Epigraphic Notes on KTU 6.1

UGARIT-FORSCHUNGEN

Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas

begründet von Manfried Dietrich und Oswald Loretz †

unter Mitarbeit von Josef Tropper

herausgegeben von Manfried Dietrich und Ingo Kottsieper

Beratergremium

J. Bretschneider • K. A. Metzler R. Schmitt • W. H. van Soldt • J.-P. Vita

Band 45 2014

In memoriam Oswald Loretz

Manfried Dietrich: [email protected] Ingo Kottsieper : [email protected]

Josef Tropper : [email protected]

Redaktion Ugarit-Verlag, Rosenstr. 9, D-48143 Münster (Kai A. Metzler : [email protected])

Für unverlangt eingesandte Manuskripte kann keine Gewähr übernommen werden. Die Herausgeber sind nicht verpflichtet, unangeforderte Rezensionsexemplare zu besprechen. Manuskripte für die einzelnen Jahresbände werden jeweils bis zum 31. 12. des vorausgehenden Jahres erbeten. © 2014 Ugarit-Verlag, Münster (www.ugarit-verlag.com) Alle Rechte vorbehalten All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-86835-137-8 Printed on acid-free paper

Inhalt Vorwort .............................................................................................................. vii

Oswald Loretz (14. Jan. 1928 – 12. April 2014). 50 Jahre Ugarit-Forschung in Streiflichtern .................................................................................................... ix

Bibliographie von Oswald Loretz (Kompilation von Ludger Hiepel) ............. xxxi

Artikel

Alexander Ahrens Pharao Haremhab und die nördliche Levante. Bemerkungen zu einem Skarabäenabdruck aus Tall Mišrife / Qaṭna..................................................... 1

Amnon Altman The Struggle among the Lebanese Port-Cities to control Seaborne Trade in the Mid-Fourteenth Century BCE ................................................... 11

Nissim Amzallag / Shamir Yona The Unusual Mode of Editing of KTU 1.65 .................................................. 35

Stefan Bojowald Ps 50,7–14 im Lichte ägyptischer Parallelen ................................................. 49

Stefan Bojowald Die Spreu im Wind und ähnliche Formulierungen als Sinnbild der Vergänglichkeit nach dem Zeugnis hebräischer und ägyptischer Textquellen .................................................................................................... 57

Meindert Dijkstra The Hurritic Myth about Šaušga of Nineveh and Hašarri (CTH 776.2) ............ 65

Betina I. Faist / Josué-Javier Justel / Ferhan Sakal / Juan-Pablo Vita Bibliografía de los estudios de Emar (6) ....................................................... 95

Avraham Faust Highlands or Lowlands? Reexamining Demographic Processes in Iron Age Judah ........................................................................................ 111

Israel Finkelstein Settlement Patterns and Territorial Polity in the Transjordanian Highlands in the Late Bronze Age .............................................................. 143

iv Inhalt [UF 45

Meik Gerhards Noch einmal: Heiliger Fels und Tempel ..................................................... 161

Mauro Giorgieri / Juan-Pablo Vita Zum Graphem-Gebrauch und sprachlichen Hintergrund des alphabetischen Wirtschaftstextes RS 17.141 (KTU3 4.277) ................. 201

Dylan Johnson Redemption at Ugarit. KTU 3.4 in Light of Akkadian Legal Traditions at Ugarit ....................................................................................................... 209

Giuseppe Minunno A Note on ýp w npš ..................................................................................... 227

Pekka Pitkänen Ancient Israel and Philistia. Settler Colonialism and Ethnocultural Interaction .................................................................................................... 233

Boglárka Ress The jmny.t Inscribed Bread Offering Model from Beth-Shean and its Context ............................................................................................. 265

Christoffer Theis Inschriften zum Schutz der Grabstätte im Raum Syrien-Palästina .............. 273

