-
Environmental Stewardship Practices, Procedures, and Policies
for Highway Construction and
Maintenance
Requested by:
American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO)
Standing Committee on the Environment
Prepared by: Venner Consulting and Parsons Brinckerhoff
September, 2004
The information contained in this report was prepared as part of
NCHRP Project 25-25, Task 4, National Cooperative Highway Research
Program, Transportation Research Board.
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was requested by the American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO),
and conducted as part of the National Cooperative Highway Research
Program (NCHRP) Project 25-25 . The NCHRP is supported by annual
voluntary contributions from the state Departments of
Transportation. Project 25-25 is intended to fund quick response
studies on behalf of the AASHTO Standing Committee on the
Environment. The report was prepared by Marie Venner of Venner
Consulting under subcontract to Parsons Brinkerhoff Quade and
Douglas, with editing assistance from Lisa Zeimer of Parsons
Brinckerhoff. The work was guided by a task group chaired by Gary
McVoy which included Joseph Burns, Carol Cutshall, Bonnie
Harper-Lore, Chuck Knowles, Donald W. Lucas, Robert Peda, Michael
M. Ryan, Len Sanderson, Robert L. Walters, Trish White, and Kyle
Williams. The project was managed by Christopher Hedges, NCHRP
Senior Program Officer.
DISCLAIMER
This is an uncorrected draft as submitted by the research
agency. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those
of the research agency that performed the research and are not
necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board or its
sponsoring agencies. This report has not been reviewed or accepted
by the Transportation Research Board Executive Committee or the
Governing Board of the National Research Council.
ABSTRACT Environmental stewardship practice at state Departments
of Transportation (DOTs) has grown exponentially in recent years.
NCHRP 25-25(04) presents a compendium of environmental stewardship
practices in construction and maintenance, developed from the
literature, state transportation agency manuals and procedures, and
the contributions of state DOTs and practitioners. The best
practices herein serve as a guide to the development of
Environmental Management Systems and environmental strategic plans
both on the organizational level and in specific functional areas.
Practices can also serve as foundational elements for individual
environmental guidance resources that DOTs may develop.
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
ii
PREFACE State transportation agencies or Departments of
Transportation (DOTs) are among the largest builders in each state.
Projects occur in hundreds of locations around each state and
annual budgets exceed a billion dollars in some cases. Furthermore,
DOT leadership, commitment, and responsibility have an impact far
beyond the agency’s own activities. Hundreds of cities and towns
apply DOT standard specifications/plans in municipal construction
and maintenance annually. Private contractors and developers attend
DOT training course and apply best management practices to
residential and commercial projects throughout the state. Resource
agencies send their employees to be trained by the DOT in some
cases and recognize such training as a means of improving
environmental performance. Led by some bold pioneers, state DOTs
have begun to embrace new environmental stewardship priorities in
construction and maintenance activities. Recognizing their
strengths as large public works agencies with significant
resources, the ability to interact with the public on a daily
basis, and personnel who are committed to excellence in public
service, many state transportation agencies are adding pursuit of
environmental enhancement opportunities to their standing
commitments to comply with environmental laws and regulations. Many
DOT employees are environmentalists in their own right—in
particular, those who are at home in and enjoy the outdoors. Those
who work at state transportation agencies, like their neighbors,
often want to be partners in protecting and enhancing fishing
streams, bird habitat, and other aspects of a livable environment
for people and other creatures. When given the opportunity and
encouragement to make a difference in the work they do on a daily
basis, DOT employees are embracing, taking ownership of, and indeed
extending and improving upon environmental stewardship initiatives.
As a result, DOT credibility is rising with regulators and the
public. As an important side benefit, some of the DOTs that have
undertaken this journey have experienced reinvigorated employee
morale. State transportation agencies and their federal partners
have increasingly integrated environmental stewardship into
maintenance and construction activities; however, information on
these efforts has not been adequately summarized or disseminated.
