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____ _ _ _ _ NUREG/CR-1395 R6,RB NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-91 EOCR Building Wake Effects on . Atmospheric Diffusion . . - _ . . - . _- . - . . . - _ _ - _ - - - . - - - - _ _ _ - _ - _ - - _ - - - - - _ - . - _ Manuscript Completed: November 1980 Date Published: November 1980 Prepared by G. E. Start, N. F. Hukari, J. F. Sagendorf, J. H. Cate, C. R. Dickson National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Air Resources Laboratories e idaho Falls, ID 83401 * Prepared for Division of Reactor Safety Research Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 NRC FIN No. B5690 i i ! . e c - JIOMOMS~ __ -
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Page 1: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

____ _ _ _ _

NUREG/CR-1395R6,RBNOAA Tech. Memo.ERL ARL-91

EOCR Building Wake Effects on.

Atmospheric Diffusion.

. - _ . . - . _- . - . . . - _ _ - _ - - - . - - - - _ _ _ - _ - _ - - _ - - - - - _ - . -

_

Manuscript Completed: November 1980Date Published: November 1980

Prepared byG. E. Start, N. F. Hukari, J. F. Sagendorf,J. H. Cate, C. R. Dickson

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,

Air Resources Laboratoriese

idaho Falls, ID 83401

* Prepared forDivision of Reactor Safety ResearchOffice of Nuclear Regulatory ResearchU.S. Nuclear Regulatory CommissionWashington, D.C. 20555NRC FIN No. B5690

ii!

.

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c - JIOMOMS~ __ -

Page 2: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

a

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NOTICE

The Environmental Research Laboratories do not approve,recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietarymaterial mentioned in this publication. No reference shall be ,

made to the Environmental Research Laboratories or to this *

ublication furnished by the Environmental Research Laboratoriesin any advertising or sales promotion which would indicate or -

*

imply that the Environmental Research Laboratories - approve,recommend, or -endorse' any proprietary product or proprietarymaterial mentioned herein, or which has -as .its. purpose an intentto cause directly or indirectly the advertised prsduct to be usedor purchased because of this Environmental Research Laboratoriespublication.

1

1

,

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Page 3: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

_ .__ __ - _. _ _ _ . . _ __ _ . .

R

4

1

:

CONTENTSPage

ABSTRACT 1

s 1. INTRODUCTION 2

2. DI FFUSION. THE0RY 4'

* 2.1 The Diffusion Equation 42.2 Building Wake Modifications of the Diffusion Equation 5-

' 3. MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSES 53.1 Sampling Grid 6,

3.2 Photographic Description-of the Test Site 6,

3.3 Meteorological Instrumentation 63.4 Tracers 10

4. RESULTS 124.1 Measured Tracer Concentrations 134.2 Visual Tracer Observations and Measurements 174.3 Maximum Ground-level Tracer Concentrations, Sigma-y,

.20 _

,

and Effective Sigma-z Values4.4 Recalculated _ Sigma-z Values 23-,

4 4.5 ' Tracer Diffusion Statistics Ratios and Comparisons 264.6 Wind Direction Meandering, Building-Induced lateral+

Spreading and Tracer Sigma-y 33:,

'4.7 Wake Dilution Estimates Using the "cA" Term. 37.,

,

- 5. SUMMARY 46: *

'6. RECOMMENDATIONS 49

REFERENCES 50

APPENDIX A: Supplemental Meteorological Data- 52

APPENDIX B: Two Minute Interval Wind Datas for:Eoch Test 54

APPENDIX C. Total . Wind Statistics for: Each Test 75:

: APPENDIX D. Normalized Concentrations; _ . 79

'

APP ENDIX ' E: Ground ~ Release Concentration Isopleths for Each Test >115

APPENDIX F: Roof Release Concentration -Isopleths- for Each' Test -138

APPENDIX G: Stack Release Concentration'Isopleths for Each Testi 161**.

APPENDIX H: ' Plots of Pe'ak Ground-level ' Concentrations,: Sigma-y,.3

and Sigma-z 184,.

I .

APPENDIX LI: ' Numerical Methods for Calculation of Sigma-z Roots - 2 08 -

APPENDIX J: Complete Listing of; Meteorological and Diffusion-Paraneters '2 09

'

iii~ -

L_ - _ ___ _ - _ _ = _ _ - _ _ _ - _ - - . -= _ _ _ _ _ _ _- _ . . ._ _x __a

Page 4: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

E0CR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUS0N*

G. E. Start, N. F. Hukari, J. F. Sagendorf,J. H. Cate, C. R. Dickson

t Abstract

A series of 22 simultaneous releases of three gaseous tracers was*

conducted around the E0CR test reactor building at the Idaho NationalEngineering Laboratory in SE Idaho. Hourly averaged gaseous tracerconcentrations were sampled on several concentric sampling arcs and at alimited number of elevated locations. Winds and temperatures weremeasured on a nearby 30m tower. Complete data appendices provide tracerconcentration measurements, temperatures, winds and detailed windstatistics, derived diffusion statistics, and plots and analyses'.

Building related effects upon diffusion near and downwind of the-structure were grouped into 3 regions of characteristic behavior, a nearbuilding or cavity zone, a transition zone, and a far wake zone. Nearthe structure, vertical circulations altered the heights of tracer plumecenters-of-mass and/or plume centerlines and produced a rapidly enhancedvertical diffusion. Elevated releases of tracer were conveyed downwardwith ground-level concentrations exceeding expectations from a Gaussianformulation for their physical release height; ground-level releases oftracer were substantially elevated so that ground-level concentrations,

a were less than expecttd. Rapid vertical diffusion near the buildingyielded oz values 4-10 times greater than expected from Pasquill--Gifford curves. Within the transition- zone rates' of vertical diffusion

* were less than atmospheric; a2 values returned :to open-terrainexpectations and continued near these open-terrain values within the farwake. Lateral plume spreading was well described :by observed standarddeviations of wind direction (og), .except when og was less than 10to . 150; with oo <100 a noticeable building induced plume broadeningexisted. The downwind extent of significant building alteration of

rates of diffusion was from 100 to 400m (about .4 . to 16 reference-values were nearly the open-terrain values bylengths); oy and az

400 to 800m (16 to' 32 reference lengths). The building alterations ofplume diffusion and maximum ground-level concentrations were minimal forstability category A_ and became largest for strongly stable categories(F and G). An initial volumetric plume dilution, the "cA term",: did not-properly correct the Gaussian plume equation. Changes in verticaldistributions of plume mass still influenced maximum ground-levelconcentrations to 1600m_ (about 64 reference lengths) downwind. Becauseof this alteration of . vertical plume mass distribution, Lthe ' assumptionof ~a Gaussian distribution was poor _ and calculations using- theexponential. term were inappropriate.*

.

*Research jointly sponsored by U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Officeof Nuclear Regulatory Research, _ Interagency Agreement No.~ .RES-76-106 and by Lthe U. .S. . Department -of- Energy _ (00E), Reactor _ Research and TechnologyDivislo'n, Interagency Agreement No. EX-76-A-27-1289.

.

.

_a.--.___.__.__-__-_--__,__.--___.---.__-_----_---.__-________._-__Y.--_.---__-_-__------,__.._--,__.___-----a___.__,_____._--,__-_-__,_____n_---~__---_-2-_w_ - _ _ -._-a.-- I- -

Page 5: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Safety considerations, especially w ith respect to pollutantconcentrations in the atmosphere, are playing a major role in the J

design and operation of nuclear power plants. Since pollutantconcentrations are often greatest under low windspeed inversion

*

conditions, a multi-part testing progrc, has been undertaken toinvestigate the diffusion characteristics of the atmosphere underthese conditions.

The first test series was conducted in 1974 at the Idaho NationalEngineering Laboratory (INEL) in the Eastern Idaho Desert (Sagendorfand Dickson, 1974), during conditions of low (less than 2.0 m/s)windspeed and temperature inversion over the flat terrain.

A second phase of testing was conducted during the summer of 1974to contrast the effects of desert meteorological conditions withsimilar atmospheric conditions over a wooded, hilly terrain. The siteof this second series was a oroposed nuclear power station near OakRidge, Tennessee (Wilson, et al.,1976).

A need existed to examine the diffusive characteristics of theatmosphere under a variety of thermodynamic - and hydrodynamicconditions in the vicinity of reactor complexes. A series of tests at -

*the Rancho Seco Nuclear Power Station in 1975 have been previouslydescribed by Start, et al., 1977). Sagendorf 'et al, ~(1980) reportedon the diffusion adjacent to both the Rancho Seco reactor complex and

,

the E0CR complex in detail. The series of tests herein reported were'conducted in 1975 and 1976 around the E0CR reactor buiIding located onthe INEL. Figure 1 is an aerial view of this reactor building.

The EOCR reactor complex is domina ted by the large- reactorbuilding. This building has a square base with each side having alength of about 36.6 meters. The highest part of the . roof has aheight of 25 meters above ground level. The top of the stack is at aheight of 30 meters. One small storage tank is located north of thebuildings w ith additional tanks immediately nortNest. The terrainover the sampli ng grid varies f rom a high point of 4960 feet MSLapproximately 200 meters northeast of the building to a low. point of4920 feet MSL some 3200 meters to the northeast. -Most of the grid is -sagebrush covered.

When a building protrudes into the atmospheric flow, it producesdistortions in the pressure and velocity fields. These distortions - ,

are loosely termed " building wake". " Cavity" refers to that portionof the wake immediately downwind of the structure. -More completediscussion .of aerodynamic - flow. around -stiuctures may' be found in .

standard reference (e.g., Halitsky,1968).

The E0CR experiment was conducted over a two-year period. It wasdesigned to .. study atmospheric diffusion under a variety' of stabilityand wind conditions: and evaluate :the building . wake effects :ondispersion.

2

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Page 6: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2.0 DIFFLSION THEORY

2.1 The Diffusion Equation A

The windspeed-normalized relative concentrations are given in thefonn Cu/Q, where C is the concentration (in gm nr3) is the mean *

wi ndspeed through the effluent-carrying layer (in m s-1),u and Q is thesource strength (in gm, s-1). These concentration values may be relatedto the plume axis height above the ground (H) and to spatial Cartesiancoordinates (x,y,z) through the Gaussian diffusion equation.

2

l+exp'1(z+H'2'C(x,y,z;H)u , 2wa o exp I{'l Il 1 rz-H1 [y )exp. -I2'Q yz ''y' z "z ' ''

Values for oy and o, the standard deviations of effluent concen-ztrations in the lateral and vertical coordinate directions (Pasquill,1961and Giff ord , 1961 e.g.) have been determined for various stabilitycategories. By direct measurements of some of the variables (x,u,Q) andby plume centerli ne sampli ng (y=0, z-0, H-0), the above equationsimpli fies so that comparisons may be made with oy and oz valuesconmonly accepted for a given stability. If ' the receptors are at ground

*level, Equation (1) may be expressed as .

2C(x,y,0;H)u 1 1 ,

7 k' y .H2 2) (2)exp *=

g ,,y,z a o

The factor of two accounting for grcund reflection of the plume isincluded as is customary. Integration of Equation (2) with respect to yyields the familiar expression for the crosswind integrated concen-tration from a continuous, elevated-point source.

-fI (3)CIC(x;H)= exp,

Equations (1), (2), and (3) are widely known Gaussian plume formulas andmay be examined in greater detail by referring -to appropriate books and 'papers (e.g., Gifford,1968 or Pasquill,1974).

With c ro ss-wind oriented samples of ground-level concentrations ,

C(x,y,o), the second moment of the lateral' effluent-concentrationdistribution for a fixed downwind-distance, x, is

.

N - N2 =E- C(y).(y-y ) -[N.EC(y) (4)oy g

4

Page 8: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

_. - ._ -- .- -.- .__ .

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where the position of the center of mass of the mean plume, yo, is

N, Ns ,

= Z 'C(y).y] [ Z C(y) (5)yg,

i If Equation (3) is solved for the effective oz (a virtual value ofvertical spreading), the centerline Gaussian continuous point sou rceequation for an elevated plume near a reflecting boundary is

a (effective) = e, exp fH ', 2(6)z u CIC(x;H)

where H is the mean plume-axis height at downwind distance x, and oz isthe Gaussian parameter for the plume with centerline at height H insteadof the virtual value eff ective at ground-level (oz (eff.:ctive)) .

2.2 Building Wake Modifications of the Diffusion Equation

A simpli fied method to allow additional plume spreading behind thebuilding structure is expressed as

2exp .

2 ' z }| eg / I|'1rz+Hq {y)C(x,o,z:H)u , 21( y z+cA)ljrz-H1 +

z' I0 d

|. Where A represents the area of the structure in . the Y-Z (cross-wind

,

!. oriented) plane and c is an appropriate constant. . c 'is usually . assignedthe value 0.5, which Gifford (1961) chose by intuition as a plausiblelower estimate of the fraction of the structural- area producing an initialplume spreading. For Z and H both equal .to zero, Equation (7) reduces ~ to

C(x,o,0:o)u , l' (8)-Q 3(c +cA)yz

In . 5 sequent sections, Equation (7)~ will be evaluated ' with Pasquill--Gifford values 'of o and 'o , an area A equal i toL '1990 m2, and .cy zvalued' at 0.5. ,

<

3.0 MEASUREENT 'AND ANALYSIS

,

3.1 Sampling grid' * ; x

1

The sampling grid, as laid out for the'1975 series, . consisted of..fivecircular areas centered on the reactor building. ' Arc radii were > 37,- 68,,

187, 386 and 794 meters. The 187| meter . arc ''contai ned no ' ground ' samplersduring any of the . tests. - The' remaining arcs had sampler- pasitions every-

' six ' degree s. Additional arcs at!1200.and .1600 meters were used duringithe.

year-- 1976. These arcs had sampler. positions .every three ' . degrees.

x"

5

.. - . ._ , -_ ,, . . . . . _ _.

Page 9: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

. - .-.

Posit ions we re numbered clockwi se beginning at no rt h on the inner-mostarc. Each arc was divided into six sectors which could be independentlyactivated from the test control position. In addition four samplers werepositioned on the auxilary wing roof of the E0CR building, d

.- . . . . , , . , ,- 7

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Figure 2. Vertical sampli ng tower with f our su spended samplers at 7.5,.

15, 22.5, and 30m above ground.

Vert ic al samples were taken at ground-level sampling positions 90, 93,150, 15 3, 210, and 213 using one hundred foot towers. The samplinginterval was twenty-five feet on all towers (fig. 2). A photograph of oneof the sampler boxes was given by Start, et al, (1977). A plot plan ofthe E0CR grid was shown in figure 3. Arc distances have been rounded offto the nearest fif ty meters for discussion purposes during the remainderof this report.

,

l

3.2 Photographic Description of Test Site

Each of the previously mentioned , subparts of the field study, together|

with the relative magnitudes of the terrain features, may be related tothe aerial photograph in figure 4. .The E0CR complex is visible in the<

| Center of the photograph. The outer-most arc shown is the 800 meter arc. ,

| Features in the photograph may be correlated with the terrain map (fig.

| 5), the plot plan (fig. 3), and with the details of the concentrationisopleth analyses found in Appendicies' E, F, and G. .

3.3 Meteorological Instrumentation

Meteorologic al data for both series of tests came from an instru-mented tower located 150 meters northwest of the grid center. Since

|

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Page 10: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Page 12: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Figure 5. Terrain map of the entire E0CR grid. The outermost arc was at1600 m. Contour lines were drawn for 10 foot height intervals.

9

Page 13: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

,

southeast winds were a rare occurrence at the ItEL, this location kept thetower out of the effects of the building wake. Temperature and windsensors were located at the 4,10, and 30 meter levels.

A.

Tenperature data were obtained from thermocouples mounted in Climetmodel 016-1 motor aspirated temperature shields. Horizontal wina speedswere obtained from Weather Measure model W103A cup anemometers with -

tri-cup stainless steel cup assemblies. Bivanes measured the horizontaland vertical wind angles. Photographs of the cup anemometer and bivane

,

assemblies appeared in Start, et al, (1977).

During 1975, output signals from the sensors were input to a digitalrecording system housed in a small trailer. During 1976, this system waslocated in the instrumented bus described by Start, et al, (1977). This

.

bus or trailer also served as a control center for test operations.i

' Additional meteorological data were gathered during the 1976 series ofexp eriments. Weather Measure "103A" cup anemometers and Weather Measurelight weight W104-2 direction vanes were mounted at the 70-f t level ofnine 100-f t towers. They were located at grid tracer sampling positions85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98,100, and 103 in order to collect wind effect!

data within the wake of the bui lding. This data was also digitallyrecorded, along with the same type of meteorological data collected in1975 experiments. ,

..

3.4 Tracers

i Sulf urtexafluoride (SF6 ), dichlorod ifluoromethane (F12), and *

dibromodifluoromethane (1282) were used as tracers in this test series.All three of these gases were inert, non-toxic in the concentrations used,

; and were of relatively small concentration in the f ree atmosphere. Thetracers were released simultaneously with start-up and- termination timesbeing coordinated by radio. No grid samplers were activated until- thetracer cloud had extended - to the outennost sampling arc. Then samplers

l' were actuated for the duration of the desired test. All samplers were

shut down as the tracer releases were _ terminated. In this way, averageconcentrations were obtained instead of total' integrated concentrations.

!- Figure 6 shows the various tracer rele ase sites used during the

| tests. One tracer was released through the stack _above the reactori bui lding. A second rele ase position was on the highest E0CR reactor -

building roof. The third tracer was - released at ground level (1m) - oneither the windward or lee side of the bui lding. Table 1 lists the ,

locations and heights of tracer releases by - test number' for - the entire*test series.j

! . rovide visual plume ; references and allow for ' photographic'

To p,

documentation, _ oil fog was u' sed as a ' visual tracer.. Tracer gas samples-

were analyzed with an electron capture' gas chromatograph system (Lovelock,I et al,1971). Additional detalls :and photographs of the' system were given' by Start, et al, (1977).

10

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Page 14: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Page 15: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

Table 1. Locations and Heights of Tracer Releases,,

Test NRC Gas SF6 Gas F12 Gas 1282 A

No. Stab Date Time (>6T) Site * ht(m) Site * ht(m) Site * ht(m).

3 F 7 /8 / 75 0606-0706 Stack 30 SW face 1 Roof 254 E 7/9/75 0559-0649 Stack 30 SW face 1 Roof 255 A 7/18/75 1007-1107 Stack 30 NW face 1 Roof 256 0 7/21/75 0624-0724 Stack 30 NW face 1 Roof 257 G 7 /22/75 0543-0630 Stack 30 NE face 1 Roof 258 F 7/24/75 0348-0417 Stack 30 NE f ace 1 Roof 259 G 7 /28/75 0503-0603 Stack 30 NE face 1 Roof 2510 A 7/31/75 1024-1107 Stack 30 NE f ace 1 Roof 2511 A 8/12/75 1008-1035 Stack 30 Roof 25 NE face 1

12 E 8/13/75 0642-0712 Stack 30 Roof 25 NE f ace 1

13 A 8/14/75 1017-1117 Stack 30 Roof 25 NE face 1

14 E 5/6/76 0619-0719 NW face 1 Stack 30 Roof 2515 D 5/12/76 0618-0718 NE face 1 Stack 30 Roof 2516 0 5/18 /76 0616 -0716 NE f ace 1 Stack 30 Roof 2517 G 5 /21 / 76 0451-0551 NE face 1 Stack 30 Roof 2518 F 6 /23/76 0453-0535 NE f ace 1 Stack 30 Roof 2519 G 6 /29 / 76 0329-0429 NE face 1 Stack 30 Roof 25 .

20 G 6/3 0/76 0344-0442 NE f ace 1 Stack 30 Roof 25*

21 G 7 /15 /76 0344-0444 NE face 1 Stack 30 Roof 2522 E 7 /16 /76 0742-0842 NE f ace 1 Stack 30 Roof 25

*

23- E 7 /21 / 76 0748-0846 NE face 1 Stack 30 Roof 2524 F 7/22 /76 0814 -0914 NE face 1 Stack 30 Roof 25

*NW f ace, NE f ace, and SW face are ground (1m) release sites.

4. RESULTS

A total of 24 gaseous tracer tests were conducted .in and around theE0CR bui lding comple x. The first two tests were discarded' due tovarious f ailings of meteorological data logging, the performance of thegas chromatographs, and loss of suitable weather conditions during theactual field measurements. Table 2 sumnarized the tests by NRCstability category during their conduct.

