EPA 832-B-92-005 (Sep 1993)

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United StatesEnvironmental ProtectionAgency

Office of WastewaterEnforcement andCompliance (WH-547)

EPA/832-B-92-005September 1993

A Guide to the Federal EPA Rule ForLand Application of Domestic Septage

to Non-Public Contact Sites

(Agricultural Land, Forests, and

Reclamation Sites)

Discussed in Relationship to Existing State

Rules and Other Federal Regulations of

Septage

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Environmental Protect ion Agency i

The authors [J ohn Walker, Municipal Technology Branch, U.S. EPA Officeof Wastewater Enforcement and Compliance, and Penny Mascaro,Engineering-Science, Inc.] gratefully acknowledge all those persons whohave reviewed and made comments to improve this guidance. Thesereviewers include septage haulers who land apply, consultants, treatmentplant operators, and regulators.

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ii Env ironmental Protect ion Agency

EVERY EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE TOPROVIDE ACCURATE AND COMPLETEINFORMATION IN THIS GUIDANCEDOCUMENT. HOWEVER, IT IS NOTINTENDED TO SUBSTITUTE FOR THEACTUAL RULE.

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Environmental Protect ion Agency iii

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE ABOUTANYTHING DISCUSSED IN THISGUIDANCE, YOU SHOULD CHECK THETEXT OF THE COMPLETE RULE IN40 CFR PART 503 ENTITLED"STANDARDS FOR THE USE ORDISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE."

THE REGIONAL AND STATE SEPTAGECOORDINATORS, WHOSE NAMES ARELISTED IN APPENDIX A, AREAVAILABLE TO ANSWER YOURQUESTIONS ON THE REGULATION.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

iv Env ironmental Protect ion Agency

Overview: A Domestic Septage Guide 1

A Guide t o the Federal EPA Rule for Land A pplicat ion 1of Dom estic Septage to Non-Public Contact Sites

Pathogen and Vect or At traction Reduction Choices 2Use/Disposal Options fo r Commerc ial and Industrial Sept age 4Request for Comments on Improvement of Guidance 5

Section 1: Introduction 6

Why Is There New Federal Regulation of Domestic Septage? 6What Is In Domestic Septage? 7Purpose of Th is Guidance Docum ent 9

Section 2: Other Use and Disposal of Domestic and 12Non-Domestic Septage

Regulation of Domestic Septage Discharged into Treatment

Facilit ies, A pplied t o Public Cont act Sites, or Disposed 12Diff erentiating Domestic from Commercial and Industrial Septage 14Regulation of Non-Domestic Septage 15

Section 3: Federal Standards for the Application of Domestic 16Septage

Introduction 16Permits and Compliance 18When M ust I Comply W ith the Part 5 03 Regulat ion 19Record Keeping and Reporting f or Land Appliers

Determining the Allow ed Annual Rate for Applying Domestic 21Septage to Non-Public Contact Sites

A voiding Nitrogen Contamination of Groundw ater w hen Land 22Applying Domestic Septage

Pathogen Reduct ion Requirement s/Crop and Site Restrict ions 28Vect or At traction Reduction Alternatives 31How to Raise the pH of Domestic Septage 36

Using Hydrated Lime 38

Using Quicklime 41Using Dry A lkaline Mat erial General 42

Sampling and Testing to Determine the pH of Dom estic Septage 43Certif ication 45Management Practices

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SECTION PAGE

Environmental Protect ion Agency v

Section 4: State Rules Also Apply for Land Application 46of Domestic Septage

Deciding How to M eet Both Federal and State Rules 47

References 52

Figures

1. Record Keeping Requirements 202. Typical Crop Nitrogen Requirements and Corresponding 27

Domestic Septage A pplication Rates

3. Pathogen Reduct ion Alternat ive 1 294. Pathogen Reduct ion Alternat ive 2 305. Vector At t ract ion Reduct ion Alternat ives 326. Examples of Crops Impacted by Domest ic Septage 34Patho gen Requirements

7 . Cert if ic at io n 448. Comparison of Federal and Selected State 50

Requirements f or Land Application of Domestic Septage to

Non-Public Contact Sites

Appendices

A: List of State and EPA Regional Contacts about Rules for Use A-1or Disposal of Septage

B: Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Domestic Septage B-1vs. Sewage Sludge

C: Sample Methods for Record Keeping C-1D: Types and Sources of Safety and pH Testing Equipment D-1E: Example State Rules for Land Application of Domestic E-1

Septage

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OVERVIEW

A DOMESTIC SEPTAGE GUIDE

1 Environmental Protect ion Agency

A GUIDE TO THE FEDERAL EPA RULE FOR LAND APPLICATIONOF DOMESTIC SEPTAGE TO NON-PUBLIC CONTACT SITES

Discussed in Relationship to State Rules and Other Federal Regulations ofSeptage

PURPOSE The information in this domestic septage guidance isprovided to help the users and disposers of septageunderstand and follow a new governing Federal rule

called "Standards for the Use or Disposal of SewageSludge" (40 CFR Part 503).

Outlined in this overview and discussed in detail inthis guidance are the requirements for persons who applydomestic septage to non-public contact sites (sites notfrequently visited by the public).

FIRST

REQUIREMENT

FOR LAND-

APPLYING

DOMESTIC

SEPTAGE

To meet the Federal requirements for application ofdomestic septage to non-public contact sites, the land

applier must assure that he/she has only domesticseptage.

DOMESTIC SEPTAGE AS DESCRIBED IN THEFEDERAL PART 503 REGULATION IS THE LIQUIDOR SOLID MATERIAL REMOVED FROM A SEPTICTANK CESSPOOL, PORTABLE TOILET, TYPE III

MARINE SANITATION DEVICE, OR A SIMILARSYSTEM THAT RECEIVES ONLY DOMESTICSEPTAGE (HOUSEHOLD, NON-COMMERCIAL, NON-INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE).

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Environmental Protect ion Agency 2

SECOND

REQUIREMENT

Unless domestic septage is applied only to sites thatare not frequently visited by the public, called non-publiccontact sites in this document, its use or disposal isregulated under 40 CFR Part 503 as sewage sludge.

NON-PUBLIC CONTACT SITES INCLUDEAGRICULTURAL LAND, FORESTS, AND

RECLAMATION SITES.

THIRD

REQUIREMENT

The land applier must manage the domestic septageso that pathogens (disease-causing organisms) arereduced.

PATHOGEN AND VECTORATTRACTION REDUCTION CHOICES

[1] Not treat the pumped domestic septage before landapplying. Instead the applier must either directlyinject this domestic septage into the soil orincorporate it into the soil surface by plowing ordisking within six hours after application.

The applier must also assure that the land ownerfollows crop harvesting, animal grazing, and siteaccess restrictions.

OR

[2] Adjust the pH of the domestic septage so that itremains at pH 12 or greater for at least 30 minutesbefore land applying.

The applier must also assure that the land ownerfollows crop harvesting restrictions.

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FOURTH

REQUIREMENTThe land applier must manage the domestic

septage so that its attractiveness to vectors is reduced.Vectors are insects and rodents that can carry pathogensin or on their bodies and therefore transmit disease.

ADDITIONAL

REQUIREMENTSFifth, the owner of the land where domestic

septage has been applied must adhere to crop harvesting,animal grazing, and site access restrictions.

Sixth, the land applier must certify that pathogenand vector attraction reduction requirements have beenmet, including crop harvesting, animal grazing, and siteaccess restrictions.

Seventh, the number of gallons of domesticseptage applied per acre of land may not be more thanneeded to supply the nitrogen required by the crop beinggrown.

Eighth, the person who applies domestic septageto land must also follow the applicable rules of the Stateinvolved.

OTHER

SEPTAGE USEAND DISPOSALThis document also provides guidance on

regulations that govern the application of domesticseptage to public contact sites as well as its dischargeinto facilities for treatment prior to use or disposal.Guidance is also given on regulations that govern the useor disposal of commercial and industrial septage.

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USE DISPOSAL OPTIONS FORDOMESTIC AND NON-DOMESTIC SEPTAGE ONOTHER THAN NON-PUBLIC CONTACT SITES

[1] Septage can be discharged into treatmentworks for treatment as follows: Domesticseptage to septage-only treatment works, orboth domestic and non-domestic septage to

municipal facilities that normally treat domesticsewage. This discharge is permissible providedthat a treatment facility is available which willaccept septage of the nature that you have andprovided that all applicable State and Federalrules are followed.

OR

[2] Septage can be placed in a landfill or other

surface disposal site. Again, the rules of thelandfill operator and applicable State andFederal rules must be followed.

OR

[3] Septage can be incinerated. In this case, therules of the incinerator operator and theapplicable State and Federal rules must befollowed.

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STATE

REQUIREMENTSFinally, State requirements for the land application

of domestic septage are discussed generally in the lastpart of this guidance document.

