Eolotropy -

copyright Fabio Mosca- [email protected]

EOLOTROPY IntroductionI’m simple minded, and never understood why the velocities of radio-waves can’t add as sound…But it ‘s not a dogma, it come from an experiment made only with light, because at his time Michelson did'nt know the radio-waves (discovered by Hertz some years later). Up today le light is always used in Universities!

Well, I would repeat that experiment at our times with my usual electronic instruments. And after a life working in Rai’s laboratory, once retired, I decided to repeat the Michelson’s experiment with radio-waves rather than with light.

Then I buyed a good wave generator and built a lot of original radio interferometer.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------At beginning I started with a “similar Sagnac” interferometer : an original circular waveguide (see the first sketch of fig.1) operating at 10 GHZ. At one side I transmitted two waves, clockwise and anticlockwise, received at opposed side by two separated antennas connected thru a bypass quarter wave cable. This trick permitted me a phase detection thousand times more sensible than simple subtraction of opposed waves, as done with light. And straight surprised me!

This sketch is the first approach to the radio interferometer (Januar 2008).

fig.1

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Realization: suspended circular waveguide and wave generator, rigidly connectedfig.2

The surprise was immediate: I sew the “anisotropy” that Michelson never seen! Interference revealed me , with dangling, that the medium then exists!

But what a strange medium, different from the Maxwell's ideal model!

Again, the phase was slowly changing isotropically, and at certain moment inverting...What is this? Initially I suspected the thermal drift. Later I insulated thermically the waveguide, and also thermostated it …But the variations continued again.Witch such a set up were impossible to investigate the space, only on the plane. And in the plane, as said, nothing happens when turning.Here (fig 3 ) you can see further versions of interferometers I realized later for orientation. Only after several months I could begin to explore the space.

Linear waveguide interferometer Thermically insulated and orientable Fig.3

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Results.First discovery:

I advised immediately that pendulum oscillation of the suspended mass from vertical provoked synchronic phase variation equivalent to changes of oscillator of some KHz (aside from 10 GHz frequency of generator).As recorded down here (fig.4): Was the first discovery of anisotropy!

Y axis -1 KHz per division, equivalent to a change aside of generator frequency (10 GHz).X axis – 5 seconds per division

Fig 4

Second discovery:

But although nothing happens rotating this interferometer in horizontal plane, immediately I noticed a vertical anisotropy.

Could be that ether moves in the vertical because captured by the Earth, as perceived by Robert J. Distinti? Far from masses, Ether is still, as astronomic observations of blue-shift and red-shift of galactic spectrum clearly demonstrated.At time I believed again to Maxwell’s model, and thought simply that the Earth motion was toward the Leo constellation, (as observed by Silverstood simply because in summer the Leo is on the vertical…Today no more: after long time recordings, I noted that at every hour, in every season, night and day, the direction of ether was always the same: vertical. But I understood that with this set up, a true spatial exploration was impossible.This was possible with compact, linear waveguides or cables I adopted later.

Third discovery:

Initially, as said, I discovered that rotating in the plane is not any anisotropy, I leaved still the circle for some months, beginning to record phase shifts with a chart recorder. And then I discovered these strange variations (fig. 5 and 6), nothing to do with the expected Doppler .

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Two days recording in July 2008

Other days recording during July 2008

Fig.5

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Again two days during september 2008

Fig.6

What is this? You can note the repetition of similar slopes every day, and the strange peaks witch repeated all the summer 2008 until October. Sometime I rotated the interferometer in various directions, but was quasi indifferent to the direction. Later I discovered the why.

Fourth discovery:I compared these strange slopes with a table of tides, discovering a surprising similarity!

Phase variations compared with Venice’s table of tides.Fig.7

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But I compared that marine tide of about 27 days later! But the slopes were similar.Then I understood that the Mediterranean tides come delayed from Atlantic tide. The ocean reacts to the moon’s gravitation, not so do the Mediteranean see, too little. In Mediterranean see the tide arrive from the ocean.Then the propagation of tide from Gibraltar to Venice need about 27 days.

After several months, I obtained from the University of Trieste the indispensable software of terrestrial tide, and noted the coincidence in time between the two phenomena. But again delayed of about 2 hours!