This project is intended to enable transportation agencies to more
fully benefit from each other’s experience, to help them more fully
integrate stewardship into all aspects of their work in these
areas. Why Focus on Construction and Maintenance in Implementing
Environmental Stewardship? Construction and maintenance
operations:
• Employ the majority of the work force. • Are the locus of some
of the most significant environmental impacts and opportunities. •
Have a need for consistent systems. • Can have significant contact
with DOT customers. • Have the opportunity to show the public and
regulators the substance of the DOT’s
commitment to environmental stewardship. • Have developed many
best practices already, and can benefit from systems, tools,
and
practices that have been developed by other transportation
agencies and industries to improve environmental performance.
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
iii
ACRONYMS AND LINKS FOR STATE TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES
• Alaska Department of Transportation (ADOT&PF) • Arizona
Department of Transportation (ADOT) • Arkansas State Highway and
Transportation Department (AHTD) • California Department of
Transportation (Caltrans) • Colorado Department of Transportation
(CDOT) • Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) •
Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT) • District
Department of Transportation (DDOT) • Florida Department of
Transportation (FDOT) • Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT)
• Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) • Idaho Department of
Transportation (ITD) • Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT)
• Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) • Iowa Department of
Transportation (Iowa DOT) • Kansas Department of Transportation
(KDOT) • Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) • Louisiana
Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) • Maine
Department of Transportation (Maine DOT) • Maryland Department of
Transportation State Highway Administration (MDSHA) • Massachusetts
Highway Department (Mass Highway) • Michigan Department of
Transportation (MDOT) • Minnesota Department of Transportation
(Mn/DOT) • Mississippi Department of Transportation (MDOT) •
Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) • Montana Department
of Transportation (MDT) • Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) •
Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT) • New Hampshire
Department of Transportation (NHDOT) • New Jersey Department of
Transportation (NJDOT) • New Mexico State Highway &
Transportation Department (NMSHTD) • New York State Department of
Transportation (NYSDOT) • North Carolina Department of
Transportation (NCDOT) • North Dakota Department of Transportation
(NDDOT) • Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) • Oklahoma
Department of Transportation (ODOT) • Oregon Department of
Transportation (ODOT) • Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
(PennDOT) • Departamento de Transportación y Obras Públicas (DTOP)
• Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) • South
Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) • South Dakota
Department of Transportation (SDDOT) • Tennessee Department of
Transportation (TDOT) • Texas Department of Transportation
(TxDOT)
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
iv
• Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) • Vermont Agency of
Transportation (VTrans) • Virginia Department of Transportation
(VDOT) • Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT) • West
Virginia Department of Transportation (WVDOT) • Wisconsin
Department of Transportation (WisDOT) • Wyoming Department of
Transportation (WYDOT)
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
v
SHORT TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH APPROACH
..................................................................
1-1 1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
.......................................................................................
1-1 1.2. THE TREND TOWARD ENVIRONMENTAL
STEWARDSHIP...................................................................................
1-2 1.3. SCOPE OF STUDY AND DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
PRACTICES....................................... 1-3 1.4. RESEARCH
APPROACH.....................................................................................................................................
1-4 1.5. RESEARCH USES
..............................................................................................................................................
1-5 1.6. DISCLAIMER/LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
..........................................................................................................
1-6 CHAPTER 2: ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP PRACTICES
......................... 2-1
2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIC PLANNING
.................................................................................
2-1 2.2. SETTING OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS & TRACKING
ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENTS.................................. 2-25
2.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
..................................................................................................
2-35 2.4. OPERATIONAL CONTROLS, PROCEDURES, AND PRACTICES
...........................................................................
2-46 2.5. MEASURING ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
.............................................................................................
2-54 2.6. ENVIRONMENTAL STAFFING, ROLES, AND
RESPONSIBILITIES........................................................................
2-75 2.7. ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING AND
CERTIFICATION.........................................................................................
2-82 CHAPTER 3: DESIGNING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP IN
CONSTRUCTION &
MAINTENANCE.....................................................................................................................................................
3-1
3.1. BEYOND MITIGATION: PROJECTS TO ACHIEVE ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS....................................................... 3-1
3.2. CONTEXT SENSITIVE DESIGN/SOLUTIONS
.......................................................................................................
3-7 3.3. AVOIDING IMPACTS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL OR HISTORIC SITES
....................................................................
3-19 3.4. HABITAT CONNECTIVITY AND WILDLIFE
CROSSINGS....................................................................................