''

Add itional details of ~the wind speeds and directions, standarddeviations of wind direction, date and times of conduct of the tests,tower-measu red temperature profi les, and NRC stability . categories ..

determined from tower temperature profiles are provided in. appendix A.

12

Page 16: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

Table 2. Stability Categories for Field Tracer Tests

A STABILITY TEST NUMBER TOTAL

A 5,10,11,13 4

* B - 0

C - -00 6,15,16 3

E 4,12,14,22,23 5

F 3,8,18,24 4

G 7,9,17,19,20,21 6

More detailed descriptions of the wind speeds and directionsversus time are provided in appendices B and C. For each test, the

total period of observation was subdivided into consecutive 2-mininterv als; for each interv al the average wind speed, direction, andthe variance and standard deviation of wind direction and speed wereprovided for bivanes and/or cup anemometers at the 4, 10, and 30mheights on the E0CR meteorological tower. These data are listed inappendix B. A summary of total test information is given in appendixC. The total test sunmary provides average speeds and directions for

.

the full period. For wind directions, the total variance during the*

test is listed along with the mean value of the 2-minute intervalvariances and the variance of the 2-minute average wind directions.The average 2-min variances may be viewed as a descriptor for the high'*

frequency or turbulence diff usive process. Then, the variances of the2-minute average di rections are descriptive of the meandering ortransport portion of the total dispersion of plume mass. The sum ofthe variance related to diffusion and variance due to meanderingclosely approximates the total variance for the entire period.

Table 3 lists the various sampling arc s, towers withsamplers, and E0CR building roof-located samplers operated during eachtest. During part 1, tests 1-13, sampling arcs did not exist for 1200and 1600m. For part 2, - tests 14-24, these longer distance samplingarcs were established to ' investigate possible building' influences at 'extended distances in a "far-wake" setting.

4.1 Measured Tracer Concentrations

Gaseous tracer concentrations we re sampled at ' the variousground-level, tower heights, 'and roof locations described in figure 6*

and. table 3. A complete ^ listing of ' all sampled concentrations(nonnalized by U/Q, where U was the average ,windspeed at the tracerrelease height and Q was the source strength) is given in appendix D.,

To better describe the contents. of appendix D, the fo l lowi ng .-

illustrative plots , are provided . Figure 7a,b,c depic ts sampledconcentration versus crosswind ' arc location (grid location number or :

13

. - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ -

Page 17: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

Table 3. Operation of. Sampling Arcs, Towers and Miscellaneous Samplers

Test No. 50m 100m 400m 800m 1200m 1600m Towers Roof .s

3 x x. x - - - - -

4 x x x x - - - - *

5 x x x - - - - -

6 x x x x - - x -

7 x x x x - - x- -

8 x x x x - - x -

9 - x x x - - - -

10 - x x x - - - -

11 x x x x - - x x12 x x x x - - x x13 x x x x - - x x14 x x x x x x x x15 x x x x x x x x16 x x x x x x x x17 x x x x x x x x18 x x x x x x. x x19 x x x x x x x x

.20 x x x x x x x x21 x x x x x x x x .

22 x x x x x x x x- -

23 x x x x x x x x24 x x x x x x x x

.

x = operated - = not operated

GLN) for successive downwind distances. Test 3 is shown . in fig.7a,b,c. Three li nes are plotted in each figure to show themeasurements for ground-level, roof, and stack released gaseoustracer. Figures 8a,b,c,d,e, and f depict tower sampled concentrationsfor test No. 16. Ag ai n, three ' separate lines identify themeasurements for each of the gaseous tracers. In addition to thesetwo types of regular array samplings of concentration, four samplerswere operated on the lowest roof level of E0CR (fig. 6)- and are listed-under the heading of miscellaneous samples for each test during whichthey were- operated.

Horizontal isopleths of gaseous tracer concentrations are-providedin appendices E, F, and G. All isopleths for . ground-level re leased .tracer are .in appendix E; appendix F contains isopleths for' roof-level *

released tracer and appendix-.G- contains -isopleths for stack re leasedtracer.

.,

t

14 - .

_ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ -_ ,__ ___ -_ - _ _ _ - _

Page 18: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Figure 7. Sampled concentrations by grid location number for test 3at the 50m, 100m, and 400m arcs. The thin solid line representsground-level released tracer measurements, the dotted line representsroof-released tracer measurements, and the thick solid line representsstack-released tracer measurements.

15

.. ._ . _ . _ _ _

Page 19: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Fiaure 8. Tower sampled concentrations by height- for test 16.ground-level released . tracer, a - roof releasedSynbols used: * =

tracer, G = stack released tracer. Figures 8a and b are for 100 mdownwind; figures 8c and d are for 200 m and 8e and f are for 400 mdownwind.

16

Page 20: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

. ..

I

4.2 Visual Tracer Observations and Measurements

* Before describing and discussing the behaviors of the sampledgaseous tracers it may be of benefit to examine a few selectedpictures and descriptive diagrams based upon visual tracer observa-tions and measurements. During each test, smoke was released to aid*

the visualizing and understanding of the airflows and effluentdiffusion around and downwind of the E0CR structure.

Figure 9 shows the release of smoke tracer at ground-level in thelee of E0CR (SW face). A large amount of plume mass appeared to bedrawn upward and streamed away at approximately roof height. Theplume was mostly aloft at larger distances downwind. Figure 10 showsthe plume in greater detail near the structure. A portion of theplume was mixed within a volume confined to the near-building wake;much plume streamed away aloft in a manner similar to the plume infigure 9.

In order to more clearly illustrate the systematic effects of the4

structure which both elevate the plume and produce an initial volu-metric dilution, two simultaneous visual tracer plumes were devel-oped. One plume was released at a location which should be influencedby turbulence and airflow streamlines which were altered by the,

presence of the building. The second plume was released crosswind*

from the building at a distance (150 to 200m NW)-for which no buildingdisruption occurred. Both plume photographs and lidar scans of theseplumes were made. Figure 11 shows two visible plumes being observed.'

One tracer was being released in the lee of E0CR. Return flows inthe cavity zone drew the tracer toward the structure and lifted it..In the background (seen against the mountain slopes) the second tracerwas streaming away from its release point with a normal amount of>

vertical spreading and remained relatively close to the ground. Theplume behind E0CR was being mixed and lifted vertically, much morethan the plume far from the building.

Lidar observations were performed by Stanford ResearchInternational in a manner depicted in figure 12. Approximatecrosswind/ vertical scannings of the plume were made along severaldirection rays to obtain plume particle concentrations at severaldifferent downwind distances. At present, quantitative descriptionsof these plume sections are unavailable; computer processing of thesedata were never' completed by SRI. A. schematic illustration ofqualitative preliminary LIDAR _ observations is given in figure 13.'

Initially the building-affected plume was larger and elevated comparedto the open-terrain plume. The open-terrain plume dispersed more

,

rapidly, in some cases, while the building affected plume was smaller,relatively. Eventua~.ly, the two plumes were of comparable size .at thelonger distances.

17

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Page 21: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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,

# *rr a edrawn upward anc stredr.< dway at reci f hel ]qt ur &r j o ,., % : 1 d if ;e O'* r

'' *rore diffu-ererna i ned a l o f t a t about roof heignt. e r " <. a otr ''(- ' ' - ' -4

beneath the elevated and ,,t m aricen t edied c' a r t of the ; e

ri

1,

|

|

|

i.

1.

! . . ~

|t

- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Page 22: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

-- . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ._. . _ . . - - _ . _ _ _ _ _ _

i

is ! .-'

,

| :.I

- t

h~

i *.<

| .; Y' ;<

ki%

_;E d l ':

<s

c.

|

Figure 10. To compliment the smoke depiction of figure 9, a more'.

detailed view is snown of ground-level smoke tracer release near thebui lding. Some of the plume was mixed within the near-building wake;the remainder streamed away at about roof level.

.. - _ _ _ ,, , . _ _

5 . -' .s.

;g9gj ,3 ;~ ...

,

;by f.NJ.i!'dj[".

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-6. . _.

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..:..,,., ,.

M,,

WL-.ch. -_ -

,

Figure 11. Simultaneous visual tracer releases were made. The firsttracer was re leased in the lee of the building; second tracer wasreleased crosswind far from the building where building disruption had*

i

I no effect. The tracer which was released near the building was drawntoward the bui lding and li f ted. The second tracer plume streameddownwind nonnally and was mixed and lif ted vertically much less than ithe tracer plume which was released near the buiIding. I

19

i

|_. _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ - _ . ~ _ . , _ _ _ . _ _

Page 23: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

% But NGs-LIDAR SCANS

* Rt q|5 Rs e

g' ':'e

~

1

bh

h- '

TRA RT,-y a

e.

*Mc

uq

Y; L

Y .Nf

| ', d SUOFE RELEASED FROM EOCR BUILDING

49J Oil FCG RELEASED AWAY FROM BUllDING

Figure 12. LIDAR observations of simultaneous visual plumes (shown in .

fig. 11) were perfonned by SRI, according to a plan shown by this *

schematic. Lateral / vert ic al cross-section scans were performed atseveral diff erent direction rays (Rj) to observe both' the smoke and *

oil fog plumes. The closest LIDAR scans were through the nearbuiIding plume; the more distant scans were about 800m downwind.

4.3 Maximum Ground-level Tracer Concentrations, Sigma-y, and EffectiveSigma-z Values.

To better understand the significance of the full collection ofsampled tracer concentrations which were ' listed in appendix 0 andshown by 'the horizontal concentration _ isopleths depicted in appendix

;

E, F, and G, selected parameters have been calculated or tabulated.Three parameters or statistics used were the normalized maximum (peak)tracer concentration observed on a particular ground-level (1m)sampli ng arc , the second moment of the tracer lateral mass

value.- These o and az valuesdistribution (oy), and the ozwere detennined with _ egns. 4 and 6, respectively.y Figure 14. showsmeasu red peak ' tracer concentrations plotted versus downwind distance *

for ground-level released tracer and stability category D. Also shownin fig. 14 are' curves of ~ predicted normali zed peak concentrations

a - . - and - oz .calculated from egn. 2 with customary values ' of(Pasquill (1961) and Gi fford (1961 )) . Curves were' calculated - forplume centerline heights above the ground equal to 1, 10, 25, and30m. Separate symbol types were used to plot measured values _ for ' aparticular test, .in order to . distinguish between values from testswithin- the same stability.. category. If the - Gaussian equation were

.

20

t

Page 24: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

_. - - -- . u-. . .

i

|

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4

>=

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_ 3

CROSSWIND DISTANCE CROS$ WIND DISTANCE

Rs Re

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Ms-%O"s%74%d4%~~%Mn%9EMM MWM'-"'M22@ss@l#45MV454W4#5tCROSSWIND DISTANCE CROSSWIND DISTANCE

oil FOG RELEASED AWAY FROM BUILDINGA4 GROUND.

.'

|- - I SMoME RELEASED FROM EOCR BUILDING

,

,

'.

Figure 13. Schematic cross-sections of plumes. from preliminary LIDARobservations are presented' for increasing. downwind distances. The

. plume on the lef t was the smoke released at - the E0CR building whilethe plunn on the right was oil fog released away f ram the ' building.

! .21

!. . , . . - - -. - .- , . . . .. .. - . -

Page 25: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

"io = .,,-:

'Na

'o _ -

-;

o

~

iS-

-

^T \N o -

j _:,I%J

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.

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oEOCRG e'_e EOCR15 Aa:EOCR16 oD:1MD:10MD:25MD:30Mm

I'o ,f -

, , , , , , , ,, , ,,,,,, ,, , , ,

101 102 103 104.4

DISTANCE (M) ,

Figure 14. Measured peak normalized concentrations are plotted versusdownwind distance for ground-level released tracer and stability

category D. Also included are Pasquill-Gifford predictions of peaknormalized concentrations for plume centerline heights of 1, 10, 25,

,

and 30m with stability class D.'

22

Page 26: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

_ .. _ __ _ . _.

i

suit able and the Pasqui ll-Gif f ord values of oy and oz wereappropriate, the observations for each test would match the uppercurve for the im plume height. At times there was agreement betweenobservations and calculation, but most of ten substantial differences

,

were evident. Plots for other stability categories and tracer releaseheights were developed and the complete set is contained in appendix H.

.

In similar manner, tracer determined oy values (for all tracerrelease heights) were compared to Pasquill-Gifford (op. cit.) expectedvalues (the heavy li ne) for stability D in figure 15. A regressionli ne wa s drawn thrcugh the set of tracer derived oy values. A

corresponding (parallel) but different behavior was evident. The

complete set of oy comparisons with Pasquill-Gifford values are alsocontained in appendix H.

Figure 16 provides a scatter diagram of oz effective (egn. 6)versus downwind distance. Data from all stability categories wereincluded in the figure. Curves for stability categories A, B, C, D,E, and F (Pasquill- Gifford op. cit.) were. included to place theseeff ec tive oz values in perspec tive. One obvious discrepancy was

eff ec tive at the smallershown by the very large values of ezdistances; values of many nundreds of meters were not credible. Thesevirtual oz values we re calculated using the ground-le vel sampledconcentrations and no adjustment was made for elevated plume

! centerli ne heights. Additional discussion and reanalyse s has beenprovided in a following section to better describe vertical diffusionand plume centerline heights.

.

4.4 Recalculated Sigma-z Values

eff ective values shown in fig. 16 were unrealisticallyMany ozlarge and were neither credi ble nor consistent with vi sual tracerobservations at kancho Seco (Start, et al., 1977) and during thisi

stu dy. Observations of oil fog vi sual tracer suggested that mostground-level and roof-top released effluents streamed away from thestructure at roof-top height (essentially at the height of the flowseparation zone). It seemed appropriate to calculate o forz,

ground-level and roof-top tracer release from a. (eff ective) Sigma-zvaluesz

(25m).with effective plume height, H, equal to roof heightvalues for stack rele ased tracer were calculated using the physicalstack height of 30m. Equation 6 was solved for oz solutions byiteration. Addit ional det ai ls of the numerical method for ozcalculation are given in - appendix I . Two roots of equation 6 werepossible. One root (the smaller) represented the value of oz for.anelevated plume with _ a Gaussian mass distribution; the second root-

for the well-mixed plume -(non-Gaussian) . The(larger) provided azGaussian plume values of oz (smaller or lower root) were adopted forthe additional comparisons to follow; the implications of using - thei *

smaller root and the applicability of the well-mixed plume root willbe discussed later. Comparison of oz from ground-level tracer

23

W =

Page 27: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

. .

4

1

*o. i

,

_

a ,

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.

EOCR6 *EOCR15 aEOCR16 e

i REGRESSP/G D .

%. . . . ...., . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ,_

101 102 103 394 _,

DISTANCE (M)Figure 15. Tracer determined sigma-y values for stability class Dwere plotted versus downwind ~ distance for all ~ release heights - withregression line for .this set of values. Also included were-

Pasquill-Gifford expected values of sigma-y for stability class D.

24 ''

Page 28: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

%i i;

1

%- * -

,

'*

* *

*

A

%- *- * y a** -*

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O .m- . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . .. . .,_,

101 102 103 104, ''

DISTANCE (M)* Figure 16. Tracer determined sigma-z effective values were plotted

i versus downwind distance for all stability classes. Data for alltracer release heights were included. Also included were curves of

| Pasquill-Gifford expected values of sigma-z for categories A, B, C, 0,j E, and F.t

25

Page 29: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

for the roof and stack height25m) with ozreleases (for H -

discharged tracer showed good agreement; virtual o for ground-levelzreleased tracer (with H = 1m) showed very poor agreement with oz for

8values for ground-levelroof and stack releases. Figure 17 shows ozvalues for roof and stack dischargedreleased tracer versus oz

tracer. Figure 17a shows calculations of oz for ground-level tracer'

releases using plume centerline heights of 25m ver:is azcalculations using 25m plume height for roof releases and 30m heightsfor stack tracer plumes. Figure 17b is similar except a im plumeheight (the height of tracer release) has been used for theground-level tracer.

Therefore, when making calculations of oz values, 25m (theapproximate flow separation height for the structure) was a far betterchoice for the approximate plume height of ground-level release tracerthan was the actual height (1m) of its release. Visual observationsconfirmed this conclusion; intuition suggested that vertical diffusionat a few meters above the ground surface should resemble the diffusionat 25 to 30m above the ground surf ace. This similarity should havebeen greatest during strongly unstable (temperature lapse) conditionsand less similar during strongly stable (temperature inversion)conditions. However, with the additional turbulence developed by thestructure, building induced circulations off-set or nullified thetendency for stable layering effects during the more stable conditions .

- especially within the first few tens of meters (a few building -

calculated forheights) downwind of the structure. Therefore, azall three tracers should have been similar in value, regardless of the

'

heights of these tracer releases, because they developed withinapproximately similar turbulence regimes. The large differences

Im and calculations of ozbetween oz calculated with H for-

simultaneous releases of tracer at roof and stack heights werereiected. Therefore, discussions and comparisons to follow haveutilized the knowledge that o determined from egn. 6 for groundzlevel released tracer with H= 25m was reasonably appropriate andclosely approximated the correct quantitative magnitudes.

4.5 Tracer Diffusion Statistics Ratios and Comparisons

In order to identify important physical phenomena and departuresfrom expected plume behaviors without the presence of the structures,the parameters of normalized axial concentrations, o and a wereratioed with the " expected" flat, open-terrain value'5, presenfed byPasquill (1961) and Gifford (1961) (hereafter simply refered to asPasquill-Gifford or P/G values). Three important ratios were formed;

*

a concentration ratio was calculated by dividing the P/G " expected"axial value by the observed peak value of tracer concentration. If

more dilution (a smaller observed peak concentration) occurred, the ,

ratio was greater than unity; if a larger than expected value wasobtained the ratio was between unity and zero.

26

Page 30: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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I

)$ fly ~

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O 2 E t'IO IOI I0 I0 IG

S2 3dd3 olla 3 )H=O(.

]etontelap st me-z Aetnas foa 6aonup-taAat taeaaa aatavsasjt6naa tz- 6maao d to agap Aaasns aoaaasdouptu6 aetonteatous joa ;ooJ eup stecayat yt aataesas oJ taeaaa- .st6me-z Aetnas ;oa- 6aonup-ts'Aat taeoaa6

_

joa dtnma yat yl oJ 2SW )nddaa jt6naa( 'eupnaaa 'p aetontegap 66aonu tsAat oa Im ) tomaa ft6naa(- 3omdepsous Mtty saeoa )aooJ(aaessa eaa . yonu qA ,)+(-s

2/

_ _ - _ __ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ - - _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ - _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ __-_______r

Page 31: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

. - . -________--______-________ - ____- __-__-__ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

;

o

1

i In similar fashion,ratios of a5 dingand az vere formed. However,

by div observed values by the| sigma ratios were formedcorresponding P/G values. This ratio convention was consistent with

8 '

| the concentration ratios. Larger than expected sigma values yieldedratios greater than unity; larger sigmas implied greater dilution of ,

the tracer plume and a smaller peak concentration. As noted above,'smaller observed peak concentrations yielded ratios greater than

unity. Therefore, when consistency existed between concentrationvariabilty and differences in the lateral and vertical diffusivespreads (oy and o ), these ratios exhibited similar'

zcharacteristics and behaviors.

Tables 4, 5, and 6 list ratios of concentration, and oTable 4 contains ratios for only ground-level releasesoy,f z.

o tracer;

table 5 contains ratios for the roof-level tracer release and table 6contains ratios for stack released tracer. Within each table anaverage parameter ratio was listed for each stability category at eachdownwind sampling distance. The complete data set of all individualratios is given in appendix J. The significance of all of these datapoints (ratios) could have been examined by use of scatter diagrams, ,

each of which would contain a large number of points. The study andinterpretations of these scatter diagrams have suggested the sameconclusions and results. But for simplicity and ease of-understanding, selectively pooled (averaged) ratios more directly .

illustrated the important phenomena and behaviors and were utilized *

for most of the remainder of this manuscript.

'

Table 4. Ratios of Diffusion Parameters for Ground-level Tracer

RC (P/G peak conc./ observed peak conc.)Stab 50m 100m 400m 800m 1200m 1600m

A 1.160 3.224 0.5894 0.4288 -- -

D 4.757 14.41 9.960 6.888 10.09 3.045E 13.37 31.01 8.167 17.96 ~14.31 13.29F 15.81 17.65 38.12 23.94 11.27 9.231G 36.07 57.12 57.98 11.29 22.99 32.27

RY (observed sigma-y/P/G sigma-yA 1.149 1.504 1.608 1.747- -----

0 3.260 2.826 3.332 3.100 2.343 2.506: E 4.484 3.727 3.890 4.084 3.251- 2.866

F 5.185 6.134 6.385 6.433 4.638 5.0224

G 8.491 9.140 9.151 11.53 6.377 6.568,

RZ (observed sigma-z/P/G sigma-z)A -- -- 0.580 0.430 . .--- .