Over – tide variation during the day. (courtesly given by University of Trieste).Bottom – phase variation corresponding in time . Peak to peak variation is several apparent MHz displaced from the 10 GHz input wave.

Fig.8

Strange similitude between phase’s slopes and terrestrial tide! What is this?It was not at all a Doppler because was indifferent to direction.

I concluded that could be the well known air tide . This is logic, because if the air pressure changes , then the density, then the propagation speed; and what I for so long time measured, was simply the air tide, delayed some hour respect terrestrial tide. It explains also the strange peaks in summer time. It ‘s due to thermal maximum of column of air over us, an inertial mass delayed of some hour.

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But the variations continued again without air! (fig.9).

Phase changes in vacuum during October 2009.Fig.9

Pumping out the air still to 0,1 atm of pressure again strange variations continued... All this was very different from expected Doppler! Up today I’ve not understood the why of variations in vacuum.

The fifth . the last and grater discovery

This is the my last discovery, when I built the last original interferometer, a self contained oscillator inside a cavity, where the phase is discriminated simply putting two diodes at extreme walls far half wavelength . At the extreme of a resonant cavity the magnetic vectors are opposed in phase.

I discovered that rotating 360° this last, simpler and lighter interferometer (fig.10) the phase changes in strange manner:– starting from the null when the direction of the wave is on the horizon – the maximum is when the box is rotated of 180°, not vertical!.Then seem me that are not the velocities which add , as waited, but the fields!As if the three fields, gravitational in vertical, electromagnetic transversal to direction of wave, COMPOSED THEM! (figg. 11,12)Again : a magnet changes the phase! It means that magnetic field modifies the wavelength. Also electric field modifies it. If you consider that in vertical acts the gravitation

This means that all three fields are supported by the same medium !

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Cavity oscillator and phase detector contained in a little box of tobacco.

Fig.11

And this is the polar response of the anisotropy of the cavity oscillator detected in phase when rotated completely in vertical plane:

Polar graph of the vertical rotation of last interferometerFig.12

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The cardioid-like lobe can be explained only as composition of two fields, represented as vectors (fig.13): the electromagnetic field (blue), that is transversal to direction, and the gravitational field, obviously described as a vertical vector (red) . The green vector represents the result, which is the detected signal drawn by the polar recorder.

Fig.13

Note that the weight – red vector – adds to e.m. vector –blue vector – at left, but subtracts at right! It means something amazing?

Polar recorder: a Kipp & Zonen chart recorder modified with a rotating table.Fig.14

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The experimental set-up.

To experiment with radio-waves interferometers I needed simply:

1 - a good very stable frequency generator,

2- any space where the wave travels – for instance a well screened closed space in a waveguide, or also the path in a coaxial cable, because, as Heaviside stated propagation in wire-lines obeys to the same lows as plane waves in the free space, simply slower.

3- a good phase discriminator, operating directly in microwaves, to detect the distance of fronts of start and of arrival of the same wave, or phase shift, when orienting in the space.

This discriminator , by experience, must be placed inside the measured space, waveguide or coax. Every microscopic movement of diodes, walls of waveguide, coaxial cable, connector to generator, can produce phase variations bigger than that of ether. All must be hermetically soldered in the box; every gap or hole modifies the phase! The insulation with exterior world must be total. The connection to generator must be the shorter possible.

When I used coaxial cable , this one must be soldered completely to ground of the box, and the cover must be also well soldered.

I used in all my experiments a Gigatronix 7200 as oscillator. All other models of generators are usables, if syntetized. Frequency is imposed by the null frequency of discriminator, a phase bridge, which depends by physical dimensions. Then frequency steps must be of the order of a minimum of 1 KHz to obtain a good null. This is very important, because the quadrature discriminator senses variations of some Hertz !

RF output power must be 10 dBm , (10 mW) for a d.c. output ranging from of some milliVolt , to some ...Volt (obtained only with the 5 mts circular waveguide).

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Some details on some phase detectors

Fig.14

Fig,15

The discriminator (fig.16) was logged in an hole of ring as in fig.15.

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Fig.16

In fig. 16 is shown the quadrature phase discriminator inside the circular waveguide.

Fig.17

Block diagram of the phase detector (fig.17). The two generators are the two waves reaching the two antennas , which one asymmetric feeds the other symmetric. The signals are added in this bridge.