REQUEST FOR

COMMENTS ON

IMPROVEMENT

OF GUIDANCE

The guidance provided was up-to-date at the timeof printing and has been reviewed by a wide spectrum ofindividuals from regulatory to septage pumpers. Pleaselet us know what you think about this document. Pleaseoffer any suggestions you might have for futureimprovement using the comment sheet inside the back

cover of this document, or by directly contacting us atU.S. EPA, Office of Wastewater Enforcement andCompliance, Municipal Technology Branch, WH-547,Washington, DC 20460.

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SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

6 Env ironment al Protect ion Agency

WHY IS THERE

NEW FEDERAL

REGULATION OF

DOMESTIC

SEPTAGE?

The new Federal regulation for managing domesticseptage was written in response to the Clean Water ActAmendments of 1987. This Act required that the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) develop newrules to govern the use or disposal of sewage sludge.

"Sewage sludge" is defined in the Part 503 regulationto include "domestic septage". The new regulation iscalled "Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage

Sludge". It contains standards which are designed toprotect public health and the environment fromreasonably anticipated adverse effects of pollutants insewage sludge (and domestic septage). This regulationwas published in the Federal Register on February 19,1993, Volume 58, pages 9248 to 9404. It will alsoappear in the Code of Federal Regulations as 40 CFR Part503. (For short we will call it the Part 503 Regulation.)

DOMESTIC SEPTAGE IS DEFINED IN THE PART503 REGULATION AS THE LIQUID OR SOLIDMATERIAL REMOVED FROM A SEPTIC TANK,CESSPOOL, PORTABLE TOILET, TYPE III MARINESANITATION DEVICE, OR A SIMILAR SYSTEMTHAT RECEIVES ONLY DOMESTIC SEPTAGE(HOUSEHOLD, NON-COMMERCIAL, NON-INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE).

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INTRODUCTION


WHAT IS IN

DOMESTIC

SEPTA GE?

Domestic septage contains many different substancesdepending on the type of waste being treated in theseptic system. Domestic septage contains mostly water,sewage, inorganic materials like grit, and organic fecalmatter. Small amounts of polluting substances, normalto household activity, can also be present. Whenanalyzed in a laboratory, domestic septage is usuallyshown to contain low levels of heavy metals and otherpollutants.

Pumpings from portable chemical toilets and type IIImarine sanitation devices are defined as domesticseptage in the Part 503 Regulation. A type III marinesanitation device is the name given to a holding tank forreceiving sanitation wastes on a boat or other water-going vessel. The nitrogen content of such pumpingsmay be higher than in other domestic septage. This isdiscussed further in Section 3 of this guidance.

The most common fertilizer nutrients contained indomestic septage are nitrogen and phosphorus. Thesenutrients, along with certain trace fertilizer elements andorganic matter, make domestic septage valuable for useon agricultural lands, forests, and reclamation sites.

Typical physical and chemical properties of domesticseptage are shown in Appendix B. For comparison,typical pollutant contents of sewage sludge are alsoprovided in Appendix B.

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INTRODUCTION


Photographs provided by Ted Lyon,

North Carolina Septage Coordinato r

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INTRODUCTION


The primary purpose of this document is to provideguidance to septic tank pumpers and haulers andothers who apply only domestic septage to non-publiccontact sites.

PURPOSE OF

THIS GUIDANCE

DOCUMENT

This guidance to the Part 503 Regulation calls land

application sites that are not frequently visited or used bythe public, non-public contact sites. These non-publiccontact sites include agricultural land, forests, andreclamation sites.

The requirements governing land application ofdomestic septage to non-public contact sites are lessburdensome but not less protective than the otherrequirements for land application of sewage sludge in thePart 503 Regulation. These less burdensomerequirements are described in detail in Section 3 of thisguidance document.

Land application is the spreading of domestic septageon land at controlled rates to fertilize crops and improvethe tilth of soils. This domestic septage can either besprayed or spread on the soil surface, or plowed, disked,or injected into the soil. The EPA has a policy thatencourages the beneficial use of sewage sludge,including domestic septage.

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INTRODUCTION


A second purpose of this document is toprovide reference to Federal rules that governother alternatives for the use or disposal ofseptage.

The characteristics of domestic and non-domesticseptage along with other alternatives for the use ordisposal of these septage materials as well as theassociated governing Federal regulations are brieflydescribed in Section 2.

TWO IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONSREGARDING SEPTAGE REGULATION:

[1] The Federal Part 503 Regulation does notreplace any existing State regulations.

[2] The septage pumper and applier shouldcheck with State and local regulatoryauthorities concerning their septage

ordinances.

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INTRODUCTION


A third purpose of this guidance is to discuss therelationship of the Federal domestic septageregulation to State requirements.

EPA's upcoming "Field Guide for Septage Treatmentand Disposal" (4) will provide useful information aboutmany non-regulatory aspects of septage management.

The booklet should be available for distribution late in1993 from EPA's Center For Environmental ResearchInformation, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive,Cincinnati, OH 45268, Phone 513-569-7562.

Photograph provided by Ted Lyon,

North Carolina Septage Coordinato r

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SECTION 2

OTHER USE AND DISPOSAL OF DOMESTIC AND NON-DOMESTIC SEPTAGE


REGULATION OF

DOMESTIC

SEPTAGE

DISCHARGED

INTO

TREATMENT

FACILITIES,

APPLIED TO

PUBLIC

CONTACT

SITES,

ORDISPOSED

(1) If domestic septage is discharged into a treatmentfacility that receives only domestic septage, theappropriately treated domestic septage could beapplied to either public or non-public contact sites.If applied to non-public contact sites, the lessburdensome rules listed in Section 3 of thisguidance would apply unless otherwise directed bya permitting authority. If used on public contactsites or disposed, the applicable provisions of thePart 503 Regulation or other applicable rules,

which are described below, would apply.

(2) If domestic septage is applied to public contactsites, its use is covered by the more detailedprovisions of the Part 503 Regulation for sewagesludge. Public contact sites are defined as landswith a high potential for contact by the public suchas public parks, ball fields, cemeteries, plantnurseries, turf farms, and golf courses.

(3) If domestic septage is discharged into a sanitarysewer or directly into a publicly owned treatmentworks that also receives municipal wastewater,the person discharging the domestic septage mustfirst of all follow the rules of that treatment works.Then the residual solids from the treatment of thesewage sludge and domestic septage would becovered by the specific provisions of the Part 503Regulation that apply to the sewage sludge use ordisposal practice being followed or by the otherapplicable Federal law and State rules described

below.

(4) If domestic septage is placed in a sewage sludge-only landfill (called surface disposal in the Part 503Regulation), or incinerated in a sewage sludgeincinerator, its disposal is covered by therequirements in the Part 503 Regulation for those

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disposal practices.

(5) If domestic septage is placed in a municipal solidwaste landfill, its disposal is covered by the rulesof the disposal facility which in turn must complywith the requirements of 40 CFR Part 258 for thedisposal of non-hazardous wastes.

NOTE: The

septage user or

disposer must

keep records ofseptage volumes

put into any of

these f acilit ies.

A separate EPA guidance document has beenprepared to explain the requirements of the total Part 503Regulation. Its title is "A Guide to EPA's Part 503

Federal Standards for the Use or Disposal of SewageSludge". The rules governing the application of domesticseptage to public contact sites is the same as for the landapplication of sewage sludge. Detailed information onseptage applied to public contact sites can be found inthat guidance.

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DIFFEREN-

TIATING

DOMESTIC

FROM

COMMERCIAL

AND

INDUSTRIAL

SEPTAGE

The term "septage" has been used to refer to manymaterials pumped out of various types of waste receivingtanks. It normally contains large amounts of grit andgrease and can have an offensive odor.

The specific definition of domestic septage in the Part503 Regulation does not include many of the othermaterials that are often called septage by the industry.For instance, grease trap wastes are not classified asdomestic septage. Grease traps are used at restaurants

to prevent large amounts of grease from entering thepublic sewer system. If you pick up restaurant greasetrap wastes along with domestic septage in the sametruck, then the whole truckload is not covered by the Part503 sewage sludge standards.

Commercial and industrial septage are not considereddomestic septage. The factor that differentiatescommercial and industrial septage from domestic septageis not the type of establishment generating the waste,

rather it is the type of waste being produced. Asdescribed above, grease trap wastes from a restaurantare not domestic septage, but the sanitation wasteresidues and residues from food and normal dish cleaningfrom a restaurant are considered domestic septage.Likewise, only sanitation waste residues from a gasolinestation are domestic septage, while wastes containingpetroleum are classified as non-domestic septage.

Still another example is septage from a motel ornursing home which is considered domestic septage,

provided it does not include any grease trap wastes. Drycleaning waste residues are commercial septage, whilesanitation-only waste from such an establishment wouldbe considered domestic septage.

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REGULATION OF

NON-

DOMESTIC

SEPTAGE

It is important to emphasize again that any mixture ofdomestic and non-domestic septage, for example in apumper truck or holding tank, causes the entire batch ofseptage to be considered non-domestic septage and notcovered by the Part 503 Regulation. It is up to theindividual septage pumper to determine whether to mixdomestic with non-domestic septage. If not mixed,domestic-only septage would be regulated under theprovisions of the Part 503 Regulation. If mixed, theseptage mixture would be regulated as outlined below.

