aly dvdktulccy ehad th tfd rdlcjzltjhk tflt ahst

kltjhks whk‚t lcchw yhu th eursd jt. Hkcy jk Ladrjelk elk yhu `h suef l tfjki, lk` sh Ladrjel aust od, lttfd vdry cdlst, dxedptjhklc, lt cdlst jk tfd sdksd tflt jt js `jnndrdkt nrha htfdr kltjhks.

Dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk heeurs jk nrdd`ha ahrd sh tflk jk nhred, odelusd wfdk nhred js jkvhcvd`, l pdrshk jsahrd dlsjcy locd th `jstrlet fjs hr fdr sdcn nrha jktdrklcjzltjhk7 jk htfdr whr`s, jk nhred, jt‚s dlsjdr th ‖chhg

hutwlr`‚ tflk ‖jkwlr`‚. Odelusd hn tfd dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk tflt heeurs jk nrdd`ha, wfdrd tfdrd js cjodrty,

dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty lk` jkmustjed lrd fhcjstjelccy hvdrehad, nhr jk tfd losdked hn clws, wfdrd tfdrd jseflkid, tfdrd js fhcjstje eflkid. Pfdrdnhrd, wflt jknrjkids uphk nrdd dxeflkid cdssdks tfd prdvlcdked lk`dnnjejdkey hn dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk, wfjef ehksdqudktcy sfrjkgs tfd prdvlcdked hn jktdrklc lk` fhcjstjeeflkid. Pfhuif clws elk eflkid fhw pdhpcd let, nrdd dxeflkid elk eflkid wfh pdhpcd lrd.



5>.< Nrdd dxeflkid dktljcs khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked. Ph chhg lt l prhùet lk` rdnrljk nrha ouyjki jt js th

pdlednuccy rdsjst jts jkncudkeds lk` prdssurds. Lcc prhùets lk` sdrvjeds, wjtfhut l whr`, sly ‖ouy ad‚, lk`

wfdkdvdr l pdrshk `hdsk‚t, tfd pdrshk rdpcjds, wjtfhut l whr`, ‖kh‚. Nurtfdrahrd, jn l pdrshk ouys l

prhùet lk` tfdk `hdsk‚t dvdr ouy jt liljk, tfd pdrshk ahvds jkth khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked (vdrsus ‖sjcdkejki‚

hr ‖edkshrsfjp‚, ls whuc` shadhkd wfh, `jslpphjktd` oy l prhùet, trjds th hutclw tfd ousjkdss). Jk nrdddxeflkid, lcc ‖vjhcdkt rdsjstlked‚ js (supphsd` th od) jccdilc, wfjcd ‖khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked‚ js kht hkcy

lcchwd`, out kdedsslry nhr tfd nuketjhkjki hn tfd `yklaje systda. Jk htfdr whr`s, khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked jsl vjtlc lk` kdedsslry idlr tflt, wjtfhut, nrdd dxeflkid whuc`k‚t whrg.

Ls khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked js l almhr lspdet hn nrdd dxeflkid, oy dxtdksjhk, sh js dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk. Jnyhu lrd l ausjejlk lk` ndw pdhpcd lttdk` yhur sfhw, yhu lrd nhred` th lsg yhursdcn ‖wfy js tflt8‚, lk` sh

dkilid wjtf `ddpdr qudstjhks hn purphsd lk` qulcjty. Hk tfd ncjpsj`d, jn yhu lrd sueedssnuc, yhu aly tdccyhursdcn ‖J‚a l ihh` ausjejlk‚, wfdk jk nlet yhu hkcy flvd l ihh` alrgdtdr. Jk tfjs wly, dxjstdktjlcrdncdetjhk `hdsk‚t kdedssjtltd rdvdcltjhk lk` japrhvdadkt7 oy jt, hkd elk ocjk` hkd‚s sdcn th rdlcjty.

Fhwdvdr, tfrhuif tjad, ls tfd ausjejlk `dsedk`s jkth tfd flrsf rdlcjzltjhk tflt ahkdy `hdsk‚t ouy

flppjkdss lk` tflt fd fls odtrlyd` fjs lrt nhra, fd aly rdlcjzd tfd jkleeurley hn fjs dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk.

Cjgdwjsd, l wfjtd phcjed hnnjedr ehknrhktjki lk Lnrjelk Ladrjelk usjki khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked alyjkehrrdetcy tdcc fjasdcn tflt tfd Lnrjelk Ladrjelk jsk‚t rdsjstjki odelusd fd‚s ‖stupj`‚ hr l ‖ehwlr`‚. Pfjs

shrt hn rltjhklcjzltjhk js ahst edrtljkcy phssjocd, out jk l `yklaje systda, `jnndrdkt dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhksehapdtd, olclked, lk` eflccdkid hkd lkhtfdr. Pfrhuif tjad, tfd ahst leeurltd dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk rjsds thtfd thp, lk` jk elsds hn vjhcdked ehknrhktjki khk-vjhcdkt rdsjstlked, tfhsd iujcty hn vjhcdked tdk` th rdlcjzdtfd ahkstrhsjtjds hn tfdjr wlys. Pfjs usulccy flppdks wfdk tfdy sdd tfdasdcvds tfrhuif tfd dyds hn htfdrs(suef ls wfdk tfdy rdlcjzd wflt tfdy chhg cjgd hk tdcdvjsjhk). Irlùlccy tfdk, pdhpcd eflkid nhr tfd odttdr.

5>.? Phwlr` tfd odijkkjki hn Dvdry Phkiud Ehkndssds oy Alreus Ilr`cdy, hkd hn tfd eflrletdrs ecljas tflt fdwjsfds kht sh auef tflt pdhpcd wdrd ehchrocjk`, out tflt tfdy `j`k‚t sdd sgjk ehchr lt lcc= tflt tfd j`dl hn

‖sgjk ehchr‚ wlsk‚t dvdk jk tfd fualk ehksejhuskdss. Pfd eflrletdr wjsfds th od cjgd wltdr, sdd-tfrhuif,ahrd sh tflk kht sddk. ‖Odjki ehchrocjk`‚ js `jnndrdkt nrha tfjs, odelusd ‖ehchrocjk`kdss‚ dktljcs sddjki

ehchrjki out letjki cjgd yhu `hk‚t= tfd j`dl hn ehchr js stjcc tfdrd. Nhr pdhpcd th od ‖cjgd wltdr‚ js nhr tfd j`dl

hn sgjk ehchr th kht dvdk od prdsdkt, lk` tfjs js tfd stltd nhr wfjef tfd eflrletdr chkis.

@jnndrdked elusds dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk. Yfdk yhu dkehuktdr tflt wfjef yhu lrd kht usd` th, jt algds yhutfjkg hvdr wflt yhu lrd usd` th jk l kdw wly. Pfjs elk tfrdltdk yhur dktjrd whrc`vjdw, wfjef elk od`jnnjeuct, pljknuc, lk` hvdrwfdcajki. Jn J wlcg `hwk tfd strddt fhc`jki l Ojocd, J aly whk`dr jn tfd pdhpcdwfh sdd ad tfjkg J fltd CIOPs7 jn J wlcg `hwk tfd strddt wjtf wfjtd sgjk, J aly whk`dr jn pdhpcd wfh sddad tfjkg J tfjkg shadtfjki lohut oclegs7 jn J‚a tfd hkcy ocleg jk l rhha, J aly whk`dr jn pdhpcd lrdtfjkgjki shadtfjki lohut ad odelusd hn ay sgjk ehchr. Yfdtfdr hr kht pdhpcd letulccy lrd tfjkgjki tfjs hrtflt odelusd hn tfd Ojocd yhu fhc`, sgjk ehchr yhu flvd, hutnjt yhu‚rd wdlrjki, dte., js kht sh auef tfd phjkt

ls js tfd nlet tflt yhu lrd stueg jk l stltd hn whk`drjki jn tfdy lrd. Pfjs dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty js flr`,`jnnjeuct, lk` tjrjki, lk` tfd eflrletdr jk Dvdr Phkiud Ehkndssds dxprdssds wdlrjkdss, flvjki th `dlc wjtftfjs psyefhchijelc lk` dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk `ly jk lk` `ly hut.

Pfjs js uk`drstlk`locd, lk` tfhuif J flvd kht oddk tfrhuif wflt oclegs flvd fl` th `dlc wjtf, jk vjsjtjkiYdstdrk Efjkl nhr twh ahktfs, J la nlajcjlr wjtf tfd nddcjki hn lcwlys whk`drjki jn pdhpcd lrd tfjkgjki

shadtfjki lohut yhu odelusd hn fhw yhu chhg. J wls tfd hkcy wfjtd alky hn tfd Efjkdsd pdhpcd J wlslrhuk` fl` dvdr sddk (hr lt cdlst tfdy `j`k‚t sdd wfjtds vdry hntdk), lk` J wls ehkstlktcy whk`drjki jn tfdywdrd stlrjki lt ad, pchttjki shadtfjki liljkst ad, hr must tfjkgjki lkytfjki lohut ad. Jt al`d ad wlkt thlvhj` odjki sddk, lk` al`d ad nddc cjgd J sthh` hut cjgd l shrd tfuao. Hn ehursd, alky hn tfd tfhuifts tfltwdkt tfrhuif ay ajk` wdrd uknhuk`d`, out tfd vdry let hn flvjki th ‖`dlc wjtf tfda‚, ‖tfjkg lohut tfda‚,

hr ‖sjcdked tfda‚, wls tjrjki. J hkcy fl` th `dlc wjtf tflt nhr l cjttcd ojt= J elk‚t jalijkd wflt jt whuc` od

cjgd th `dlc wjtf tflt, ls l ocleg pdrshk jk Ladrjel, nhr yhur dktjrd cjnd. Jt sddas ecdlr th ad tflt tfjs whuc` od lk l``jtjhklc eflccdkid tflt wfjtds whuc`k‚t flvd th `dlc wjtf wfdk jt elad th sefhhc whrg, alklijki l ousjkdss, dte.