- - 1.702 1.009 0.415 0.317 0.325.D-

E - -- 3.648 -1.032- 0.600 0.423 0.349~ .812F - - 3.700 1.658 1.235 0.882. 0

G - - 6.462 3.320 1.413 1.333 0.993.

b +

'

d28

_ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ - - _ - _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ . - _ _ _ _ _ - -

Page 32: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

Table 5. Ratios of Diff usion Parameters for Roof-level Tracer ReleasesRC (P/G peak conc./ observed peak conc.)

Stab 50m 100m 400m 800m 1200m 1600m:

A 3.471E-02 0.5282 0.3493 -- -- --

0 2.4 04 E-09 1.156 E-05 4 .18 1 13.04 3.88 1 0.4206s E 1. 480E-08 4.110E-09 1.314 4.102 1.893 1.215

F 8. 737 E-09 2.917 E-09 1.496E-02 0.3737 4.456 4 .109G 7.640E-08 5.216 E-08 2. 583 E-05 0.1940 2.2 00 5.591

RY (observed sigma-y/P/G sigma-y)A 1.428 1.323 1.293 -- -- --

D 2.867 2 .59 2 2.979 2 .8 48 2.108 2.368E 3.394 3.941 3. 006 3.597 2.642 2.142F 5.623 5.392 3.970 5.992 7.021 7.096G 8.972 9.842 9. 5 36 8.356 6.004 5.617

RZ (observed sigma-z/P/G sigma-z)A 1.950 0.990 0 .1 25 -- -- --

D 5.688 4 .18 7 0.781 0.36 3 0.381 0.220E 8.333 4.861 1.167 0.452 0.387 0.233F 7.502 4.712 1.319 0.68 2 0.706 0.66 2G 18.28 9.787 2.561 1.465 1.008 0.890

:

Table 6. Ratios of Diffusion Parameters for Stack-level Tracer Releaseso

RC (P/G peak conc./ observed peak conc.)Stab 50m 100m 400m 800m 1200m 1600m

A 1. 564 E-03 0.1869 0.77F1 1.927 -- --

D 1.058 E-08 1.551 E-08 1.036 1 .8 14 1 .18 0 0.5573E 2.403 E-08 3. 216 E-09 7.303 E-02 0.6350 0.1191 0.1131F 1.079 E-07 2.151E-08 4.044E-03 1.950 2.3 00 5.211G 1.042 E-07 2.474 E-08 5.749 E-09 2.113E-03 7.0502 E-02 0.4157

RY (observed sigma-y/P/G sigma-y)A 1.4 04 1.399 1.392 1.602 -- --

0 2.844 3.213 3.153 3 .59 2 2.870 2.319E 3.939 3.7 46 3.450 4.766 3.708 4.007F 5.000 5.076 4.259 6.330 5.834 4 .59 8

G 6.356 10.14 10.6? 10.50 7.44 0 5.757

RZ (observed sigma-z/P/G sigma-z)*

A 1.111 0.880 0.138 0.039 -- --

D 9.5 06 3.41 1.17 0.571 0.292 0 .2 08*

E 8.166 5.077 1.131 0.731 0.532 0.331F 10.960 7.600 2.107 1 .3 09 0.842 0.979G 18.140 11.487 3.457 1 .4 26 1.767 0.773

29

!

L

Page 33: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

_ _ _ _ - - _ - . . - _ _ - _ - - . .- __. _ __-- -. - - - - _. ~ __ ..

;

.For ground-le vel tracer rele ases measured concentrations we re

j generally less than P/G values determined for a 1m source height.eRoof-level and stack discharged tracers had ground-level concentrations

much greater than determined by the Gaussian plume model (egn. 2) withinthe first several hundred meters dow m ind of the structure. Ininstances where equation 2 calculations produced very small values (near e'

the building and stable conditions) the calculated values were replacedby the threshold tracer concentrations. Without this replacement RC2

] values approached with 10-40 With replacement, these RC values hadmagnitudes greater than 10-10 The utility of this replacement wasfor graphical depictions. The physical interpretation of this

alteration was that the downwash of elevated plumes really was greaterthan the RC ratios showed following the substitution. The meaning ofthe la rge RC values was that the Gaussian distribution was notapplicable in stable conditions with building dowmash.

The RY values were essentially the same, regarole ss of tracerrelease height. A definite increase in RY was shown as stability cate-gory progressed from A to G. A modest decrease in RY with distance mayhave occurred at distances beyond 800m, but it was not ccnclusive.

RZ values averaged slightly greater than unity; the largest depar-, tures f rom unity were for the most elevated tracer re lease and were4 .

greatest at shorter distances. At greatest downwind distances the RZ -

= ratios were slightly less than unity.'

I Table s 7 through 12 list averaged ratios of no rmali zed concen-and az for ground-level, roof, and stack released! tration, ay,

. tracer. These ratios were pooled averages for either specific arc! distances (using all stability category data) or spec ific stability

categories (using all arc distances). An overall or all-data ratio wast

li sted for RC, RY , and RZ. These ratios were plotted in fig.18a, b, c,.

( d, e, and f. Three curves were plotted in each figure; a separate curve| was plotted for data from ground-le vel, roof, and stack release

heights. Figures 18a and b depict RC versus dow mind distance andstability category, figures 18c and d depict RY vs distance andstability, and fig.18e and f depict RZ versus distance and stability.

The lateral (indicated by RY) and vert ical (shown by RZ) plumespreading ratios were very consistent regardless of the tracer releaseheight. This consistency was expected since the tracers were experi-encing the same fundamental atmospheric (and building wake) conditionswhich produced diff usion. The departures (ratios with Pasquill-Gifford

*

were trivial for strongly unstablevalues) from exp ected oy and oz(A = 1) and largest for strongly stable (G - 7) stability categories(figs. 18d and f) . A systematic behavior of these ratios with distance

*

(figs. 18c and e) were also evident. RZ ratios (fig. 18e) clearlyshmed a large initial dilution process which was followed by a rapid(exponential-like) decrease in the relative contribution of this initialdilution. These RZ values approached unity between 400 and 800mdow mind and renained in essential agreer..ent w ith expected Pasquill-Gifford values of o at the longer distances.z

30

.- ______ _ -_____ - - _ _ __- ________ ____-___-_____ _ ______- ____ __ _ _ _____ _ _

Page 34: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

Table 7. Ratioed Diffusion Statis- Table 8. Ratioed Diffusion Statis-tics for Ground-Level Tracer Releases tics for Ground-Level Tracer Releaseswith Pooled Stabilities. with Pooled Distances

m RC RY RZ STAB RC RY RZ

50 16.41 4.942 A 1.738 1.433 0.379-,

100 27.98 5.114 3.6 02 D 7.832 2.953 0.8204 00 28.61 5.65S 1.751 E 16.74 3 .818 1.367800 13.91 6.664 0.915 F 21.01 5.760 1.9011200 16.15 4.475 0.818 G 37.41 8.812 2.9411600 17.59 4.539 0.663

Alldata 20.96 5.329 1.79 3 20.96 5.329 1.793

Table 9. Ratioed Diffusion Statis- Table 10. Ratioed Diffusion Statis-tics for Roof-Level Tracer Releases tics for Roof-level Tracer Releaseswith Pooled Distance with Pooled Stabilities

m RC RY- RZ STAB RC RY RZ,

50 0.00521 4.86 0 9.298 A 0.3286 1.34 07 0.9 37' ; 100 0.09604 5.15 4 5.382 0 3.767 2.676 2.141; 4 00 0.9 35 4.647 1.333 E 1.141 3.276 3.382'

8 00 3.8098 5.818 0.900 F 0.58 58 5.378 3.5541200 2.7 56 4.5 04 0.697 G 1.043 8.314 5.8660

16 00 3.305 4.2897 0.57 0AllData 1.334 4.874 3 .7 26 1.334 4.874. 3 .7 26

Table 11. Ratioed Diffusion Statis- Table 12. Ratioed Diffusion Statis-. tics for Stack-level Tracer Releases tics for Stack-level Tracer Releases

with Pooled Stabilities. with Pooled Distances

m RC RY RZ STAB RC P.Y RZ

50 0.000313 3.982 9.487 A 0.5921 1.429 0.575! 100 0.0340 5.232 6.294 D' O.8004 3.06 3 2 .36 51 4 00 0.2983 5.154 1.768 E 0.1695 3.9 48 2.800-

8 00 0.9649 6.305 0 .944 F 1.16 0 5.122 4 .4 04

12 00 0.69 08 5.299 0.994 G 0.0675 8.9 58 5.614|. 16 00 1.231 4.444 0.56 8

All .

3.550..

Data .4679 5.15 2 3.55 0 .4679 5.15 2o

:.

131

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Page 35: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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UU *

'-

- ;.-

; , ............. .... ....

0 800 1600 ,0 5 10,

DISTANCE (M) DISTANCE (M) ,

Figure 18. Averaged ratios of normalized concentration, sigma-y, andsigma-z for ground level, roof, and stack -released tracers. The first ,

i

column of plots contain pooled averages for all stability categoriesfor specific arc distances. The second colunn of plots contain pooledaverages for all arc distances for spec ific stability classes.

roof releasedSymbols used: * - ground-level released tracer; A =tracer, + - stack released tracer.

32

Page 36: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

RY ratios (fig. 18c) depict an initial magnitude which increasedmore slowly to about 800m dowmind. Beyond 800m, RY values slwlydecreased; RY values from the Rancho Seco study (table 13), (Start, ett

al.,1977) agreed well with these E0CR findings. Rancho Seco valuesof RY ranged from 6.4 at 100m downwind to 4.8 at 800m danwind.

*

Concentration ratics are depicted in figs.18a and .b. RC valuesgreater than unity resulted when the observed peak concentrations wereless than values calculated by the Gaussian diffusion formula ~(egn.2). The calculated concentration values were obtained by substitutionof expected (P/G) values of oy and og and plume heights of 30m forstack, 25m for roof, and im for ground-level tracer releases into egn.2. Since values of RC were much greater than unity, measured, ground-level peak tracer concentrations were substantially less than calcu-lated from the Gaussian formula with H - Im. Likewi se, the corres-

ponding measured peak concentrations from roof-level and stack dis-charged tracers were much greater than calculated at ground-level 'bythe Gaussian formula.

In general, the RC ratios for stack and roof height tracerreleases were similar; they were small in magnitude due to downdraughtincreases in ground-level measured concentrations near the structure.At longer distances the concentrations approached expectations (RC

.

approaches unity). RC values for tne ground-level tracer release s=

were large at all distances due to a substantial u; ward-mixing ofplume mass behind the structure. RC for ground level tracer releasesvaried from about 2 for stability A to almost 40 for stability G. No*

obvious systematic behavior was evident for roof and stack heighttracer releases.

At any particular distance, RY values were approximately 4 to 6.Measu red a values were larger than the corresponding P/G values.RY values fncreased in magnitude from about 1-1/2 to 9 as. stabilitychanged from A to G, with great consistency for all tracer release <

heights.~

'.The variations of RZ with distance and stability were more erratic

than for either RC or RY. RZ increased with greater stability; CICwas less representative of the value which should be observed at plumeaxis height with more stable conditions. RZ decreased with greaterdistance.

4.6 Wind Direction Meandering, Building Induced Lateral Spreading,and Tracer Sigma-y'

The RY ratios .in tables 7 through 12 which were plotted in fig.18c and d were developed from second moments of tracer mass,

' distributions divided by the appropriate value of a from thePasquill-Gifford . curves. These sunmarized ratios' illu#strated the.differences during this test series from values expected with adaptionof the Pasquill-Gifford curves without alterations..

;

.

_ -

Page 37: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

i

The causes of these systematic differences f rom Pasquill-Gif f ordvalues w ill ncw be e x ami n ed. Some phys ic al basis for thesediff erences may be postulated, such as building wake plume broadening.g reater than expected w ind direction meandering for the associated'itability category, or perhaps incorrect spec if ic ation of stability

.

category. There was no know n bias in stability category *

' spec if ic t tion. Howe ve r, there was a significant inf luence of winddirsctics meandering. Table 13 stava ri zes the average standarddeviations of wind direction for\ EOCR by stability category and liststhe corre spor d i t.g values f rom 3 f f f ord (1968). For oy estimates,(Pasquill, 19 76 ) derived using cy= f( /) .co.X, an adj usted standarddeviation :)f d Pection, ao.f(x), 4ar app ropri ate. Example adj ustedvalues for X - 800m are giten in trole 13. If the EOCR average ao

I \

Table 13. Observed and expected Values of Wind direction StandardDeviation by Stability Categories.

Stability Catescry

A D E F G

Giff ord (1968) 25 . 10. 5.0 2.5 (1.25)4E0CR avg. 25.7 23.0 9.5 20.6 15.6 ,

Pasqui11 (1976)1 15.5 6.2 3.1 1.6 0.8 -

o9 ratio 2 1.7 3.7 3.1 12.9 19.5 *

RY avg. (approx)3 1.5 3 3 5 9

og is standard deviation of horizontal wind direction

1 Pasquill (1976) co(eff ective) - f(x) *oo (Gif f ord , 1968 )w here f(x)=0.61 at x=800m

2 ratio is (E0CR avg.|/(Pasquill,1976)ca

3 Tracer determined oy divided by expected Pasquill-Giffordsigma-y value

> ,

4 for "G" is assigned 1/2 of valje for "F" stability ofo

Gifford(1968).i

values were divided by these Pasquill adjusted values, the resulting *

j ratios approximated the RY ratios presented in tables 4 through 12 andin figures 18c and d within a f actor of about two or less. Therefore,I

*

there may be only minor effects of the building wake upon lateralplume spreading. A building induced spreading effect should have beenmost evident near the structure and dimitish in importance at longerdistances. To examine this behavior, measu red tracer oy values weredivided by oy values calculated from ao measu red at the 30m height

34

Page 38: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

>t

,

.

on the EOCR meteorological tower; the Pasquill (1976) fonnula was used.These ratios represented the reciprocal of the fraction of plume' '

spreading described by oo. The resul ting ratios were plotted versu sthe co values in figures 19a,b, and c. Since a distance related8

.j' behavior was postulated for this fraction versus oo, regression lines

w ith distance held constant ( i . e. , 100m, 400m, ...etc.) were'* c al cula ted . They are plotted for ground-level (fig. 19a) roof-level

(fig.19b), and stack released (fig.19c) tracer. There was a striking~

i similarity for all tracers and distances. For measured values of ogP le ss than 10 to 200 values estimated from og are 2 to 4 times

'. - too small (the effect ok4 the structure is noticeably important) . ForN olarger values of og, the atmospheric effect of wind direction

,

meandering domi nated the , lateral di spersion process dowmind of thestructure.

The average values of RY shown in table 13 were similar to the*,

average ratics of og for stabilities A, 0, and E and were about 1/2 of'

the magnitude of ratio values for stabilities F and G. Examination ofNRTS curves of :y values for 15-60 min tracer release times (Yanskey,

1970)y values for approximately 3-5 minet al , 1966) d Pasquill-Gifford o

,

revealed that NRTS values of oy'

'

tracer rele ase times (Turner,(for 60 min tracer releases) were about 2 to 4 times larger than thecorresponding Pasquill:-Gifford values at 800 to 1000m dmnwind duringstabilities E, F (and G). These differences were expected due to longer3

averaging times .for the-NRTS observations of tracer spreading; likewise,'

og values for'' E0CR. should have been larger than the short term valuesreferenced by Gifford (1968). Based upon NRTS field data and E0CR^

findings (e.g., divided by ay(P/G) and RY(E0CR) it appeared that* t

more reasonably o[xpected values of oo for stabilities E, F, and G,

should be about 15, and 20-250 for the 60 min EOCR tracer releases.If these values were used to recalculate according to Pasquill(1976), the observed tracer spreadings would odave been well accounted

4

, , * for by observed , standard deviations of horizontal wind direction.' ~ Therefore, much of . the departure of RY values from unity resulted from

comp ari sons with previous observations (diffusion climatology) which>

po '. s ssed a substantially smaller amount of wind direction meandering.i ,

Apparently, these calculated enhancements of lateral tracerP spreading dowmind of the structure were not due. particularly (on the

average) to the ' effects of the ' structure; they resulted from the use of! i

a reasonably correct method, Pasquili (1976) with the w rong an'expectations (they were appropriate for too short of a tracer release 7'

sampling time). The shortness ( smallness of co) was most evident'during the more stable atmospheric conditions of categories E, . F, and'

<

G. However, as shown in figure 19 , for small values of o (<150),*o

.there was a - substantial underprediction of plume spreading. When the

h' meandering of the. wind ' direction was sufficiently small (e.g. <100),~

only 1/4 to 1/2 'of the observed tracer spreading was accounted for by a*

o calculated - from 4 Likewi se, for. large . wind directionm5anderi ng s ' -(e.g. co>25do. 300) the effect of the E0CR structure on,

lateral plume spreading became -indistinguishable from the expected plume5

spreading in the atmosphere without the structure present.'

''*~ n .;",,

'

n . 35L.,_'v a

-

pi

u, 1>.

. . . . . ,

Page 39: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

a b** 100 M' 100 M

400 M -- 400 M - - .'

800 M800 M --

1200 M 1200 M1600 M1600 M * = = <+ - - <

.

,. . ,- -

'' CG .

$ k N) '

D \

e wO Ey,

N -si -

N--

\ "...\' . ,'

N. .'

Q'n.._-' ,- ,.,

....

..

er'

o 8 o 8

e 20 40 0 20 40*

SIOMA THETA (80M) SIOMA THETA (80M) .

C*

100 M400 M --

800 M -- --

1200 M1600 M * = = <

\e . \ -

u,li Figure 19.

k''iE L Regression lines were* \ calculated for the ratio

i (sigma-y observed dividedy' L.i, by sigma-y calculated f roma

s

N . i - og, using the formula by* Pasquill (1976)) versus.,

'.. o Various lines wereo.\ calculated for constant

,% ~~ values of distance down,

*.

'

N- wind. Plots are forground level (a.), roof- .

level (b.), and stack-i .n ,

0 20 40 height (c.) tracerreleases.SIOMA THETA (80M)

36

Page 40: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

4.7 Wake Dilution Estimates Using the "cA" Term.

To account for effects which alter effluent- plume dimensions8 within airfms near and dowrwind of structures, a simple modification

of the Gaussian plume model was presented by Gifford (1961).Equations 7 and 8 are example incorporations of this simple conceptual

* modification. These equations were used to examine the suitability ofthe add-on cA term to better account for observed ground-level tracerconcentrations. This modification of the diffusion equation isenvi sioned to be most applicable to ground-level released effluentplumes, but roof and stack released tracer were also examined forcompletene ss.

On the basis of diffusion statistic ratios presented in fig. 18cand 18e the following procedures were adopted for calculation ofexpected maximum concentrations for comparisons with observed maximumconcentrations. Af ter consideration of ratios in figure 18e, it wasdeemed appropriate to use the expected Pasquill-Gifford (P/G) valuesof o , since the ratios conynged to near unity at and beyond 400mzdw rw i nd. Significant deviations from expected P/G values wereconfined to relatively near-building distances. These deviations wereascribed to near-building modifications of expected atmospheric ratesof diff usion and to dowrwash and might be expected to be treated bythe near-building modifications of the Gaussian diffusion equatit n,.