Hazardous wastes are also excluded from thedefinition of domestic septage.

Septage that does not meet the Federal definition ofdomestic septage, must be managed and disposed inaccordance with:

(1) EPA's 40 CFR Part 503 if the non-domesticseptage (commercial septage, industrial

septage, grease trap pumpings, or mixtures ofdomestic and non-domestic septage) isdischarged for treatment into a treatmentworks that also receives domestic sewage.

(2) EPA's 40 CFR Part 257 if non-domesticseptage is directly used or disposed in all but amunicipal solid waste [MSW] landfill.

(3) EPA's 40 CFR Part 258 if non-domesticseptage is disposed in a MSW landfill.

(4) EPA's 40 CFR Part 261 if the septage isclassified as a hazardous waste.

(5) Other applicable Federal, State, and local rules.

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SECTION 3

FEDERAL STANDARDS FOR THE APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC SEPTAGE


INTRODUCTION The following Federal requirements have been

EXAMPLES OF

VECTORS

established to ensure safe land application practices.These requirements pertain only to persons who applydomestic septage to non-public contact sites (agriculturalland, forests, and reclamation sites.) The requirementsinclude:

1) Provisions for control of disease-causing organismscalled pathogens and the reduction of the

attractiveness of the domestic septage to vectors likeflies, rodents, and other potential disease carryingorganisms. Note that the processes that reduce theattractiveness to vectors also reduce the potential forobjectionable odors being generated and released.

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2) Limits on application rates and restrictions on cropharvesting, animal grazing, and site access. Limitedapplication rates minimize the addition of pollutants and thepotential for over application of the fertilizer elementnitrogen, hence protecting ground and surface water fromcontamination with excess nitrogen. Restrictions on cropharvesting, animal grazing, and site access protect fromcontact with pathogens while still potentially viable.

3) The information you must collect, records that you mustkeep, and the certification you must make to assure that thepathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements have

been met.

4) Provisions for you to notify the owner or lease holder of theland onto which the domestic septage is applied about thecrop and site restrictions that the land owner must obey.

While not required by the rule, it is important that the septictank pumper inform the owner or lease holder of how muchof the crop's nitrogen requirement was added by the applieddomestic septage.

By knowing how much of the crop's nitrogen requirement

was fulfilled through use of the domestic septage, the land ownercan determine how much additional nitrogen in the form ofchemical fertilizer, if any, will need to be applied.

Where the pH adjustment is utilized, Federal requirementsapply on a truckload by truckload basis unless pH adjustment wasdone in a separate treatment device (e.g., lagoon or tank).Domestic septage application rate requirements apply to each fieldsite, adjusted to the nitrogen requirement for the crop beinggrown.

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PERMITS A NDCOMPLIANCE

In general, Federal permits are not required forpersons who apply domestic septage to non-publiccontact sites.

Even though Federal permits may not be required,governmental authorities have the right to inspect yourland application operations along with all other Federally

required records at any time. You can be fined and otherpenalties can be imposed if you are not in compliance(correctly following the requirements) with all applicablePart 503 requirements.

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If the domestic septage is treated in a central facility,the treatment facility may need to apply for a permit. Ifyou operate such a treatment facility, you should askabout the possible need for a permit at the applicableState or EPA Regional office listed in Appendix A.

WHEN MUST I

COMPLY WITH

THE PART 503

REGULATION?

The Part 503 Federal rule requires that you begin tomonitor and keep records by J uly 20, 1993.

You have until February 19, 1994, before you haveto meet all the other requirements of the rule along withthe certification that you are meeting the pathogen andvector attraction reduction requirements of the rule.

NOTE The Part 503 Regulation allows an extra year untilFebruary 19, 1995, to be in compliance if construction ofnew pollution control facilities is required. Appliers ofdomestic septage to non-public contact sites will not

have this extra year because EPA does not believe thatnew pollution control facilities are needed to be incompliance with this less burdensome Federal rule.]

RECORD

KEEPING A ND

REPORTING

FOR LAND

APPLIERS

You must keep records for five years after anyapplication of domestic septage to a site, but you are notrequired to report this information. As previously stated,these required records may be requested for review atany time by the permitting or enforcement authority. The

retained records must include the information shown inFigure 1 and a written certification (see Figure 7).Appendix C contains samples of ways to organize yourrecord keeping. You are not required to use such sheets,but they may be helpful.

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Figure 1:RECORD KEEPING REQUIREMENTS

1] The location of the site where domestic septage isapplied, either the street address, or the longitude andlatitude of the site (available from the U.S. GeologicalSurvey maps).

2] The number of acres to which domestic septage isapplied at each site.

3] The date and time of each domestic septageapplication.

4] The nitrogen requirement for the crop or vegetationgrown on each site during the year. Also, while notrequired, indicating the expected crop yield wouldhelp establish the nitrogen requirement.

5] The gallons of septage which are applied to the siteduring the specified 365-day period.

6] The certification shown in Figure 7.

7] A description of how the pathogen requirements aremet for each batch of domestic septage that is landapplied.

8] A description of how the vector attraction reductionrequirement is met for each batch of domesticseptage that is land applied.

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AAR(gallons/acre/year) 'Pounds Nitrogen Required for Crop Yield

0.0026

AAR '100

0.0026' 38,500 gallons/acre/year



DETERMINING

THE ALLOWED

ANNUA L RATE

FOR APPLYING

DOMESTIC

SEPTAGE TO

NON-PUBLIC

CONTACT SITES

The maximum volume of domestic septage that maybe applied to any site during a 365-day period dependson the amount of nitrogen required by the planned cropand the yield. This maximum volume is calculated by thefollowing formula, where Annual Application Rate isrepresented by AAR:

As an example, if 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre isrequired to grow a 100 bushel per acre crop of corn, thenthe annual application rate of domestic septage is 38,500gallons per acre.

The primary reason for this annual rate calculation is toprevent the over application of nitrogen in excess of cropneeds and its potential movement through soil togroundwater. The annual application rate formula wasderived using assumptions to make land application veryworkable for domestic septage haulers. For example,fractional availability of nitrogen from land-applieddomestic septage was assumed over a 3-year period toobtain the "0.0026" factor in the annual application rateformula. Also, in deriving the formula, domestic septagewas assumed to contain about 350 mg/kg total nitrogenand 2.5% solids (about 1.4% total nitrogen on a dryweight basis).

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For additional guidance on avoiding nitrogencontamination of groundwater when land applyingdomestic septage with a high nitrogen content ordewatered domestic septage, see the examples below.

AVOIDING NITROGEN CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATERWHEN LAND APPLYING DOMESTIC SEPTAGE

CASE

EXAMPLE 1:

DOMESTIC

SEPTAGE W ITH

HIGH NITROGEN

CONTENT

OPTIONS

Portable chemical toilet and type III marine sanitationdevice domestic septage wastes can contain 4 to 6 timesmore total nitrogen than was assumed to derive theannual application rate formula.

While not required by the Part 503 Regulation, goodpractice argues that you consider reducing the volume

applied per acre of such high nitrogen-containingdomestic septage. For example, if the land owner isexpecting to grow a 100-bushel per acre corn crop, andthe domestic septage contains 6 times more totalnitrogen, the gallons applied should be reduced 6-fold(from 38,500 to about 6,400 gallons).

CASE

EXAMPLE 2:

DEWATERED

DOMESTIC

SEPTAGE

OPTIONS

Some domestic septage servicing companies dewateror otherwise cause solids to settle out before landapplication. This is often done by treating the domestic

septage with lime and temporarily storing it in a tank orlagoon during periods when the climate or soil conditionsare not favorable for land application.

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A firm that has dewatered septage in this manner,prior to land application, has several options to consider:

REM IX LIQUIDS

AND SOLIDS)

MANAGE

M IXTURE AS

DOMESTIC

SEPTAGE

A) Remix the solids with the overlying liquid and applythe mixture according to the annual application rateformula.

[This option is simple and easy t o implement .]

[A major draw back of t his option is that much of the

nitrogen is lost during lime treatment in an open t ankor lagoon and the amount of available nitrogen in the

domestic septage applied to the f armer's field w ill

likely supply less nitrogen t han is assumed using the

annual application rate f ormula.]

MANAGE

SEPARATED

SOLIDS AS

SEWAGE

SLUDGE

B) Separate the liquid from the solids and manage theseparated solids as sewage sludge, following the Part503 Regulation for sewage sludge. The liquideffluent could either go into a sanitary sewer, be

irrigated onto land, or be discharged to surfacewater, after obtaining the appropriate approvals andpermits.