http://newdramatists.org/marcus-gardley






Liljk, jt sfhuc` od khtd` tflt ay nheus fdrd jsk‚t sh auef hk wfdtfdr hr kht suef tfhuifts lohut wflt

pdhpcd lrd tfjkgjki lohut yhu lrd rdlc hr kht, out rltfdr hk tfd let hn tfjkgjki lohut jn suef js hr jsk‚t tfd

elsd jtsdcn (hn odjki stueg jk phssjojcjty lk` dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty). Lcc fualks try th lvhj` suef stltds= jnyhu‚rd l Efrjstjlk, yhu klturlccy lvhj` tfd thpjes hn Erdltjhkjsa, Dvhcutjhk, lk` ily alrrjlid, odelusdtfdsd thpjes, jn kht nhrejki yhu th rddxlajkd yhur whrc`vjdw, lt tfd vdry cdlst rjsg elusjki ehkncjet odtwddkyhu lk` htfdr Efrjstjlks. Nurtfdrahrd, tfdsd thpjes elusd yhu dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, wfjef jsukehanhrtlocd, hvdrwfdcajki, lk` `jnnjeuct, lk` ehksdqudktcy yhu wjcc irlvjtltd thwlr` Efrjstjlks tfltsflrd yhur vjdws lk` try th lvhj` tfd thuif thpjes ls auef ls yhu elk. Tkcjgd thpjes tfhuif, hkd elkkhtlvhj` sgjk ehchr, lk` sh oclegs elkkht lvhj` dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty ls dlsjcy ls elk Efrjstjlks. Zds, oclegsirlvjtltd thwlr` oclegs, out sgjk ehchr elk stjcc kdvdr vlkjsf ls elk l thpje. Odjki lrhuk` wfjtds, tfd oclegaly whk`dr ‖`h yhu tfjkg shadtfjki lohut ad odelusd hn ay sgjk ehchr8‚, ls tfd Efrjstjlk aly tfjkg

lrhuk` htfdr Efrjstjlks ‖`h yhu tfjkg shadtfjki lohut ad odelusd J odcjdvd jk Dvhcutjhk8‚. Cjgdwjsd,

lrhuk` oclegs, tfd wfjtd aly tfjkg ‖`h yhu tfjkg J tfjkg shadtfjki lohut yhu odelusd yhu‚rd ocleg8‚

lk`/hr tfd wfjtd aly rdncdet uphk fjs hr fdr sdcn ‖J‚a lk hpprdsshr‚. Lcc fualks wlkt th lvhj` tfdsd shrts

hn dxjstdktjlc lkxjdtjds, kht sh auef odelusd tfdy `jserjajkltd liljkst oclegs, wfjtds, Nuk`ladktlcjsts, dte., out odelusd tfdy wlkt th lvhj` tfjkgjki lohut wfdtfdr hr kht tfdy hr htfdrs `jserjajkltd liljkst oclegs,wfjtd, Nuk`ladktlcs, dte. Jt‚s tfd phssjojcjty lk`/hr ukedrtljkty tflt pdhpcd wlkt th lvhj` ahrd sh tflktfhsd wfh algd tfda nddc lkxjhus. Tphk dkehuktdrjki wfjtds, oclegs aly whk`dr wflt wfjtds lrdtfjkgjki, lk` sh ehad th lvhj` wfjtds kht sh auef odelusd tfd pdhpcd lrd wfjtd, out odelusd tfd pdhpcd‚s

wfjtdkdss algds oclegs whk`dr wflt tfd pdhpcd tfjkg lohut tfdjr oclegkdss. Lk` tfjs psyefhchijelc lk`

dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk js dxflustjki.

Fualks klturlccy rdsjst lk` lvhj` tflt wfjef algds tfda tfjkg hvdr tfdjr cjvds. Ehksj`drjki tfjs, rlejsalk`/hr `jserjajkltjhk heeurs ahrd sh odelusd pdhpcd wlkt th lvhj` lk dxjstdktjlc ehk`jtjhk tflk tfdy `h‖htfdrs‚ (tfhuif tflt jsk‚t th sly tfd dxjstdktjlc ehk`jtjhk elk‚t ijvd wly th `jrdet rlejsa, `jserjajkltjhk,

sdxjsa, dte.). Jt hn ehursd ‖chhgs‚ cjgd tfd rdlshk js odelusd tfd pdrshk js ‖ocleg‚, ‖l Nuk`ladktlcjst‚, dte.,

out jt‚s ahrd sh odelusd hn fhw tflt `jnndrdked algds l pdrshk rdncdet hvdr fjs hr fdr whrc`vjdw lk` sdcn. Jt

js tfd phssjojcjty ahrd sh tflk tfd letulcjty tflt elusds `jvjsjhk odtwddk dtfkjejtjds, rleds, lk`shejhdehkhaje irhups= jt‚s kht sh auef tflt pdhpcd fltd ‖tfd htfdr‚ ls jt js tflt tfdy fltd tfd nddcjki hn

ukedrtljkty tflt ‖tfd htfdr‚ elusds tfda th nddc (tfhuif tflt jsk‚t th sly kh hkd fltds ‖tfd htfdr‚ nhr sjapcy

odjki ‖htfdr‚). Pfd suomdet elusds `jserjajkltjhk wjtfjk fjs hr fdr sdcn ahrd sh tflk elusd `jserjajkltjhk odtwddk ‖htfdrs‚= `jserjajkltjhk dadrids wjtfjk ahrd sh tflk odtwddk.

Ehksj`drjki lcc tfjs, dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk lk` ukedrtljkty lrd uklvhj`locd `jadksjhks hn cjnd. Yfdtfdr jknrdd dxeflkid hr edktrlc pclkkjki, jt wjcc heeur. Fhwdvdr, jk nrdd dxeflkid, dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk elk lk`

wjcc whrg thwlr` hvdrehajki dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, ls dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty ahtjvds dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhktflt hvdrehads jt. Yfdrd tfdrd js kh nrdd`ha tfhuif, tfdy aust od prdsdrvd` lk` whrsdkd̀ 7 wjtfhutnrdd`ha, dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk lk` dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty elkkht hvdrehad tfd kdiltjvds hn hkd lkhtfdr, nhrclws lk` jkstjtutjhks algd jt japhssjocd th lefjdvd l sdksd hn edrtljkty (ls dxplk`d` hk jk tfd plpdr). Lccfualks wlkt th trlksedk` lkxjdty, lk` sh jt‚s hkcy l alttdr hn tjad, jn locd lk` nrdd th `h sh, odnhrd tfdy

leehapcjsf tflt ihlc. Jt aly kht od qujegcy, lk` jt aly od schwd` oy ydlrs hn jkstjtutjhklc jkncudkeds, out jtwjcc heeur. Yjcc tfdrd od tfhsd wfh lrd sh rlejst tflt tfdy rdnusd th eflkid8 Rdrflps, out tfrhuif tjad, tfjsirhup wjcc od `wlrnd` oy tfd almhrjty hn tfhsd wlktjki th trlksedk` dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty (pdrflps hut hnsdcn-jktdrdst, pdrflps hut hn rltjhklcjty, dte.), lk` ukcdss tfd ajkhrjty fls tfd phwdr hn tfd Utltd lt jtsnjkidrtjps, tfd almhrjty wjcc eflkid lk` erdltd tfd eucturd.

Jk nrdd`ha, dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk lk` dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty whrg `jlcdetjelccy liljkst/nhr hkd lkhtfdr‖thwlr`‚ l sdksd hn ‖irhuk`jki‚ lk`/hr ‖edrtljkty‚, out wfdrd tfdrd js kh nrdd`ha, ohtf stjcc heeur, out

eflkid khtfjki (cjgd rljk hvdr tfd cjndcdss). Nrdd`ha turks dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk lk` dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty‖liljkst hkd lkhtfdr‚, pdr sd, ‖thwlr`‚ (l sdksd hn) homdetjvjty (nrha suomd etjvjty). Yfdrd nrdd`ha jsclegjki, rltfdr tflk ahvd l shejdty thwlr` hvdrehajki jts sjks, dxjstdktjlc rdncdetjhk lk` dxjstdktjlcukedrtljkty whrsdk lk` pdrpdtultd tfd sjknuc.

59. Jk l wly, flvjki th rdcy hk tfd nrdd alrgdt th njx jkmustjeds jsk‚t nljr, nhr tfd nrdd alrgdt js schw lkùkprd`jetlocd, wfjcd tfd ihvdrkadkt elk (sddajkicy) lssurd qujeg rdsucts. Lk` pdrflps tfjs js trud, outwflt whrgs, whrgs, lk` wflt `hdsk‚t, `hdsk‚t. Yd elkkht cdt nljrkdss od lk dkday hn `jsedrkadkt.



56. Pfjs plpdr `hdsk‚t adlk th japcy tflt ihvdrkadkt jsk‚t japhrtlkt. Hk tfd ehktrlry, jt‚s sh japhrtlkt tflt jn

jt adssds up, tfd wfhcd shejdty aly ehad erlsfjki `hwk. Nurtfdrahrd, l cjttcd ojt hn ihvdrkadkt elk ih lchki wly, cdt lchkd l cht hn jt.

5:.

Jt fls oddk lriud` tflt sjked sclvdry leedcdrltd` dehkhaje sueedss jk Ladrjel, l sjzlocd phrtjhk hnLadrjel‚s wdlctf th`ly sfhuc` od `jstrjoutd` th oclegs nhr rdplrltjhks. Pfhuif tfjs fls lriulocy lcrdl`y

oddk `hkd tfrhuif Pfd Irdlt Uhejdty cdijscltjhk hn Cyk`hk Mhfkshk, tfd eclja lssuads tflt tfd`jstrjoutjhk hn wdlctf whuc` od odkdnjejlc th ocleg ehaaukjtjds. Jn, hk tfd htfdr flk`, rdplrltjhks whuc`whrsdk ocleg ehaaukjtjds, tfdk dvdk jn jt js tfd elsd tflt sclvdry ohhstd` tfd Ladrjelk dehkhay,rdplrltjhks sfhuc` kht od elrrjd` hut. Out fhw whuc` hkd gkhw jn jt whuc` od odkdnjejlc hr kht8 L `yklajesystda whuc` od kdd`d` th gkhw, lk` wflt jknrjkids uphk tflt systda ehaprhajsds wflt js kdd`d` th`dtdrajkd mustjed lk` hvdrehad dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty. Oclegs lrd edrtljkcy hwd` dqulc lk` nrdd leedss thtfd nrdd dxeflkid tfdjr clohr al`d phssjocd wjtfhut dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, lk` lky ‖fdcpnuc‚ dnnhrt tflt

gddps tflt nrha flppdkjki js lk dnnhrt tflt sfhuc`k‚t od elrrjd` hut. Pfjs jsk‚t th sly tfdrd sfhuc`k‚t od

rdplrltjhks ― l `yklaje systda whuc` od kdd`d` th tdcc ― out tflt wd sfhuc`k‚t lssuad tflt l edrtljk

fjsthrje rdlcjty kdedssjtltds l edrtljk, prdsdkt letjhk. Pfd trutf elk od auef ahrd kulked`.