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The two waves – that are the same turning in two opposite directions - is represented by generators Ea and Eb. Vectors in a phase bridge are disposed as in this drawing (fig.18):

Fig.18

The bridge is an antenna which feeds the center of second one, with a quarter wave rigid coaxial line, which delays 90°. Hence the vectorial composition of RF signals is in equilibrium when the phase is exactly 90° (left drawing). Then the output is null. But when one wave goes out phase, the diodes detect immediately the resultant proportional to sin φ . Detected signal is RF filtered by a chip bypass ceramic condenser .The operation frequency is determined by waveguide’s size and by the quarter wave line. At that equilibrium frequency , this quadrature discriminator responds to a single Hertz! In fig.14 the null will be only when the phase of vector of the left wave is in quadrature with the right wave.

TRASMITTING ANTENNAAt opposed side of the circle is located the transmitting antenna, which transmits in both directions circularly polarized waves. Caution ! circular polarization is necessary in all waveguides, to prevent mode skips. The mode skip is the discovery of a strange big noise: in waveguides are many modes of propagation, and with linear polarization , directing in space, the mode skips randomly from one to other of numerous modes; it can be caused by simple air vibrations, the null then jump of some hundred kilohertz.Then every observation become impossible, covered by a strong and strange pseudo noise signal. Sometime these skips seems, as experienced, as false contacts! Sometime seem a white noise... I’ve lost a lot of time before to understand this phenomenon, finally resolved with a simple turning the wire of antennas!Coax is immune of skips, because the only mode possible is the TEM.

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New generation of interferometers.After this very bulky circle, impossible to orient in the space, I built a lot of various types of interferometers. All my dayly recordings were done with them.

This sketch shows my first-order interferometer.

Fig.19

I made this type (fig.19) thinking that if the two waves travel separately in two arms of the circle , then can travel together in a same linear waveguide. It was enough sensible but sincerely I did’nt understood how it functions... Later , finally, I understood the why: is the coax that detects the wind! The ether acts directly on the wavelength of the wave travelling from the antenna asymmetrical to symmetrical in the ¼ lambda coaxial cable. Then the influence is of first order! But at beginning I thought – with Maxwell – that the 1° order is impossible. Then I abandoned it and adopted one based on reflection, it’s 2°order. Although they were less sensible. Several types of such interferometers I built in these years: in all them I wrong thought that was along the length of path that the phase varies with the 2°order Doppler, although is of 1°order in the short ¼ wave coaxial.

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Fig.20

The first linear interferometer I realized (fig.20) was based on comparison between start and arrival wave. It had a very low sensibility because was really of 2°order. I quickly abandoned it.

Fig.21

In the second type (fig.21) I eliminated the external cable and adopted the reflection inside the waveguide. I adopted this type at reflection interferometer thinking that it detects 2°order . The sensibility was higher enough ... In reality the detection were always in the short coaxial connecting the antennas.

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Fig.22

To eliminate all scalar influences , as temperature, air pressure, in a second moment I realized this “differential” interferometer (fig.22). Every perturbations common to both directions, as temperature, pressure, magnetism, gravitation, labels themselves. The measure then is, I thought, only of the Doppler. But the sensitivity did’nt doubled as I waited, because here also was the short ¼ wave coaxial who detected in majority the ether wind!

When finally I understood that is in the coax that happens the wind detection, I built a new generation of interferometers, thousand times more sensible that the first ones. (fig.23, 24)

At extreme of the ½ wavelength long waveguide the detection is of the 1° order Doppler

Fig.23

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Pseudo “magic tee” detector. Opposed waves are added. Again 1° order Doppler

Fig.24

First order Doppler detection principle

Fig.25

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Fig.26

Explanation:

At extremes of this resonant cavity the left and right loops intercepts the maximum of magnetic field (red vector). They are opposed in phase. Putting along the horizon , tuning the generator’s frequency, you do the null.Then tilt the generator – rigidly connected with the box - you intecept the ether wind: The wave travelling with the wind is delayed and similarly detected by left diode. The diodes, being opposed in polarity, summing the positive and negative components will give a d.c. output proportional to cosine of intercept angle. Tilting 90° this little interferometer - always with the generator - the variation is of about 20 mV.