Jordi Vidal Ugarit at War (6). A Military Standard in Ugaritic Iconography (RS 4.129 = AO 15771) .............................................................................. 297

Wilfred G. E. Watson / Nicolas Wyatt KTU 1.124 Again: Further Reflexions ........................................................ 305

Jonathan Yogev / Shamir Yona Epigraphic Notes on KTU 6.1 ..................................................................... 313

Ugarit und Kanaan. Kulturelle, sprachliche und wirtschaftliche Beziehungen zwischen der nördlichen Levante und Phönizien-Palästina (Münster, 13.–15. Februar 2013) Manfried Dietrich / Hans Neumann Einführung ................................................................................................... 321

Marie-Theres Wacker Grußwort ..................................................................................................... 325

2014] Inhalt v

Hans Neumann Grußwort ..................................................................................................... 327

Manfried Dietrich Grußwort ..................................................................................................... 329 Pierre Bordreuil †

Quelques éléments méridionaux dans les textes cunéiformes alphabétiques de Ras Shamra / Ougarit ................................................. 333

Joachim Bretschneider / Greta Jans / Anne-Sophie Van Vyve Once Upon a Tell in the East. Tell Tweini Through the Ages .................... 347

Johannes C. de Moor Concepts of Afterlife in Canaan .................................................................. 373

Manfried Dietrich Beschreibungen transzendenter Wohnstätten von ugaritischen Gottheiten. Die Paläste Yammus und Baals und die Schreine Anats .......... 389

Hartmut Matthäus Ugarit, Zypern und die Ägäis. Spätbronzezeitliche Kulturkontakte, Grundlagen und Wirkungen ........................................................................ 413

Giovanni Mazzini The Ugarit Terms ®šty and t¬nṯt in the Light of Ancient South Arabian ...... 473

Joaquín Sanmartín Ist „Altsyrisch“ eine Sprache? Und wenn ja, wie viele? Eine linguistische Reise ............................................................................... 487

Rüdiger Schmitt Astarte in Ugarit, Kanaan und Ägypten ...................................................... 509

Paolo Xella Dieux et cultes en Syro-Palestine. Idéologies «religieuses» entre Ugarit et le monde phénicien .............................................................. 525

Replik

Manfred Weippert dElkunirša. Randbemerkungen zu UF 44 (2013) 201–216 .......................... 537

vi Inhalt [UF 45

Buchbesprechungen und Buchanzeigen

Walter DIETRICH / Samuel ARNET (Hrsg.) : Konzise und aktualisierte Ausgabe des Hebräischen und Aramäischen Lexikon zum Alten Testament (Josef Tropper) ........................................................................... 543 Isaac KALIMI: Das Chronikbuch und seine Chronik. Zur Entstehung

und Rezeption eines biblischen Buches (Lars Maskow) .............................. 547

Abkürzungsverzeichnis ..................................................................... 555

Indizes A Stellen ......................................................................................................... 563 B Wörter ......................................................................................................... 565 C Namen ......................................................................................................... 566 D Sachen ......................................................................................................... 569

Anschriften der Autorinnen und Autoren ................................................. 573

Epigraphic Notes on KTU 6.1

Jonathan Yogev / Shamir Yona, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev KTU2 6.1 refers to a small inscription written on a broken bronze blade that was found in a field near Kōkab El-Hu (todays Kōkab Ha-Yarddēn) in the Lower Galilee in Israel during the British Mandate. This find was first published in 1944 by Yeivin in Qedem1. The blade is 148 mm long. It was dated circa 14th–13th century BC. Yeivin gave this blade to researchers from the Israel Institute of Technology, the Technion, for cleaning. This took place only 15 years after the first excavations in Ras-Shamra (Ugarit), yet he immediately noticed that the signs of the inscription resemble the alphabetic cuneiform from Ugarit2. The inscription is written from right to left, unlike most writings from Ugarit, that are written from left to right.