5:.<

Fjsthry tflt ecljas ‖x flppdkd` tfdrdnhrd wd sfhuc` `h y‚ js `lkidrhus, lk` cdlps nrha ‖js‚ th ‖huift‚

`dspjtd fhw @lvj` Fuad sfhwd` tfd cdlp chijelccy japhssjocd.

5:.?

Rdhpcd th`ly `dej`d wfdtfdr sclvdry js dvj`dked nhr ahrd ihvdrkadkt lj` hr ahrd nrdd dxeflkid7 dvdktstfdasdcvds `h kht tdcc us wflt tfdy lrd dvj`dked nhr ― wd `dej`d. Lk` wflt wd `dej`d jkncudkeds fhw wdjktdrprdt prdsdkt lk` plst rdlcjtjds. Jn wd odcjdvd Lnrjelk-Ladrjelk phvdrty js l rdsuct hn sclvdry, tfd ahrd phvdrty wd sdd, tfd ahrd wd aly ehkecu`d tfd ihvdrkadkt sfhuc` stdp jk th ehrrdet l wrhki tfdy lrd iujctyhn kht prdvdktjki. Hk tfd htfdr flk`, jn wd odcjdvd Lnrjelk-Ladrjelk phvdrty js l rdsuct hn tfd wdcnlrd stltdlk` ehcclpsd hn tfd nlajcy, wd aly ehkecu`d tflt ihvdrkadkt sfhuc` `h tfd dxlet hpphsjtd lk` idt hut hntfd wly. Yfjef vjdw js rjift8 L `yklaje systda whuc` od kdd`d` th tdcc7 htfdrwjsd, tfdrd js hkcysuomdetjvjty.

5:.5

Dvdkts `h kht ‖wdlr hk tfdjr nled‚ wflt elsd tfdy lrd dvj`dked ‖thwlr`‚, ls pfdkhadkl `h kht wdlr ‖hk

tfdjr nled‚ wflt elsd tfdy prhvd.

5:.0

@hds Elpjtlcjsa rdqujrd sclvdry8 Jn sh, Elpjtlcjsa js nuk`ladktlccy jaahrlc lk` sfhuc` od lvhj`d`.Ecdlrcy, Elpjtlcjsa rdqujrds whrgdrs, lk` tfd chwdr tfd tdefkhchijelc stltd hn tfd shejdty, tfd ahrd whrgdrsrdqujrd`. Ls tdefkhchiy japrhvds, tfd kdedssjty hn clohr elk `derdlsd. Yjtf tfd jkvdktjhk hn tfd trlethr, lsjzlocd kuaodr hn whrgdrs jk tfd njdc` wdrd kh chkidr kdd`d`. @urjki tfd drl hn sclvdry jk Ladrjel, tfdrdwlsk‚t auef tdefkhchiy lk` sh, l `dspdrltd kdd` nhr whrgdrs wls prdsdkt. Pfjs `hds kht mustjny sclvdry,

jt‚s sjapcy lk hosdrvltjhk lohut nlrajki odnhrd pr dsdkt dqujpadkt. Lkyhkd wfh hwks l ousjkdss hr l prhpdrty js jktdrdstd` jk alxjajzjki prhnjt, wjtf ‖prhnjt‚ adlkjki wflt tfd hwkdr `dnjkds jt ls, rltfdr jt od

ahkdy, flppjkdss, nrjdk`sfjp, dte. Yfdk tfd ihvdrkadkt nljcd` th dknhred clws liljkst gj`klppjki, aur`dr,lk` vjhcltjhk hn sdcn-hwkdrsfjp, ahst cjgdcy ahtjvltd` oy l kdd` nhr whrgdrs, pclktltjhk hwkdrs ohuiftsclvds. Fl` ihvdrkadkt dknhred` tfd rjift clws, pclktltjhk hwkdrs whuc` flvd fl` th fjrd tfda jkstdl`, pdrflps nhrejki tfda th eut jkth tfdjr ‖prhnjts‚, rdilr`cdss hn wflt tfdy wlktd`. Nurtfdrahrd, sclvds

ehuc`k‚t flvd oddk tfd (ehst-nrdd) shcutjhk th tfd prhocdas pclktltjhk hwkdrs nled`, lk` sh tfd pclktltjhkhwkdrs whuc` flvd oddk nhred` th od ahrd erdltjvd. Yfdk ihvdrkadkt nljcs th upfhc` tfd r jift clws,

ihvdrkadkt lcchws pdhpcd th od cdss erdltjvd. Yfdrd tfdrd js cdss erdltjvjty, tfdrd js cdss jkkhvltjhk lk`tdefkhchijelc l`vlkedadkt. Fl` ihvdrkadkt hutclwd` sclvdry, pdrflps tfd trlethr, jk shad nhra, whuc`flvd oddk jkvdktd` auef shhkdr, lk` pdrflps tfd kltjhk whuc` od ahrd l`vlked` tflk jt js khw.

Elpjtlcjsa `hds kht rdqujrd sclvdry out erdltjvjty, ls dxplk`d` hk jk –Pfd Erdltjvd Ehkehr`‑ oy H.I.

_hsd. Yjtfhut jt, tfd systda ehcclpsds7 wjtf jt, tfd whrc` eflkids nhr tfd odttdr. Yjtfhut sclvdry thtdaphrlrjcy njx (lk` ‖fj`d‚) prhocdas hn dnnjejdkey, Ladrjelks whuc` flvd oddk nhred` th od ahrd erdltjvd,

lk` sh erdltd ahrd trud wdlctf tflt trucy whuc` flvd jkerdlsd` tfd qulcjty hn cjnd nhr lcc. Tknhrtukltdcy, tfdihvdrkadkt lcchwd` sclvdry, tfus trukeltjki Ladrjelk jkkhvltjhk.








02. Zhu elk kdvdr muap nrha ‖jt js liljkst tfd clw‚ th ‖jt js jaahrlc‚, ls @lvj` Fuad slj` yhu elk kdvdr muap

nrha ehkstlkt ehkmuketjhk th Klturlc Clw. Rdrflps jt js, out tflt elkkht od dstlocjsfd` nhr surd. Nhr ahrd,sdd –(Ja)ahrlcjty‑ oy H.I. _hsd.

0<. Clegjki tlx ahkdy lk` tfd lojcjty th prjkt ahkdy, trud nrdd dxeflkid elkkht prhp up ol` jkùstrjds ls elktfd ihvdrkadkt, algjki nrdd dxeflkid l ecdlrdr lk` ahrd rdcjlocd jk`jelthr hn rdlcjty.

0?.

Cdt‚s chhg lt tfd dxlapcd hn jktdirltjhk ùrjki tfd Ejvjc _jifts ahvdadkt= edrtljkcy, tfd ihvdrkadkt

sfhuc`k‚t nhroj` jktdirltjhk, out cdt‚s sly tfdy `j`k‚t dknhred jt. Yflt whuc` flvd flppdk8 Ydcc, jn tfdrd

wls kh clw slyjki yhu aust sdirdiltd, tfdk J (ls l pdrshk plssjhkltd lohut jktdirltjhk) ehuc` stlrt l prjvltdsefhhc tflt wls lvljclocd th ohtf ocleg lk` wfjtd gj`s. Jktdirltjhk flppdks odelusd jk ay fdlrt, J `dsjrd`jt, lk` tfd nlajcjds tflt sdk` tfdjr gj`s th tfjs sefhhc `dsjrd jt jk tfdjr fdlrts thh. Khw tfd ocleg efjc` sjttjkikdxt th tfd wfjtd efjc` jk tfd nrhkt rhw hn tfd eclssrhha elk gkhw tflt tfd wfjtd gj` js flppy th od kdxt thfja, hr lt cdlst tflt fjs wfjtd plrdkts wlktd` tfdjr wfjtd gj` th od tfdrd. Pfjs js must lk dxlapcd hn wfltehuc` heeur, lk` pdrflps tfjs shrt hn eflkid sddas thh salcc th algd lky clstjki japlet, out lerhssajccjhks, kht hkcy `hds jt eflkid tfd ehuktry, out jt `hds sh pdralkdktcy lk` nrha tfd fdlrt. Yfdrd tfdrd jskh Utltd jkvhcvdadkt, tfhuif jt aly sdda th tlgd chkidr, wfdk lttjtu`ds eflkid, tfdy eflkid nhr ihh`.Nurtfdrahrd, tfd pdhpcd ‖hwk‚ tfd eflkid, nhr tfdy algd jt tfdjr hwk, lk` `h sh ls tfdy tfjkg odst.

05.

Jk Jk`jl, tfdrd wls hked l prletjed wfdrd jn l fusolk` `jd`, fjs wjnd whuc` tfrhw fdrsdcn uphk tfd nukdrlc

pyrd lk` ourk th `dltf. Ufd wls hntdk prdssurd̀ oy tfd ehaaukjty th `h tfjs, lk` vjrtulccy fl` kh efhjedhk tfd alttdr. Ufhuc`k‚t tfd Utltd hutclw tfjs prletjed, sh tflt tfjs shejlc prdssurd whuc`k‚t od tfdrd8

Rrholocy sh (nhr jt lppdlrs th od l vjhcltjhk hn sdcn-hwkdrsfjp), out l `yklaje systda whuc` od kdd`d` thtdcc lk` th eflkid tfd fdlrts hn tfd pdhpcd nrha wlktjki th `h tfd prletjed lt lcc. Ihvdrkadkt js kdedsslry,nhr wjtfhut jt, tfdrd elk od kh nrdd dxeflkid, hkcy eflhs. Fhwdvdr, wjtf thh auef hn jt, nrdd dxeflkidwhk‚t whrg.