[A major advantage of t his option for the f armer is

that the application of t he dew atered domestic

sept age is based upon its analysis for nitrogen, and

can therefore supply the agronomic rate (crop

requirement) of nitrogen. W ith this assurance, the

f armer does not have to guess how much nit rogen

w as supplied by the septage and w ould not betempt ed to apply chemical nitrogen to make sure that

enough nitrogen had been supplied fo r his crop.]

[A major disadvantage of t his option f or the septage

service company is t he ext ra cost associated w ith

additional requirements for nitrogen and metal

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t esting, pathogen and vector attraction reduction,management pract ices, record keeping, etc. ]

Scott Harris of the Interstate Septic Systems inMaine says that their firm dewaters and manages thesolids separated from domestic septage as sewagesludge. Their analytical costs run about $200.00 persample for a complete metal and nutrient analysis.They feel that the extra cost seems to be reasonablefor the yearly 2 million gallons of domestic septage

which they process.

MANAGE C) Separate the liquid from the solids and manage theSEPARATED separated solids as domestic septage. If theSOLIDS AS separated solids are managed as domestic septage,DOMESTIC they can be land applied at an annual application rateSEPTAGE based upon the gallons of septage from which they

were separated during treatment.

For example, suppose that each 10,000 gallons of

domestic septage resulted in 500 pounds of residueafter dewatering (consisting of septage solids, tightlyheld water and added lime). For a 100 bushel peracre corn crop, the annual application rate formulaindicates that 38,500 gallons of undewatereddomestic septage per acre is the maximum amountthat can be applied. The pounds of dewateredseptage that can be applied annually can bedetermined as follows:

Pounds of Gallons of un-dew atered septage Pounds of cake solids f rom

dewa tered = f or c rop nit rogen requirement X 1 0 ,0 0 0 g allon s o f sept ag e

sept age t hat 1 0,0 00

can be applied

= 38 ,500 X 500 = 1925 pounds

10 ,000

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In this example, a maximum of 1925 pounds ofdewatered domestic septage could be applied eachyear to an acre of land for a 100 bushel per acre corncrop.

The effluent could either go into a sanitary sewer, beirrigated onto a separate area of land, or bedischarged to surface water after obtainingappropriate approval and permits as required.Theoretically, one could apply the separated liquid

effluent back to the same land to which theseparated solids were applied - in this example the38,500 gallons (less solids) of domestic septageeffluent could be applied to the same acre that the1925 pounds of solids had been applied.

[A major draw back to this option is that only a

relatively small quantity of dew atered solids cou ld be

applied per acre. These solids w ould likely not

supply t he needed crop nitrogen requirement due to

losses of nitrogen during lime treatment anddew atering.]

[As a result, nitrogen management on t he applicat ion

site w ould be dif f icult . Not know ing the actual

nitrogen supplied by the dew atered domestic

septage, the f armer might add t he full amount of

nitrogen required by the crop using chemical

fertilizers. As a result, over time the groundw ater

might become cont aminated w ith excess nitrogen.]

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CAUTION You may not apply a greater volume of domesticseptage to land than is calculated by the annualapplication rate formula (e.g., in Options A and C), evenif the applied remixed liquid domestic septage or itsseparated solids contain less than the required amount ofnitrogen for the crop being grown. This is because theEPA Part 503 domestic septage application rate formulalimits more than the amount of nitrogen added to the land(e.g., pollutants like heavy metals are also indirectlylimited by the formula). The exception to this caution is

if domestic septage is treated as sewage sludge in OptionC.

Example domestic septage application rates are givenin Figure 2 (corresponding to nitrogen requirements forvarious crops and expected yields). These are onlyguidance; more exact information on the amount ofnitrogen required for the expected crop yield under localsoil and climatic conditions should be obtained from aqualified, knowledgeable person, such as your local

agricultural extension agent. This crop nitrogenrequirement is then used in the annual application rateformula to calculate the gallons per acre of domesticseptage that can be applied.

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Figure 2: TYPICAL CROP NITROGEN REQUIREMENTSAND

CORRESPONDING DOMESTIC SEPTAGEAPPLICATION RATES

Expected Yield Nitrogen Annual(bushel/acre/ Requirement Application

year) (lb N/acre/year) Rate1

(gallons/acre/year)

Corn 100 100 38,500Oats 90 60 23,000Barley 70 60 23,000Grass & Hay 4 tons/acre 200 77,000Sorghum 60 60 23,000Peanuts 40 30 11,500Wheat 70 105 40,400Wheat 150 250 96,100Soybeans 40 30 11,500Cotton 1 bale/acre 50 19,200Cotton 1.5 bales/acre 90 35,000

These figures are very general and are provided for1

illustration purposes. They should not be used todetermine your actual application rate. Crop fertilizationrequirements vary greatly with soil type, expected yields,and climatic conditions are also important factors indetermining the appropriate volume of domestic septageto apply to a particular field. Different amounts ofnutrients can be required by the same crop grown indifferent parts of the country. To get more specificinformation on crop fertilization needs specific to yourlocation, contact local agricultural extension agents.

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PATHOGENREDUCTION

REQUIREMENTS

CROP AND SITE

RESTRICTIONS

Domestic septage must be managed so thatpathogens (disease-causing organisms) are appropriatelyreduced. The Part 503 Regulation offers two alternativesfrom which you can pick to meet this requirement. Thefirst alternative (no treatment) and its restrictions arepresented in Figure 3; the requirements of the secondoption (pH of 12 for a minimum of 30 minutes) are listedin Figure 4.

Please note that both of the pathogen reduction

alternatives impose crop harvesting restrictions.However, site access controls are required unless the pHpathogen treatment alternative is used. Remember thatyou are required to inform the owner/operator of the landwhere the domestic septage has been applied aboutthese crop harvesting and site access restrictionrequirements. This notification is required because you,the applier of the domestic septage, must certify thatthese conditions are met.

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Figure 3: PATHOGEN REDUCTION ALTERNATIVE 1 for Domestic1

Septage (Without Additional Treatment)Applied to Non-Public Contact Sites

Domestic septage is pumped from the septic tank or holding tank andland applied without treatment, and

Crop Restrictions:

i) Food crops with harvested parts that touch the septage/soilmixture and are totally above ground shall not be harvested for 14months after application of domestic septage.

ii) Food crops with harvested parts below the surface of the land shallnot be harvested for 38 months after application of domesticseptage.

iii) Animal feed, fiber, and those food crops that do not touch the soilsurface shall not be harvested for 30 days after application of thedomestic septage.

iv) Turf grown on land where domestic septage is applied shall not beharvested for one year after application of the domestic septagewhen the harvested turf is placed on either a lawn or land with ahigh potential for public exposure, unless otherwise specified bythe permitting authority.

Grazing Restrictions:

i) Animals shall not be allowed to graze on the land for 30 days afterapplication of domestic septage.

Site Restrictions:

i) Public access to land with a low potential for public exposure shallbe restricted for 30 days after application of domestic septage.Examples of restricted access include remoteness of site, postingwith no tresspassing signs, and/or simple fencing.

You must meet either of the two pathogen reduction alternatives1

discussed in Figure 3 or 4 (not both).

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Figure 4: PATHOGEN REDUCTION ALTERNATIVE 2 for1

Domestic Septage (With pH Treatment)Applied to Non-Public Contact Sites

The domestic septage pumped from the septic tank or holding tank hashad its pH raised to 12 or higher by the addition of material such ashydrated lime or quicklime and, without adding more alkaline material,the domestic septage remains at a pH of 12 or higher for at least 30minutes prior to being land applied, and

Crop Restrictions:

i) Food crops with harvested parts that touch the septage/soil mixtureand are totally above ground shall not be harvested for 14 monthsafter application of domestic septage.

ii) Food crops with harvested parts below the surface of the land shallnot be harvested for 20 months after application of domesticseptage when the domestic septage remains on the land surface forfour months or longer prior to incorporation into the soil.

iii) Food crops with harvested parts below the surface of the land shallnot be harvested for 38 months after application of domesticseptage when the domestic septage remains on the land surface forless than four months prior to incorporation into the soil.

iv) Animal feed, fiber, and those food crops whose harvested parts donot touch the soil surface shall not be harvested for 30 days afterapplication of the domestic septage.

v) Turf grown on land where domestic septage is applied shall not beharvested for one year after application of the domestic septagewhen the harvested turf is placed on either a lawn or land with ahigh potential for public exposure, unless otherwise specified by thepermitting authority.

Grazing Restrictions: None

Site Restrictions: None

You must meet either of the two pathogen reduction alternatives in1

Figure 3 or 4 (not both). Note, if you meet this pH 12 pathogenreduction alternative, you also meet vector attraction reductionalternative number 3 listed in Figure 5.

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VECTOR

ATTRACTION

REDUCTION

ALTERNATIVES

If you choose pathogen reduction alternative 1 (seeFigure 3), land application of the domestic septagewithout additional treatment, you also will be required tomeet one of two vector attraction reduction alternatives.One of these alternatives is subsurface injection of theseptage, the other is incorporation into the surface of thesoil within 6 hours. The requirements of these twovector attraction reduction alternatives are discussed inFigure 5.