3-22 3.5. CULVERTS AND FISH PASSAGE
......................................................................................................................
3-36 3.6. STREAM RESTORATION AND
BIOENGINEERING..............................................................................................
3-57 3.7. DESIGN GUIDANCE FOR STORMWATER AND EROSION &
SEDIMENTATION CONTROL.................................... 3-83 3.8.
DRAINAGE DITCHES, BERMS, DIKES, AND
SWALES.......................................................................................
3-89 3.9. DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE, LOW MAINTENANCE
ROADSIDES.......................................................................
3-91 3.10. DESIGNING TO REDUCE SNOW, ICE, AND CHEMICAL
ACCUMULATION........................................................
3-101 3.11. DESIGNING TO MINIMIZE AIR QUALITY
PROBLEMS.....................................................................................
3-120 3.12. DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION FOR RECYCLING
.............................................................................................
3-124 3.13. DESIGNING TO MINIMIZE NOISE
..................................................................................................................
3-129 3.14. LIGHTING
CONTROL/MINIMIZATION............................................................................................................
3-142 3.15. DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND ENERGY
CONSERVATION......................................................................
3-150 3.16. SAFETY REST AREAS, TRAVELER SERVICES, AND PARKING AREA
DESIGN................................................. 3-152
CHAPTER 4: CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
..................... 4-1
4.1. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE STEWARDSHIP PRACTICES
.............................................................................
4-1 4.2. PREPARING ACCESS AND STAGING AREAS
......................................................................................................
4-2 4.3. CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCING, TIMING, AND
ACCELERATION..........................................................................
4-2 4.4. DISCOVERY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL OR HISTORIC SITES IN
CONSTRUCTION .....................................................
4-4 4.5. CONSTRUCTION IN STREAMS, WETLANDS, AND OTHER
ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS .................... 4-5 4.6.
EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
CONTROL.....................................................................................................
4-11 4.7. VEHICLE FLUID, FUEL, AND WASHWATER CONTROL
....................................................................................
4-37 4.8. AIR QUALITY CONTROL PRACTICES
..............................................................................................................
4-42 4.9. NOISE
MINIMIZATION....................................................................................................................................
4-53 4.10. MATERIALS STORAGE, COLLECTION, AND SPILL PREVENTION ON
CONSTRUCTION SITES............................. 4-67
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
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vi
4.11. VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION
...........................................................................................
4-70 4.12. SOIL MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION
........................................................................................................
4-74 4.13. ESTABLISHING VEGETATION AT CONSTRUCTION
SITES.................................................................................
4-78 CHAPTER 5: PAVEMENT, MATERIALS, AND
RECYCLING......................................................................
5-1 5.1. PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE AND PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
..................................................... 5-1 5.2.
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT IN PAVING OPERATIONS, GRINDING, AND PAVEMENT
MAINTENANCE............. 5-2 5.3. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT/ASPHALT
......................................................................................................................
5-3 5.4. CONCRETE INSTALLATION AND
REPAIR...........................................................................................................
5-9 5.5. PAVEMENT
MARKING....................................................................................................................................
5-14 5.6. CURB AND SIDEWALK REPAIR
.......................................................................................................................
5-17 5.7. RECYCLING IN PAVEMENT AND ROADSIDE
APPURTENANCES........................................................................
5-17 5.8. MAINTENANCE OF DIRT AND GRAVEL
ROADS...............................................................................................
5-64 CHAPTER 6: MAINTENANCE FACILITIES
MANAGEMENT.....................................................................
6-1 6.1. PLANNING AND PRIORITIZING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS AT
MAINTENANCE FACILITIES................... 6-1 6.2. FACILITY
HOUSEKEEPING PRACTICES
.............................................................................................................
6-6 6.3. YARD AND FLOOR DRAIN MANAGEMENT
.....................................................................................................
6-51 6.4. ENERGY
CONSERVATION...............................................................................................................................
6-61 6.5. UNDER AND ABOVE-GROUND STORAGE
TANKS............................................................................................
6-64 CHAPTER 7: BRIDGE MAINTENANCE
...........................................................................................................
7-1 7.1. PREVENTATIVE BRIDGE MAINTENANCE
PRACTICES........................................................................................