.

e.g. the cA term. Since the ratios shown for oy in figure 18c aid-

not converge to unity, the actual test-by-test detennined values wereused in calculations of maximum tracer concentrations. (These valuesof oy and the associated og values were consistentl larger than''values usually related to the P/G stability categories.)y The observedwind speeds at 30m, essentially at stack-top height, were selectedsince visible plume observations have shwn that considerable plumemass streams away from the building at roof-level or a little higher.In simnary, these calculations of maximun ground-level concentrationswere made using the Gaussian diff usion equation with 1) observedvalues of oy and wind speeds (measu red at 30m), 2) P/G values ofz appropriate to the stability category (determined by verticalo

temperature gradient), 3) plume axis height of 25 or 30m with andwithout the usual Gaussian exponential off-centerli ne reduction. ofconcentration, and 4) with and without an add-on cA term in which c =0.5 and A - 1090m2,

4

Figure 20 relates calculated versu s observed maximum concen-trations. Data fran all tests, release heights, stabilities wereused, except that data from the 50m arc are not included. The term" CHI PEAK" denotes maximum measured connalized ground level concen-*

tration. Two variations of calculations were used. In fig. 20a and cthe add-on term, (+cA), was used as given in egn. (8). In fig. 20a

|, and b the exponential term (EXP), shown in egn. (7) was used with z =0. In fig. 20d neither the (EXP) nor- the (+cA) were used incalculation of normalized concentrations. It is .very obvious fromfig. 20 that significant large calculational errors result from use of

l

|'

37

i

Page 41: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

BE

*pasn semo=va p02 pue q02 saan6;J ut !pasn sem o H p02 pue 302 saan65J ul *o=zq1t m (g) pue (z) suba 6utsn apem aaam suottetnote3 *pa110td aaam

'sayS ay aseataa 'satao6agea litt;qeas ttyetep cae m09 ing t te pue t*('AV3d IH3) su3tteatuacuos mnwixem paziteuuou paAaasgo snsaan paq)oldaaam suotgeagua3uos paz i teuuou t ax at-punoa6 pagetno te3 *02 aan6t3,

0/03 (e1+) 0/03

2.OI h. 6 I g.O! g.OI 3. O I g OI*

g g.....L..... L.,... L.... L..... . . . . . L....... i...... i. . .. . ,

4 4+ +

-

., -- ..- - =

%'s %%+ +, .

..:.. . . .. +. a .

,4 + + * + +.

+ % n,.t-

,) + *+:, :,+.r- .

,, s +. . a,s,

s' f[4.s. + %+fh*%c. ,,z . ,z. + +m- m-

**+ , , + , ,

-

+ F ,,wge,- -

4

++ 9 <+4 7,P, 9-

+ #r 4 ,4 ..;, - a - I 4,%4.,

. .f.- a-

, w. . .,

? s++ ++ * s, 3+ ++. .

)%+, * *, .

+ t, t (* t ;w+ +. ( t + : w

+" + t+ "G '

'' , tt+,- * + 'e,

~ -

,

4 4+ ++ ++,, . ..+ ,

*,

. L., L .. L.. L. t.. i... f..

P 3

(dx3.) 0/03 (dX3.'U3+) 0/03

ht OI R2.OI 2h.O! hi OI 82.OI 2h.OIg _ g_ t. n n n 1 t n o n n u u.1 n n o n n o o t t u o n t u, uuu uuuuuu u u uu.

4 4.. ..

;, . ;, .- -

sE 2*$; . Ui,F. . .:> , . . . .,

-.

L,yn n,zz ,

q- . .w- w-t 9 t .. , . ,.

9 b. * .1 , *i ; 9* . * .. .

j1 i ' ; : ;- "*

g'i j :- "

,

~.. = 1 - ~':'.g . t ,

' '*<.ty*., -

t .;*. s .g p.. .

.. : . :-., .s : -

..-o ; -o. .. , . ,

I' CtJ i* W9 9

iP (( [t1i t[ tt t1 t 11 it tj tI(f ti 1 | tt tit 1 [[ ttgi {q tt | qjgL 1 1 1 {1 1 tj tI e1

.

Page 42: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

the Gaussian equation with EXP. Calculations without use of the EXPterm yielded far better comparisons, as shown in fig. 20c and d. Useof the (+cA) term did little to remove the significant over estimation

3 of concentrations. The use of the cA term had the largest relativeeffect on the largest concentrations (at the far right side). Some

concentrations were under-calculated but the large majority (about 85percent) of the values were over estimated. During the remainder of-

discussions and comparisons of concentration data, calculated concen-trations will NOT include the Gaussian exponential term, EXP, tovertically adjust for off-axis concentration calculations. Instead,calcula ted axial concentrations will be compared with observedground-level tracer concentrations. If a calculation or comparisonincludes the use of the EXP term, it will be explicitedly identified

as included in the calculated value.

The relative contribution of the add-on cA term was more easily

recognized from the scatter diagram in fig. 21. Calculated values(with and without the cA term) were divided by the observed maximumconcentrations and plotted against one another. Differences due tothe use of the cA term yielded less than a f actor of ten modificationof concentration relative to calculations without use of the add-on cAterm. Variations of ratio value (whether or not the ratio was formedusing concentrations calculated with the cA term) were much greaterthan the variability of concentrations attributable to use of the cA

,

.

., ., .., .,

m

...bl '

.es .

J ;.:.

s, m. ,

h seb j *:gc ..g. ,

,...

, . . . * ,,

.m

'e *., ., .., .,

,^

20-2 g g -1 3g 10I 102 100 3

CALC (W/O CA)/oB..

Figure 21. Relative contributions of the add-on cA term are shown by

ratios of calculated axial (without the cA term) concentrationsdivided by observed maximum concentrations (abscissa) versus thecorresponding ratios (ordinate) calculated with inclusion of the cAterm.

39

Page 43: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

term in the calculations. If 50m arc data were used, thesedifferences would be larger. However, the presence of the structureresulted in tracer travel paths substantially different than 50m, due,

Ito non-symmetrical positioning of the tracer release points andtrajectory length alterations due to flow around the structure.Therefore, the 50m arc values were given specialized analysis and were

~

reported by Sagendorf et al, (1980) in a specific treatment ofnear-building diffusion.

Figure 22 presents data for only ground-level tracer releases. InFig. 22a calculated (with cA term) maximum concentrations versusmeasured values are presented. The same over-calculation bias existedfor ground-level releases as shown in fig. 20 (for all tracer releaseheights.) Figure 22b shows the ratio of calculated divided byobserved concentrations (the same data points used in fig. 22a) versusdownwind distance. Ten points were under-calculated and only 4 values(of 82 total points) were under-calculated by more than a factor oftwo. The largest under-calculation factor was about five. Thecalculation bias did not appear to be a function of distance.

The behaviors of calculated divided by observed concentrationratios are presented in figures 23, 24, and 25. Ratios were plottedversus distance, as in fig. '22b, but separate figures were - providedfor each stability class as well as for the entire data set. Figure .

23 shows these depictions for ground-level released tracer with *

calculated values which included the cA term. Figure 24 presents thesimilar plots for roof-level tracer releases and figure 25 relates to

*

stack discharged tracer; these calculations did not include the add-oncA term for the roof and stack released tracers. Stability catigorydid not seem to be an uncompensated factor in errors (deviations) forcalculation of tracer maximum ground-level concentrations. Moreunder-calculations occurred for stack releases (less occurred forground-level and roof-level releases); the maximum factor of-under-calculation was least . for _ ground-level tracer releases. Thisfactor was more for roof-level and was most for stack releases.Under-calculation seemed largest at longer distances for stack-heighttracer releases, relative to the other tracers at longer distances.

: Ratios of calculated divided by. observed concentrations versuswind speed at release height are shown in fig. 26. Figure 26apresents stack release data and fig. 26b depicts results for

roof level released tracer. Figures 26c and_ d present data forground-level released tracer. Calculated concentrations included thecA term only in fig. 26c. For stack releases (fig. 26a) there were nounder-estimations of concentrations for windspeeds less than 2 m/s, -*

but there were many over-estimations by greater than an order _ ofmagnitude. A threshold _windspeed for downwash of stacksemitted , tracer, ,

seemed to occur; no similar threshold for ground level released tracer -seemed 'to occur. Roof-level releases of tracer may have had a lowerthreshold for downwash (about 1.5 m/s) but it was less certain whetheror not roof-level releases behaved substantially different thanground-level releases in this regard.

40

- _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Page 44: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

_ _ _ .

?,a .. , .

? . . . g .*. ***s . .

g_ ,-. _

* 'g .* ***.

, ,g . ., . u .,,p

5 T._* *

a. %. *. *...-

g -: . . * t **. .,- * ,

8 - -. .... .

375 21

~

.

T.. .. .."

410-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10

PEAK CHI OBSERVED

*b~: '

, .'

.

"m.. -

.~

g" b- :* *

$ *p . *gE- u

. .> *- * * _~

e.5 it ! * * .

3 j t g 3*

. .3 l* *ag.oa _

. -

": 1.b

u *.

-

. . - - - ' ''',,,, , , , ,

~2 810 10

, DISTANCE (M)

i

Figure 22. Comparisons of. calculated (including the cA term) versus| observed maximum concentrations- are plotted- for only ground-level*

,

tracer releases. Calculated values were plotted versus observed values! in fig. . 22a; most.. values were calculated too large. : Ratios of

calculated - divided by- observed ~ concentration .were plotted versusdistance in fig. 22b; no significant _effect versus distance -was-:apparent.

41.

. . . .- . . . . . - . . . , , .-

Page 45: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

.

a di 2 i .,

M"N N

E *1E 31 11 ..

E',

s a*

;,w , . ,w , ,- ( o *

t on o-o ' *E STE 31 ** 1 21.

3',

3 i* ,.

S 1 1 S 1 1 -

am a mo i o i

O O'le e

8 43 102 10 10102 10

DISTANCE (M) DISTANCE (M)

b ei , q i i

Em Em .o El 1 o *1~ 1

~

s s .*

e1 1 E 1 . * 1.s* s - I .t.

,

si

, . -e n I- e d, $ oc.c o * ,,o e .,e .

3 3 *

S ~1 1 S ~1 1a ao * o a .

O G .'s's ee 3 48 4 2 10 10102 10 10 10

DISTANCE (M) DISTANCE (M).

c f! i n ! , ,

EN EN- .

31 1o 3' 1 '> , . .. .i .8~

s n . ..e *s, q

,

g , ., q-"

| |I,

itg' a ; :* * . ..,

o 3' 1 3* ; *s 1'. .

i" *

3 3 a

S 1 1 S 1 10 N

' aNO I o 8

ec, , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , , , , ,,,,,, , , , ,,,,,

8 4 3 4102 10 10 102 10 10

DISTANCE (M) DISTANCE (M).

F igure 23 . Ratios (of calculated divided by observed concentrations)versus distance are plotted for ground level' tracer- releases. Plots were

''made for particular stability categories (fig. 23a for stability A, fig.23b for D, fig. 23c for E, fig. 23d for F, fig. 23e for G) and for allstabilities in figure 23f.

42

_. .

Page 46: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

. _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ = _ _ _ _ _ - _ - - _ _ _ - _ .

* *. .. , ..,

.,

% % B < 71O . o, <D -.

@'* CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI'*m c,"N %"* 10-2 100 102 gg-2 100 102 gg-2 100 102#gO

".. .J ..J ..l....._.! .._ . . .J .J .. 1 ..J .._ .. .J ..J 7 . .1 ..J . . _

7

V : ." o y m" " "%

O'

E. O * e.

, *

I C $' G 0~

U Cw - > >> > w >> we= n e

a M - M M%ca.O H - -4 -4(D s O, m

"z . w " p p p. Zw ,

y. z

D D "D" m --*- @c5o .

* em O G~ ~ O G~ ~ Op p p po R W A W mN"e3

(D % > > ^ > > ^ > > >>^

g. n g".%= o. '3- . 2 3- - -n

- % o, -

* m mo '~ q "- ne ca

*m*1" -%O* w " . . .J . ..; ..J .. .a ..j " '

,,_.! ..J ..J ..; .. . . .J . ..J .J ..J ._. y

%gpa # 4 =

e"e cD o.m3 '@$ CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHIm7W

.

$*Mk *10-2 ge0 102 "10-2 100 102 10-2 3g0 102'.. ! . . _J . - _1 a . .. .. I ..J ..J .g .._

" .. .J ..J ..J 7 . . ;J7 ..

^ C' k .O b

N N N2< *e ,D

T* O*

.

O O5 & ON m (m .

w > D> l>DMEDP D D> w > ID D w > > >>D- (r) (/) (/)%a m

(D ] -4 - H -4-* W*

O m a o.- -hw , > DP >>

, hw , > >,D' o y.w ' > > > DDe> > > >

.

o.- - oe- - .-> >> > t> tb - > > > >m5 g g g g g m g

a * n a > > > > >>> > ^ > >> > ^ >(D O 3 - 3 3g s v v v%go, "U

' - O g s (3-

D'

7 -0"

g-eO -* M 2g,

*

"q g " ": .. .J .J .. J ..J m." ".. .J .J . . _! . . _f .. a .. f ..J ..J .. J ....

a>* * e ea. .-

Page 47: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

__ .__ ._

-% -w B < 71O " w O *.

$' 3 * CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI~5 *

& C 1se-2 se e sea 2e-a 3e e a 3e-a 3ee 3ea= ~g g- * 'o g

3e.. a . .a . . _ , ..a _ g.. _J ..J .. a , .. a .._ g . . _ , ..J ..a . ..a .._

,_o 7 ""ggn f-

_

" mE,a m

r o ". R f -

o o- n m ,+ e. . . . . . . w w.-

- C -. . - w w(D -% > O -4 - -4 -4

c' 'y b + ++ ++r w . >4 .

+ ++.

o. = O G~ ~ O G~ ~ On * * * *M 07 M 0) M3 m t O.gN g - a + + + n + + n + ++ +"% LM po 3 - 3 3

e" O c et* * *en

* -% g -

g )On (On a

.an -,

w" e g~C(n: .

++e m .

n Q ,, g:*.. J ..J .._t . . _ , .3 .. A . ..J ..J ..-.I .._a ..J ..J ..a ..; g-

ga , , .s

==.C{a.

$0 CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI CALC (NO CA)/ PEAK CHI' *Nw

E * ,, 8. se-2 2e sea 2e-2 se" e e se2 2e-2 see seeg .. a ..J ...&.._, ._ g _J ..J ..; ..._f. . . _ g . . _ . , ..J .J ..a .._,

2^ 8 o. m m o N n., mw-to -5

*T1 * o9 Cr Q ."

* Q QN (D M w ++ ++we+ ++ee> +++ . + w + + + + + + w + + + e.-h CD ---a @ .M. . M

(f)(*. m (D 1 4 . 4 .

O G~ ~ O G~ ~

ke , d + +,

(D [ * **++++++++#+ +, w . * *+ ++

,g O" O O~ ~O + +++>e- +* + + + +, m5m g g g g g g

Cn * O n e + . + + + ++ + n ++ + a ++O 3 . 3 3y *

"% g,+ "U O

O, -.* OO..O 3 -*1

C+

g3 , et. m 7,-

-

v ,'

MK " "' *"*

@ (D O,.. l ..J .. J .. ! .. : .. J .J . _ , - .. .J .a .. t ..J .. .J .. .J -4

3 3a *1 3 4 E #a (D v

's. , a. , ,,

Page 48: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

a bi s i .

#N +, N a

'gAm' a+ ']

^ ^ /a ,S 4 + ,, ,

a Ma ^A+ a, ,+ ap+ + . t ,,

=~ $ +,.

,,

gh 'h -' '4 + g

f'a3 + + g4 ++ 3 a+, *a ++s+ a a-8080 fA*t4 6

+ + |+, J,aaa a,

2 212 21 'a',

$ 1 e*E t+ +

m + + m a,++ g

, + , , ,,

a

*

N. N..

O O

0 4 8 12 "O 4 8 12~

SPEED (M/S) SPEED (M/S)

c -d. . . .

.

*~

.m . N ~

*12 ''' n -

.,..

. . ..)s

.

*r.b . 3 .., *.ss ..-

O :- O -

*g*

$! $ .to j .*.

a .. a -

8. .: Se .J . :2 21 .* .t 2 21 *t

' '.

r . r

E E* *t,

, , , ,

N. N.o c . . r-.. .. . ...... ,,. ,

0 4 8 12 0 4 8 12

SPEED (M/S) SPEED (M/S),

F igure 26 . Ratios (of calculated - divided by observed maximumconcentrations) versus windspeed at 30m. Stack released tracer ratios

, are , shown in fig. 26a and roof released tracer ratios are in fig.26b. Ground-level tracer ratios are in . figures 26c and 26d. Ratiosin fig. 26c were based .upon calculated. concentrations which' included-the add-on cA term.

45

. _ - . . _. . .- .- .,.

Page 49: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

. = . . . .

N

5.0 SUMMARY

A series of 22 simultaneous gaseous tracer releases were conducted ,

*around the E0CR reactor at the Departmer.t of Energy's Idaho NationalEngineering Laboratory. Sulfurhexafluoride (SF6), dichlorodifluoro-methane (Freon 12), and dibromodifluorcmethane (1282) were released for ,

approximately 1-hr intervals and co'lected by samplers placed on asurveyed grid about the EOCR facility. Average windspeeds for testswithin the series varied from less than 1 to almost 10 mps. Atmosphericstabilities included Pasquill-Giff ord A, D, E, F, and G (as determinedby 10 to 30m temperature difference and NRC guidelines).

A detailed description of normalized relative concentrations nearbuildings, including E0CR, has been provided by Sagendorf, et al (1980)and was not treated in-depth in this stuoy. In this report, completedata appendices provided lists of meteorological variables, winddirection statistics, sampled plume concentrations, derived diffusion

! statistics and their ratios with expected open-terrain values, and! numerous analyses and plots of these values and statistics. Examples of

statistics were described in the body of the report and summarizedgroupings were used to more clearly describe the main important findings.

Determinations of o were made using numerical techniques to solvezthe non-linear equation relating crosw ind integrated concentration, .

*

height of plume axis, and a The smaller (Gaussian) root was usedz.throughout in this study for calculation of ratios. For stabilitycategory A (and some of category D) conditions, . it was likely that the

,

; non-Gaussian root (vertically well-mixed plume) value of oz shouldhave been adopted. For these situations the amount of building enhancedvertical diff usion was underestimated and the downwind extent of thisenhanced diffusion was underestimated. For stabilities E, F, and G theuse of a Gaussian (smaller) root seemed appropriate since the plumes

i were not yet well mixed in the vertical. Most test data were collectedduring these stable categories.

To sunrnarize many of the findings regarding atmospheric diff usionnear and dowrwind of the EOCR structure, Table 14 is presented. Threecharaceristic zones -a near structure or cavity zone, a transitionzone, and a far wake zone - were identified. Relative diffusion and

.

i concentration eff ects were summarized versus. distance dwmind of thestructure. Data from all stabil ity categories were pooled at theircommon dmnwind distances. A distinction was made for varied heights of,

tracer release. Relative differences in tracer behvior were referenced1) to the expectations of Pasquill-Gifford curv o of a, andoy, z ,,

: normalized concentration, 2)- to substantial alterations of plumecenterline height and/or 3) to departures from Pasquill-Gifford rates ofgrow th of a and or. Ground-level releases of- tracer were .

circulated alo[t so that ground-level measured concentrations were 10 to-30 times less than expected. . Elevated releases of_ tracer experienced -dwndraught effects so that their near ground-level _ measuredconcentrations _ exceed expectations from a Gaussian model by factors

46!

(

_ _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ . . . . . _ _ _ . . . _ . _ _ . . _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ __

Page 50: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

- - . . . . . - . . . . - - . . --. -

||

I

; exceeding 200-3000 to as much as tens of orders of magnitude. A

Gaussi:n off center-line adjustment of concentration was very poor inthe presence of downwash effects.

i

Table 14 . Summary of atmospheric diffusion characteristics versusdistance dow rw ind from the E0CR structure. Behaviors within threecharacteristic zones are sununarized . All stability categories 'were*

pooled and findings related to figures 18a, c, and e for stack, roof,and ground-level tracer releases.

Ground Level Tracer Roof and Stack Level. Tracer

Cavity Zone Cavity Zone -

1. Upward flux of considerable 1. Dowrwash of plume intoplume mass. cavity region.

2. Initial plume broadening 2. Initial plume broadeninglaterally and vertically laterally and vertically

5)*(ay(P/G))oy = ((5 to 10)*(az(P/G))oy = 5*(oy((P/G))3.3.

z = 5*(oz P/G)) 4.4. oz =o

: 5. Cg = (0.1 to .04)*(C (P/G)) 5. Cn>(200 to 3000)*(C (P/G))p p

Transition Zone Transition Zone,

h "y = rate for P/G growthh "y = rate for P/G growth 1.1.

9

h z < rate for P/G growthh "z < rate for P/G growth 2.2.

|

y = (5.5)*(oy(P/G)) 3. oy =(5.5)*(oy(P/G))! 3. c

z = (3.5 to 1.5)*(a (P/G)) 4. oz =(5.5 to 1.5)*oz(P/G))! 4. o zl 5. Cg = (0.04)*(C (P/G)) 5. Cg = (30.to 1.)*(C (P/G))p p .

