ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
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ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Coal, oil, gas and hydroelectric potential constitute the conventional sources of electricity
generation. Total installed capacity of electricity generation in India is approx. 98,668 MW.
India ranked third in the world with 7 percent coal reserves of the total world reserves.
Coal production increased from 30 million tonnes to over 300 million tonnes in 2000- 2001.
Seventy percent of the total coal produced is consumed for power generation. Steel & cement are other major consumers.
Coal and Energy Scenario
Summary Table of Electric Power Generation (1999)
Source India Japan U.S.Coal 59.2% 21.2% 51.8%
Oil 13.9% 16.6% 03.1%
Gas 06.3% 22.1% 15.7%
Nuclear 02.5% 30.0% 19.9%
Hydro 17.8% 08.2% 07.4%
Others 00.3% 01.9% 02.2%
Environmental Issues in Coal Based Power Generation
Air pollution :- High particulate matter emission levels due to burning of inferior grade coal which leads to generation of large quantity of flyash
Emissions of SO2, NOx & Green house gas (CO2) are also matter of concern
Water pollution :- Mainly caused by the effluent discharge from ash ponds, condenser cooling /cooling tower, DM
plant and Boiler blow down.
Noise pollution :- High noise levels due to release of high pressure steam and running of fans and motors
Land Degradation :- About 100 million tonnes of fly ash is generated by use of coal far energy production. The disposal of such large quantity of fly ash has occupied
thousands hectares of land which includes agricultural and forest land too.
POLLUTION CONTROL POLLUTION CONTROL ACTS, RULES ANDACTS, RULES AND
REGUALATION FOR REGUALATION FOR THERMAL POWER THERMAL POWER
PLANTSPLANTS
MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTS / RULES1. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
2. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977.
3. The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
5. Environmental Impact Assessment Notification
6. The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1989.
7. The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 1988.
8. The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000.
9. The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000.
10. The batteries (Management and Handling) Rules 2001.
Functions of the Central Board (At National Level)
Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and control of water and air pollution;
Plan and execute nation‑wide Pollution Control programmes;
Co-ordinate the activities of State Boards and Pollution Control Committees;
Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards
Carryout an sponsor investigation and research related to pollution control;;
Plan and organise training programmes; . Contd..
Organise mass awareness programmes;
Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air pollution;
Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of wastes;
Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution;
Lay down, modify or annul water and air quality standards; and
Perform such other functions as and when prescribed by the Government of India.
STANDARD DEVELOPMENT UNDER AIR ACT
Section 16 (2) (h) of Air ActSection 16 (2) (h) of Air ActCentral Board to lay down Standard for the quality of air (ambient air)
Section 17 (1) (g) of Air ActSection 17 (1) (g) of Air ActS.P.C.B. to lay down, in consultation with CPCB and having regard to the ambient air quality standard laid down by CPCB, standards for emission of air pollution into the atmosphere from Industrial plants and automobiles and for the discharge of any air pollutants into the atmosphere from any other source (except ship and aircraft)
Section 19 (1) of Air ActSection 19 (1) of Air ActState Govt. in consultation with SPCB to lay down Air Pollution Control Area
Section 19 (1) (5) of Air ActSection 19 (1) (5) of Air ActState Govt. after consultation with SPCB prohibit the burning of any material in any air pollution control area.
STANDARD DEVELOPMENT UNDER WATER ACT
Section 16 (2) (g)Section 16 (2) (g)
Central Board may lay down, modify and annul, in consultation with State Govt. concerned, the Standard for a stream or well
Section 17 (1) (g)Section 17 (1) (g)
S.P.C.B. shall lay down, modify and annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for the quality of receiving water resulting from the discharge of effluent and to classify waters of the State.
Section 17 (1) (k)Section 17 (1) (k)
SPCB shall lay down standard for treatment of sewage and trade effluent to be discharge into any particular stream taking into account the minimum fair weather dilution available in that stream and the tolerance limits of pollution permissible in the water of the stream, after the discharge of such effluents.
STANDARD DEVELOPMENT UNDER E P ACT 1986
Section 6 (1) (2) Section 6 (1) (2)
The Central Government may be notification into official Gazette, make rules in respect to following,
(a) The standard of quality of air, water or soil for various areas and purposes.
(b) the maximum allowable limits of concentration of various environmental pollutants (including noise)
for different areas.