On the other hand, if you choose pathogen reductionalternative 2 (pH treatment as described in Figure 4) youalso meet the requirements of vector attraction reductionalternative 3, also shown in Figure 5.

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Figure 5: VECTOR ATTRACTION REDUCTIONALTERNATIVES for Domestic Septage

1

applied to Non-Public Contact Land

VECTOR ATTRACTION REDUCTION ALTERNATIVE 1:

Injection

Domestic septage shall be injected below the surface ofthe land, AND no significant amount of the domesticseptage shall be present on the land surface within onehour after the domestic septage is injected;

OR

VECTOR ATTRACTION REDUCTION ALTERNATIVE 2:Incorporation

Domestic septage applied to the land surface shall beincorporated into the soil surface plow layer within six (6)hours after application;

OR

VECTOR ATTRACTION REDUCTION ALTERNATIVE 3:

pH Adjustment

The pH of domestic septage shall be raised to 12 or higherby addition of alkaline material and, without the addition ofmore alkaline material, shall remain at 12 or higher for 30minutes.

You must meet vector attraction reduction alternatives1

1, 2 or 3 - only one.

CASE

EXAMPLESThe following are case examples of septage

management options:

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CASE EXAMPLE )) Management of Untreated Domestic Septage

1) The untreated domestic septage is pumped directly into the truck's tank andhauled to a non-public contact site.

2a) The domestic septage is injected below the land surface with no significantamount of domestic septage remaining on the land surface within one hour afterthe domestic septage is injected (vector attraction reduction alternative 1).

OR

2b) The domestic septage is incorporated into the soil surface within six hours afterapplication to the land (vector attraction reduction alternative 2).

3a) If an animal feed crop like hay, a food crop like corn (which does usually not touchthe surface of the soil), or a fiber crop like cotton is grown, a minimum wait of 30days after application of the domestic septage is required before the crop may beharvested.

OR

3b) A minimum wait of 30 days after application of the domestic septage is requiredbefore letting animals graze the pasture.

OR

3c) If a food crop, like melons or cucumbers that touch the surface of the soil, isgrown, a wait of 14 months after application of the domestic septage is requiredbefore that food crop.

OR

3d) If you raise a food crop, like potatoes or onions which grow below the surface ofthe soil, a minimum wait of 38 months after application of the domestic septage isrequired before that food crop may be harvested. Additional examples of thedifferent kinds of crops described in 3a to 3c are listed in Figure 6.

4) Public access to this non-public contact site (site with a low potential for public

exposure) must be restricted for 30 days after application of untreated domesticseptage. Examples of restricted access includes remoteness of site, posting with"no trespassing" signs, and simple fencing.

5) You must complete and sign the certification listed in Figure 7 about meeting thepathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements.

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Figure 6: EXAMPLES OF CROPS IMPACTED BYDOMESTIC SEPTAGE PATHOGENREQUIREMENTS

With Harvested Parts Which...

Usually Do Usually Touch Are Below theNot Touch the Ground Ground

the Ground

Peaches Melons PotatoesApples Eggplant YamsCorn Squash Sweet PotatoesWheat Tomatoes RutabagaOats Cucumbers PeanutsBarley Celery OnionsOranges Strawberries LeaksGrapefruit Cabbage RadishesCotton Lettuce Turnips

Soybeans Hay Beets

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CASE EXAMPLE: Management by pH Adjustment

1) The pH of domestic septage is raised to 12 by treatment with analkaline material such as hydrated or quicklime. Each batch of domesticseptage that is applied to land must have its pH at 12 for a minimum of30 minutes. By this treatment you have met the pH part of thepathogen reduction alternative 2 and vector attraction reductionalternative 3.

2a) If animal feed, a food crop like corn (that does not usually touch thesurface of the soil), or a fiber crop like cotton is grown, a minimum waitof 30 days after application of the domestic septage is required beforethe corn may be harvested.

OR

2b) If a feed crop, like hay is grown, a minimum of 30 days afterapplication of the domestic septage is required before the hay may beharvested. However, animals can be grazed immediately afterapplication of the pH-treated domestic septage to the pasture.

OR

2c) If a food crop, like melons or cucumbers that touch the surface of thesoil is grown, a wait of 14 months after application of the domesticseptage is required before that food crop may be harvested.

OR

2d) If a food crop, like potatoes or onions which grow below the surface ofthe soil, is produced, a minimum wait of 20 or 38 months afterapplication of the domestic septage is required before that food cropmay be harvested -- the shorter period of time is permitted only if thelime-treated domestic septage remained on the surface of the soil forgreater than four months before being incorporated.

3) There are no animal grazing or public access restrictions in Case 2

where the pH of the domestic septage was raised to 12 for a minimumof 30 minutes.

4) You must complete and sign the certification listed in Figure 7 aboutmeeting pathogen and vector attraction reduction requirements.

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HOW TO The alkaline materials most commonly used by septageRAISE THE pH haulers to raise the pH of domestic septage are hydratedOF DOMESTIC lime and quicklime. There are several methods by which

SEPTAGE hydrated lime or quicklime can be added to the septagefor treatment in the pumper truck tank. Methods thatseptage servicing professionals have recommended arepresented below, along with cautions they have passedon. Any one of these methods may work well for you.However, whatever method you choose, you must testtwo separate, representative samples of the batch of

lime-treated domestic septage taken a minimum of 30minutes apart to verify that the pH remains at 12 orgreater for that minimum 30-minute time period. Eachmethod involves adding 20 to 40 pounds of lime per1000 gallons of domestic septage.

THE pH OF THE DOMESTIC SEPTAGE MUSTREMAIN AT 12 OR HIGHER FOR AT LEAST 30

MINUTES AFTER THE ALKALINE MATERIAL ISADDED.

Using Hydrated Lime

One approach was described by David Pickar, whoseseptage servicing business is in Oregon. His procedureinvolves slurrying hydrated lime in water andsubsequently bleeding the lime slurry into the vacuum

draw line at the same time domestic septage is beingpumped into the truck.

He places hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) in a plastictank partly filled with water (e.g., 55-gallon open plasticdrum or a 100-gallon plastic tank). He adds about 13

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gallons of water to 50 pounds of lime and mixes it withan electric paddle mixer to form a slurry. The slurriedlime mixture is drawn off through a stop-cock valve atthe base of the mixing tank into 5-gallon buckets (forexample, plastic paint buckets). Each bucket contains awater-lime slurry with between 20 to 30 pounds of lime(dry weight basis) in the mix. The consistency of thismixture would be somewhat thinner than drywallspackling compound (mud). The 5-gallon buckets arehauled on the septage pumper truck.

Reference: Register of American Manufacturers

JWI, Inc.

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A "T" fixture has previously been fitted into the pumpertruck's septage draw line. This "T" fitting attaches in asmall-diameter, valved polyethylene line (one-half inch indiameter). The line is used at the proper time to bleedslurried lime into the truck as the septage is being drawnin.

David draws a portion of the septage from a septic tankinto the truck without bleeding in the lime slurry. He then

blows back the partially pumped load of septage into theseptic tank to break up any layers of hardened septagesolids and grease.

Now, at the same time the septage is pumped back intothe truck for hauling and land application, he bleeds theslurry into the truck from a 5-gallon bucket at the rate ofone bucket per each 1000 gallons of septage pumped.

The pH of the pumped, lime-treated septage will have

to be tested by the pumper to see that enough lime hasbeen added to cause it to remain at a minimum of 12 for30 minutes. Suggested procedures for sampling andtesting the pH are described in the next subsection of thisguidance.

Using Quicklime

Tom Ferrero, whose septage servicing business is in

Pennsylvania, uses quicklime (calcium oxide) instead ofhydrated lime for raising the pH. He reports using a moredilute mixture of water and lime in his slurry than DavidPickar (about 80 pounds of lime to 50 gallons of water).

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CAUTION: Quicklime is more reactive thanhydrated lime and it releases a lot of heat. IFQUICKLIME IS USED, SAFETY PRECAUTIONSMUST BE TAKEN. Quicklime can cause badburns if it gets onto moist skin or into youreyes. Appropriate safety precautions includethe use of rubberized gloves, a respirator toexclude dust, and protective eyewear and

clothing to keep moist skin from contacting thequicklime. In addition, a fire could start if a bagof quicklime gets wet and sits around. Any fireinvolving quicklime must be put out using acarbon dioxide [CO ] extinguisher, not water.2Water sprayed onto such a fire would only reactwith the quicklime and release more heat. (SeeAppendix D for additional cautions.)

When Tom intends to land apply the septage within anhour or so after pumping, he draws the slurried lime intohis truck at the rate of about 20 pounds per 1000 gallonsof septage pumped. He has tried drawing the lime slurryinto his trucks both before and after pumping theseptage, but prefers to draw the slurry in beforepumping.

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When Tom intends to hold the septage for some periodof time before he land applies, he places it in a large tankat his business location. He draws lime slurry into thetank and uses an electric mixer to uniformly raise the pH.