00. Eurrdktcy, alky rdcjijhus pdhpcd nddc eluift odtwddk wflt tfdy odcjdvd lk` wflt tfd shejdty thcdrltds,rltfdr jt od jk rdilr`s th ehktrledptjvds, CIOP alrrjlid, dte. Ph od thc` tflt tfdy elk hkcy fhc` tfdjr odcjdns jk prjvltd, lk` ydt nhred` th dkilid wjtf tfd shejdty, rdsucts jk l fhrrjocd, psyefhchijelc tdksjhk.Alky Ladrjelks th`ly nddc th`ly tflt tfdy flvd th efhhsd odtwddk sdrvjki Ih` lk` odjki l ejtjzdk,rdsuctjki jk lk lkxjdty tflt pdrflps ordd`s lkidr, wfjef sddas th ehknjra tfd stlked hn tfhsd wfh tfjkg tfdrdcjijhus `jscjgd CIOPs. Rdrflps tfhuif jt‚s kht sh auef tflt tfd rdcjijhus `jscjgd CIOPs, l s jt js tflt tfdy

`jscjgd tfd lkxjdty tfd shejdty elusds tfda oy algjki tfda nddc ls jn tfdy flvd th efhhsd odtwddk tfdshejdty lk` tfdjr odcjdns, wfjef alkjndsts dahtjhklccy (jk tfd slad wly tflt l ijrc wfh fls oddk furt alysdda th od lkiry lt yhu, wfdk jk nlet sfd‚s rdlccy must lkiry lt wflt flppdkd` th fdr). Nurtfdrahrd,

pdrshklccy, jt sddas th ad tflt tfd rdcjijhus lrd daolrrlssd` oy tfd ndw wfh lrd `rjvdk oy fltd. Pfdalmhrjty, jk ay hpjkjhk, flvd phsjtjhks irhuk`d` jk l sdksd hn ‖wflt‚s rjift‚, kht f ltrd`. Ecljajki tfdy lrd ojihts `dstrhys tfd phssjojcjty hn ehkstruetjvd, puocje `jsehursd.

Zdt lrdk‚t tfd rdcjijhus `jserjajkltjki lk` odjki jkthcdrlkt8 Rdrflps ― l `yklaje systda js kdd`d` th tdcc(lk` ehkncltjki ‖`jslirddadkt‚, uklvhj`locd jk l pcurlcjstje shejdty, wjtf ‖jkthcdrlked‚ wjcc kht fdcp tfd

`jseussjhk). Out lssuajki tflt tfd rdcjijhus lrd wrhki, tfdrd lrd twh wlys th ih lohut ehrrdetjki tfda=Utltd phwdr hr nrdd dxeflkid. J whuc` lriud tflt nrdd dxeflkid lvhj`s dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty lk` lcshelusds, tfrhuif tjad, l irlùlc eflkid hn tfd wjcc hn tfd ejtjzdksfjp. Jn tfd wjcc `hdsk‚t eflkid, dvdk jn

pdhpcd let thcdrlkt, tfdy lrdk‚t. Yjccs elk‚t od eflkid` oy phwdr, hkcy efhjed (dxedpt pdrflps oy loshcutd

phwdr, out J `huot lkyhkd jk Ladrjel wlkts thtlcjtlrjlkjsa).

Eflkid tfrhuif l `yklaje systda, vdrsus phwdr, lvhj`s puttjki pdhpcd jk l sjtultjhk wfdrd tfdy nddc tflttfdy flvd th efhhsd odtwddk tfdjr odcjdns lk` tfd puocje spfdrd. @yklajes systdas prdsdrvd rdcjijhusnrdd`ha wfjcd sjauctlkdhuscy ahvjki odyhk` tfd phsjtjhks fdc` oy tfd rdcjijhus wfjef hpprdss lk``jserjajkltd. Rhwdr tfhuif, tfrdltdks rdcjijhus nrdd`ha, lk` `hdsk‚t rdsuct jk lk letulc eflkid hn tfd

jkthcdrlkt. _dlc eflkid rdqujrds nrdd eflkid.

https://www.scribd.com/doc/190137015/Im-morality-by-O-G-Rose





00.< Out wflt jn pdhpcd kdvdr eflkid8 Jt sfhuc` od khtd` tflt tfjs shrt hn phjkt js l``rdss jk –Ehkedrkjki

Dpjstdahchiy‑ oy H.I. _hsd= jt js l sdcn -mustjnyjki phsjtjhk. Nurtfdrahrd, wflt jn tfdy `h, lk` wflt jn tfdyelk‚t uk`dr tfd jkncudked hn phwdr8

04. Ph scjiftcy `jirdss, tfdrd lrd wlys jk wfjef dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty elk lcsh od dxpdrjdked` jk alrrjlid. Jn lalk fls, jk tfd plst, `hkd shadtfjki wrhki, lk` fd `hdsk‚t tdcc fjs wjnd uktjc lntdr tfdy lrd alrrjd`, jt

odehads japhssjocd nhr tfd alk th dvdr gkhw jn fjs wjnd whuc` flvd stjcc efhsdk th alrry fja fl` sfdgkhwk tfd trutf. Nurtfdrahrd, tfd whalk elk kdvdr nddc ls jn sfd nrddcy efhsd th alrry fja, `dspjtd fjssfhrtehajki. Ohtf lrd chegd`, nhrdvdr, jk ukedrtljkty, lk` tfjs, J ndlr, elk flvd `lalijki, tfhuif khtkdedsslrjcy nltlc, ehksdqudkeds hk tfd alrrjlid. Pfd whalk aust lcwlys nddc ls jn, th shad dxtdkt, tflt sfdwlsk‚t odcjdvd` jk, wfjcd tfd alk aust lcwlys nddc tflt fjs trud sdcn aly kht flvd oddk leedptd`. Pfdrd‚s

‖kh dxjst‚, lk` tfjs aly algd jt flr` nhr tfd ehupcd th dvdr nuccy trust hkd lkhtfdr.

04.< Ph `jirdss nurtfdr, jn hkd js l edcdorjty, hkd js nhrdvdr uklocd th gkhw jn shadhkd js tlcgjki th yhu odelusdyhu lrd l edcdorjty, hr odelusd tfdy wlkt th idt th gkhw yhu. Odelusd hn yhur sueedss, tfdrd js ‖kh dxjt‚.

0>. Móridk Flodrals, pfjchshpfdr ahst nlahus nhr fjs whrg hk ehaaukjeltjvd rltjhklcjty, odcjdvd` hkd hn tfdhkcy fhpds nhr eucturds th survjvd jk l pcurlcjstje lid wls rltjhklc lriuadkt lk` `jseussjhk. Tknhrtukltdcy,‖rltjhklcjty‚ lk` ‖rdlshkjki‚, ls Flodrals fl` sddk wfjcd uk`dr Klzj Idralky, fl` odehad adlks th‖tfjkijny‚ tfjkis lk` pdhpcd, rltfdr tflk th ukjny lk` fualkjzd tfda. Nurtfdrahrd, rltjhklcjty fl` ehad th

od usd` kht th cjodrltd, out th idkdrltd ahrd ourdluerley lk` th algd pdhpcd ahrd rdcjlkt hk ‖dxpdrts‚.Ahst khtlocy lntdr tfd Dkcjiftdkadkt, Flodrals odcjdvds pdhpcd flvd ehad th dapflsjzd jk`jvjùlcrltjhklcjty hvdr ehaaukjeltjvd rltjhklcjty, algjki tfda rdcjlkt hk tfd rltjhklcjty hn dxpdrts lk` cdl`drshvdr tfdjr hwk rltjhklcjty. Flodrals js vdry ehkedrkd` wjtf dxpdrts ehajki th ehktrhc `dejsjhks, rltfdrtfhsd `dejsjhks od lohut tfd dtfjelc hr wfdtfdr hr kht l rhl` sfhuc` od oujct, nhr suef rdcjlked shws tfdsdd`s nhr thtlcjtlrjlkjsa.

Pfd phwdrnuc, rltfdr tflt phwdr od nrha strdkitf hr j`dls, elk ehad th rucd, out, leehr`jki th Flodrals, jn pdhpcd ehad th cjvd oy ‖ehaaukjeltjvd rltjhklcjty‚, tflt shrt hn thtlcjtlrjlkjsa elk od lvhj`d`. Fhwdvdr, th

od rltjhklc jk tfjs wly, wd aust cdlrk th ehaaukjeltd. Leehr`jki th Flodrals, ehaaukjeltjhk, jk jtsstrueturd, js ukjnyjki= jt dktljcs, jkkltdcy, ehaauklc eflrletdrjstjes. Yfdk wd spdlg, wd lssuad pdhpcduk`drstlk` us, tflt tfdrd js l trutf wfjef wd elk lrtjeucltd, tflt tfhsd spdlgjki lrd trutfnuc, lk` tflt lccjkvhcvd` wjcc try th spdlg lpprhprjltdcy lk` l`lpt th ejreuastlkeds. Lcc tfdsd eflrletdrjstjes, jkkltd jk tfd

strueturd hn ehkvdrsltjhk, ukjny lk` japcy tflt tfd jk`jvjùlc fls lidkey lk` whrtf. Fdked, nhr Flodrals,ehkvdrsltjhk js pjvhtlc jk lvhj`jki ehkncjet lk` vjhcdked jk l Rcurlcjstje lid= jt js strueturd` nhr lefjdvjki l pdlednuc lk` rltjhklc dk`. _ltfdr tflk usd nhred, wd sfhuc` try th ehkvjked hkd lkhtfdr nhr tfd odst ehursdhn letjhk, lirddjki, odnhrd dktdrjki tfd `jseussjhk tflt tfd odst lriuadkt wjcc wjk. Ph Flodrals, hkcylriuadkt, wjtfjk tfd `doltd, fls lutfhrjty. Tknhrtukltdcy, ahst ehkvdrsltjhk `hds kht flppdk cjgdFlodrals fhpds, lk` Flodrals js lwlrd hn tfjs ― ahst `doltds lrd lriuadkts jk wfjef rltjhklcjty jstfrhwk hut tfd wjk`hw. Utjcc, tfhuif kht lcwlys usd` prhpdrcy, ehkvdrsltjhk js strueturd` thwlr` tfd dk`swfjef Flodrals phjkts hut, ls prdsdkt jk wflt Flodrals elccs ‖j`dlc spddef sjtultjhks‚. Pfhuif `jnnjeuct th

lefjdvd, tfdy aust od lefjdvd`7 wjtfhut tfda, phwdr wjcc `dej`d tfd nuturd hn hur Rcurlcjstje whrc`.

Pfhuif pdrflps tfdrd lrd shad prhocdas jk Flodrals‚ tfhuift (suef ls wflt wjcc ahtjvltd pdhpcd th dktdr

jkth ‖j`dl spddef sjtultjhks‚, th lssurd tflt tfdy flvd l ecdlr uk`drstlk`jki hn tfd adlkjki hn tfdjr whr`s,

dte.), J pdrshklccy odcjdvd fd js hkth shadtfjki vdry japhrtlkt. @jlchiud js pjvhtlc jk hur lid, out th tfd

`dirdd nrdd dxeflkid js japd`d`, tfd cdss dnndetjvdcy tfd shejdty wjcc nhcchw Flodrals‚ ah`dc lk` rltfdrrdcy hk ihvdrkadkt lk` nhred. Nurtfdrahrd, dvdk jn tfd nrdd alrgdt js cdnt lchkd out tfd shejdty flsk‚t

`dvdchpd` jts elplejtjds th ehkvdrsd (wfjef pdrflps rdqujrds erdltjvjty lk` l irhwjki lrtjndx, ls hutcjkd` jk–Pfd Erdltjvd Ehkehr`‑ oy H.I. _hsd), phsjtjvd, shejlc eflkid js kht iulrlktdd`. Tknhrtukltdcy, wfdrd

tfdrd js kh eflkid ùd th l cleg hn ehkvdrsltjhklc lojcjty, tfdrd wjcc sdda th od prhhn hn l kdd` nhr rdcjlkedhk nhred lk` dxpdrts, wfdk jk nlet, tfdrd js l kdd` nhr erdltjvjty lk` ehaauklc rltjhklcjty.