Far Wake Zone Far Wake Zone>

h "y. s rate for P/G' growth'h "y 1 rate for 'P/G growth 1.1. ,

h z = rate for P/G growthh "z = rate for P/G growth 2.2.x x

3. oy = (6. to 4.5)*(oy(P/G))' -3. oy =(6. to 4.5)*(cy(P/G)) ..

z = (l'.5 to 0.6)*(oz(P/G)) 4. oz = (1.5 to 0.5)*(az(P/G))4. o*

5. Cg = (.04 to 0.7)*(C (P/G)) 5.' Cg = (3. to 0.3)*(C (P/G))p p

*Where

C is ground-level concentration.gx is distance in the.along wind direction

i

| 47 <

!'

:_ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . - __ - _ _ _ - - _

Page 51: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

. .. - . . ~ -

1

j

f

Vertical diffusion differences- ascribed to the structure

| developed very rapidly near the building; they rapidly diminished forall tracers and oz values approached the expected values by .,

*approximately 400m dow rw ind (about the dow rw ind extent of thetransition zone) . Thus, the overall effect upon vertical behavior of-

; tracer w as an initial alteration of plume center of mass and/or,

centerline, especially for near ground-level effluent releases. Anj initial vertical dispersion rapidly developed throughout a zone near

the building with depth approximating the height of the structure.I Within the transition zone vertical diffusion in the wake appearedi inhibited and developed at a rate less than expected w tihou t the

presence of the structure and its wake turbulence effects. It wasimportant to note that while the rate of diffusion appeared to be less,

j than ambient rates, the vertical diff usion statistic (oz) remai nedi greater than or about equal to the expected P/G value (RZ>1). In the' f ar wake zone, vertical diff usion appeared to proceed as expected over

open terrain and az values were as expected without the presence ofthe building. Lidar observations (unpublished measurements by SRI) ofsimultaneous smoke plumes qualitatively supported these gaseous tracer

; findings.J

Lateral plume spreading was observed to be larger than expected'

for open-terrain values relative to Pasqui ll-Gifford estimates of

oy. This departure from expected oy values was nots related to .

*j dowrwind distance. The enhanced lateral. spreading at the E0CR site in

SE Idaho was well exp lai ned by la rger-than-exp ected variance in'

horizontal wind direction. When the observed standard deviation of'

horizontal wind direction was below a certain value (about 10 to 150; for EOCR) an enhanced lateral plume spreading (not explained by use of

og in calculations) within the turbulent wake ' became evident;.' calculated tracer oy values were significantly larger (2 to '4 times)

than predicted by og measu rements. Apparently, during the course ofusual wind direction meandering in the atmosphere, minimal building-induced plume broadening effect was evident for average one-hour plume,

concentration distributions. Obviously, for nearly instantaneoussamplings of effluent plume, the quasi-instantaneous plume must have

~

.

had initial plume broadening (easily seen f ran vi sual tracer plumesj near the structure); this initial broadening usually. was small'| compared to the plume broadening due to w ind direction meandering.

Physical modeling results should contain a' noticeable effect of the'

j structure and provide guidance on lateral plume spreading behavior forj relatively short (a few minutes) sampling times, but physical modelingi would not describe broadening 'due to meandering, w ithou t ' some

adjustment, ,

kThe downwind extent of structure altered o values -(shown by RZz

i ratios) appeared to be 400m to 800m . (about ' 16 to 32 - reference ' lengths, . - m .

| w here a ' reference length is distance divided by structure ' height(=25m) . Differences in ay irection(shown by RY ratios) .were mostly related

-

<

amount of wind d meandering and appeared to beto theindependent of dowrwind distance. Maximum (peak) ~ ground-level . tracerconcentrations for ground-level tracer releases were 3 to 4 times less

~

484

e :. r y- +,-r-s,-,e--.,-yvm--y e w rw-**=-~*w-.yw* -vycew e-. g-r -g=--w- y-g--- ^ y = - ve- 3 y y ~*-q a - wo y - -r ft-" *-f vv9 9 r -*We*--eetW--r fPrT-+-+r*'w""'*r-Yv1-*f-D'"r * * T

Page 52: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

than exp ected at 800 to 1600m dowm ind (about 32 to 64 referencelengths) when the average concentration ratio (RC) was divided by theaverage oy (RY) ratio. Thus, these tracer plumes still appeared tobe more elevated than the im physical height of release (the value,

*

used to calculate the expected concentration from the Gaussianformula) or the vertical gradients of concentration were less thanexp ected for a Gaussian distribution. Concentrations for roof-level*

tracer release were essentially as expected from the Gaussian formulaat 800m and f arther dmmind when they were divided by the average RYvalue. In the same manner, ground level concentrations of stackdischarged tracer were about five to ten times greater than expectedfrom the Gaussian formula, i.e., w hen adjusted for greater lateralspreading than predicted from P/ G curves of oy. Apparently theeffects of dowrwash had not yet been compensated by vertical diffusionprocesses to the extent that calculations made with the Gaussianequation were free of a substantial bias for under-calculation.

Estimates of ground-level concentrations within the dmmind wakeof the E0CR structure were not well calculated if the off-axis plumeconcentrations were determined by inclusion of the customary Gaussian

and H. A dmmash of elevated plumes andexponentail function of ozan eplifting of ground-level plume occurred. In the presence ofsystematic, non-random vertical motions within the wake of thestructure (especially within the cavity or near-building zone) use of,

the exponentail Gaussian-distribution adjustment is not reconinended .-

Better estimated concentrations (even though biased tw ard over-calculation) were obtained if plume centerlines were assumed to occur -near ground-level (e.g. figure 20d) . Inclusion of an add-on term*

(+cA) in the denominator of the Gaussian diffusion equation (eqn.8)did relatively little to improve accuracy of calculations. It seemedthat a dowmash factor (adj usting both ground-le vel and elevatedeffluent releases) would be more a pp rop ri ate. . This mixed mode ofrelease appeared to be a better concept for revision of ground-leveltracer concentrations derived from the Gaussian equation. Ground-level concentration estimates might better be determined by- a-

; partitioning of the source into a fraction transported vertically- and| a fraction remai ning near . release height. The source : term .for

elevated tracer releases .would have a fraction of the effluenttransported -to near ground-le vel through dowmash effects and afraction remaining elevated.

6.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

A number of additional ' features of' building wake . effects' should| be examined from this data set. The ' fractions of -source effluent ''

| which appeared to be displaced from the ' height of release should ~beevaluated to examine quantitatively the mixed mode of release behavior.

,,

:

49-

Page 53: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

I

Specialized wind fluctation data exist for the 100m arc and thesedata should be related to physical modeling information such as

Idescribed by Peterka and Cermak (1975).

Several alternate schemes for calculation of plume concen-trations, dimensions, etc., (some semi-empirical), have been proposed *

for application to the cavity and wake zones of structure s. Thesedata might be used to evaluate the performance of these schemes.

Calculation of add itional meteorological wind fluctuationstatistics should be perfomed (Hunt, 1980) to examine the reasons forlarge og and o and to explo re a theoretical method for

calculation of oy,

z

Additional quantative measurements of vertical diffusion effectsin the transition zone are desirable. These data would more clearlydescribe the apparent slowe r-than-ambient rate of diffusion operativeon pilsnes within wakes cmpared to plumes outside structural turbulentwakes. SRI collected LIDAR data touched upon this behavior but thequantitative data were not available to cmplete this investigation.

Acknowledgments'

Conputer codes for special file handling and statistical -

processing were developed by G. R. Ackemann. The output datalistings and graphical depictions of data were performed by

'

generalized utility cmputer codes also developed by G. R. Ackermann.

Twer instrumentation and samplers for the test series wereinstalled and operated by Mr. F. E. White.

Mrs. Lydia Thorngren typed and proof-read the manuscript.

REFERENCES

Conte, S. D. (1965): Elementary Numerical Analysis. McGraw-HillBook Cmpany, New York, 278 pp.

Dorn, W. S., and D. D. McCracken (1972): Numerical Methods withFortran IV Case Studies. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 447 pp.

Giff ord, F. A. (1961): Use of routine meteorological' observationsfor estimating atmospheric dispersion. Nuclear Saf ety, 2(4):

''

47-51

Giff ord, F. A. (1968): Diff usion in the lower layers .of the atmosphere ,

Meteorology and Atmic Energy 1968, D. H. Slade, ed., USAECTI D 24120, 65-116.

Halitsky, J. (1968): Gas diff usion near buildings. Meteorologyand Atmic Energy 1968, D. H. Slade, ed., USAEC TID 24190,221-255,

50

-- __ . _ _ _ _ _ - - -- _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - _ - - - _ _ _ - _ - -____--- ______ _ -_--_ _ _-__ - __ _ - - _ -_.

Page 54: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

Hunt, J. C. R., personal communication, 1980.

; Lovelock, J. E., R. J. Maggs, and E. R. Adlard (1971): Gas-phasecoulometry by thermal electron attachment. Anal. Chem., 43:1962-1965.

.

Pasquill, F. (li61): The estimation of the dispersion of windbornematerial. Meteorol. Mag. 90:33-49.

Pasquill, F. (1974): Atmospheric Diff usion: The Dispersion of Wind-borne Material from Industrial and Other Sources. D. Van NostrandCompany, Ltd., London, England, 429 pp.

Pasquill, F. (1976): Atmospheric Dispersion Parameters in GaussianPlume Modeling. Part II. Possible Requirements for Change in theTurner Workbook Values. Environmental Monitoring Series No. EPAr600/4-76-030b, U. 5. Environmental Protection Agency, ResearchTriangle Prk, North Carolina, 44 pp.

Peterka, J. A., and J. E. Cermak (1975): Turbulence in building wakes4th Internation. Conference on Wind Effects on Buildings andStructures, London, United Kingdom, 8-12 September,1975.

Sagendorf, J. F., and C. R. Dickson (1974): Diffusion under lag wind*,

speed, inversion conditions. NOAA Tech. Memo., ERL ARL-52, AirResources Laboratories, Idaho Falls, Idaho.

,

Sagendorf, J. F., N. R. Ricks, G. E. Start, and C. R. Dickson (1980):Diffusion near buildings as determined from atmospheric tracerexp eriments. NOAA Tech. Memo., ERL ARL-84, Air ResourcesLaboratories, Idaho Falls, -Idaho.

Start, G. E., J. H. Cate, C. R. Dickson, N. R. Ricks, G. R. Ackennannand J. F. Sagendorf (1977): Rancho Seco building wake effectson atmospheric diff usion. NOAA Tech Memo., ERL ARL-69, AirResources Laboratories, Idaho Falls, Idaho.

Turner, D. B. (1970): Workbook of' Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates,Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-26, PB-191482.U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welf are, Public HealthService, Div. of Air Pollution, Cincinnatti, Ohio, 88 pp.

Wilson, R. G., G. E. Start, C. R. Dickson, and N. R. Ricks' (1976):Diffusion under lag windspeed conditions near Oak Ridge,-

Tennessee, NDAA Tech. Memo., ERL ARL-61, Air ResourcesLaboratories, Idaho Falls, Idaho.

,

.,

Yansky, G. R., E.. H. Markee, Jr., A. P. Richter (1966): Climatographyof the National Reactor Testing Station, 100-12048, U. 5. AtomicEnergy Commission, Idaho Falls, Idaho,184 pp.

.

51

Page 55: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

APPENDIX A: Supplemental Meteorological Data:

The follaving tables contain data from the instruments located on thetowe r norttwe st of the reactor building. Nu' lear Regulatory Comissionc(NRC) criteria are used in determining stability classes. These criteria, -

based upon lapse rate, are listed by Start, et al., (1977), page 15.

Table A-1. Date, time, temperatures, and stability versus test.

Start StopTest No. Date Time 1 Time 1 T4m2 T20m2 T30m2 AT/aZ3 STAB 4

3 7/8 06 06 0706 F*4 7/9 0559: 0649 62.73 63.51 63.95 1.22 E5 7/ 18 1007 1107 77.95 76.37 74.39 -5.50 A6 7/21 06 24- 0724 58 . 90 59.60 59.24 -1.00 07 7 /22 0543 0630 G8 7/24 0348 0417 56.37 59 .24 60.52 3.56 F9 7 /28 05 03 0603 56.74 59.02 67.45 23.42 G

10 7/31 1024 1107 61.11 60.18 59 .22 -2.67 A11 8/12 1008 1035 76.11 74.63 73.55 -3.00 -A12 8/13 0642 0712 55.78 55.68 55.69 0.03 E

.

13 8/14 1017 1117 75.26 73.74 72.37 -3.81 A .

14 5/6 0619 0719 48.62 48.92 48.86 - 0.17 E15 5/12 0618 0718 44.38 44.32 43. 88 -1.22 0 'i

16 5/18 0616 0716 54.43 53.80 53.32 -1.33 D17 5/21 0451 0551 31.60- 33.74 38.39 12.92 G18 6/23 0435 '06 35 44.53 46 . 17 47.51 3.72 F19 6 /29 0329- 0429 52.31 54.64- 58.43 10.53 G20 6/30 0344 0442 60.94 62.60 64.54 5.39 G21 7/15 0344 0444 55.39 58.11 59.93 5. 06 G22 7/16 0742 0842 73.88 73.11 73.10 -0.03 E23 7 /21 0748 0846 6 8.04 67.13 67.29 0.44 E24 7/22 0814 0914 71.15 70.05 - 70.68 1.75 F

^

* Based on cloud cover, tine of day, and season (no met data)

1 Times are given in Mountain Standard Time

2 Temperature in degrees F at indicated . heights

3AT/ AZ .in C0/100m -(based on T30m-T10m)

' '

4- NRC Stability class.,,

,

52

Page 56: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

Table A-2. Averaged wind speeds and directions versus test for 4, 10, and30m heights.

*

4m 4m 4m 10m 10m 10m 30m 30m 30m

Test Dir go Spd3 Dirl 2 spd3 Dirl go2 spd3Ee.

3 0.5 0.8 1.34 20.2 11 .6 3.05 24 .9 9.3 3.66 14.6 5.1 4.52

5 245.8 14.0 7.38 245.9 12.7 8.09 247.3 12.1 9. 05

6 54.7 35.1 1.77 44 .1 33 .8 1.98 42.7 26.4 2.80

7 0.5 0.5 0.78 305.4 52.3 0.92 294.2 37.3 1.28 342.5 28.0 1.869 357.0 38.9 1.96 15.7 25.7 3.03 28.8 13.8 4.10

10 3.2 17 8 . 1 159.5 3.45 192.7 156.0 3.7511 40.1 89.2 1.50 39.3 86.9 1.47 30.5 102.5 1.5412 39.7 12.6 2.33 41.6 11 .1 2.46 43.0 7.2 3.5713 17.3 51.9 1.89 21.7 48.4 1.98 17.9 39.3 2.17

14 46 .6 8.9 6.56 46.4 7.4 7.81 47.5 5.9 9.50

15 18.0 23.8 2.02 19.6 22.7 4 .25 20.1 22.7 4.9116 22 .6 23.6 3.14 22.8 22 .7 3.35 27.6 19.8 3.6917 347.9 67.3 1.17 1.7 44.0 1.55 26.2 23.9 2.5318 38.7 17.2 4.12 37.1 15.9 5.01 32.3 14.9 6.8919 11.4 22.0 1.08 20.1 22.0 2.57 38.6 15.3 4.54,

-

20 31.4 22.1 1.55 36 .2 18.2 3.62 45.3 11.7 5.64,

! 21 8.9 21.3 1 .36 19.4 17.9 3.12 27.0 13.5 3.9622 34.4 17.3 2.4 33.5 16 .0 4.23 19.5 13.3 4.69i -

| 23 28.1 22.0 1.88 28.2 20.5 3.02 15.6 16.1 3.2824 28.4 25. 7 1.83 28.2 22 .7 3.01 18.0 19.0 3 .19

1 Average wind direction in degrees from true north,

! 2 Standard deviation of horizontal wind direction in degrees.

3 Average wind speed in m/sec

.

$

53.

Page 57: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

APPENDIX B: Two Minute Interval Wind Data for Each Test ,

,

This appendix gives the values of wind statistics averaged overtwo minute intervals during each test. Data given are given for the

*heights of 4m, 10m, and 30m.

Definitions of labels used.

TEST Ntsnber of test

DATE Date of test composed of six digits in the fonn YYMMDD. YYis the last two digits of the year, Mi is the ntsnber of the

month, and DD is the day of the month.

TIME Time (MST) of end of two minute interval composed of sixdigits in the form hhmmss where hh is the hour, nm is theminute, and ss is the second.

NUM PTS Number of wind observations taken during the No minuteinterval at each height

4M DIR Two minute average wind direction in degrees at 4m. .,

10M DIR Two minute average wind direction in degrees at 10m.*30M DIR Two minute average wind direction in degrees at 30m.

4M DSD Standard deviation of the wind direction in degrees duringthe No minute interval at 4m.

10M DSD Standard deviation of the wind direction in degrees duringthe No minute interval at 10m.

30M DSD Standard deviation of the wind direction in degrees during thetwo minute interval at 30m.

4M DVAR Variance of the wind direction in deg2 during the Wo minuteinterval at 4m.

10M DVAR Variance of the wind direction in deg2 during the ho minute|

interval at 10m.~

30M DVAR Variance of the wind direction in deg2 during the ho minuteinterval at 30m.

.

4M SPD Two minute average wind speed in m/sec at 4m.

10M SPD -Two minute average wind speed in m/sec at 10m.,

30M SPD Two minute avr. rage wind speed in m/sec at 30m..

54.

,. , - , . - - , - . . , , , ,

Page 58: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

4M SSD Standard deviation of the wind speed in m/sec during the twominute interval at 4m.;

10M SSD Standard deviation of the wind speed in m/sec during the twominute inverval at 10m.,

30M SSD Standard deviation of the wind speed in m/sec during the twominute interval at 30m.

:

.

9

9

55

_

Page 59: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

1973 EM* TISTS o '3 19'S triC# ft3T5 4.13

126 51W) wlND h?#TMilC5 128 SEUND WIND 5taTISf tCS

w.W lhPLI 1 APiLS. . VA&|M4 I LMl$. .

ft $f P4 TE T 1*9 MLFt FT5 * Ble TE S T P4 TE fl1 NUM PTS e 313149 B 'If 3M DIE 4N DSD IM DSD IfPt MS 1ert Dit ]fPt rie e DSD ISM 053 IIF1 9594M Dme leM DAS 3PM DddP M SPS ISM SPD 4M Dvsw 19M y'.%A JeN DWR 4M $PD 186 bPD *

36*5 $PS 4M ESS [BM 55D 34M $$$ 3g1 SFR dri $$3 igm S$3 3M $$D

1 4 e6*$ F.Sa reW +RS 78 ttr9. I I .PP9 16.918 IS 4. ceee F.18'eM +eS 72929 12Jp0 35.91223.144 te . 342 F 941 6. liet 1. F268 37. 42S 2e 64* 7.14?S F . 5 492 L69526 J . ! ae 3?.466 2.9817 2.M72 3.8322 S I . ev7 49 CS2 12.321 2. 9%9 3.5138S.1913 S. 3+819 9. sG4S4 F.96994F 82 4 6t2? 6.41742 9. YHe2 9.53194 e

2 4. erce F.5A7est ees F9 829. 12.888 13.411 16 4. reet F .8 9*0at =f3 F3P t9. 9.9M9 35.55219 993 12 229 S iteS 4.2312 0.94hd5 4e. Fee 2e. 0c9 5.7464 0 5327 6.141926.516 17 667 9. a9.s.3 2.?997 B.SNe Ts , See 72.90s 37.723 3.Sasa 3.3637S , 5S 'S 6.2e?47 9.342/1 F.6? m E-92 4.9170 8.4'247 9.51814 9.48f16

3 4.0599 F.SA?pM +eS Fe''.29. I I . tes 15.314 17 g eens F . SeF l et ec? 1. spams +gS 12.8e8 261.2322 644 14.276 F .S514 1.3529 I . P622 nf . 34 261.26 9.9629 8.7128 9.18643 7. F21 29.654 1.12f-2 3. ee 13 3.6814 99. e64 F5.913 62.976 F .6 %6 9.4244S. T6S I 5. 4*.2S4 S.37 % 5.16328 9.29*8 1.fne3 8.9*4S I 1.1613.