Note: Pumpers have indicated their reluctance to raisethe pH in the septic tank either indirectly (as justdescribed) or directly by placing lime in the septic tankbefore pumping. This is caused by unfounded concern

that the raised pH within the septic tank could possiblydisrupt the biological treatment that occurs there. Thefact is that only very minimal temporary disruptions ofthe biological treatment occur.

Tom reports that the exact amount of lime solidsrequired per 1000 gallons of septage (generally between20 and 30 pounds) depends upon the solids content ofthe septage: thicker septage requires more lime to reachthe required pH of 12.

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Using Dry Alkaline Material

Hydrated lime or quicklime can also be added in a dryform directly into the pumper truck at the same rate ofapproximately 20 to 30 pounds per 1000 gallons ofdomestic septage about to be pumped. The dry lime canbe added from the top of the truck via ports or bysucking dry lime into the truck using the vacuum line.However, when sucking the dry lime in through the

vacuum line, some of the lime may make its way throughto the pump and could ultimately cause undue wear. Inaddition, the lime may clump in the bottom of the truckand not mix well. Finally, if dry quicklime powder wereused, it could react with any moisture in your plasticdraw line and release enough heat to damage the line.

Other Alkaline Material

Other alkaline materials may be available for raising thepH of the domestic septage. These materials are oftenmanufacturing byproducts. Some of these byproductscontain significant levels of pollutants such as heavymetals. You should test these materials to determinethat you are not adding pollutants in excess of thepollutant concentration levels shown in Appendix B.

General

Any of these pH adjustment alternatives may work foryou. The key is that enough lime or other suitablealkaline material be thoroughly mixed with the septage sothat the pH remains at 12 for a minimum of 30 minutesbefore being applied to non-public contact sites.

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SAMPLING You should not automatically assume that the lime orAND TESTING other alkaline material you have added and the method of

TO mixing chosen will adequately increase the pH of the

DETERMINE domestic septage. The pH must be tested. ATHE pH OF representative sample should be taken from the body ofDOMESTIC the truckload or tank of domestic septage for testing.SEPTAGE For example, a sampling container could be attached to

a rod or board and dipped into the septage through thehatch on top of the truck or tank or through a samplingport. Alternatively, a sample could be taken from the reardischarge valve at the bottom of the truck's tank.However, if the lime has settled to the bottom of the tankand has not been properly mixed with the septage, thesample will not be representative. Two separate samples

should be taken 30 minutes apart, and both of thesamples must test at pH 12 or greater. If the pH is notat 12 or greater for a full 30 minutes, additional lime canbe added and mixed with the septage. However, aftermixing in the additional lime, the septage must be at 12or greater for a full 30 minutes in order to meet the pHrequirement of the Part 503 Regulation.

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The pH of the domestic septage sample can be testedusing either a pH meter or pH-sensitive colored paper.There are several brands of suitable pH-sensitive paper.See Appendix D for additional information about thesematerials.

CERTIFICATION The land applier of domestic septage must sign thecertification that the pathogen and vector attractionreduction requirements of the Part 503 Regulation havebeen met and retain this certification in his files for5 years. The required certification is given in Figure 7.

Note that a land applier with employees must assure thathis/her employees are qualified. These employees mustbe capable of gathering the needed information andperforming the necessary tasks so that the requiredpathogen and vector attraction reduction requirementsare met.

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Figure 7: CERTIFICATION

"I certify under penalty of law, that the pathogenrequirements in [insert either alternative 1 or 2]and the vector attraction reduction requirementsin [insert eith er vect or reduct ion alternativ e 1, 2or 3] have/have not [circle one] been met. This

determination has been made under my directionand supervision in accordance with the systemdesigned to assure that qualified personnelproperly gather and evaluate the information usedto determine that the pathogen requirements andthe vector attraction reduction requirements havebeen met. I am aware that there are significantpenalties for false certification including thepossibility of fine and imprisonment."

Signed: "Im Anna Plier"

(to be signed by the persondesignated as responsible in thefirm that applies domestic septage

A person is qualified if he or she has been sufficientlytrained to do their job correctly. The critical test of thisqualification is passing an inspection of field performanceand records by authorized State or Federal inspectors.

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MANAGEMENT

PRACTICESThere are no specific Federal management practice

requirements for appliers of domestic septage to non-public contact sites in the Part 503 Regulation. On theother hand, many states have specific managementpractice requirements that you must follow. Suchrequired practices may include minimum distancesbetween sites where domestic septage has been appliedand drinking water wells and surface water streams.Good practice would also suggest a caution againstapplying domestic septage to flooded, frozen, or snow-

covered land such that it will run-off into a wetland orsurface water stream. Even if the domestic septage didnot reach surface water, it should not be allowed toconcentrate and overload a portion of the field withnutrients or be allowed to collect in low areas and roadditches and create a nuisance condition.

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SECTION 4

STATE RULES A LSO APPLY FOR LAND APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC SEPTAGE


Although the Federal Part 503 Standards for the Useor Disposal of Sewage Sludge, including domesticseptage, were signed in 1992 and published on February19, 1993, many states have had septage managementprograms for years. The Federal regulation only sets aminimum national standard which must be met by alldomestic septage appliers.

In some cases the State requirements may be morerestrictive or may be administered in a different mannerthan the Federal regulation. State programs may likelynot define domestic septage in the same manner as theFederal regulation. Furthermore, the different state

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regulations may not provide less burdensome regulatoryrequirements when domestic septage is applied to non-public contact sites, as does the Federal regulation. Inany case, appliers of domestic septage to non-publiccontact sites must meet all requirements of both Stateand Federal septage regulations until a State obtainsapproval from EPA for administering the Federal sewagesludge regulatory program. States can change theirregulations to meet the minimum Federal standards and

obtain a Federally approved program at any time, butthey are under no obligation to do so.

DECIDING ! Knowing exactly which rules to follow can beHOW TO somewhat complicated. The following situations

MEET BOTH should help you to determine what you are required toFEDERAL AND do:STA TE RULES

! In all cases, appliers of domestic septage to non-publiccontact sites have to follow the new Part 503Regulation for domestic septage management, asexplained in this document.

! If your State has its own rules governing the use ordisposal of domestic septage and has not yet adoptedthe Federal rule, you will have to first assure that youare complying with the Federal rule and then dowhatever else is required by the State.

If your State has gained approval from EPA toadminister the Federal rule, then you will only have tofollow your State's rule to meet the requirements of bothrules. This is because your State, as a condition ofgaining EPA's approval, has incorporated the Federalrequirements into its rule.

Each State has a different approach to regulating the

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land application of domestic septage. The currentseptage management programs of Florida and Minnesotaare described in Appendix E. The septage programrequirements of these two States are presented as anexample of how State and Federal rules may differ.Differences between these two States and the Federalregulatory requirements are summarized in Figure 8.Regulatory requirements of several other states arediscussed in the USEPA Region 5 publication (5).

YOU ARE STRONGLY ENCOURAGED TOCHECK WITH THE APPROPRIATE STATESEPTAGE COORDINATOR (PROVIDED INAPPENDIX A) REGARDING SPECIFICREQUIREMENTS FOR YOUR STATE.

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FIGURE 8: COMPARISON OF FEDERAL AND SELECTED STATE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LAND APPLICATION OF

DOMESTIC SEPTAGE TO NON-PUBLIC CONTACT SITES

Federal Minnesota Florida1

PERMITS REQUIRED No No Yes

Issued By County

APPLICATION RATE

Based on: Crop Nitrogen Crop Nitrogen Crop Nitrogen

Typical Rate 38,500 66,700 surface

(gallons/acre/year) applied or

Hydraulic Loading Limits No Yes YesDaily Application Rate Max. No 15,000 gal/acre

RECORD KEEPING Yes Yes YesReporting Required None None Quarterly

Years to Be Retained Five Not Specified

Required Information:

Site Location Yes Yes YesDate of Application Yes Yes Yes

Time of Application Yes No No

Number of Acres Yes No Yes

Amount of Septage Applied Yes Yes YesCrop Grown Yes Yes Yes

Weather Conditions No No Yes

Certification Yes No No

Depth to Water Table No Yes YesPercent Vegetative Cover No No Yes

PATHOGEN REDUCTION pH 12/2 hours and Optional Optional

VECTOR ATTRACTION REDUCTION pH 12/30 minutes Optional pH 12/2 hours

Requirement Requirement and Requirement

harvestingrestrictions

OR

Site and harvesting

restrictions

OR

InjectionOr

Incorporation

Other Nitrogen Max. 500 lbN/acre/yrImpacts or 30,000

50,000 injected

2

10,000 gal/acre3

gal/acre/year

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FIGURE 8 Con't COMPARISON OF FEDERAL AND SELECTED STATE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LAND APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC

SEPTAGE TO NON-PUBLIC CONTACT SITES

Federal Minnesota Florida1

CROP HARVESTING RESTRICTIONS

Human Food Crops With 14 Months 12 Months 60 Days

Harvestable Portions That

Touch the Soil Surface But Are

Totally Above Ground

Root Crops 20 Months 2 Years Not allowed

Other Food, Fibers or Feed 30 Days 30 Days 30 DaysGrazing 30 Days 1 Year 30 Days

Turf 1 Year

ACCESS RESTRICTION Required for Required Case Specific

(Fencing, posting, remoteness, etc.) Non-Stablized

SET BACK REQUIREMENTS

Surface Waters None Varies with site slope 3000 ft-Class I and

Public Water Supply Well None 1000 ft 500 ft

Private Drinking Water Well None 200 ft 300 ft

Residence None 200 ft 300 ft

Property Boundary None 10 ft 75 ft

Recreational Area None 600 ft (200 ft trails) None

Intermittent Streams None 100 ft None

Road Right-of-Ways None 10 ft NoneHoles and Channels None Varies with site slope 200 ft

SOIL REQUIREMENTS

Slope None 0-6% (if surface spread) 8%

0-12% (injected)

Minimum Soil Depth None 3 ft 2 ft-permeable

Minimum Depth to Water Table None 3 ft None

Available Water Holding Capacity None 6 inches to bedrock or watertable None

Permeability None > .2/hr (if surface spread) inches None

Flooding None Free from flooding hazard None

6

38 Months7

4

4

4

4

44

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

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REFERENCES


1) Metcalf and Eddy, 1991. Wastewater Engineering:Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse, McGraw-HillPublishing Co., New York, NY.

2) Fair, G. M., J . C. Geyer, & D. A. Okum. 1968. WaterPurification and Wastewater Treatment and DisposalIn Water and Wastewater Engineering, Volume 2.

3) USEPA. 1984. Handbook: Septage Treatment andDisposal, EPA-625/6-84-009. CERI, Cincinnati, OH.

4) USEPA. "Field Guide for Septage Treatment andDisposal. In Draft." CERI, Cincinnati, OH.

5) USEPA. J une 1993. Hauled Domestic Septage.Land Application of Domestic Septage: A Region 5Introspective. Chicago, IL.

6) State of Florida Department of Health andRehabilitative Services. March 17, 1992. Standardsfor Onsite Sewage Disposal System (Chapter10D-6 FAC).

7) Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. October 1992Draft. Land Application of Septage.

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APPENDIX A

STA TE SEPTAGE COORDINATORS

A -1 Env ironment al Protect ion Agency

ALABAMASam Robertson CALIFORNIAEnvironmental Program Management J ohn Youngerman

Division Regulatory SectionDepartment of Health Division of Water Quality434 Monroe Street State Water Resources Control BoardMontgomery, AL 36130-3017 P.O. Box 944213(205) 242-5007 Sacramento, CA 94244-2130

ALASKA

Deena Henkins COLORADOWastewater and Water Phil HegemanTreatment Section Municipal Sludge

Division of Environmental Quality Management ProgramDepartment of Environmental Water Quality Control DivisionConservation Department of Health410 Willoughby Avenue 4300 Cherry Creek Drive SouthJ uneau, AK 99801 Glendale, CO 80222-1530(907) 465-5312 (303) 692-3598

ARIZONA CONNECTICUTKrista Gooch Frank SchaubOffice Of Waste Programs On-Site Sewage DepartmentSolid Waste Unit State Health ServicesDepartment of Environmental Quality 150 Washington Street2501 North 4th Street Hartford, CT 06106Suite 14 (203) 566-1259Flagstaff, AZ 86004(602) 773-9285 DELAWARE

ARKANSAS Dept. of Natural ResourcesTerry Brumelav and Environmental ControlEnvironmental Health Protection Division of Water Resources

Bureau of Environmental Waste Utilization ProgramHealth Services 89 Kings Highway

Department of Health P.O. Box 1401State Health Building Dover, DE 199034815 West Markham Street (302) 739-5731Little Rock, AR 72205(501) 661-2171

(916) 657-1013

Ron Graber

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Environmental Protect ion Agency A -2

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIADr. Mohfin R. Siddique HAWAIIDCRA Environmental Dennis Tuland

Regulation Administration Construction Grants ProgramWater Resources Management Wastewater Branch Department

Division of Health2100 Martin Luther 5 Waterfront Plaza, Suite 250-D

King, J r. Avenue S.E. 500 Ala Moana Boulevard

Suite 203 Honolulu, HI 96813Washington, DC 20020 (808) 586-4294(202) 404-1120

FLORIDA Barry BurnellSharon Sawicki Division of Environmental QualityBureau of Water Facilities Department of Health and Welfare

Planning and Regulation 1410 North HiltonDomestic Wastewater Section Boise, ID 83706Department of Environmental (208) 334-5860

RegulationTwin Towers Office Building INDIANA2600 Blairstone Road Alan DunnTallahassee, FL 32399-2400 Department of Health,(904) 488-4524 Sanitary Engineering

Dr. Kevin Sherman Indianapolis, IN 46202-2874HRS Environmental Health (HSEH) (317) 633-0160Department of Health and

Rehabilitative Services ILLINOIS1317 Winewood Boulevard Doug EbelherrTallahassee, FL 32399-0700 Private Sewage Disposal Program(904) 488-4070 Department of Public Health

GEORGIA Third FloorIde Oke Springfield, IL 62761Department of Human Resources (217) 782-5830Division of Public Health#2 Peachtree Street5th Floor Annex

Atlanta, GA 30303(404)656-2454

IDAHO

1330 West Michigan Street

525 West J efferson Street

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IOWA J ames PollockBilly Chen Department of EnvironmentalWastewater Bureau ProtectionDepartment of Natural Resources Bureau of Hazardous MaterialsWallace Building and Solid Waste Control900 East Grand Avenue Division of Waste Facility RegulationDes Moines, IA 50309 State House Station 17(515) 281-4305 Augusta, ME 04333

KANSASRodney Geisler, and J ulie Greene MARYLANDDepartment of Health Dr. Simin Tirgari, Chief

and Environment Sewage Sludge/Compliance DivisionBuilding 740 Hazardous and Solid WasteForbes Field Management AdministrationTopeka, KA 66620 Department of the Environment(913) 296-5527 2500 Broening Highway

KENTUCKY (410) 631-3318Ken WadeEnvironmental Sanitation Branch MASSACHUSETTSDivision of Local Health Rick DunnCabinet for Human Resources Department of Environmental275 East Main Street ProtectionFrankfurt, KY 40621 Division of Water Pollution Control(502) 564-4856 1 Winter Street

LOUISIANA (617) 556-1130Bijan SharafkhaniSolid Waste Division MICHIGANDepartment of Environmental Quality J oan Peck

P.O. Box 82178 Groundwater Section of WasteBaton Rouge, LA 70884-2178 Management(504)765-0249 Department of Natural Resources

MAINE

(207) 287-2651

Baltimore, MD 21224

Boston, MA 02108

P.O. Box 30241Lansing, MI 48909(517) 335-3383

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MINNESOTA NEBRASKAMark Wespetal Steve GoansNon-Point Source Section Water Quality DivisionDivision of Water Quality Department of Environmental QualityPollution Control Agency P.O. Box 98922-8922520 Lafayette Road Statehouse StationSaint Paul, MN 55155 Lincoln, NE 68509-8922(612) 296-9322 (402) 471-4220

MISSISSIPPI NEW HAMPSHIRE

Glen Odom Selina MakofskyBureau of Pollution Control Water Supply and PollutionP.O. Box 10385 Control DivisionJ ackson, MS 39289-0385 Sludge and Septage Management(601) 961-5159 Department of Environmental Services

Ralph Turnbo 6 Hazen DriveGeneral Sanitation Branch Concord, NH 03301Department of Health (603) 271-2457P.O. Box 1700J ackson, MS 39215-1700 NEW J ERSEY(601) 960-7690 Mary J o M. Aiello

MISSOURI Department of EnvironmentalKen Arnold ProtectionUnit Chief of Land Application CN-029Water Pollution Control Program Trenton, NJ 08625Department of Natural Resources (609) 633-3823P.O. Box 176J efferson City, MO 65102 NEW MEXICO(314) 751-9155 Delbert Bell

MONTANA Environmental Department

Scott Anderson P.O. Box 26110Water Quality Bureau 1190 St. Francis DriveDepartment of Health and Santa Fe, NM 87502-6110

Environmental Sciences (505) 827-2788Cogswill Building, Room A206Helena, MT 59620(406) 444-2406

P.O. Box 95

Bureau of Pretreatment and Residuals

Groundwater Bureau

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NEVADA OHIOMahmood Azad Tom GrigsbyBureau of Water Pollution Control Department of HealthDepartment of Conservation and 246 North High Street

Natural Resources P.O. Box 7969Division of Environmental Protection Columbus, OH 43266-0118Capitol Complex (614) 466-1390333 West Nye LaneCarson City, NV 89710 OKLAHOMA(702) 687-5870 Dan Hodges