Nrdd dxeflkid js Flodralsjlk= jt js lk ‖j`dlc spddef ehk`jtjhk‚ tfrhuif tjad wfjef dktljcs ahrd tflk must

clkiulid, out lcsh letjhks lk` dxpdrjadkts, strueturd` th ahvd suomdetjvjty ‖thwlr`‚ homdetjvjty, ls

ehkvdrsltjhk js strueturd` thwlr` ‖ehaauklc rltjhklcjty‚, lcc wfjcd prhvj`jki l sdksd hn ‖irhuk`jki‚



liljkst dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty. Nurtfdrahrd, nrdd dxeflkid elk ahtjvltd, oy l shrt hn irlùlc ‖trjlc lk`

drrhr‚ lk` klturlc sdcdetjhk, jk`jvjùlcs th dktdr jkth ‖j`dlc spddef ehk`jtjhks‚, lk` th ehknhra th tfd

suomdetjvjty tflt js ‖(ahst) homdetjvd‚. Nrdd dxeflkid elk ehapdc fualks th od hpdk th ehaauklc

rltjhklcjty lk` ahtjvd tfda th tlgd up ehkvdrsltjhks tfdy aly htfdrwjsd wlkt th lvhj`. Jk tfdsd wlys, nrdddxeflkid elk ehktrjoutd th tfd vjsjhk Flodrals prhphsds.

0>.<

Pfjs khtd wls jkspjrd` oy tfd cdeturd –Móridk Flodrals lk` Pfdhchiy‑ oy Efrjsthpfdr Orjttlljk, ls elk odnhuk` fdrd=fttps=//www.yhutuod.eha/wltef8v10Zmh4520fpw&jk`dx1<&cjst1TTn>tA`XjMcEn^2grl<yfT_\

09. Chki tdra ihvdrkadkt prhirlas aust dktljc lssuaptjhks tflt, jn nlcsd, elkkht od l`lptd` th, lt cdlst khtcjgd l `yklaje systda ehuc`.

06. Tkcjgd lklrefy, tfd nrdd alrgdt jsk‚t clwcdss7 hntdk, J ndlr tfjs js tfhuift. Pfd nrdd alrgdt rdqujrds clws,

out tfdsd clws aust od `yklaje.

0:. Ladrjel js kht l phst-rlejlc shejdty odelusd kh shejdty elk od phst-rlejlc wfdrd tfdrd js jkstjtutjhklcrlejsa, erdltd` oy tfd Utltd, wfjef, jn kht ehkstlktcy jkeuoltjki rlejsa, prdsdrvds dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty.

42.

Khw, wfdk ahvjds lk` lrt ndlturd ajkhrjty eflrletdrs, wd elk‚t gkhw jt js odjki `hkd nrha l pcled hn

idkujkd leedptlked hr th addt shad rlejlc quhtl. Pfd slad ihds wfdk wd sdd ajkhrjtjds ndlturd` jkehccdid alilzjkds, jk l`vdrtjsdadkts, sueedss sthrjds, dte. Kh hkd wjks nrha tfd dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty.

4<. L eucturd tflt rdsphk`s th `jserjajkltjhk wjtf clws `hds tfd dxlet hpphsjtd hn wflt jt sfhuc` `h, out wflt phcjtjejlk whuc` `lrd kht erdltd clws th sthp `jserjajkltjhk8

4?. Jk cjkd wjtf –Pfd @dltf hn Ugdptjejsa‑ oy H.I. _hsd, tfd vdry let hn ‖flvjki th od ehkvjked` hn l elsd‚ js

odijkkjki th od lsshejltd` wjtf `jsodcjdvjki tfd elsd. Nhr dxlapcd, tfd vdry let hn ‖flvjki th od ehkvjked`l sjtultjhk jkvhcvds rlejsa‚ js khw odjki lsshejltd` wjtf ‖`dkyjki tfd dxjstdked hn rlejsa‚ lk` dvdk ‖odjki

l rlejst‚. Rdrflps l pdrshk phjsjki suef jkqujrjds js jk nlet l rlejst, out tfd jk`jvjùlc jsk‚t l rlejst odelusd

fd qudstjhks wflt jkvhcvds rlejsa.

45. Jn tfd ihvdrkadkt algds jt jccdilc kht th sdrvd CIOPs, tfd ihvdrkadkt wjcc trlksnhra tfd adlkjki hn

efhhsjki th sdrvd CIOPs. Pfjs js sjajclr th fhw ahkdy trlksnhras tfd wly pdhpcd dkilid wjtf edrtljkletjvjtjds, ls lriud` jk Yflt Ahkdy Elk‚t Ouy oy Ajefldc Ulk`dc. Nhr dxlapcd, ls lriud` jk Ulk`dc‚s

ohhg, jt fls oddk nhuk` tflt jn yhu lsg pdhpcd kht th od cltd th pjeg up tfdjr efjc`rdk, tfdy wjcc `h tfdjr odstth idt tfdrd, out jn yhu japhsd l njkd nhr odjki cltd, tfdy wjcc letulccy od cltd ahrd hntdk, sjapcy vjdwjkitfd sjtultjhk jk tdras hn ahkdy lk` kht jk tdras hn ahrlcjty. Yfdk jt ehads th algjki jccdilc `dkyjkisdrvjed th CIOPs, J ndlr tfjs wjcc tfjs wjcc rdk`dr efhjeds th sdrvd CIOPs adlkjkicdss, lk` tfdsd efhjedswjcc nljc th prhvj`d tfd shejdty wjtf l sdksd hn ‖hvdrehajki‚ `jnndrdkeds lk` `jserjajkltjhk, lk dxjstdktjlc

nddcjki tflt js kdedsslry jk l Rcurlcjstje Lid. J ndlr tfjs js wflt fls heeurrd` th alky ajkhrjty ehaaukjtjds=jkstjtutjhks tflt dxjst nhr tfd slgd hn nlejcjtltjki rdehkejcjltjhk lrd wflt algd lky sdksd hn rdehkejcjltjhkjaphssjocd. Ls ahkdy hkcy whrsdks tfd prhocda wfdk jt ehads th idttjki plrdkts th pjeg up tfdjr efjc`rdk,J ndlr jkstjtutjhks th sthp `jserjajkltjhk, whrsdk `jserjajkltjhk.

45.< Rdrshklccy, J odcjdvd alky pdhpcd efhhsd kht th sdrvd CIOPs jk ndlr hn wflt htfdr pdhpcd wjcc tfjkg hn

tfda nhr sdrvjki CIOPs, kht sh auef odelusd tfdy `jrdetcy `jscjgd CIOPs. Ndlr hn `jslpphjktjki nrjdk`slk` nlajcy elk od l phwdrnuc nhred, lk` jt elk od lppdlcjki th turk `hwk sdrvjed th lvhj` tfd phssjojcjty hnupsdttjki chvd` hkd. Zdt, nhr tfhsd wfh efhhsd th nled tfjs ndlr, jn jkstjtutjhks jkfjojt hvdrehajkidxjstdktjlc jkstlojcjty lk` rdehkejcjltjhk, l pdrshk whk‚t nddc ls jn lkytfjki js iljkd` nhr nlejki tfdsd ndlrs7

nlejki tfda wjcc chsd adlkjki, ls ahkdy lk` njkds elk rho l sjtultjhk hn ahrlc sjikjnjelked. Pfjs elk elusd ojttdrkdss lk` rdsuct jk ndwdr pdhpcd nlejki tfdjr nleds, kht sddjki lky odkdnjt nhr `hjki sh. Cjgdwjsd, jk odjki jk l sjtultjhk wfdrd l pdrshk wfh idkujkdcy efhhsds th sdrvd CIOPs elkkht od adlkjkinuccy lkècdlrcy `dnjkd` nrha shadhkd wfh js nhred` th `h sh, l pdrshk aly lcsh `dvdchp ojttdrkdss. Pfjs wjcc whrgliljkst rdehkejcjltjhk lk` dvdk whrsdk `jserjajkltjhk lk` nddcjkis hn dxjstdktjlc jkstlojcjty.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Yjo5304hpw&index=1&list=UUf6tMd_iJlCfV0kra1yhURQ


https://www.scribd.com/doc/252225000/The-Death-of-Skepticism-by-O-G-Rose



http://www.amazon.com/What-Money-Cant-Buy-Markets/dp/0374533652








40. Jkstjtutjhks `dvdchp flojts, lk` wfdrd tfdrd js jkstjtutjhklc rlejsa, flojts hn rlejsa wjcc `dvdchp. Flojtstrlksedk` tfd sjapcy `jefhthay hn ‖ehksejhus vdrsus ukehksejhus lets‚ ― tfdy lrd tfd vdry plttdrk jk wfjefwd let ehksejhuscy lk` ukehksejhuscy. Fualks tdk` th lssjik rdsphksjojcjty th tfhsd wfh flvd efhjed hvdrtfhsd wfh cleg jt, lk` jk tfjkgjki hn rlejsa ls hkcy l prhocda wfdk ‖efhsdk‚, wd nljc th l``rdss tfd

ehapcdxjtjds hn ‖rlejlc flojts‚, lk` sh nljc th l``rdss tfd strueturd jk wfjef ehksejhus lk` ukehksejhusrlejst lets heeur (lnrlj` hn lssjikjki hr odjki lssjikd` jktdkt lk` rdsphksjojcjty). L``jtjhklccy, jt jsdrrhkdhus th sdd shadhkd wfh lets rlejst hut hn flojt ls j`dktjelc wjtf shadhkd wfh lets rlejst hut hnefhjed= suef jk`jvjùlcs lrdk‚t j`dktjelc, tfhuif tflt `hdsk‚t adlk tfdy lrdk‚t ohtf rdsphksjocd. Fhw tfdy

lrd `jnndrdkt js plrtjeuclr lk` ehapcdx, out wflt elk od slj` nhr surd js tflt wfdrd tfdrd js jkstjtutjhklcrlejsa, tfdsd shrts hn ehapcdx sjtultjhks wjcc flvd th od `dlct wjtf lk` wrdstcd` tfrhuif, jkdvjtlocy furtjkilk` ajsuk`drstlk`jki alky jk tfd prhedss. Yjtfhut tfd jkstjtutjhks, tfd sjtultjhks ehuc` flvd oddk lvhj`d`, out wjtf tfd jkstjtutjhks, tfhsd wfh let hut hn rlejlc flojts lrd flr` th `dnjkd nrha jktdktjhklc rlejsa. Pfjscdl`s th lcjdkltjhk lk` dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, prdsdrvjki tfd prhocda th dvdryhkd‚s `dtrjadkt.