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 --
An Act to provide for the levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons carrying on certain specified industries (indicated in schedule – I of this Act) and by Local authorities except those Local authorities who are supplying water to other Industries or other.Local authorities as for example DVC{Under section 3 of sub section (1), (2), (3)} MoEF Notification G.S.R> 377 (E) dated 16th April 1993, Hydel Power Station’s name has been included in schedule I of the water cess Act, 1977 but the said amendment is not being done in accordance with the law.
Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986
This act gives very wide power to the Govt. for protection and control of Environmental Pollution. Under this Act no person or industry can discharge or emit Environmental Pollutants in excess of such standards as may be prescribed. Non compliance of the directions for a) Closer and b) Stoppage or regulation of the supply of electricity or water or any other services. Contravention is punishable with imprisonment upto five years or with fine upto one Lakh rupees.
AA series of Gazette Notifications under this Act have series of Gazette Notifications under this Act have brought into being a rich corpus of rules and subordinate brought into being a rich corpus of rules and subordinate legislations as well as a host of authorities. Some of the legislations as well as a host of authorities. Some of the notifications related to thermal Power plants are:notifications related to thermal Power plants are:
i) Extraordinary Notification no. S.O. 319 (E) dated 10.04.1997 --
Central Govt. imposed certain restrictions and prohibitions on the expansion and modernization of any project unless environment clearance has been granted by the Central or State Govt. Under such Notification Power conferred to State Govt. for issuance of environmental clearance to the utility projects to install TPS upto 250 MW using conventional technologies and 500 MW using Gas / Naptha or Fluidized bed technology.
ii) Extraordinary Gazette Notification no. S.O. 763 (E) dated 14.09.1999 on Fly Ash Utilization
a) No person located 50 Km radius of any TPS can manufacture clay bricks, tiles or blocks without mixing at least 25% fly ash or pond ash with soil.
b) Thermal Power Plants are to utilize 100% of ash,
i. For New Plants – 30% within three years and 100% within 9 years.
ii. For Existing Thermal Power Plants – 20% within three years and 100% within 15 years.
iii) Extraordinary Gazette Notification no. G.S.R. 560 (E) dated 19.09.1997 on Fly Ash Utilization
On and from 1st June 2001 the coal based TPS shall use beneficiated coal with an ash content not exceeding 34% namely:
i) Thermal Power Plants located beyond 1000 Km from pit head.
ii) Power Plants located in critically polluted areas, urban areas and in ecologically sensitive areas.
iv) Further Amendment Gazette Notification no. G.S.R. 378 (E) dated 30.06.1998 --
Says for the words “beneficiated coal with an ash content not exceeding 34%” will be the words “raw or blended or beneficiated coal with an ash content not exceeding 34% on an annual average basis”
v) Further Amendment Gazette Notification no. G.S.R. 407 (E) dated 31.05.2001 --
Says effective date of use of beneficiated / blended coal will be from 1st June 2002 instead of 1st June 2001.
Pollution Load from Coal Based Thermal Power Plant
Pollutants Emissions (in tones/day)
CO2 424650
Particulate Matter 4374
SO2 3311
NOx 4966
Emission Estimates
Share of Suspended Particulate Matter Load (tonnes/day) by Different Categories of
Industries (With Control Device), Total Load = 5365 tonnes/day
Sugar10%
Thermal Power Plants82%
Others 1%
Cement7%
Others1%
Oil Refineries3%
Sulphuric Acid Plants
2%
Thermal Power Plants89%
Steel5%
Share of Sulphur Dioxide Load (Tonnes / Share of Sulphur Dioxide Load (Tonnes / day)day)
By different categories of IndustriesBy different categories of Industries(Total Load = 3715 Tonnes / day)(Total Load = 3715 Tonnes / day)
Environmental Standards/ Guidelines
Central Pollution Control Board has developed emission & waste water discharge standards for thermal power plants during the year 1984 & 1986 respectively. These standards were subsequently notified under Environment (Protection ) Act 1986.
Emission Standards for Thermal Power Plants
Depending upon the requirement of local situations, which may warrant stricter standards as in case of protected areas the State Pollution Control Board within the provisions of the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986, may be prescribed limit of 150 mg/Nm3 irrespective of the generation capacity of the plant
Power Generation Capacity
Particulate Matter Emission
< 210 MW 350 mg/Nm3
= > 210 MW 150 mg/Nm3
For the proper dispersion of SO2 emission from thermal power plant, stack height criteria have been adopted in country. However, for larger capacities boilers (500MW and above) space provision for installing FGD system has been recommended.