4 4. 80e8 F.S$?99F *e5 79729 12.898 ISP1 19 S .eP#5 F.Se719f a93 B . l l lM +eS 12.M8 264.8422. p l 14 *#1 0.4184 S.1817 18.498 263.38 273.16 9.13S9 6. 41 Y2 6.39d378.735 26 P2P [email protected] 3.9148 3.6429 94. % 4 41.2e 7 43.444 S.SSle 6. 3eeJ4.4511 4.33414 S.1'284 2. f 812 6.%4 0. 947*e 1.e312 8.77551

5 4. PP+.'S F.58?BM *45 F9929 12.4e8 19.990 19 S .Pepe F.?erief e95 1. f l%et +eS 2.5068 259.2618.974 13.35# l l .142 S.4129 19. % 9 2=3. 85 244.97 42.964 32.379 29.440124 14 24.2?S 3.*5.98 3.1979 4.0458 14159.1 1947.8 Sea . 82 S.7379 F.69932.4082 f .6 399 3 0,40503 2. 4PS4 9.1749 1.3493 2.8369 8.98? P

6 4.erf:8 7.567# *E *e5 F i l 29. 12.ette 21.794 29 S.6n89 F. Se7 86E +e5 1 llFSeE *05 12. Peg 246.6S23.644 13.835 5 Filt 5.9939 J . 5214 24?.58 241.83 14. 8A6 12.738 13.44032.629 34 e 52 12. 4R2 3.6379 4.354S 269.M 149. 5J 180.63 S. 3s tt 3.91c3

0. F 1916 S.25468 0.41176 2. 99838E -92 6.4469 1.3641 1.6999 1.6244

F 4 Feed F.SAfrM *e3 F l 329 12.000 1 F. 379 28 S .Piri38 f.58? l 81+fS 1. I l 9'M *e5 12.8P0 243.9921.6 % 14 eM 4.9AF F . 4426 10.911 2 43. 4 f 244.29 14.349 11.S12 18.12698.563 55.372 l it .e6 3.2145 3.96s2 267.?8 412.52 123.79 6.4197 P. 339 p

4. 2%4 3.38??4 8.4099 2.9516 4.SP9 6 2.2494 2.5137 2.1312

ee

19?S 60tW 13 US 4- 13 ISPS $Or2 TESTS 4-1)

129. EfffmD WlhD 5teillflC5 128. SECOMO WIND STRTISTICS e

vse lath.E L ABt.L t . , vastasLE tautts..

TT S T De't 7!1 Hurt Pf1 drt Die it S 7 EATE T!T Murt PTS 4M 9!#10M DIR 3M B19 e 959 18rt MD 3M DED IBM $19 30rt Dit #1 955 39Pt IKD 3** DSDett Pwe 19MDwe 3ed Dvat af SPD 10M $p9 4M DWS 19M DWW 38M Dv54f 4M $PD 18rt SPD

31!M 57 9 et 159 10M $5B 30rt 55) JaN 6F9 e ESS tem 15* 30M SSD

9 4 PPfee F.SOF99E *SS F IS29. 12.4a8 9.hS3 22 S .fene F.SSF ISE +e5 1.12 tSnE *45 12.889 252.3218.417 11.725 12.968 6. 93F4 7.3845 234 OS 258.96 8.2835 11.422 S.5684143. 45 47.824 S4.535 3,6619 3.6542 64.613 138.48 38.989 F . r F4 g ,34g l4.4195 9.40*S4 0. 41316 1.19e S.9685 1.2961 1.961S 1.0029

I F.*6789E *MS 71729. 12.898 13.645 23 5.ePPS /.50 F l8E +fS 3.123MeE +eS 12.000 239.2694 OPN31F.9 g . g l 32 18.604 F.2373 S.1112 F41.91 244.79 18.115 0,419) 4.6%4116.F 8 52.379 26.227 2.94f9 3.5129 182.67 F4. 6 38 21.497 F . 5 734 s.ee?64. 922B 9.43064 S.32315 S.41583 9.s768 1.3776 f .3082 9.93791

16 4. cane F.Se799E eeS F 1929. 12.000 23.993 24 S . f4Wi@ F.?SFIDE*9% 1.12SSeE *e3 12.9#8 339.9F23.446 14. FS7 83.276 F . 9447 F.1298 238.47 219.13 19.e84 lO. FFF 10.S791 F6. 26 163.11s Se aos 2.9fild 3.4957 108 P8 116.11 111.89 F.1232 P.95Se4. 9p13 S.39327 6.43999 !.1633 9.224? 2.2149 B . 3706 3.914F

13 4 effe F.Se rem +eS F2129 12.eee 17.*a6 :S 5.9886 F.52F18E *65 1.1273fiE *0S 12.000 242.2529.619 13.649 S .2e/ l 9.4196 3.8348 243.54 244 HS F,6292 F.9689 4.22882F. l le 5 9.10 F 25.SSI 3.5464 3.9297 49.M4 62.958 IF.B76 9,39e8 19.S95

S.2344 9.Si tel 9.*s0643 S.34322 11.3S2 1.19S4 1.2451 9.9elB2

12 4. pena F.Sa7e9E *e5 72329. 11.806 19.ST6 '6 S .ee64 F.S8F f M ee$ 3.1295eE +es 12.086 229.7421.543 14. F87 7.94?S 5 . 9 16 l 3.5231 2 31. Br" 233.6a e at95 S. s929 S.79H9

E 3.154 31.1 F7 12.414 3.2921 3. F274 64.634 14. F26 33.S!2 8.1270 e.sedF

S.2293 S.53396 9.47863 S.34739 9. F l47 1.1396 1.9 430 9.95976

13 4 feP9 F.".97PM *fS F2329. 12.M8 23.25e 27 S.et*e F.SeFISE *fS l .13238E *05 1.8M8 233.09

29.921 15 are 18.312 F.F473 2.6S33 221.76 256 96 8.e0089 8.00NB B.eeare127.96 68.e29 F .91S I 2 . 6115 3 3.2699 8.fMPPG 9.80Rp9 8.8p068 S 6149 6.4642 e

S.1419 t.49 597 9.5851S 8.42793 6.9823 8.9e006 3.eeme S.86068

14 4. eene F . M?e*E +93 F2F29. 12.969 27.743 29 S . pas F A0718E *e3 1.1341sE *05 12.988 236.17

35.799 16.644 9 97113 9.6Cf 3 4.9746 24836 218.19 S.8845 4.4t te J f 236

99.4SP FS. 373 24.747 2.69/8 3. 28P4 64.Pf 3 19.4S? 9.7383 0.7958 18.182

4 Fill 9.494B4 0.46113 e.35163 10.991 1.eS48 1.8526 9.FtIS85 .

D*AD *AO S33L'56.

Page 60: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

1975 E008 fESTS 4- 13 1975 EW TES15 4-? 3

128. SECOND WWD STAT 1STICS 128. Si W tai ST4TISTICS

WIAOLE LABELS.. W814E' f. LCMLE.

tE3T D4TE T l'E HUM Pts 4M pgg TEST DA TE T!N seuM pts et pie

leM Die 3eM Die AM DSD 18M DsD 38M DsD 184 l'!P 381 Die 4M DsD len DSD 3eM psD41Dw8 leM DM 38MDAR 4M SPD 18M bPD en DM Iem DW 38M pwa en Spy 18N SPD

4 3dM $PD 4M SSD I8M SSD 30M 55D 3FM 5FD 4M SSD IdM SSD 30M 55D

29 5.eece 7.*et t BE +f5 f .136 3flE +45 12.068 242.47 43 6.211 7.58721E*85 74896. 12.808 GF.324243.65 247.65 11.513 10.596 5.3738 56.f% 59.4"4 9.6333 9.2843 5.1423132.55 112.27 28.877 8.4893 9.1712 9h 883 84.719 26.444 1.4422 1.5725te 745 2 8761 1.8655 1.4376 3.9s55 8.179e7 8.25587 8.23683

838 5.0038 T.587 I8E +e5 1.1383nE +85 12.P68 247.8s 44 6.0008 F.58721E+e5 742e0. .z.ee8 92.693

249.84 246.68 12.553 18.195 9.9672 F6.66 3 66.177 14.842 13.728 6.6668157.59 183.93 99.245 8.8073 8.8724 197.i9 166.46 44.435 1.4785 1.68169.5183 1.8989 1.1628 1.4227 2.6113 8. 386E2 8.27196 0.27122

31 5.8P68 7.58713E *05 t .140 30E *05 12.688 258.57 45 6.6500 7.58 217 +85 74480. 12.000 186.64246.84 ?$4.88 7.1787 12.444 11.487 97.184 84.692 18.638 8.3129 6.3242S t .534 154.85 131.96 7.8454 7.62 t l 113.17 69.185 39.995 1.6148 1.76679.4777 1.9178 1.7585 1.8643 8.7364 8.26239 8.28218 8.34836

32 5.eee8 F.5( 'teF +85 ! .14238E +e5 12.006 251.39 46 6.88e8 7.5872 tE *85 7488. 12.000 126.37251.36 253.89 13.593 I I .e 35 7.6979 lie.67 91.590 18.484 5.4678 4.4692184.77 121.78 59.244 6.F287 7.4978 188.25 29.e97 19.974 1.2848 1.69858.7354 1.3999 8.2195 1.2284 2.76l4 8.23187 8.26184 8.27166

33 5.see8 7.52719E *e5 1.14558E+C5 3.e008 249.74 47 6 8089 7.50721E+es 74008. 12.80R 112.84263.26 258.74 8.eeeu8 0.80ee8 8.00000 96. F t 3 91.968 14.449 9. 4%e 4.8354

8.80eeg 8. Beep 6 8.ePb88 5.2125 5.0024 2es. 79 9e.174 23.381 1.2579 1.32926.9157 8.88628 8.80088 8.00800 2.5583 8.23302 0.25367 0.19628

M 5.eea8 F.58718E *85 1.1475dE +05 12.000 248.11 48 6.0008 T.5872 tE *e5 75888. 12.9e8 182.58233.83 234.78 13.673 9.3197 18.173 92.131 81.142 9.8387 18.477 7.4814186.96 B6.858 183.45 6.4.f96 7.1569 96.799 199.76 54.788 8.99088 1.28227.BFF9 1.1887 8.99295 1.2758 2.9852 8.348?4 8. dae57 8.35374

35 5.ee88 7.5e71PE+85 1.149 !4E +05 9.8e68 241.41 49 6. 20C8 7.58721E +e5 PS2ee. 32.888 99.732246.24 247.58 8.6627 T.8124 18.441 97.485 80.443 11.558 8.5%8 6.999775.842 49.174 109.98 F.8959 8.4236 133.41 73.848 37.287 1.6498 1.85849.7993 2.8372 1.7727 2.8628 3.8293 8.42223 8.36391 8.Sc921

ee

1975 tote TEST 5 4-13 1975 EOC8 TESTS 4-13

328. SFCOND WIND STAT!STits 128. $ECOND WIND STATISTICS

8W TABLE 6ABELS., WRIH8LE LP91 L5..

1ES T D#TE TPE NJM PTS et 3:e TEST DATE TIN NUM PT3 et Die181 DIR 38M D19 et DSD 18M DSD 30M DsD ION DIR 389 DIP e DSD 18M DSD 38M DSDeMD*8 18MDWR 30Pt DW 4M SPD IBM SPD eM DM 10MDWR 38M DWR et $PD TOM SPD

36M SPD 4M SSD 18 I SSD 30M $$D 3eN SPD et 55D 18N SSD 38M 559

36 6.9789 7.5e72 t E Hf5 72688. 12.898 15.828 58 E.0988 7.5872tt+85 F54e8. 12.888 97.2685.8878 23.398 4.F398 5.6465 2.9581 82. F49 71.467 15.344 8.4558 8.48422.465 31.883 8.F583 2.5281 2.F674 235 45 F l .58 5 F0.629 1.5929 2.85763.9e88 8.27397 8.12523 8.11268 2.9469 8.38948 8.24786 8.52961

17 6.FPe8 7.5872 t E +95 72808 12.ae8 15.755 51 6.eee8 T.5872 tE *05 75689. 12.e88 82.7425.7937 16.898 7.1545 5.9789 4.1666 68.946 65.638 6.2197 F.J595 5.828451.1R7 35.651 17.36l 2.5111 2.8782 38.685 54. t 62 33.978 1.0754 1.96823.9464 8.28218 8.34166 8.76985 2.632F 8.31227 8.33984 8.32281

38 6. Bee 8 7.5877 tE *05 73000. 12.808 29.428 52 6.0098 F.5872iE*05 F5888 12.000 64.ded14.86% 19.952 11.736 ' 9.2918 2.8862 45.2iG 51.129 8.5631 18.434 8.8837137.74 86.323 8.1299 2.1851 2.8179 73.327 188.86 65.346 1.2N4 1.36363.8817 0.32696 8.2'391 8.14908 2.2543 9.17368 8.24a68 8.33382

39 6.8P89 7 "872tE+e5 72209. 12.P84 36.983 53 6.8898 7.5872 tE *e5 80808. 12.088 58.83723.798 25.239 T.6556 8.9785 6.548 46.999 58.158 8.1788 13.570 6.784258.688 88.614 42.877 2.2516 2.4882 66.762 184.15 46.025 1. 34e8 3.C5483.5564 8.34387 8.48896 8.38372 2.4846 8.18535 8.39543 8.29688

48 6.eee8 7.58721E +C5 73dee. 12.608 58.558 54 6.e000 7.Se721E+85 88?P8 . h 006 55.42343.238 38.684 12.375 13.206 5.4013 45.249 52.658 11.846 18.743 6.1548151.15 174.45 29.174 1 5355 1.799: 122.81 115.42 37.871 8.4427 3.68753.2915 9.28256 8.43152 0.30685 2.4628 8.24D47 8.31545 0.26267

41 6.e*8 * StT2 tE*e5 73688. 12.008 62. t 38 55 6. tee 8 7.5872 E E +85 804be. 12.88e 37.646.

51.495 43.690 . 6.3345 5.8946 3.4121 3G.973 48.238 5.9648 - 12.138 7.433848.897 34. F 46 31.643 1.8123 1.958g 88.726 147.34 55.261 1.4389 3.4998

9 2.7168 8.26259 9.28395 0.15995 2.6/88 8.26738 8.29682 8.33187

42 6.E000 7.5872 tE +05 T3GCS. 12.000 56. t 45 56 6.8Pe6 F.StP2 tE *05 886M8. I2.988 38.73444.693 47.523 7.9462 6.0325 5.9gg5 23.572 27.615 18.568 II.993 8.955863.142 . 36.391 35.862 f .6295 1.F782 a ll .52 143.83 88.206 1.9942 3.99792.7572 8.22948 8.19697 8.29315 2.4322 0.25482 - 8.32985 9.42221

O

|

Page 61: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

1975 E3Ce TESTS 4-13 1973 E0te TEsis 4-13

!?e. SE LC**D LIhD BTATISTIC5 12 6. SECOMD u!*D $TaTISTICS

we l APLE L ABEL S. . welastE LAPI.LS. ,

*E ST DetE T l'T MUM Pf5 4M D!e 11 $ 7 DeTE TIN NUM PT5 et tleleN D!e 3eM Die et DSD tem tsp 3eg pgp iaM Dia 38M DIN 4M DS9 18N D5D 38tt MD#1Dwe 18N Dwe tari Dee 4M EMD ism SPD art Dves leMDwe 3eM DwR eM GPD leN SPD e

3er* SFS en 558 laN SSD 30M Ssb 30M SPD 4M 550 seM SSD 3eM E53

5/ 6 eece F.Se721E *05 SMee . 32 See 21.336 FI F. Pees 7.58???E *85 F1258. 18.M8 259.2913.237 22.413 6.59h 18.793 9.9647 253.99 63.663 3.7957 3.6629 23.451.d . 4/6 116.58 99.296 t . 6419 3.9233 14.487 13.416 549.97 1 2979 1.37112.5 3t4 0. 26e97 9. lW947 6.27111 R. 36974 F.436e rg-82 S.18382 9.23357 a

'S 6. Pees F. 58'2 tE *@5 910P9. 12.eee 18.947 F2 F .ee64 F.58722E *e5 FIF58. 18.900 25F.729. Fe / 3 14.500 F . 8H?4 12. 90 J 13.82e 264 86 318.se 5.9169 4.2869 g .2992

62.211 t h . 49 169.53 1.6102 l.68/5 35.009 17.698 6 F.191 1.3215 1.28342.12'8 8.32349 B.25e87 4.30*95 8.1.62ti9 9.17919 F .72681E -92 8.12997

59 6.eeee F.* e72 iE *e5 912e8. 12.see 22.113 73 F.seee F.58722E *e5 F2258. I2.960 382.939 * *it t le 6?# 5. % 3'3 9.17e9 18.4t2 2F3.9 8 199.01 233.09 ' 340.98 F2.951'8. 9V 94.104 188.42 2.16.81 2.1584 *;34es. 22 t96. 5387.3 29456. 95e58.2.23 4 9.37h2 9.33693 0.26956 77254. l .P l I F 7E +es 2.22?6?E*e5 1.65367E*e5

69 6 eeJe F. 56 72 'E *e5 914PO . 12. 8PS 26.733 74 F.0 Pee 7.5e 722E *e5 F2418. 9.8648 279.8417.255 21.433 18 003 6.7451 0. sot.0 291.51 33B. FW 4.4561 5.4999 11.729116. re 45.496 65.377 2.e545 2.1317 19.957 18.238 137.57 3. 354F 3.33392.2243 S.40607 9.26?82 e. 27411 0.89787 5.855256+02 F.4984EE-52 9.14994

61 6. epes 7.5er21E *e5 8 %ee. 12.tT8 28.263 F5 8.eee8 F.5F724E *45 45689. 12.888 333.2618.33# 13.915 19. F5 3 15.573 11.312 317.65 il F% 12.758 9. F169 F.247F1:5.62 242.52 121.26 1.9544 2.1274 162.78 94.884 52.529 8.89142 1.513a2.44'1 0.44461 8. 4N.64 8.19552 2.2597 8.19168 0.25666 9.21870

62 6. 9ees F.58?2 tE *e5 8100s. 12.eee 19.535 76 9. seee F.5eF24E *e5 452ee. 12.968 5.297613.139 12.663 17.341 9.74 % 0.e59s 335.69 15.929 0.9453 9.2146 9.1968388.72 95.e52 FS . a96 2.2eh6 2438 88.819 84.9e9 84. *6 F e.0 3767 1.2F222 6717 4.33332 8 25093 0.27619 1.e511 6.51382E -82 s.15768 p. 28429

63 6 pePe F 5e721E*e5 8?cee. 12.000 35.9 t 9 F7 9 eees F.5eP24E *e5 454ee. 12.nes 5.4793n 7. 4".2 se art 33.367 14.159 14.353 335.73 9.9409 12.489 9.52e7 3467178.68 2ee 49 2e6.01 1.8611 2.2437 15 3.?9 98.643 12.818 8.95623 1.38412.5532 9.35S64 8.48159 4.37235 2.8407 0.13819 9.2118F 9.10336

e

*

1975 Eurf TES T1 4- 13 1975 E002 TESTS 4-l'

129. 56C3MD WIND $Tei.6 TIES 12g. SECOND Wind 57efl5flCS g

we i AELE L40f.L5. . welagtE LasstLt..