Yeivin’s transcription of the inscription was lṣ[?]b®lbplṣb®l. He arrived at the logical conclusion that it is a person’s name, composed of two theophoric names, which were inscribed to denote the ownership of the knife. The first letter, l, is a preposition that has more than a single meaning3, and here stands for “(belongs) to”. The two theophoric names, according to Yeivin, are ṣ[?]b®l and plṣb®l. The letter b between these two names can be explained in two ways: either it is a preposition that can be translated as “from”, or it is possible that the letter b stands for the word b‹n› (“son”), and it is unclear if the letter n is missing as a result of assimilation or a scribal error. Yeivin preferred the first option, and saw the name plṣb®l as a place name, probably local, since all evidence suggests that this knife was not brought from Ugarit.

Over the past seventy years several readings have been suggested by differ-ent scholars. Albright read l-[Ṣ]lb®l b‹n› Plṣb®l “Belonging to Ṣillī-ba®al, son of Palṣī-ba®al”4. Herdner suggested l ṣ[d(?)]b®l b‹n› plṣb® “à Ṣ[d(?)]b®l fils Plṣb®l”5.

1 Yeivin, 1944. 2 For a list of cuneiform inscriptions found in Israel see Horowitz /Oshima/Sanders, 2002, and later in their book from 2006, see note 9. 3 For more on prepositions in Ugaritic, see Sivan, 2001. 4 Albright, 1945.Yeivin suggested restoring the letters d or dq in the fracture. 5 Herdner, 1946.

314 J. Yogev / Sh. Yona [UF 45

These interpretations have mostly been accepted until present times. KTU2/3 reads l slb®l b plsb®l6. UDB reads lṣ[l]bʿl b(bn) plṣb®l7.

Recently, Dr. Eran Arie from the Israel Museum in Jerusalem has graciously allowed us to thoroughly examine and photocopy the object in question. Here is a photograph and facsimile of the inscription.8

In 2006, Sanders wrote a very elaborate explanation about this inscription, which dealt with its possible origin, language and more9, so it is unnecessary to repeat his excellent study and conclusions in our view. Our goal is only to cor-rect the reading of the first PN on the blade, based on this new examination.

6 Dietrich /Loretz /Sanmartin, 1995 (KTU2) ; 2013 (KTU3). 7 Cunchillus /Vita /Zamora, 2003. Weippert also discussed compared some epigraphic features of this inscription. See Weippert, 1966, 316. 8 We would like to thank to Dr. Arie for his help and comments, and for allowing us to publish the photos, courtesy of the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. The item’s identification number is IAA 44.318. 9 Horowitz /Oshima/(with Sanders), 2006.

2014] Epigraphic Notes on KTU 6.1 315

Epigraphic notes

a) The first letter is definitely l, . In all studies the letter ṣ, , or a special form of the sign s, , is partially restored next in line10. Yet, after looking at the blade from different angles, we could not find any clue that suggests that the visible sign is a part of a larger sign.

It can be seen that the triangular wedge stands by itself. There is even space left to its left that is clear from engraving. It is possible that previous pictures were taken with different lighting that might have caused the illusion of a different sign. Therefore, we would like to suggest that this letter is the Ugaritic g, . b) Some studies suggest that the fracture after the proposed letter ṣ /s hides the letter l and restore lṣ[l]b®l. As noted before, the first letter in the first name is probably g, which is narrower than ṣ /s, and so, it is likely that the fracture hides two signs, and not one. According to epigraphic evidence, the first name on the blade is gxxb®l. c) It was suggested that the letter ṣ, , in the second name, plṣbʿl, is actually a version of the Ugaritic s, , that was written differently: 11. We could not find any evidence to support the reading of the sign s in any variation, and the only sign that is visible is ṣ, . Yet, the appearance of the word plṣ does not make

10 See also Naveh, 1982. 11 Dietrich /Loretz, 1988.

316 J. Yogev / Sh. Yona [UF 45

sense for several reasons. Firstly, we could not find this word in Ugaritic or in other theophoric names12. Secondly, the word pls does exist in personal names found in Ugaritic : bn . pls . qšt (KTU 4.63 III 31); ḥnn[. bn] . pls (KTU 4.75 IV 5); śz . bn . pls (KTU 4.283, 8); plśb®l (KTU 4.366, 3)13. This contradicts Yei-vin’s opinion which contends that plṣb®l is a place name.