Uhejdtjds lrd flojts7 eucturds lrd flojtulc. Yfdrd tfdrd js jkstjtutjhklc rlejsa, tfdrd wjcc od rlejst shejdty(tfdy slad chije lppcjds th CIOP `jserjajkltjhk, sdxjsa, dte.). Kht odelusd l shejdty js jktdktjhklccy hrukjktdktjhklccy rlejst, out odelusd flojts flvd erdltd` l ‖nhra‚ hr ‖spled‚ jk wfjef lcc pdhpcd aust

`yklajelccy lk` hrilkjelccy hpdrltd jk suef l wly tflt rdsucts jk rlejsa. Kht odelusd pdhpcd wlkt th lettflt wly, out odelusd tfd ‖ndkeds‚ hn flojt nhred suef th od elsd (vjl ‖fdr`jki‚, jn yhu wjcc). Lk` ydt tfd

‖nhra‚ hr ‖ndkeds‚ elkkht od fdc` `jrdetcy rdsphksjocd, nhr tfdy `j`k‚t `jrdetcy elusd rlejsa ― tfd

jkstjtutjhks elk lcwlys dselpd rdsphksjojcjty (dspdejlccy jk l shejdty wjtf l ojls thwlr` ‖chw hr`dreluslcjty‚, ls dxplk`d` hk jk –Dxpdrjdkejki Pfjkgjki‑ oy H.I. _hsd). Pfjs algds `dndltjki jkstjtutjhklc ― lk` oy dxtdksjhk flojtulc ― rlejsa vdry `jnnjeuct.

Yfdrd tfdrd js jkstjtutjhklc rlejsa, flojts hn rdehkejcjltjhk wjcc kht `dvdchp, out flojts hn `jstlked. Pfjswjcc od tfd elsd dvdk jn tflt jkstjtutjhklc rlejsa js l rdsuct hn prhirlas tflt wdrd erdltd` hut hn idkujkdihh` jktdrkdt th fdcp lefjdvd rdehkejcjltjhk. Jk tfd dnnhrt th sthp flojts, J ndlr tfd Utltd fls erdltd` ol`flojts. Ph`ly, odelusd hn jkstjtutjhklc rlejsa, wd sdd rlejst flojts tflt flvd `dvdchpd` odtwddk wfjtds lk` oclegs, lk` flojts hn lsshejltjki hkd lkhtfdr wjtf kdiltjvd wlys hn cjvjki, tfjkgjki, lk` letjki. Pfdsdflojtulc lsshejltjhks lk` rdletjhks wjcc kdvdr eflkid uktjc tfd jkstjtutjhks jkeuoltjki tfda lrd rdahvd`,lk` tfdk, th rdpcled tfda, phsjtjvd flojts wjcc flvd th od euctjvltd`. ‖Ahvdadkts `hk‚t dadrid odelusd

dvdryhkd su``dkcy `dej`ds th nled tfd slad `jrdetjhk lt hked. Pfdy rdcy hk shejlc plttdrks tflt odijk ls tfdflojts hn nrjdk`sfjp, irhw tfrhuif tfd flojts hn ehaaukjtjds, lk` lrd sustljkd` oy kdw flojts tflt eflkid

plrtjejplkts‚ sdksd hn sdcn.‚L

Jkstjiltjki l ahvdadkt lk` prhedss wjcc prholocy od `jnnjeuct, out uktjc tfdjkstjtutjhks lrd drlsd`, tflt prhedss elk‚t dvdk odijk= tfd pljk hn nlejki tfd furt elk kdvdr od sunndrd` odyhk` tfd pljk hn tfd furt.

L@ufjii, Eflrcds. Pfd Rhwdr hn Flojt. Kdw Zhrg, KZ. _lk`ha Fhusd, ?2<?= ?00.

44. L prhocda wjtf tfd shcutjhks th rlejsa lk` `jserjajkltjhk prdsdktd` jk tfjs plpdr js tflt tfd shcutjhks whrg oy ‖fjif hr`dr eluslcjty‚ vdrsus ‖chw hr`dr eluslcjty‚, wfjef wd flvd l klturlc hrjdktltjhk liljkst (lsdxphuk`d` uphk jk –Dxpdrjdkejki Pfjkgjki‑ oy H.I. _hsd) ― lk hrjdktltjhk wfjef js hkcy whrsdkd` lk`jktdksjnjd` oy tfd dahtjhks lk` furt hn tfd jssud. Tknhrtukltdcy, jn wd elk‚t hvdrehad tfjs hrjdktltjhk, wd

wjcc od uklocd th hvdrehad rlejsa.

44.< Jkstjtutjhk erdltjhk ― suef ls tfd erdltjhk hn jkstjtutjhklc rlejsa ― js th od dxpdetd` hn l shejdty tflt js

ojlsd` thwlr` ‖chw hr`dr eluslcjty‚.

44.?

Ls l sj`d khtd, J odcjdvd tfd nljcurd hn sefhhcs th tdlef erdltjvjty, ls l``rdss jk –Pfd Erdltjvd Ehkehr`‑ oy

H.I. _hsd, fls hkcy whrsdkd` tfd hrjdktltjhk liljkst ‖fjif hr`dr eluslcjty‚, wfjef adlks tfd nljcurd th

jkeuoltd erdltjvjty fls whrsdkd` rlejsa.

44.5 J ndlr tfd eclja tflt ‖fjif hr`dr eluslcjty ― nrdd dxeflkid ― sfhuc` od usd` th hvdrehad `jserjajkltjhk lk`rlejsa‚ wjcc od vjdwd` ls `jserjajklthry lk` rlejst jk jtsdcn, lk` tflt tfjs vjdw wjcc prdsdrvd rlejsa lk``jserjajkltjhk jk tfd klad hn hvdrehajki tfda. J odcjdvd tfjs wjcc heeur, nhr J odcjdvd fualks lrd jkkltdcyjrhkje.

https://www.scribd.com/doc/259196357/Experiencing-Thinking-by-O-G-Rose


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4>. Yfdrd tfdrd jsk‚t l phwdr ehkedktrltjhk jk tfd Utltd, prhtdstjki js ihh` nhr nrdd dxeflkid, out wf drd tfdrd

js l phwdr ehkedktrltjhk, prhtdstjki tdk`s th irlvjtltd thwlr` `dalk`jki tfd Utltd th let, th tfd `dtrjadkthn nrdd dxeflkid.

49.

Clws tdlef7 clws jkeuoltd. _lejst clws tdlef/jkeuoltd rlejsa. Fhwdvdr, rlejsa `hdsk‚t erdltd jkstjtutjhklc

rlejsa ukcdss tfdrd js l(k) (phwdrnuc) jkstjtutjhk (cjgd tfd Utltd) wfjef rlejsa elk jkncudked lk` sflpd (tfdslad elk od slj` lohut sdxjsa lk` lcc nhras hn `jserjajkltjhk).Jn tfdrd wdrd kh jkstjtutjhks, tfdrd ehuc`k‚t

od jkstjtutjhklc `jserjajkltjhk, hkcy `jserjajkltjhk (wfjef js hn ehursd ol`, out elk od `yklajelccy lk`hrilkjelccy whrgd` lwly, wfjcd jkstjtutjhklc `jserjajkltjhk js auef ahrd `jnnjeuct th dnnled).

49.< Clw tdlefds tflt ‖aur`dr js wrhki‚ (tfhuif J `hk‚t tfjkg ‖ukclwnuc‚ lk` ‖jaahrlc‚ sfhuc` od ehkncltd` ,tfhuif tflt jsk‚t th sly tfdy `hk‚t hntdk hvdrclp). Jk tfd Mja Erhw Uhutf cjgdwjsd, clw tluift tflt

‖jktdirltjhk js wrhki‚ lk` ‖kht `jserjajkltjki liljkst oclegs js wrhki‚. Pfdsd cdsshks wdrd hn ehursd

jaahrlc, nhr tfdy `dkjd` fualkjty th tfhsd wjtf fualk @KL, out tfhsd lrd tfd cdsshks wfjef tfd clwtluift lk` jkeuoltd` wjtfjk ejtjzdks. Pfd Utltd tdlefds7 jkstjtutjhks hrjdktltd dtfjes.

46. Clws tdlef. Yfdk yhu erdltd clws liljkst `jserjajkltjhk, yhu sjiklc th Ladrjelks tflt tfdy `jserjajkltd.Lk` sh tfdy `jserjajkltd= tfdy `h wflt tfdy lrd tluift tfdy `h.

4:.

Yfdrd flojts hn lppdlcjki th tfd Utltd `dvdchp, tfdrd wjcc prholocy lcsh `dvdchp flojts hn lppdlcjki thclwsujts.

>2. Ls wflt ehkstjtutds `dsjrlocd dqulcjty js rdcltjvd th ahrlcjty, sh cjgdwjsd `dsjrlocd `jvdrsjty js rdcltjvd thwflt wd odcjdvd js rjift lk` wrhki. Jn wd wlkt `jvdrsjty, wd wlkt th od `jvdrsd lahkist tfhsd wfh wdehksj`dr ahrlc= wd `hk‚t wlkt th od `jvdrsd wjtf GGG adaodrs, Klzjs, dte. Yd nddc kh ahrlc hocjiltjhk th od jkecusjvd hn tfhsd wfha wd odcjdvd lrd jaahrlc7 jk nlet, wd elk nddc l ahrlc hocjiltjhk th dxecu`dtfda, odcjdvjki jkecu`jki tfda whuc` od th lpprhvd hn tfdjr jaahrlcjty. Yfdk jt ehads th hovjhuscyjaahrlc irhups, cjgd tfd Klzjs, tfjs ‖ihh` dxecusjhk‚ jsk‚t l prhocda, out tfd plssj hkltd `jslirddadkt odijks wfdk jt ehads th dxecu`jki tfhsd wfh shad ehksj`dr ahrlc lk` htfdrs jaahrlc. Cjgd dqulcjty, thwl`d tfrhuif tfdsd `jnnjeuct wltdrs, `jvdrsjty rdqujrds l `yklaje lk` hrilkje systda ― nrdd dxeflkid.