Fig.26

In fig.26 is the graph of anisotropy obtained rotating vertically generator and box of 180°. The phase changed of 1,48/1000 of degree. Interpreted as first order Doppler it means about 12 Km/s of wind. Very near to escape velocity preconized by Robert J. Distinti in his paper n.g.pdf.

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Delayed phase Doppler observed. When rotated of 180°, the ½ λ long cavity respond with a strange delay. A long time constant of stabilization! What is this?Notice: only the half wave cavity has this phenomenon.

Fig.27

In fig.27 is shown this delay. It was recorded with a cavity containing a dielectric resonator, although. But also an empty cavity has the same delay.But at beginning, when I used the big circle, this was very evident: (fig.28)

Fig.28

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The first interpretation I gave was that it is a mechanical low settlement...

After many observations done later, I noted that the time constant were proportional to length of wave path and to RF level!I reflected that the wave in my cavity interferometer is polarized CIRCULARLY, (to avoid mode skips), while in cable interferometer the mode is TEM; in both and the path is long ½ λ . I observed that coaxial cable has a bigger inertia. When rotates in vertical plane never return to starting point.This must mean something...

I understood finally that it means that the standing wave’s magnetic field, and of coarse the electric, rotates clockwise for half cycle when the wave goes forward, and anticlockwise for the second half cycle when the wave retours back - then rotates always in the same sense. The angular speed is proportional to the intensity.

Well, I thought that if the magnetic field turns around the electric field always in the same direction, and if the magnetism is rotating ether, and if it has an inertial momentum, then the magnetic field is formed by rotating ether, and the ether must have a mass! The ether’s mass which rotates has an inertial momentum!

Extremely rarefied and light, this rotating ether’s mass around the resonator could be the cause of time constant that I measure, no care as they are , in space or in metal.

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This delay is clearly observable also in polar records as an hysteresis-like graph. The return don’t close never immediately the graph, reaching with a delay. With cables this is more noticeable.

Fig.28 Fig.29

In fig.28 the lobes are referred to an empty cavity, and in fig.29 in a cable.In fig.28 the (vertical) lobes are referred to a cavity feed at various frequencies. But at the end of rotation NEVER the signal retours to starting point: they reach after about more than 10 minutes!In fig.29 the lobes are referred to a coaxial cable discriminated by a magic T.The phenomenon here is more evident.Again, the phenomenon is present at beginning, when the RF come from the generator. The phase reaches slowly to the standing rate.Long time recordings when the box is leaved still, no variation of phase is noticed. The recording of the phase is completely flat for days and days.

Fig.31

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Then this tobacco’s box is well self neutralized for temperature, magnetic field and gravitational field. For neutralize also barometric pressure, which I noted during the wind by oscillations during the strong bora’s squalls, is enough to make a 1 m/m hole in the hermetically soldered cover .

The only defect is the extreme sensibility... to touch! Also a little weight on the cover changes the lobe. (fig.32)

Fig.32

In fig.32 the red graph is done without, and the black graph with a weight of 10 grams added to cover (fig.33)The weight of the ultra sensible cover is about 12 grams!

Fig.33

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Spurious resonances

Fig.34

In fig. 34 is shown the sweep of the tobacco’s box. The delta frequency is 1 GHz, with the center at 3465 MHz, eolotropic frequency, it’s at which the wavelength varies with tilting. The second null , in the oscillogram, is at about 3,8GHz, but do not respond

All measured nulls, in fact, are not eolotropic

That I explain as perfectly transversal resonance: the wave is standing transversally to wind.

And at other null-frequencies the response is lesser than the maximum.

These may be, I think, sidewise resonances: the wave is standing but oblique.

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At twice frequency the phase shift is quadrupled, as shown down:

Fig.35

Why quadrupled and not doubled? Then the rising is quadratic?

I must reflect again... The measure is always the reality!

I have accomplished this research alone, completely surrounded by irony.These are my results. I hope that some other will check if is real what I measured, repeating my experiments .

Fabio Mosca.Eolotropic Laboratory in [email protected]

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Eolotropy -

Documents

copyright fabio mosca

vertical anisotropy

discovery of anisotropy

radio interferometer

phase variations

strange slopes

strange variations

similar sagnac interferometer