It is possible that the sign refers to the phoneme s as well as ṣ if this inscription represents a version of the “short Alphabet”, but this argument is be-yond this paper’s scope. It is possible that this scribe, who probably was not Ugaritic, used a slightly different set of signs than the Ugaritic ones. Eviden-tially, the sign for the letter b, , on the blade slightly differs from Ugaritic . The sign for ® on the blade is and in Ugaritic , which is closer in shape to “type c” of the letter ®Ayin that was noted by Pitard14. It is also possible that that we are dealing with an unskilled scribe, who forgot the letter n in b‹n›, and eas-ily could have been mistaken when writing the letter ṣ.

Conclusions

Taking into account all of the notes presented here, we suggest the reading: l gxxb®l b‹n› plṣb®l “belonging to gxxb®l son of plṣb®l”. plṣb®l should probably be read as plsb®l. Although it is a minor correction that would have been negligible in other textual sources, we believe that this inscription needed closer attention because of its singularity.

References

Albright, W. F., 1945: Some Publications Received by the Editor. BASOR 99, 21–23.

Cunchillus, J. L. / Vita, J. P. / Zamora, J. A., 2003: The Ugaritic Data Bank. Madrid, 1735.

Dietrich, M. / Loretz, O., 1988: Die Keilalphabete: Die Phönizisch-Kanaanäi-schen und Altarabischen Alphabete in Ugarit. ALASP 1. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag.

Dietrich, M. / Loretz, O. / Sanmartin, J., 1995: The Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts: from Ugarit, Ras ibn Hani and Other Places. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 499. (= KTU2)

— / — / —, 2013: Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani und anderen Orten. Dritte, erweiterte Aufl. ; The Cuneiform Alphabetic Texts

12 Comparing Biblical PLṢ is problematic (1 Kgs 15:13; Isa 21:4 ; Job 9 :6) since this word is never a part of personal names. 13 Probably also in KTU2 4.214, 19; 4.617, 15; 4.769, 11. 14 Pitard, 1992.

2014] Epigraphic Notes on KTU 6.1 317

from Ugarit, Ras Ibn Hani and Other Places. Third, enlarged Edition. KTU3. AOAT 360/1. Münster 2013 (= KTU3)

Herdner, A., 1946: A-t-il Existé une Variété Palestinienne de l’Écriture Cunéi-forme Alphabétique? Syria 25 , 165–168.

Horowitz, W. / Oshima, T. / Sanders, S., 2002: A Bibliographical List of Cunei-form Inscriptions from Canaan, Palestine/Philistia, and the Land of Israel. JAOS 122, 753–766.

Horowitz, W. / Oshima, T. / (with Sanders, S.), 2006: Cuneiform in Canaan. Cuneiform Sources from the Land of Israel in Ancient Times. Israel explora-tion society. Jerusalem.

Naveh, J., 1982: Early History of the Alphabet: An Introduction to West Semitic Epigraphy and Paleography. Jerusalem.

Pitard, W., 1992: The Shape of the ®Ayin in the Ugaritic Script. JNES 51, 261–279.

Sivan, D., 2001: A Grammar of the Ugaritic Language. Atlanta: SBL. Weippert, M., 1966: Archäologischer Jahresbericht. ZDPV 82, 274–330. Yeivin, Sh., 1944: An Ugaritic Inscription from Palestine. Qedem 2, 32–41.