"E ST DevE ?!eg inst PT5 aq ply TEST DaTE TIT fsJM PT5 49 DIStem Die 19'1 D!# 4M D5D leM DSB 3nM B53 leM DIN 38M Ble #1 DSD ISM DSD 30N DSDetDee leMDwR 3aNDwe 4M $PD leM $PD *1Dwe 1eM Dvat 30MDwR 4M SPD leM SPD

38M SPD 4M 55D 18N $5D 38r1 55 D 3eN SPD 4M 556 leM ESD 3aN S$D

64 6.8048 F.56721E +e5 02208, 12.see 34.397 73 a.ppee 7.58724E *e5 45689. 12. pee 343.9919.925 21.473 11.271 18.194 9.9899 323.49 4.3%5 9.6249 6.1298 4.421812?.94 125.38 96.205 1.0169 2.8838 92.634 37.575 19.545 9.93494 1.39752.3384 9.35ee s 9.35174 e.4:875 1.976 a 6.6673 IE-02 8.13764 0.12252

65 6. epee F.56721E *85 92229. 3. pee 8 19.096 F9 6. cess F.Se724F *85 4*ees. 12.800 314.1521.154 2 J. YH9 F.5362 2.7955 11.845 297,13 338.86 15.612 t r.886 12.28856.795 F . 75 9e 12I.99 1.8341 3.96es 243.73 119.99 151.00 8.80794 8.979912.5121 9. 22f!e4 9. l Fir 6 8.21913 8.4758 8.21556 0.23793 0.26213

46 F Mee 7.5e722E *e5 6''.618. I I .ses 338.65 eg g .eees F.58724E *95 588e#. 13.889 250.6245.435 248.13 114.82 264.40 92.922 239. Fe 314.12 7.9412 12.694 6.394313184. 417se. 8634.5 32652. 8.72374 61.5 t6 161.14 48. 98 F 1.6327 1.59FI% 637 e6293. 2.5577 1.868e tE *e5 1.4579 8.483GP 8.23952 9.16363

67 7.eGet F.5e722E *@5 65938. 18.409 147.59 81 8.00ee F.58724E *e5 58288, 12.008 241.41153.94 118.54 4. 32 4E 6. 21r99 3.3823 252.94 311.95 S.2348 5.3229 8.799318.7P2 39.561 19.905 1.8964 1.2516 67. P99 29.334 77.252 S.69667 9.842768.6277 9.7779eE-92 9.Se782E-e2 9. F9237E-92 1.6396 8.16583 9. 36149E- 82 9.24633

60 F.eee# F.5872?E +e5 Fe25e. 12.800 117.91 92 8. pees F.58724E *e5 5940s. 12.see 247.9F91.545 118.45 134.46 66.582 145.29 269.25 312.63 14.178 9.9199 12.15619979. 4433.1 21188. 23356. *4772, 2ee. 79 96.253 147. FT S.62944 1. ! !664U68. 97658. l .3843?f *e5 1.38167E *e5 2.3664 8.54996E -82 8.1 B999 8. 4 736

69 F. p6Be F.5eFME *e5 78619. f t.een lee.39 33 8. sees F.5eF24E *e5 98438. 4.eees 258.14249.53 322.32 1.0387 B4.965 138.81 255.F8 323,42 13.649 F.7288 14.8993 3418 FF35.4 16963. 46262. 54412. 196.29 59.611 199.FF 0.55772 1.5651 e45259. 1.53425E +95 1.6ece4E *e5 1.e94eE *05 2.8864 5.96811E 82 9.48869 8.3e549

79 F enes F . 5872?E *e5 78938. 11.999 321.29 64 9. Bees F.58728E *45 685e l . 58.988 351.34199.36 227.9F I31.15 93.032 142.43 19. 3F3 63.243 IF 873 S.F91F 19.98817292. PS27.9 26297 68564. 4007.6 319.43 IT. l le 396.91 1.0314 1.356115.597 1.45353E *e5 11927 39.129 1.2636 0.71369 0.5I219 9.23134 .

Page 62: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

1975 EtiCR TESTS 4-13 1975 EOCR TE ST5 4-13

120. SECDMD WIND STATISTir$ 32g. SECOND W1hD STRT15fl[5

Wel l ABLE L AGEL 6. . We l A9LE LAGELS. .

TE S T D4 TE TIN mum PTS 4M DIE TEST DA TE TIN nl#9 PTS AM SIRt#M DIN 38M D:9 4M DSP IBM DSD 3ett DSD tem 1613 3aN Die 4M 1,5D tem 95D 3ert DSD

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Page 63: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Page 64: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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at evne leM DwWt 3aN Dme ar1 SPD tot SPD AM DWR ten BWR 3em puse 4M SPD 18M $P3; y

6{ 38M $PD et 559 IeM 55D 3en ESD 30M SPD 4M $50 IOM $59 38N SSD

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.5 9.0968 9.932e9 8.e979 f .2 790 9.3266 0,93800 0.01599 0.F34ee

9 14.ces F.685e6E +t5 F3794. 44.980 45.9P5 23 14.966 F.68586E*f5 88517 45.ees 46.3er

46.542 46.39F 8.4390 s 6.9499 6.2696 45.652 49.254 F.53C8 S.81F9 4.3758F 3 .e68 48.l*9 39.106 (.M99 F.9629 56.921 33.042 19.342 6.2998 F.56389.9749 1.41*6 S.98300 L .1948 9.9158 0.9 39e9 9. F668e 8.67100

te 14. epa F.6e506E +05 F39R6. #5.868 45.635 24 14.500 F.685e6E *SS Serit. 45.ees 4F.91045.75F 45.133 F. F938 6.6410 4.9990 46.334 47 F93 F.225e 6.6%8 5.273460.729 44.181 24.684 6.4446 f . *J. 'iP. 52.199 44.834 27.Be7 5.8990 6.SeJe9.g*18 5.09ece 8.0400 8. F9000 9.2369 9.F4196 0.813e6 0.F64e8

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Page 67: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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4

_ _ . _ . _ - _ _ - . _ _ _ .

Page 76: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

E0f t TEST 5 14-24 (19?63 E0ta TESTS 34-24 (1976)

19. SEEDhD WmD S'9715TKn 129. !ECCmD WIND 5'ATISitCS

WP I A6LI LABELS. . W ipet E LABEtg..

TES T P44 11T MUM PT5 art Die TE ST DA TE tim hum PTS m preigm Die 3cm Die e DSD 18M DSD 30M PSD 10M D1# 3dM DIR eM PSD 16N DSD 3aN DSD

3 e gmg tets DM 30M DWR M SPD 10M LFD MDM 19M DWil 30"! DM AM SPD 10M $PD3e, VD e 55D 16M SSD 1m S5D 30M bpD 4M 659 IGN S5D 30*1 SSD

291 2 3. Ben F . 6972 tE *e5 92612. 46.ee8 37.932 295 24.Pe9 7.68722E +e5 92405. 47.ene 13, r4928.944 I S . 343 14.9'8 13.369 18.944 14.297 12.722 F 5458 6. F278 7.2920241.87 l*6.73 les.87 i.5498 2.3559 56.321 45.249 53.171 2.227e 3.7336

9 2.6558 9.48768 9.65460 9.4870s 3.6338 9.197e8 8.27898 8.36189

292 23.800 7. I;B/2 !E +e5 92913. 44.008 37.921 296 24. 8c0 F.6872M +e5 92603. 46.eBe 44.16139,896 25.969 15.619 14.069 14.652 44.9?9 31.798 l l .4P3 9.5619 6.6738244.22 221.13 214.68 1.5118 2.43 4 131.8' 98.482 44.533 2.1588 3.696R2,772a e.al7ee 8.6370s e .56 3e6 4.e%58 p.429ee e.6170s g ,422ee

2e3 2 3.e95 F.64?2 f E *e5 9 t? l 2. 46. Aw0 54.333 297 24.e08 7.s e722E +05 92g85. 46. Bee 52.54953.944 34.024 28.153 15.613 9.6179 S t.2% 35.762 7.6790 5.6340 6.9114446.13 225.39 92. 49 f 1.3338 2.2238 !9.*59 31.744 47.759 2,39 3g 3,9973

2.6179 8.41%c 9.54588 0.5 000 3.6958 g. 32649 8. F600 0.41406'

264 21.PP8 7.re72 ]E +e5 93214. 47. 8P6 47.824 298 24.Be6 7.68?22E *e5 93Pe6. 47.Be8 41.52948.947 29.514 28.329 19.343 14.478 M .961 21.964 13.973 12.277 f.6168413.25 3 n.de 218.19 1. 39 J 2.3140 195.25 158. F3 59.99) g ,g ygg 3,3gyg

2.6Pte p. 492ee 0.72609 9.786ee 3. 451>8 f.45808 9.57E86 c.3s tee

275 2 3.Bc8 F.6e72 :E +65 93415. 47,e30 29.275 299 24.0e4 7.6872?t +45 932e9. 47.eeg 30.97322.681 9. 84Je F.5629 6.9418 31.461 2 2 . 94 % 12.F 32 9.1258 6.8270

e'3.154t - 5 57.276 .Ib 188 2. lfMS J.25 38 162.11 33.772 46.688 2.1956 3.56303. e f. Ime 9.4 ewe B.4290s 3. 755e e.37388 s.4cuee 8.3 32e8

2r 6 21.PP9 F.6e72 tE *e5 93G 17, 47.e36 31.622 299 24.009 7.68722E *e5 934 8. 47 e00 25.29120. ?E 7 19.174 15.192 13.4f14 13.sa2 2 3.??2 14.866 13. r43 9.2628 F.56962 3a ,79 191,81 169.96 l.4300 2.2398 188.97 84 GFF 57.248 a1.6516 2.S4002. 3cws 6. 382ee 0.43Eee 8.54568 3.8060 8.4e900 9.55h w3pg

287 23.er.9 7.(F72 iE *e5 91818. 46.c86 7.eene El 24.e06 F.6P727E +f5 936 t l . 47,at ) Ig.5e3

5.5418 359.53 16.649 16.917 9.9719 12.971 F.e918 19.767 9.69 8 9.18382."6 . t:9 296.19 88.472 1.89!9 1.7690 115.93 93. RIP 82.659 B .6f 5 3.8.5a!.9790 W. 3A806 9.414Ps 8.zyee 3.2168 9.Je'e9 8.457e9 8.47 28

o

O

EDER TI573 14-24 (1976) EDER TLSTS 14-24 (19:'6)

128. SE@D WIND ST4TISTICS 128. 5EttlND W1hD STATISTICSg

We14fitE LABELS.. VARIRSLE LAPELS.,

TE S T b4Tg TIT mum PTS e BIR TestDa,yE T!T ppt PT3 m D r3

tem D1g 3eN Die e DtD 16M D5D 30M DSD ggM gg, 331 Die AM DSD leM DSD 30N DSDas pgg tem DM 20MDWR m SPD LOM SPD 4M DWR 10M DWir ISM DW4 4MSPD 181 SPD

3,P9 SPD 4M 55D ION SED 38" SSD 3dM SPD 4M SSD 10'1 558 30M SSD

298 23.9e8 F.6e?21E *65 9 41119. 45.800 2el.66 3e2 24. Bee F.68722E *e5 93011. 47.P06 38.25826.715 18.115 31.544 ?6. Fe 16 263 27.539 14.172 11.418 18.537 9.8288995.e5 826.53 264.49 1.6718 1.6996 g yg.19 g i g .g 3 96.593 1.9998 3.29982.1526 8.36396 8.57208 9.46108 3.3639 5.34108 8.54796 6.4teeg

299 23.ees 1.te721E+65 94220. 46.coe 42.787 383 24.ees 7.66722E *45 94B 12. 4P.008 22.912y 321 F.6240 37.337 13 313 12.920 22.508 9.5898 11.116 4. f 638 F. 9624380.56 19a se 164.35 1.3364 2.1258 923.56 66.5:6 61.625 2.8468 3.54982.66 3e 0.4160s 8.5660s 9.45400 3.6429 8.42388 0.56800 8.48908

*9g 21. ace F.Ee72 tE +e5 94322. 24.ees 13.219 3a4 24. Pee F.6e727t +e5 94214. 47.089 28.464=

6.6578 3. 3E 79 14. 4P9 11.325 14.477 21. 28 12.984 9.6199 . 6.64tP8 F.4238207.61 1I8.24 203 57 Ime 2.W 92.511 44.291 55.996 1.8929 3.20282,579e e.25T00 0.21680 9.14/90 3.5890 9.24900 9.44 iib 6 9.372e8

291 24.PPe 7. 68722E *05 91558. 46.808 43.M3 30$ 24.908 F.6872IE+95 94415. di.808 22.8814 3 ,4eg 27,816 12.455 15.472 11.809 24.865 18.968 15.48F 15.e76 11.268155.14 131.61 139.45 l 89#8 3*l258 239.86 252.86 126.79 1.7520 2.93683.16Te 0.41seg 8.6320e 8.68299 3,4968 5.34598 8.66288 8.465es

292 24.eae P.68?27E *e5 91881* 47.809 57.812 306 24.006 T 6972?E*05 946 t 5. 46.000 357.3951.e62 34.763 18.243 9.9368 6.3958 2.3518 8.66e00 8.5598 5.1835 F.9360ge4.s t 98.722 de. te5 L .9298 3.3878 73.249 26.039 ' 62.971 t .9318 3,3 42g3.2758 0.342ee 8.56c00 8.33366 3.1816 8.333ee 0.4B4pa 9. 3a 388

293 2CBPe F.68722E *e5 92002. 46.008 28.845 39 7 24.0e8 f.68722E*05 94816. 47.006 43.92936. 34 t 29.e54 a.2m.8 9.6504 F.3258 35.195 31.765 28.483 25.079 16.587

8 67.3]9 93.123 53.657 1.86 W 3.0008 811.19 669.79 275.12 1.2128 2.89203.et.68 9.235ee 8.5183g 9.34388 2.7488 9.592e9 8.82908 - S.69900

294 24.ees f.68722t +95 92283. 47.008 19.273 3eg 24. gee F.68 722E +6'3 95617 46.e08 43.48224.423 13.53r 13.238 53.116 F.4698 de.209 36.584 12.728 12.389 18.581175 84 172.84 55.786 1.8.r56 2.97J6 1G2.81 153.48 116.27 f .7758 2.8668

g 3.3948 8.4*906 8. T7500 0.61M8 3.1228 0.33200 0.41306 0.59500

r

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b

. _ _ 2 . _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ _ _

Page 77: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

E D' A 'I5'5 14-24 419*6)

179 M CCAD WIND 5 ?taTI5 f tCS

WJ ; AflLL LAMtl. .

47 57 kn't T I's NLf1 Pf5 #1 D?9i s9 118 Mt 914 et D'sp inrS PSD 3eM D5D**C48 18M 9%8 3MM fM4 4M $*3 10'1 SPD

30t1 SPF e SSD 109 95D 3e'1553

!R') 24 con 7. t *7 2 ?i *e1 9"219. 47. 8*e 69.6P9 464 91 t $ 1. 6 47 21.452 19.905 9.41emW9 82 he . 41 01.9;9 1.3719 2.2f284 6156 9 4/P68 9 *5*86 9 40*B8

Ils 2 4 PrP 7.4.5722E *4f5 9541 el . e Dee 32.97926.'61 29 740 19.452 1 4 . 4.36 13. 5 M

2 .'d3 % 279.49 164 93 1.42 Al 2 354.8

5%9 8. 44NP8 8.7',198 8. 752 P9

311 24 8** 7.6e'k:E *t% R*Me . d' . nM 25. 4P22 5.1& % 11.4;3 13.514 97%8 5. 36M.8BE 9. % 95.94 8 29.154 1. 6. hip 2. 9s'M1. I W8 f . 3 I#9 S . 4 1 # 81 9. Jebed

1:2 2 4. Ba# 7. 6c 727E *e5 *".87 e . 47.884 33.59131.979 14 eh* II.6 M 11.64? 11.1641 75 .4 ' 1 % .11 20e 61 1. *.4 / 8 2.32292. 49t. B 8. IP2P6 0.4?409 9. 4 4 "e8

3'3 24.004 7 68?2H a#1 1. POP 7 ?E +85 N . PP9 56. R4644 6e ' 37,374 18.996 0.7919 7.9710118.51 77.371 6 1.* 14 1.6759 2.11792 tatG B 299ea 9. 3%CO 9.42268

314 2 4. Pee F. W7?t +#* l.9022?E *@5 48i.868 23.0'S2?.99? 11 G ig 37.9 % 38 241 27.8991481.1 914 62 775.34 1. 83ase 1.91%d1. * *i'9 8.71586 8 . 8#1 8.694D81

#15 24 M6 F . f e72?E +#5 1.M.4?E *f5 47. 9 0 2.9768, ? 9?f 394 69 11.212 13. Ve l l . eft 12 32 t1 1 F6." 9 121.84 1.6718 2.73943. 494e 9.?5208 9 /9400 0. 3940e

e

4

DXe TETT514 24 Ilt7U #

129 SEttMfD W1Mt SYeTISTICS

ewitfLE La#Et t..

7757 teft T IPt' Mtp1 PT5 ai l!Eteri D!f 34M Die 4M D5D left DSD 3eM tsDditwd I6Mpwe 3eN DAWt ** CPS l8ri SPD

3e'1 5F D e* SD IeM 849 3aN 55D

Ils 24. pest F.6e72?f *ei 1.886?6E +95 47. BP9 347.92354 ?9 J"A . 46 17.293 13.534 11.408Jw 69 181.16 129.95 1.3150 2.55003.8748 9.314Pe 0.7 4'00 S 2 SIB 8

317 24 Pas 7.f.ar2/E.85 1.808?*4 +P5 46.848 78 975i s .s 18 339.58 19. ~ 92 12.841 15.5k9he.99 164.99 242.38 1.2408 2.41242.1168 e. 29 ?ee 0.4.-206 8. 372Pe

IIS 24.898 F.f.e72?t +e5 1.018?6F *@5 4?.e#8 26.189619.999 18.229 28.697 28.852 54.6344 ? 81 . 3 8 4Pl .19 214.1r5 1.96?S 2.06483. 3 h5 8.6Aee8 8. 9eSne 9.79200

319 24.998 F.6072M *04 1.81227t ees 47 eeg 23.77523.015 14 687 1. 693 12.133 0.0648536.74 147.21 65.0/5 1. 9%A8 3.90182.7998 0.48588 9.54/96 9.3480

329 2 4. PMG F .W22E +e5 1.P l ? 79E *85 1. Pe450 29.2/927.279 F . 9964 4 68006 p.ee Me e .gesse

9 terPe G . eete6 9.9eWie 1. 42F8 2.19682.19 % 4. tepee 8.8Pei44 0.eeene

e

O

f;

Page 78: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

~ , . - --

I

i

APPENDIX C: Total Wind Statistics for Each Test.

This appendix contains wind statistics for the entire duration ofeach test. The next eight values for variables following the variable,

labeled " level" apply for that given height. Some of the statisticswere calculated using the infonnation in Appendix B.,

Definitions of Variables Used.

TEST Number of Test.

DATE Date of test composed of six digits in the form YYMMDDwhere YY is the last two digits of the year, m is the ntsnberof the month, and DD is the day of the roonth.

j

START Time of beginning of the test in Mountain Standard Time inthe fonn hhmmss wk.ere hh is the hour, m is the minute, andss is the ser,nd.

END Time of end of the test in Mountain Standard Time in the formhhmmss where hh is the hour, mm is the minute, and ss .is thesecond.

j NUM PTS Number of wind observations recorded during the entire test*

,

at the specified height.

LEVEL Height in meters.,

DIR Average wind direction in degrees for the entire test at the.previously specified height.

SPD Average wind speed in m/sec for the entire test at thepreviously specified height.

T0T VAR Variance of the wind direction in deg2 for the entire testat the previously specified height.

DIFF VAR Average of the two minute interval wind direction variancesin deg2 for the entire test at the previously specifiedheight.

TRNSPT V Variance of the tvo minute interval wind direction averagesin deg2 for the entire test at the previously specifiedheight..

T0T SIG Square root of the variance of the wind direction in oegreesfor the entire test at the previously specified.. height....

DIFF SIG Square root of the average of the two minute wind directionvariances in degrees for the entire test at the previously -specified height.

75-

>

__.__ _ __ _ _ _______________._._._ _ . _ _ . _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _

Page 79: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

TRNSPT S Square root of the variance of the two minute interval winddirection averages in degrees for the entire test at the -

previously specified height.

.

e

.

e

t

76

Page 80: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

flTS T45'5 4-13 e 19rss Eata TE575 4-l3 (1975)

YMat. STAT ISTit$ TDiet STAT 15f tts

W lh8t f LefM ! $. . Weinet.E LnHELS.,

TE ST DATE SMR T E MS NUM PT5 TEST DATE START END feJM PT1L i da. D ie WL 707 Vef SIFF VAS

( E.A Lgle VEL TUT Vhe SIFF Vht

u*vT y 707 SIG DIFF SIG TR%PT S Te etet y 707 $!G DisF Sts TmWT5.