NEW YORK Department of HealthLy Lim 1000 N.E. 10th StreetResiduals Management Section Oklahoma City, OK 73117-1299Bureau of Resource Recovery (405) 271-5205Division of Solid WasteDepartment of Environmental OREGON

Conservation Mark Ronayne50 Wolf Road Department of Environmental QualityAlbany, NY 12233-4013 Water Quality Division(518) 457-7336 Municipal Waste Section

NORTH CAROLINA Portland, OR 97204Ted Lyon (503) 229-6442Department of Environment, Health

and Natural Resources PENNSYLVANIADivision of Solid Waste Management Thomas WoySolid Waste Section Department of EnvironmentalSeptage Management Branch ResourcesP.O. Box 27687 Division of Municipal &Raleigh, NC 27611 Residual Waste(919) 733-0692 Bureau of Waste Management

NORTH DAKOTA Harrisburg, PA 17105-8472Gary Reed (717) 787-7381Division of Municipal FacilitiesDepartment of Health1200 Missouri AvenueBismark, ND 58505(701) 221-5209

Water Quality Services

811 S.W. 6th Avenue

P.O. Box 8472

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RHODE ISLAND TEXASDavid Chopy Phyllis WilbanksDivision of Water Resources Municipal PermitsDepartment of Environmental Texas Water Commission

Management P.O. Box 13087291 Promenade Street Austin, TX 78711-3087Providence, RI 02908-5657 (512) 463-8169(401) 277-3961

SOUTH CAROLINA J ohn Kennington

Dick Hatfield, Director Division of Water QualityOn Site Wastewater Management Department of Environmental QualityDivision P.O. Box 144870

Bureau of Environmental Health Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4870Department of Health and (801) 538-6146Environmental Control2600 Bull Street VERMONTColumbia, SC 29201 George Desch, Chief (803) 935-7835 Agency of Natural Resources

SOUTH DAKOTA ConservationBill Gyer Division of Solid Waste ManagementDivision of Environmental Regulation Residuals SectionDepartment of Environment and 103 South Main Street

Natural Resources Waterbury, VT 05671-0407523 East Capital Street (803) 244-7831Pierre, SD 57501-3181(605) 773-3351 VIRGINIA

TENNESSEE Office of EnvironmentalSteve Morris Health ServicesDivision of Groundwater Protection Department of HealthDepartment of Environment Main Street Station, Suite 117

and Conservation P.O. Box 244810th Floor, LNC Tower Richmond, VA 23218401 Church Street (804) 786-3559Nashville, TE 37243-1533(615) 532-0774

UTAH

Department of Environmental

Robert W. Hicks

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WASHINGTON PUERTO RICOKyle Dorsey Victor Matta, Section Chief Department of Ecology Non-Hazardous Solid Waste SectionP.O. Box 47600 Land Pollution Control AreaMailstop 7600 Environmental Quality BoardOlympia, WA 98504-7600 P.O. Box 11488(206) 459-6307 Santurce, Puerto Rico 00910

WEST VIRGINIARon Forren, Director VIRGIN ISLANDS

Public Health Sanitation Division Leonard G. Reed, J r.,Office of Environmental Health Assistant DirectorServices Division of Environmental Protection

815 Quarrier Street, Suite 418 Department of PlanningCharleston, WV 25305 and Natural Resources(304) 558-2981 45 A. Nisky Center, Suite 231

WISCONSIN (809) 774-5416Robert SteindorfBureau of Wastewater ManagementDivision of Environmental Quality101 South Webster Street GEF IIP.O. Box 7921Madison, WI 53707-7921(608) 266-0449

WYOMINGGary SteeleWater Quality DivisionWyoming Department of

Environmental QualityHerschler Building, 4th Floor West122 West 25th Street

Cheyenne, WY 82002(307) 777-7075

(809) 767-8124

Saint Thomas, Virgin Islands 00802

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REGIONAL SEPTAGE COORDINATORS


REGION 1 REGION 6Thelma Hamilton Gene WossumWater Management Division Water Management DivisionWastewater Treatment 1445 Ross Avenue

Management Branch Dallas, TX 75202J ohn F. Kennedy Federal Building (214) 655-7173Mail Stop WMCBoston, MA 02203 REGION 7(617) 565-3569 J ohn Dunn

REGION 2 726 Minnesota AvenueAlia Ronfaeal Kansas City, KA 66101NY-NJ Municipal Programs Branch (913) 551-7594Water Management Division26 Federal Plaza, Room 837 REGION 8New York, NY 10278 Robert Brobst(212) 264-8663 NPDES Permit Section

REGION 3 (Mail Stop 8WM-C)Ann Carkhuff 999 18th StreetPermits Enforcement Branch Denver, CO 80202-2466Program Development Section (303) 293-1627Water Management DivisionMail Stop 3WM55 REGION 9841 Chestnut Street Lauren FondahlPhiladelphia, PA 19107 Pretreatment Program and

(215) 597-9406 Compliance Section

REGION 4 Water Management DivisionVince Miller (Mail Stop w-5-2)Permits Section 75 Hawthorne StreetWater Permits and Enforcement Branch San Francisco, CA 94105Municipal Facilities Branch (415) 744-1909Water Management Division345 Courtland Street, N.E. REGION 10Atlanta, GA 30365 Dick Hetherington(404) 347-3633 Water Permits Section

REGION 5 Enforcement Branch

J ohn Colletti Water DivisionNPDES Permit Section Mail Stop WD134Water Quality Branch 1200 6th AvenueWater Management Division Seattle, WA 981015 WQP-16J (206) 553-194177 West J ackson BoulevardChicago, IL 60604(312) 886-6106

Water Management Division

Water Management Division

Permits and Compliance Branch

Wastewater Management and

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APPENDIX B

CHEMICA L AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMESTIC SEPTAGE VS. SEWAGE SLUDGE

B-1 Env ironment al Protect ion Agency

Concentrationmg/kg (dry weight basis)

Parameter PollutantDomestic Sewage ConcentrationSeptage Sludge Limit (PCL)1 2 3

Arsenic 4 10 41Cadmium 3 7 39Chromium 14 120 1200Copper 140 740 1500

Lead 35 130 300Mercury 0.15 5 17Molybdenum ) 4 18Nickel 15 43 420Selenium 2 5 100Zinc 290 1200 2800Nitrogen as N 2% 2 - 7% )Phosphorus as P < 1% 1 - 3% )pH 6 - 7 5 - 8 )Grease 6 - 12% 5 - 10% )Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B0D ) 6,480 mg/l 2000mg/l )5Total Solids 3.4% 3 - 35% )

(as normally spread)

4

Notes:

1: Domestic septage characteristics are from Field Guide to Septage Treatment and Disposal.

2: Sewage sludge characteristics are from the National Sewage Sludge Survey, and WastewaterEngineering: Treatment/Disposal/Reuse.

3: Pollutant Concentration Limits are from Table 3 of the Standards for the Use or Disposal ofSewage Sludge (40 CFR Part 503). These regulatory limits apply to sewage sludge, not

domestic septage, but is used for comparison purposes here. Sewage sludges meeting theselimits can be used without tracking the cumulative amount of metals applied to the land.

4: BOD varies greatly among sewage sludges.5

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APPENDIX C

SAMPLE METHODS FOR RECORD KEEPING

C-1 Env ironment al Protect ion Agency

There are two examples of ways that might be helpfulto you for keeping your records. The first of theseexamples is for recording information that pertains to thedifferent fields onto which you apply domestic septage.

The second is an example of a daily log that might bekept in the truck as domestic septage is pumped. Asample has also been filled in as an example of the typeof information you might actually record.

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AAR(

gallons/

acre/

year) '

Nitrogen Requirement of Crop

0.0026

APPENDIX C-1

EXAMPLE RECORD KEEPING OF GENERAL INFORMATION

Environmental Protect ion Agency C-2

SITE: ___________________________________________________________________________________

REPORTING YEAR: __________________________________________________

FIELD NUMBER: __________________________________________________

CROP(S) and EXPECTED YIELD: ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

NITROGEN REQUIREMENT OF CROP: ___________ pounds N per year

ANNUAL APPLICATION RATE (AAR): __________________________ gallons per acre per year

HARVESTING SCHEDULE: ___________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

DATE OF APPLICATION ACREAGE OF SITE TO WHICH GALLONS APPLIED TOTAL GALLONS APPLIEDTO SITE SEPTAGE WAS APPLIED TO SITE TODAY YEAR TO DATE

I certify under penalty of law, that the pathogen requirement [insert alternativ e 1 or 2] and thevector attraction reduction requirement [insert alternativ e 1, 2 or 3] have/have not [circle one]

been met. This determination has been made under my direction and supervision in accordancewith the system designed to assure that qualified personnel properly gather and evaluate the

information used to determine that the pathogen requirements and vector attraction reductionrequirements have been met. I am aware that there are significant penalties for false certificationincluding the possibility of fine and imprisonment.

Signature: _____________________________________________________

EPA 832-B-92-005 (Sep 1993)

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