Power generation capacity
Stack Height (mts.)
Less than 200/210 MW H = 14 (Q) 0.3 , where Q is emission rate of SO2 in kg/hr,
H= Stack Height 200/210 or less than 500
MW 220
500 MW and above 275
Stack Height Requirements
• The power plants sanctioned by CEA earlier to July 1, 1994 may not be required to increase existing stack height as per regulation notified, vide Govt. of India notification no. GSR. 742 (E) dated August 30, 1990 subject to the following conditions:
• The ambient sulphur-dioxide and NOx concentration around the power plant is less than 1/3 the prescribed ambient air quality standard for SOx and NOx for the concerned area.
• For the above power plant shall install adequate number of air quality monitoring stations in and around the power stations. The stations should be selected in consultation with CPCB/SPCBs.
Stack Height Requirements
Environmental Standards for discharge of Liquid Effluents
Sources Pollutants Concentration
Condenser Cooling Water (Once through cooling system)
pH Temperature
Free available chlorine
6.5-8.5 not more
than 100C of the intake water temperature
0.5 mg/l
Boiler blow down Suspended solids Oil & Grease
Copper (Total) Iron (Total)
100 mg/l 20 mg/l 1.0 mg/l 1.0 mg/l
Sources Pollutants Concentrations
Cooling Tower Blow down
Free available Chlorine
Zinc Chromium Phosphate
The other corrosion inhibiting materials
9.5 mg/l
1.0 mg/l 0.2 mg/l 5.0 mg/l
The limit to be
established on case to case basis
Ash pond effluent pH
SS Oil& Grease
Heavy metals
6.5-8.5 100 mg/l 20 mg/l
no limit at present
Environmental Standards for discharge of Liquid Effluents (Cont’d)
Reasons for Non-compliance of Environmental Standards in Thermal Power Plants
Inconsistent supply of coal
High resistivity of coal
Inefficient operation of ESPs
Delay in supply of ESPs
Low Specific Collection Area (SCA) of ESPs
Inefficient management of ash ponds
Large quantities of ash generation
Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs)Need for adoption of CCTs
To meet in creasing demand of power with minimal environmental impact for sustainable development, adoption of clean coal technologies with enhanced power plant efficiency, fuel switching, use of washed coal, efficient pollution control systems and proper by-product and waste handling & utilization, is necessary.
Classification :
Pre-combustion Technologies : Ash, sulphur and other impurities (coal benefaction) ca n be reduced from the coal before it is burned
Combustion technologies : Generation of emissions of SO2, NOx (FBC : CBFC, AFBC,PFBC, and CO2 can be minimised by
IGCC) adopting improved combustion technologies
Post combustion technologies : End of pipe treatment (installation pollution
control equipments such as ESP, DENOx & De SOx systems)
Use of Beneficiated Coal
In order to minimise fly ash generation, it was recommended to use beneficiated coal in the power plants. A Gazette notification has been issued under EPA, 1986, stating that :
“On and from the 1st day of June 2002, the following coal based thermal power plants shall use beneficiated coal with ash content not exceeding thirty four percent, namely :
Power plants located beyond 1000 km from the pit head and
Power plants located in urban area or sensitive area or critically polluted area irrespective of their distance from the pit head except any pit headed power plants.
The power plants based on FBC (CFBC, PFBC & AFBC) and IGCC technologies are exempted to use beneficiated coal irrespective of their locations.
Advantages of Beneficiated Coal Implementation of use of beneficiated coal in thermal power plant w.r.t. June 30, 2002, shall yield following benefits during 2002-03:
Reduction in tonnage (MT) 11
Saving in transport cost (US M$) 240
Saving in Diesel consumption (KL) 63750
Reduction in Bottom Ash (MT) 2
Reduction in Fly Ash (MT) 8
Reduction in CO2 (MT) 23
Out of 81 coal based thermal Power plants, 39 plants are required to use beneficiated coal not containing ash more than 34% w.r.t. June 30, 2002.