1 4. PM8 F.58781E +85 659AG. F4' lee . 195.90 21 It.ree F.50720E +e5 1.12#0C +05 1.28 7POE +e5 998.#94 eene 20. 3 $5 3.9214 126.17 S4.198 38.ee8 192.75 3.2#6 967.51 146.6849.443 13.232 9. l F55 F.0 351 986.26 31.165 11.869 28.395

2 4.e#P8 F.t8789E *8" 639681. 74'W. IRS.P8 22 11. PM F. 50912E +e5 1. t eenaE +es 1. t I5eeE +es F66.08*Ig cee 24.767 3. EP9 3 76.379 40.926 4.Pese 01.983 0.08499 4213.5 1629.930. 99 + 0. F 3'se 6.9301 SMS 2993.8 64.896 48.359 54. F IS

3 46'*6 F.5#799E *f5 6%989 F4W8. 195.66 23 ese F .Se912E +e5 l . lFeeeE +e5 1.115.80E +05 766.9839.0' # 14.685 4 M18 77.394 56.954 to.6e6 79.311 8.87132 36 95.9 1231.8e39.148 9. F974 F.5471 6.2562 2562.6 68.794 31 996 58.623

4 5 PPP# F 5F719E *e5 1. lR7ecE *e5 1. 29NE +ei 193.00 24 I I .Epe F.58912E +e5 1. lesenE *05 f 835PHE*e5 F66.se4.tMe 245.54 F . 2544 283.92 136.52 3P Pee 92.m5 0.9447 F 3242.9 570.259 2.b0 9 14.276 11.654 9.6275 2 3e9.6 56.947 24.84F 49.852

5 5. epee F.5e7 t RE +65 1.1eTeeE +e5 1.?P7eeE +e5 193.64 25 12.eP. r.see i 3E.e5 742ae. ei2 . ie36.8te. epa 245.57 9 e]69 171.38 181.25 4 eemt 48.890 2.2861 237.97 64.684C 4. 94 7 13.e91 19 962 9.2194 186.'8 46.062 8.8426 13.664

6 5 PP89 F . 58 71PE *#5 1.1878AE +65 1.?9?e0E +e5 193.P8 2g 12. tee F.50913E +e5 P4/98. 91280. 1836.83e .PP8 2 4 .92 8 .96'55 153 83 99. 5*. + te.ees 41.982 2.4239 267.92 59 525E8.192 12.173 0.9731 9.3911 209.E!? 16.368 F.6Se2 14.423

7 6 epee F.5 72:E +ei F2480. 82409. 351.80 27 12. Pee F.58013F +e5 F4206. 01200. 1936.84.Mf 06 48.145 1.4042 921.02 189.50 34.606 42.918 3.5476 145.29 35. t41797.5* 38.348 is. 464 29.064 187.06 12.85e 5.9298 18.347

9 6.eMM F.50721E +e5 72ME . SNPR. 351.88 2g 13. e58 7 !e914E*e5 t . f l F8aE +95 1.2179eE +95 2967.8le pe9 39.n2 l . 67e'! F29.92 193.56 4.8888 25.F64 1.3581 2199.5 1615.26ea .2 7 26.99? 19. t /6 24.663 1494.9 44.992 48.190 38.664

9 6.eepe F.5PF2 iE +95 F2.le#. S.'408. 311.#8 29 13.see F.589 I4E *85 8. ll F818E *85 1.21798E *05 2867.938.000 42.181 2.517) M2.99 68.398 18.ees 29.962 1.4019 3975.9 1474.4de9. 42 28.585 7.77!6 28.234 1232.8 44.451 38. 3ae 35. gig

16 F . e**e F. *e722? +e5 641Pe. F3ep. 96.993 3g 33.884 F.59914E *05 3. I t 7eME *45 1.21798E +05 2967.84. 8M6 JP9.95 792 7. n 3.9452EE +05 12426. 38.988 22.399 9.F257 1573.6 698.672W? 628.11 111.47 169.99 1959.8 39.669 26.388 32.542

e

o

EDCP TEST $ 4-13 (1975)

TOTAL STATISTICS,

VO I4BLE LABELS. .

TEST ta'E START END MUM PTS

LE4L DIR VG TOT We DIFF VARTR%PT V TOT $1G )!FF SIG Te%FT 5

11 F. 8rP8 T.58722E +e5 64368. 73000. *6.838te.ees 256.56 I t248. 2.1322eE +e5 9820.02B61.4 461.76 99.696 53.492

12 P.eee9 F.58722E +95 64388. 738P9. 96.8663P.ene 299.91 96f11.3 2.83579E *e5 9638.919971. 451.29 92.983 148.79

13 9.enPG F.50 F2 d +e5 4460p. 517e0. 101.884 4006 304.99 9.57929 3292.5 134.313Pe9. t 57. 3E-9 11.5B9 54.955

14 0.00e0 F.59724E *95 44006, 51709. 181.8018. 0f0 2*E . 09 1.0183 1614.9 112.5014*6.4 49.874 19.686 38.163

15 9 Med F.*eT2 K +c5 44608. 51700. 191.993e.ees 344.91 f . 6439 641.87 F7.949731.05 29.942 8.8232 27.053

l# 9.PMe 7.5872st +e5 68108. 78388. 1765.04.eece 3.3272 1.71 F2 920.99 144.278e4.69 3e. 348 12.e11 29. 3F I

[F 9. Esp 7.5972RE+e5 683PG. 79300. 1765.814.e+1e 28.929 2.7753 676.56 59.852E I 4.81 26.411 7.7364 24.795

* 16 9 epee 7.!e?29E*e5 663R8. 73308. 1765.039.eee 3e .512 4.8%5 251.67 35.917237.78 15.964 5.9939 15.420

19 19.ePe F.5P73 tE *e5 1.1240ct +65 1. 29'e0E *e5 998.004. eees 198.97 0.71393 3419.3 1779.5

e 9L5.6? 58.399 42.194 31.875

28 58. Pee F ,5#73 tE +05 1.12400E +#5 1.29796E +e5 898.8619.009 178.l1 3.e303 746.94 539.80400.53 27.330 23.234 21.916

77

-

Page 81: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

100E ff t?$ $4 24 (19769 [C(F fitft 1 & 24 (19761

Totel t'etit?lt.9 fo'et E feTISTICS

VF# lieet t Lie 6fl%. . waplagt g (psitts..

'I $ f Dey g ?re f g ng espe PTS Tg g y ge tt g rie f fleg mirl P7g e(g A L p re f.pp Tuf 9mm BlFF wo 18h p re SPS '97 we Sirr wetras9? y 1C1 E!G 915F f fG *>*M f I f >M# f V TOT lia D IF 8 91G fW#fS

I 14. ptte f.f frV6E *M F i T00. 91908. 1229,8 21 2 P , ent F.60eifet ees 4 4.#28 , 34209, 1349.04. eces 46.S34 4 . 41s4 # 99 e44 78.42# 3e 300 e .Ser S.4450 $ 49.29 19.93919. nr 9. 4 %9 8. 31JS 4. 4RPG 136.11 12.250 4. 3S+'8 B l .fi67 *

2 is peg F 6e**69 *e3 Fi966. S l ?de. 1229.9 22 p l .eps F.garlig egg 44469. 14898. 13H6.8la en 46.379 F . Y%** 66. !!! SR 2% 4. nee =0 E . 47SB 1. P'!64 373.F1 33.68817,9s.6 B. l P2D F. 89 :8 4.2576 IJg 95 j9.132 S.6? ?W l$ 4|l

3 14 ese P.6cv6t *e1 Pl965 91984. 1279.9 23 21.re# F.6MF l%E *59 44dD8. 544e8 1108.8ye , eem 47. 4.ss 9. 4Na 49. a 2 33.628 a s . es,e le gis 3.ees 2:1. r9 27,43813 tr2 6.9684 S.f l68 1.SR/G 109.75 14 Sil S i 2149 13. FF1

4 IS nsre 7,6e* In ee'l F ler's . $ 1906. 1341.8 74 21. pee F.sgrisg *e3 444M . S44es. 13ee.e4 #eeg 19.S 41 f . N.8 451.91 ISI .#8 En . ens 27.243 3.5794 122. 4r 23.09F327.11 21.2 % 12. *''% IF 9/1 Sf. 161 | 1.96 7 S.3810 9.9178

5 li een F.te? !?t *e3 71Dr3 - #1hP8. 1147.8 23 22 ene F.6eP l6( egi 94284. 94290. 1333.018. te* 20 488 3 y%7 ee et 18 t J9 4 9804 31 SIS 2.34/S 283.13 431.19319.sv 29 ee/ 19. K4 I F .9'rF 69.113 14.252 18.444 0.3165g si ece F. 6e9121 *#9 F lfe# . SIN. II43.8 26 22. net F.64P168 *e1 S4?M. 94?80. 1399.822 14l 4 619e 341./6 S3.617 18.see 32.373 4.12*.8 146.e3 07. F573a . am,e329 g 9 19.*39 F.12/e 13.363 g,a . p l 9 12,117 9. 3a. reg F. r923F 16. Pets F.6aS IM +eS F l 6D9. S td 98. 1316.4 27 72.ga# F.687161 *43 S4208. 94?s9. 1333.64 ene 26 217 2. 9J'Al 4 41. e8 532.47 is een 19, l P1 4.6134 99.949 58, $42

251.64 29.792 it il8 IF43I 49.419 9.9423 7.14t.4 F ,4298

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YQ ful lTefitf its TOTAL StaTitTIC5

w.p lasEt t aM L S. . Wd l AEL E L Att Lt. .

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12 IF me F . a.e* 2 i( *e1 SM i es. 6S les. l?WW.9 d2 24 Gee F.5er22t ees t iene. g.eldal .*e3 1354.s3a ePe 2e . Foo 2.34/;1 %E 23 14.433 18.8e0 20 tel 2 Stre 399.5; 135.37est2. 70 22,"#W S .Src4 21.972 293.83 18.961 13.622 14,249

13 14. 9P6 F .6M 23(*e5 91''08, 6 T*sMO. 1379.8 33 24.M8 f.f 872?t *03 91 # 8. 1.014R9( e93 1154.84. etst e $4. 320 2.9ere 290.18 F4.8/S 38.#ne 13.240 3.etre 251,19 122.76120.13 14.456 R .6879 19.971 IS4.99 16.549 11.898 12.483

14 19.904 F.686212 *ES S3500. E rl09 1379.010.P94 14 F79 4.8944 t%.69 45.2173 95. E 4 12.317 6, F279 IS.2n3

l$ 19.er e F.6%238 *93 339es. 61584. 1979.0&# .ees h2. 619 S.Fils 12$ .12 23 F219ts . fil 11.249 S,8149 9.9464

16 19 RP9 F.6M2'sf eeg 42'asse . 52968. 1311.54. Gene 9 4578 1,ee9e deg . 74 66.999314.34 2P.2 i f 9. H n9 18.348

ff 19.228 F.6M23E *FS 4?'pF8. 32189. 1811.819. at'4 16. 31 t 2.4818 270 R9 SS.$48214.10 16.4*,9 F . 4S W 14.716 e

le 19.984 F.68629t *G'l 42908. 79e0. 1819.9pe ese 37.734 , ' dide 134.24 24.200152.r2 12.429 4 '90 l l E9

19 29.898 F.6Migr eeS desis. $4799 1349.9 ,4 ectie 3S.224 8 . 4M8 415.19 $4.9167M.% 2 8.p'*1 F.198:6 19.662

29 28.es'4 F.6M3M *f5 44@ll S L'PO. 1349.8s o .epe 36.616 3. m'.4 2Ed.68 25.3452*.2.72 le .9J 9 9.94i4 19.497

/,I

Page 82: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

APPENDIX D: Nonnalized Concentrations

This appendix contains a listing by test, arc, and gas of the,

normali zed concentration values. Ground sampler positions arenunbered 1-520 inclusive and tower data 6x0-6x4 where x is the towernumber 1-6 . Miscellaneous sample r positions are numbered 701-704,

i nc lusive. These samplers were located on the lowest level roof onthe reactor building. No ground samples were taken at the 200 meterarc during any of the tests nor at the 50 meter arc durino tests 9 and10. No miscellaneous samples were taken during tests 3-10 inclusive.

.

.

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4

79

Page 83: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Page 84: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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OEp"ING 58. M 109. M 400. M 8e9 M 186. 31 8. 47E-95 91 4. 4 t E-85 211 1. IdE -86 271 0.00E*08GLN CONC GI N CONC GLN C71C GLH CONC 192. 32 9.90E 49 92 4.87E-85 212 2.50E-86 272 3.92E-86

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8

EOCR TEST 12 wC Sta8 E 8/13'75 8642-9712 Psf EDCf TEST 12 NRC STA8 E S/13 r75 9642-e712 MST

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TUIER SAIPLES

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Page 95: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Page 96: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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8.ai+E 04 8.P.CE +Bd3.7 tE- 216 8.94E +0D 276

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Page 97: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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M IDet 70.E e t TCJe 2 YUUE P 3 The 4 EE A8 !NG 1289. M 1688. MGL% CONC GLl4 CCMC GLN ()+C GL h CONC GL H CDT GLM CONCF.5 611 9.B3E +en 671 2.EE -F5 6 31 9 te* *e4 641 6.8M #.d 171. 357 2. 5BE -04 47F 8.BE +6a15 8 612 8.09E 48 6?? 1. 42'f5 632 9.8M ooo 642 8.8eE 94 174. M8 6. 9M -64 478 3. 92E -@5

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225. 375 7.98E -64 435 1.d it -eSBEMING 56. FI 180. M 434. M 668. M 2?8. 376 3. 3 3E -95 496 6, Be=E -et.GLM C 09C GL 81 CONC GL N CONC GI.M CPC 231. 377 2.ME -R5 497 1.6 7f -8 3

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Page 98: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Page 108: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Page 109: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Page 110: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Page 111: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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Page 112: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

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APPENDIX E: Ground Release. Concentration Isopleths for Each Test.

Units are m-2 Appendix D lists the individual values ofconcentration that form the basis for these isopleths. Figure 5 of'*

the text depicts the site topography, which was considered during theisopleth analyses. Appendix A lists .the temperature measurements that ,

,

formed the basis for designating a stability . category. Each samplerposition in the 400 m, 800 m, 1200 m, and 1600 m arcs is shown.Isopleth analyses are ordered in the sequence shown in table E-1. -

Stability class A figures are given first and plots are ranked bywindspeed; the lowest windspeed is first.

Table E-1. Stability and Windspeed Ordering of Isopleth Analyses.

Windspeed ..

Stability- Test Number 30 m (m/sec)

A 11 1.5A 13 2.1A 10- 3.8A 5 9.0

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APPENDIX F: Roof Release Concentration Isopleths for Each Test.

Units are m-2 Appendix D lists the individual values of'

concentration that form the basis for these isopleths. Figure 5 ofthe text depicts the site topography, which was considered during theisopleth analyses. Appendix A lists the temperature measurements that .

formed the basis for designating a stability category. Each samplerposition in the 400 m, 800 m, 1200 m, and 1600 m arcs is shown.Isopleth analyses are ordered in the sequence shown in table F-1.Stability class A figures are given first and plots are ranked bywindspeed; the lowest windspeed is first.

Table.F-1. Stability and Windspeed Ordering of Isopleth Analyses.

WindspeedStability Test Number 30 m (m/sec)

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Page 166: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

APPENDIX G: Stack Release Concentration Isopleths for Each Test..

Units are m-2 Appendix D lists the individual values ofconcentration that form the basis for these isopleths. Figure 5 of*

the text depicts the site topography, which was considered during theisopleth analyses. Appendix A '' the temperature measurements that

,

formed the basis for designati..; a stability category. Each samplerposition in the 400 m, 800 m, 1200 m, and 1600 m arcs is shown.Isopleth analyses are ordered in the sequence shown in table G-1.Stability class A figures are given first and plots are ranked bywindspeed; the lowest windspeed is first.

Table G-1. Stability and Windspeed Ordering of Isopleth Analyse-

WindspeedStability Test Number 30 m (c/sec)

A 11 1.5A 13 2.1A 10 3.8A 5 9.0

I D 6 2.80 16 3.7D 15 4.9

..

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s

APPENDIX H: Plots of Peak Ground-level Concentrations, Sigma-y, andSigma-z.

This appendix contai ns plots of three dif f erent diffusion '

parameters or statistics vs distance with separate plots for eachstability c at eg ory . The first three sets of plots contain measured

,

peak concentrations and curves of Pasquill-Gifford predictions of peakconcentrations at Im, 10m, 25m, and 30m. Curves of pred ictedconcentration with values le ss than 10-8 were truncated to 10-8for plotting convenience and consistency of resolution of data withinthe autoscaled plots. There is a set of plots for each release height.

The next set of plots contain measured oy values, a first orderregre ssion line for these v al ue s, and a curve of Pasqui ll-Gi ff ord

predictions of oy. All release heights are combined on each plot.

The last set of plots contain all the measured values of peakconcentrations, oy, and oz with all stability classes included oneach plot. Curves of Pasqui ll-Gi fford predictions for thesestatistics are also included on these plots.

J

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APPENDIX I: Numerical Methods for Calculation of Sigma-z Roots

From the egn. 6 oz is seen to be related to oz (effective) ,through the following non-linear expression

z(effective) - oz **P u CIC(x;H) (I-1)"

i

If oz (effective) is determined from measurements of tracer concen-tration, windspeed, and source strength, and if an approximate plume axisheight H is chosen, initial estimates of oz may be determinednumerically. Although plume geometry departures from Gaus' lan areprobable, and particularly near the structure, useful estimites of amay be obtained for use in the Gaussian equation. Tworootsofeqn(I-liare possible; one root (lower or smaller) occurs when Hno and theplume mass distribution is not uniform (assumed to be quasi zGaussian).The second (upper or larger) root occurs when H=o and a =0.60zz zeffective; in this situation the plume is well-mixed (at least below a,

" plume axis of sorts" which may even be a capping stable layer).

Equation (I-1) is solved by two separate numerical techniques. TheNewton-Raphson iteration (Dorn and McCracken,1972) is used on the lower(Gaussian solution) root which occurs where the solution curve attains a Jlarge negative slope. The method of false position (Conte,1965) is usedfor the upper root (quasi uniformly mixed plume) which occurs along thesolution curve with small positive to near-zero slope. s

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Page 214: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

. _. . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ . .

APPENDIX J: Complete Listing of Meteorological and Diffusion Parameters

This array is the basis for the statistical plots and summaries*

presented in the results section. Data are provided for each tracer gas(1=SF6, 2=F12, 3=1282) and each sampling arc (1=50m, 2=100m, 3-400m,!

" 5-1200m, 6-1600m) by each test. Ground tracer release data are notincluded for the 50m erc. The identification code IDENT allows uniquedescription of each subset of infonnation within the listed array.

Definitions of Meteorological and Diffusion Parameters.

IDENT Identification of data segment composed of four digits in theform TTAG where TT is the test nisnber, A the arc ntsnber, and Gthe gas number.

STAB 1-7 NRC stability categories in I-A, 2=B, etc.

CHI PEAK Chi u/Q maximum in m-2

SY C.M. Sigma-y in meters as calculated from equation 4 in text.

i C.M. Position of center of mass in meters as calculated fromequation 5 in text.

6SZ EFF Sigma-z (eff ective in meters as calculated from the crosswind

' integrated concentration. Eq. 6 in text.-

*CIC NORM Nonnalized drosswind integrated concentration g/m2,

SY Sigma-y in meters.s

RLSE HT Release height of tracer in meters. |

DWD(M) Dowrwind distance of arc in meters.

LOWER Lowe r root calculation for o in meters. Assumed plume axisr j3'

heights for ground and roof reTeases - 25m, stack release - 30m. |

UPP ER Upper root calculation for og in meters. Assumed plume axis - |heights for ground and roof releases - 25M, stack rclease - 30m. I

SY PG Pasquill-Gifford estimate of oy (meters). j

RATIO SY Ratio of cy measured /P-G value. .|r

SZ PG Pasquill-Gifford estimate of oz (meters).-,o

RATIO SZ Ratio of oz (lower root calculation). /P-G value.

-209

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Page 215: EOCR BUILDING WAKE EFFECTS ON ATMOSPHERIC ...

CHI PG Pasqui ll-Giff ord estimate of maximum Chi u/Q (m-2) atground-level.1

,

RATIO C Ratio of P-G value of maximum Chi u/Q divided by the observedvalue.2 ,

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1 Estimated ground-level nonnalized concentration values werecalculated using egn. (2) with y=o. When calculated values wereless than the minimum detectable or background value, thebackground normalized concentrations were substituted. At 100mdaarwind typical background values for stability class F wereabout 5x10-12m-2 Equation (2) values were about 4x10-29 '

when a Gaussian distribution was applied to a roof height plume.

2 At short distances during stable conditions much smaller valuescould have been utilized were Gaussian distribution assumptionsused instead of substitution of background conc ;ntrations, asdescribed in footnote 1.

210

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