7-1 7.2. AVOIDING AND MINIMIZING IMPACTS TO FISH AND WILDLIFE AND
ENHANCING HABITAT ............................ 7-5 7.3. BRIDGE
PAINTING/COATING/SEALING AND CONTAINMENT STEWARDSHIP
PRACTICES................................. 7-17 CHAPTER 8: WINTER
OPERATIONS AND SALT, SAND, AND CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT............
8-1
8.1. SELECTING SNOW AND ICE CONTROL MATERIALS TO MITIGATE
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS......................... 8-2 8.2. REDUCING
SAND USAGE
.................................................................................................................................
8-8 8.3. STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR REDUCED SALT USAGE
......................................................................................
8-10 8.4. STEWARDSHIP PRACTICES FOR REDUCING SALT AND OTHER
CHEMICAL USAGE.......................................... 8-15 8.5.
WINTER OPERATIONS FACILITIES MANAGEMENT
.........................................................................................
8-47 8.6. TRAINING FOR SALT MANAGEMENT AND WINTER OPERATIONS
...................................................................
8-50 CHAPTER 9: ROADSIDE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT
..........................................................................
9-1 9.1. THE IMPORTANCE OF VEGETATION IN THE RIGHT-OF-WAY
............................................................................
9-1 9.2. INTEGRATED ROADSIDE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT AND
METHODS............................................................
9-3 9.3. DEVELOPING IVM OR IRVM PLANS
...............................................................................................................
9-4 9.4. INVENTORY OF AND MANAGEMENT FOR RARE SPECIES AND SENSITIVE
RESOURCES IN THE ROW .............. 9-14 9.5. REDUCED MOWING
POLICIES AND OTHER MECHANICAL VEGETATION STEWARDSHIP
PRACTICES............... 9-24 9.6. CONTROLLED
BURNING.................................................................................................................................
9-33 9.7. MANAGEMENT OF WOODY VEGETATION
......................................................................................................
9-35 9.8. NOXIOUS WEED MANAGEMENT
....................................................................................................................
9-38 CHAPTER 10: ROADSIDE MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE: BEYOND
VEGETATION .......... 10-1
10.1. ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT PRACTICES AND PARTNERSHIP
EFFORTS ................................................. 10-1
10.2. PROTECTION OF CULTURAL AND HISTORIC
RESOURCES................................................................................
10-9 10.3. MAINTENANCE IN WETLANDS
.....................................................................................................................
10-10 10.4. MAINTENANCE NEAR WATERBODIES
..........................................................................................................
10-11 10.5. MAINTENANCE OF STRUCTURES FOR WILDLIFE
..........................................................................................
10-12
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
vii
10.6. MAINTENANCE OF STORMWATER
FACILITIES..............................................................................................
10-14 10.7. MAINTENANCE OF ROADSIDE PUBLIC FACILITIES
.......................................................................................
10-16 10.8. MANAGEMENT OF PORTABLE SANITARY/SEPTIC WASTE
SYSTEMS.............................................................
10-17 10.9. MAINTENANCE OF SHOULDERS AND ROADWAY
APPURTENANCES..............................................................
10-17 10.10. SWEEPING AND VACUUMING OF ROADS, DECKS, WATER QUALITY
FACILITIES, AND BRIDGE SCUPPERS ... 10-24 10.11. MAINTENANCE
STEWARDSHIP PRACTICES FOR SLOPES, DRAINAGE DITCHES, SWALES, AND
DIVERSIONS . 10-26 10.12. EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL IN
MAINTENANCE................................................................................
10-32 10.13. RECYCLING IN ROADSIDE MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS
..............................................................................
10-34 10.14. PRESERVING AIR QUALITY IN MAINTENANCE AND OPERATIONS
................................................................
10-43 10.15. PAINTING OPERATION STORMWATER BMPS
...............................................................................................
10-46 10.16. ROAD WASTE
MANAGEMENT......................................................................................................................
10-47 10.17. STOCKPILING, SPOIL DISPOSAL OR PLACEMENT OF INERT
FILL...................................................................
10-60 10.18. MAINTENANCE OF SOILS
.............................................................................................................................
10-61 10.19. EMERGENCY
ACTIONS.................................................................................................................................