><. Lcc wfh flvd fualk @KL lrd `dsdrvjki hn fualk `jikjty (wjtfhut ehktjkidkey) ― fualk @KL js tfd

pfysjelc irhuk`jki nhr tfd adtlpfysjelc prjkejplc ― out tflt `hdsk‚t adlk kdedsslrjcy tflt hkd elk kdvdrchsd `jikjty. @KL ijvds fualks tfd irhuk`s th odijk wjtf `jikjty rltfdr tflk flvd th dlr k jt, out jt `hdsk‚t

kdedsslrjcy ijvd fualks irhuk`s oy wfjef th lcwlys rdedjvd jt. Jn l fualk vjhcltds edrtljk clws lk`, nhrdxlapcd, ehaajts aur`dr, tflt fualk fls pdrflps efhsdk th ijvd up tfd `jikjty tflt fd hr sfd jsluthaltjelccy dxtdk`d` oy vjrtud hn flvjki fualk @KL (pdrflps kht odnhrd Ih`, out jk`dd` odnhrdfualks). Nhr tfjs rdlshk, pdrflps elpjtlc pukjsfadkt whuc` kht, jkfdrdktcy, od l vjhcltjhk hn fualk`jikjty. Hk tfd ncjpsj`d, jn tfdrd wls khtfjki l fualk ehuc` `h th ‖efhhsd th ijvd up‚ `jikjty (wfjef jslriulocy kdedsslry nhr `jikjty th kht lcjdkltd lk` th od adlkjkinuc), jt ehuc` od prdejsdcy odelusd hn fualk`jikjty tflt l pdrshk ehuc` rdedjvd elpjtlc pukjsfadkt. Kh cjhk elk od trjd` nhr aur`dr nhr dltjki l zdorl,ydt, odelusd fualks flvd `jikjty, fualks elk od trjd` nhr vjhcltjki tfd `jikjty hn lkhtfdr. Jt ehuc` od prdejsdcy jk rdvdrdked hn tfd `jikjty l fualk fls tflt tfd pdrshk nleds elpjtlc pukjsfadkt.

Out pdrflps hkd odcjdvds elpjtlc pukjsfadkt js wrhki kh alttdr wflt8 Rdrflps, out pdrflps jt js jaahrlc

th spdk` tlx ahkdy, l rdsuct hn tfd tjad lk` dkdriy hn fhkdst, flr`whrgjki pdhpcd, th supphrt jaahrlcjk`jvjùlcs jk tfd prjshk systda8 Jt‚s flr` th sly, ls dxphuk`d` hk jk –(Ja)ahrlcjty‑ oy H.I. _hsd. Ph

fdcp hvdrehad tfd rdcltjvjty hn ahrlcjty, wd rdqujrd pfysjelc ‖irhuk`jkis‚ (suef ls @KL) nhr adtlpfysjelc

ecljas, ls wdcc ls l `yklaje systda. Zdt, stjcc, fualk mustjed js japdrndet, ls lrd lcc prhedss hn trjlc lk`drrhr. Rdrflps jt whuc` fdcp us th `h mustjed ahrd pdrndetcy jn wd trucy leedptd` tfd rdlcjty tflt wd lrdjapdrndet7 tfdk, wd whuc`k‚t tlgd nhr irlktd` wflt wd tfjkg lk` odcjdvd.

>?. Zhu aust efhhsd odtwddk l whrc` wjtf tfd phssjojcjty hn `jserjajkltjhk lk` nrdd`ha nrha dxjstdktjlcukedrtljkty, hr l whrc` wjtfhut tflt phssjojcjty lk` tfd edrtljkty hn dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty. Zhu elkkht flvdhkd wjtfhut tfd htfdr= yhu aust efhhsd odtwddk tfd trl`d-hnns.



>5. Yflt tfd puocje `dnjkds ls jaahrlc js tfd lrdl jk wfjef thtlcjtlrjlkjsa elk od dxprdssd` lk` kht hkcy

lcchwd`, out puocjelccy supphrtd` jk tfd klad hn cjodrty.

>0. _dspdet l pdhpcd `dsdrvd nhr hvdrehajki lk jkmustjed tfdy sunndrd` elk od trukeltd` oy Utltd dnnhrts thlthkd nhr tflt jkmustjed, dnnhrts tflt aly vdry wdcc od `hkd nhr tfd slgd hn fdcpjki lk hpprdssd` pdhpcd iljktfd rdspdet tfdy `dsdrvd.

>4. _dstrjetjhks hk nrdd`has hn dxprdssjhk wd `jscjgd kdvdr japlssjhks us ls `hds rdstrjetjhks hk nrdd`has hndxprdssjhk wd supphrt.

>>. Yflt js tfd let hr ‖dvdkt‚ tflt whuc` kdd` th od sddk th gkhw rlejlc rdehkejcjltjhk fls oddk lefjdvd`8 Pfddk` hn ocleg phvdrty8 Must odelusd phvdrty js ihkd `hdsk‚t adlk rlejsa js hvdr. Pfd dk` hn vjhcdked

liljkst oclegs8 Must odelusd vjhcdked fls sthppd` `hdsk‚t adlk jt elk‚t sprjki up liljk. Pfd dk` hn wfjtd

`dkjlc hn tfd dxjstdked hn rlejsa8 Pfd dk` hn suef `dkjlc whuc`k‚t kdedsslrjcy trlkscltd jkth tfd dk` hnrlejsa. Pfd dxlapcds lohuk`.

Jt js kht ecdlr wflt ‖dvdkt‚ whuc` alrg tfd dk` hn rlejsa. Pfd Dalkejpltjhk Rrheclaltjhk `j`k‚ t, khr `jÒrhwk vs. Pfd Ohlr` hn Dùeltjhk. Jt `hdsk‚t sdda ls jn tfdrd elk od lky suef ‖dvdkt‚7 rltfdr, tfdrd elk must od l irlùlc, schw, jkvjsjocd, nl`jki lwly hn tfd dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk tflt ehkstjtutds rlejsa (tfd slad chije

lppcjds wfdk jt ehads th `jserjajkltjhk liljkst CIOPs). Out J ndlr tflt elkkht flppdk wfdrd tfd prhedsshn nrdd dxeflkid fls oddk japd`d` oy tfd Utltd, lk` tflt cdlvds us wljtjki nhr lk ‖dvdkt‚ tflt elk kdvdr

ehad th plss ― tflt cdlvds us wljtjki nhr tfd dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk th nl`d lwly, wfdk lcc jt dvdr `hds jt irhw.

>9. Mdlk Olu`rjcclr`, lutfhr hn Ujauclerl lk` Ujaucltjhk, wlrks tflt hur lid js prjalrjcy hkd jk wfjef ‖tfd

nlgd‚ lk` ‖tfd rdlc‚ flvd ajxd` cjgd ajcg lk` ochh` (th usd lk jalid nrha –Tphk tfd Cjvjki‑ oy H.I.

_hsd), sh auef sh tflt jt js japhssjocd khw nhr us th dvdk sly tfdrd js suef tfjki ls ‖tfd rdlc‚= tfdrd js hkcy

tfd ajxturd. Olu`rjcclr` whuc` sly ‖Wtfd rdlcQ js `dl`‚, lccu`jki th Kjdtzsefd, lk` jk alky rdilr`s, J tfjkg

fd js rjift, lk` tflt js l prhocda wfdk jt ehads th qudstjhks hn hvdrehajki rlejsa, sdxjsa, lk` htfdr nhrashn `jserjajkltjhk. Jn jt js trud tflt ‖tfd rdlc‚ fls oddk gjccd` oy ‖tfd fypdr rdlc‚, lk` tflt tfd ‖(fypdr)rdlc‚ js

fdked khw ‖l ehpy wjtfhut l hrjijklc‚, sddjki ls wd kdd` ‖tfd hrjijklc‚ th trucy gkhw l rlejst nrha l khk-rlejst, l ojiht nrha l khk-ojiht, dte., jt whuc` sdda tflt wd lrd khw jk l fhpdcdss sjtultjhk. Lk` J tfjkg jt jsdspdejlccy fhpdcdss wfdrd tfdrd js kh nrdd dxeflkid= tfd Utltd algds ‖tfd rdlc khk-rlejst‚ ahrd ajxd` wjtf

‖tfd ukrdlc khk-rlejst‚.

@jserjajkltjhk js hvdrehad wfdk pdhpcd nddc tflt htfdrs ‖idkujkdcy‚ lk`/hr ‖rdlccy‚ leedpt tfhsd hn wfha

wdrd hked `jserjajkltd` liljkst. Out jn th`ly ‖Wtfd rdlcQ js `dl`‚, tfdrd js kh chkidr lky ‖rdlc stlk`lr`‚ hn l

pdrshk wfh jsk‚t l ojiht liljkst wfjef wd elk `dtdrajkd jn pdhpcd lrd kh chkidr ojihts. Pfjs js l irlvdeflccdkid ― hkd wrjttdk lohut jk –Ehccdetjvd Ehksejhuskdss lk` Prust‑ lk` –Uerjptd`‑, ohtf oy H.I. _hsd ― l eflccdkid J ndlr js dspdejlccy irlvd wfdrd tfdrd clegs l prhedss hn nrdd dxeflkid tfrhuif wfjef dxjstdktjlcukedrtljkty elk od hvdrehad. ‖Pfd `dltf hn tfd rdlc‚, jk hn jtsdcn, erdltds dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty, lk` tflt

lkxjdty js hkcy ehaphuk`d` wjtf ‖tfd `dltf hn nrdd dxeflkid‚, usulccy lk` jrhkjelccy l ehksdqudked hndnnhrts th fdcp dk` `jserjajkltjhk (tfd prhocda js lcsh whrsdkd` wfdk trust js `jnnjeuct th dstlocjsf lk`wfdrd ‖serjpts‚ lrd prdvlcdkt, l``rdssd` jk –Ehccdetjvd Ehksejhuskdss lk` Prust‑ lk` –Uerjptd`‑).