As per Central Electricity Authority estimation, the requirement of beneficiated coal for existing and the new power plants to be installed under Ninth Plan would be 85.46 MTs per annum.
Coal India Limited would be able to meet the requirements of 68.48 MTs per annum beneficiated coal from their sources (through existing washeries and blending of domestic coal). The remaining quantity could be met by blending imported and domestic coal at coastal thermal power plants and changing the linkages suitably.
Requirements of Beneficiated/Blended Coal
Coal Benefication StatusCoal Benefication Plants under Operation:
Piparwar Washery Orissa 6.5 MT/Y
Bina Deshaling Plant Madhya Pradesh 4.5 MT/Y
Bilaspur Washery Madhya Pradesh 2.5 MT/Y
Girdih Washery Bihar 2.5 MT/Y
Kargali Washery Bihar 1.5 MT/Y
Dipika Washery Orissa 8.0 MT/Y
Coal Benefication Plants under Planning:
Talcher Ib Valley North Karanpura
Flyash Generation Seventy percent of electricity generation in the
country is contributed by coal based thermal power plants
Supply of poor quality of coal with high ash content to the power plants is responsible for large quantity of flyash generation
About 80 million tones of flyash is generated annually in the country
Conventional wet disposal of flyash causes water and air pollution besides requirement of large area
More than 56,000 acres of land has been occupied by the power plants
Mitigative Measures
Power plants should use low ash containing (beneficiated) coal to reduce ash generation at power plat site
Adopt ion of alternate flyash disposal Systems such as dry disposal in mound form/high ash concentration slurry disposal
Promoting utilization of flyash
Flyash Utilisation Presently, 16% of the total flyash generation is being utilised in the
country while utilisation in Germany, China & U.S.A. is 100 %, 42% and 65 % respectively.
The major flyash utilisation areas:
In the manufacture of portland pozzolona cement (ppc), sintered aggregate, blocks etc.Manufacture of flyash bricksSub-base formation for roads and embankmentsReclamation of low lying area by filling ash Back filling in the open cast mines Application in agriculture
Flyash Production & Utilisation
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0.8
Japan U.S.A. E.U. India
Ash ProductionUse of Ash
Million Tonnes
Government InitiativesMinistry of environment and forests has issued following directions under section 3 & 5 of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 vide a Gazette notification no. GSR . 763 (E) dated 14/09/1999
Use of flyash, bottom ash or pond ash in the manufacture of bricks and other construction activities
Utilisation of flyash by thermal power plants and
Specifications for use of flyash based products by Government agencies
Use of Flyash, Bottom Ash or Pond Ash in Manufacture of Bricks and Other
Construction Activities
No person shall within a radius of 50 kms from thermal power plants, manufacture clay bricks, tiles or blocks without mixing atleast 25% of flyash or pond ash with soil.
Orissa and Gujarat Pollution Control Boards have taken initiatives for implementation of above directive remaining SPCB’s have been again asked to take the action against the non complying units.
Action Plans for utilisation of Flyash by Thermal Power Plants
Out of 81 power plants, 52 power plants have been submitted their action plans remaining have been asked to submit action plans immediately.
Submission of action plans by the Submission of action plans by the power plantspower plants New Power PlantsNew Power Plants• 30 % flyash utilisation within 3 year30 % flyash utilisation within 3 year• 100 % flyash utilisation within 9 100 % flyash utilisation within 9 yearsyears
Existing Power PlantsExisting Power Plants• 20 % flyash utilisation within 3 20 % flyash utilisation within 3 yearyear• 100 % flyash utilisation within 15 100 % flyash utilisation within 15 yearsyears
Environmental Issues in Coal based Power Plant
Ash disposal and Management (100 million tonnes of ash is generated every year)
SO2 control from Thermal Power Plants located in problem area (Singrauli, Korba, etc.), Disposal of FGD sludge
Fugitive Emission from ash pond Hg Emission and control from coal based
power plants NOX control from Thermal Power Plants
Particulate Emission Control (ESP vs Bag Filter) from coal based power plants
Ground water pollution due to Leaching of metals from ash pond effluent
Clean Coal Technologies issues Inconsistent supply of coal to power plants Pollution problem at Coal Mining Areas Coal benefication – Cost, use of rejects,
ownership Fly ash utilization issues (Fly ash pozzolona
cement, Fly ash bricks, Mine filling, etc.)
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