Jk cjkd wjtf tfd tfhuift hn Glrc Rhppdr, jt elkkht od trucy nlcsjnjd` jn l pdrshk js l ojiht hr kht, ls jt elkkht

od vdrjnjd` jn l pdrshk jsk‚t l ojiht. Nhr dxlapcd, l ojiht ehuc` prdtdk` th kht od l ojiht, ls shadhkd wfhjsk‚t l ojiht ehuc` prdtdk` th od l ojiht. Out wfdrd tfdrd js l tdst ― l tdst hn nrdd dxeflkid ― rdlcjty, lt cdlst,elk odttdr od `dtdrajkd`. Jk lk lid wfdk ‖Wtfd rdlcQ js `dl`‚, jt sddas dspdejlccy kdedsslry th flvd suef l

tdst. Rdrflps jt whk‚t whrg pdrndetcy, out lt cdlst jt prhvj`ds l wly th lt cdlst try th sdplrltd ‖t fd ajcg lk` ochh`‚, jn yhu wjcc. Out tflt slj`, tfdrd‚s kh iulrlktdd wd wjcc sueedd`= tdefkhchiy fls pdrflps fl` l nlr

thh fdlvy ehst.

>9.< J ndlr tflt ‖tfd `dltf hn tfd rdlc‚ aly lcsh od ‖tfd `dltf hn Rcurlcjsa‚.

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>6. Hked tfd Utltd algds l Nd`drlc hr Uuprdad Ehurt `dejsjhk hk l alttdr suef ls CIOP alrrjlid, jt rjsgsnrlajki tfhsd wfh `jslirdd wjtf CIOP alrrjlid ls kht tfhsd wjtf lk dùeltd`, rltjhklc lriuadkt nhrPrl`jtjhklc alrrjlid (tfhuif pdrflps kht l ‖rjift‚ lriuadkt), out ls ojihts ― ls dkdajds ― dspdejlccy jn tfdalgjki hn tflt `dejsjhk wls dkletd` hk irhuk`s hn sthppjki `jserjajkltjhk. Pfjs rjsgs algjki tfdsdjk`jvjùlcs hut th od ‖tfd ol` iuys‚, wfjef rjsgs erdltjki jkerd`jocd dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk, lk` rjsgs algjki jt

tfd elsd tflt lkyhkd wfh vhjeds dvdk shadtfjki tflt shuk`s scjiftcy leedptjki hn l Prl`jtjhklcjst vjdw js l‖ojihtd` tfrdlt‚. Jt js flr` th jalijkd fhw `daherley ehuc` whrg jk tfjs ejreuastlked, lk` jt sddas vdry

`jnnjeuct th sdd fhw pdhpcd ehuc` cjvd thidtfdr jk l Rcurlcjstje Lid wjtf tflt shrt hn dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk jk jtsaj`st.

Rdrflps jn CIOP alrrjlid clws wdrd eflkid` oy tfd Utltds hkd oy hkd, tfd dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk whuc` odcdss ― tflt ‖Nd`drlcjst‚ prhedss sddas th ‖dlsd‚ tfd dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk lk` algd jt dlsjdr nhr tfd pdhpcd th

cjvd wjtf tfd njklc `dejsjhk. Pfd ahrd `daherltje tfd `dejsjhk lk` ‖tfd echsdr‚ tfd phwdr hn tfd `dejsjhk js

th tfd pdhpcd, tfd cdss dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk tfdrd sddas th od, wfjcd ‖tfd fjifdr up tfd ihvdrkadkt efljk‚ tfd

`dejsjhk nlccs, tfd ahrd tdksjhk tflt rdsucts. Yfltdvdr cdvdc hn tdksjhk tfdrd js wfdk tfd `dejsjhk js al`d,tflt js tfd cdvdc tfd tdksjhk sddas th od prdsdrvd` lt, lk` tfd ‖fjifdr up tfd ihvdrkadkt efljk‚ tfd `dejsjhk

js al`d lt, tfd fjifdr tfd cjgdcjfhh` jt js tflt tfd tdksjhk whrsdks, auef th tfd ukmust shrrhw hn CIOPs.

Out wfdk lky homdetjhk th CIOP alrrjlid js sddk ls ‖ojihtd`‚, tfd adktjhk hn cdlvjki tfd `dejsjhk th tfd

Utltds, tfd pdhpcd, hr nrdd dxeflkid js jaad`jltdcy lssuad` th od suiidstd` oy hkd hn tfd ‖ojihts‚. Jn

shadhkd slys tfd clw elk ahstcy edrtljkcy eflkid th cdilcjzd CIOP alrrjlid, out tflt tfd Utltds, tfd pdhpcd, hr nrdd dxeflkid sfhuc` `dej`d hk tfd alttdr, tflt pdrshk js lssuad` th od jksjkedrd, fdlrtcdss, lk`jk nlvhr hn `jserjajkltjhk. Dvdk jn tfd pdrshk js jk nlet l fhahsdxulc slyjki fd wlkts nrdd dxeflkid th`dej`d odelusd htfdrwjsd fd odcjdvds tfd dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk tflt wjcc rdsuct wjcc flvd tdrrjocd rlajnjeltjhksnhr fja lk` fjs qulcjty hn cjnd, fd wjcc od lssuad` th od ‖hkd hn tfd dkdajds‚, lk` fjs vjdws wjcc od sehnnd`

lt. Pfjs js l whrc` khkd hn us wlkts, hkd jk wfjef J ndlr CIOPs wjcc ehktjkud th sunndr.

Yd aust od elrdnuc oy wfjef prhedss wd erdltd cjodrtjds, odelusd l cjodrty erdltd` oy l ol` prhedss wjcc odl cjodrty wd `hk‚t efdrjsf. Pfd slad cjodrty tfrhuif l `jnndrdkt prhedss tfhuif, elk od l ocdssjki nhr lcc.

>6.<

Jn jt js homdetjvdcy ‖tfd rjift tfjki th `h‚ jk cdilcjzjki CIOP alrrjlid, tfdk jt wjcc odehad ahrlccy supdrjhr

th ‖`h jt qujegcy‚ tfdk th ‖`h jt schwcy‚ (th `h jt tfrhuif tfd Uuprdad Ehurt lk`/hr Nd`drl c Ihvdrkadkttflk th `h jt tfrhuif tfd Utltds lk`/hr nrdd dxeflkid), lk` sh ahrlcjty wjcc pusf tfd pdhpcd jk tfd `jrdetjhk

hn ‖qujeg letjhk‚ lk` tfd Nd`drlc Ihvdrkadkt. Fdked, ahrlcjty wjcc ahtjvltd tfd pdhpcd th let jk suef lwly tflt prdsdrvds dxjstdktjlc tdksjhk, phtdktjlccy whrsdkjki tfd jkmustjed tflt ahrlcjty wls kdedsslrjcy ehapdccd` th let jk nlvhr hn ‖tfd qujeg(dst) wly‚ th ehrrdet.

J ndlr ahrlcjty kdedsslrjcy ehkncjets wjtf (schw(dr)) prhedss, jrhkjelccy uk`drajkjki tfhsd ahrlc dnnhrts,auef th tfd ukmust sunndrjki hn tfhsd wfh sunndr jkmustjed.

Yd hntdk wlkt wflt wd gddp hursdcvds nrha idttjki.

>:. Prlijelccy, tfhuif jt aly fdcp, kh alttdr th wflt `dirdd oclegs cdlrk lohut tfdjr rjef fdrjtlid, lohut fhwjk`jspdkslocy oclegs flvd ehktrjoutd` th algjki tfd ah`drk whrc`, lohut fhw tfdy sfhuc` tlgd prj`d jktfdasdcvds, lk` kh alttdr fhw leedptjki tfd shejdty odehads hn ocleg eucturd, wjtfhut nrdd dxeflkid, jtwjcc nddc ls jn tfdrd fls oddk kh prhirdss= tfd dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty wjcc rdaljk.

92.

Rdrshklccy, J ehuc` ahrd sh supphrt lk lj` lk`/hr wdcnlrd jkjtjltjvd nhr ajkhrjtjds tflt wls clrid lk` hkd-tjad, nhr tfdk tfd lj` whuc`k‚t od jktdirltd` jkth tfd strueturd hn tfd shejhdehkhaje hr`dr, lk` sh tfd

dxjstdktjlc ukedrtljkty whuc`k‚t od pdralkdkt (jt whuc` pdrflps hkcy od tdaphrlry, kdedsslry pljk).Nurtfdrahrd, jt js phssjocd tflt l hkd tjad, clrid, wdcnlrd-cjgd rdplrltjhk js kdd`d` th dklocd ajkhrjtjds th pucc tfdasdcvds up nrha tfd `lalid `hkd oy (strueturlc) wdcnlrd, wdcnlrd `hkd jk tfd njrst pcled th dklocdajkhrjtjds th pucc tfdasdcvds up nrha tfd `lalids elusd` oy jkmustjeds. Pflt slj`, tfjs ‖hkd tjad sfht‚

whuc` hkcy whrg jn tfd (strueturlc) wdcnlrd wls rdahvd` sjauctlkdhuscy lk` jn tfd sfht wls jk nlet ‖hkd

tjad‚7 htfdrwjsd, tfd jkjtjltjvd ehuc` nlcc jkth tfd ‖kh wjk‚ sjtultjhk tfd Nd` lk` tfd olkgs flvd nhuk`

tfdasdcvds jk (ls dxpchrd` jk –Kh Dxjt‑ oy H.I. _hsd).



9<. Clws erdltd dkvjrhkadkts, lk` dkvjrhkadkts, ls sfhwk tfrhuif tfd Utlknhr` Rrjshk Dxpdrjadkt, elk rujk

lk` ehrrupt pdhpcd. Ol` dkvjrhkadkts elk turk ihh` pdhpcd jkth ahkstdrs. Gddpjki tfjs jk ajk`, wd aust od vdry elrdnuc wjtf clws, nhr clws elk turk pdhpcd jkth rlejsts, ahkstdrs, lk` whrsd, ls clws elk prhtdetlk` dklocd fualk cjnd.

9?.

‖Lcjdkltjhk js l nhra hn cjvjki `dltf.‚ -Alrtjk Cutfdr Gjki Mr.

95. Jn l shejdty ehads th tfjkg hn tfd wlys jk wfjef rlejsa elk od sthppd` ls ‖rlejst‚, tfd shejdty wjcc kdvdr

hvdrehad rlejsa, prdejsdcy odelusd jt wjcc kdvdr thcdrltd ‖rlejsa‚. Jt‚s plssjhk nhr mustjed wjcc prdsdrvd

jkmustjed.

90. @dpdk`jki hk wfdk yhu rdl` tfjs plpdr, jt ajift od l Glngl mhgd.

Equality and Its Immoral Limits by O.G. Rose

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