10-62 10.20. FIELD REVIEW OF ROADSIDE MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS
.........................................................................
10-62 CHAPTER 11:
APPENDIX..................................................................................................................................
11-1 11.1. FLORIDA DOT ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY......................................................................................................
11-1 11.2. KENTUCKY TRANSPORTATION CABINET ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
.............................................................. 11-1
11.3. MAINE DOT ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY..........................................................................................................
11-2 11.4. NORTH CAROLINA DOT ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP POLICY
...............................................................
11-3 11.5. PENNDOT’S GREEN PLAN POLICY STATEMENT
............................................................................................
11-3 11.6. WASHINGTON STATE DOT ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
...................................................................................
11-4 11.7. NEW SOUTH WALES ROADS AND TRAFFIC AUTHORITY
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY....................................... 11-4
11.8. TEXAS ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENT
CHECKLIST.....................................................................................
11-5 11.9. MAINE DOT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY AUDITING POLICY AND
PROCEDURE ..................................... 11-11 11.10. MAINE
DOT CORRECTIVE ACTION REQUEST
FORM....................................................................................
11-14 11.11. MASS HIGHWAY COMPLIANCE TRACKING
METHODS..................................................................................
11-15 11.12. MASS HIGHWAY COMPLIANCE TRACKING ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES ..................................................
11-16 11.13. MASS HIGHWAY SELF-AUDIT PROCEDURE
.................................................................................................
11-17 11.14. MASS HIGHWAY FACILITY SELF-AUDIT CHECKLIST
...................................................................................
11-18 11.15. MASS HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENTAL ROLES &
RESPONSIBILITIES.................................................................
11-20 11.16. MASS HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION EMS ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES ..................................... 11-20 11.17.
MASS HIGHWAY OPERATIONS DIVISION EMS ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
............................................ 11-22 11.18. MASS
HIGHWAY DISTRICT EMS ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
.................................................................
11-23 11.19. MASS HIGHWAY TRAINING EXPECTATIONS BY ROLE
.................................................................................
11-24 11.20. MASS HIGHWAY ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING PROGRAM ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES ........................... 11-25 11.21. PENNDOT
DISTRICT 10 SEMP RESPONSIBILITY
TABLE..............................................................................
11-26 11.22. PENNDOT DISTRICT 10 SEMP TRAINING
TABLE........................................................................................
11-28 11.23. NYSDOT CONSTRUCTION/ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING
SCHEDULE...........................................................
11-29 11.24. ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST FOR MODOT
FACILITIES..............................................................................
11-30 11.25. PENNDOT STOCKPILE QUALITY ASSURANCE RESPONSIBILITIES
................................................................
11-33 11.26. PENNDOT 15-MINUTE STOCKPILE WALKAROUND
.....................................................................................
11-34 11.27. PENNDOT STOCKPILE SNAPSHOT
...............................................................................................................
11-34 11.28. PENNDOT MAINTENANCE STOCKPILE ACTIVITY
PROTOCOL......................................................................
11-35 11.29. PENNDOT POST-STORM SALT MANAGEMENT TRACKING
RESPONSIBILITIES .............................................
11-41 11.30. RISK, COMPLIANCE ISSUES, AND MANAGEMENT EXAMPLES FOR
HIGHWAY-GENERATED WASTE - OREGON
DOT
........................................................................................................................................................
11-42
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Practices in Construction and Maintenance
viii
11.31. NYSDOT-DEC DEER CARCASS COMPOSTING – PRACTICE
GUIDELINES....................................................
11-43 11.32. NYSDOT’S DRAFT METRIC FOR ASSESSING PERFORMANCE OF
INTEGRATED VEGETATION MANAGEMENT ON
ROW
.......................................................................................................................................................
11-47 11.33. NCDOT ROADSIDE VEGETATION MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES IN
MARKED AREAS.................................... 11-50 ENDNOTES
...........................................................................................................................................................
11-1
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
ix
DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH APPROACH
..................................................................
1-1 1.1. PROBLEM STATEMENT AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
.......................................................................................
1-1 1.2. THE TREND TOWARD ENVIRONMENTAL
STEWARDSHIP...................................................................................
1-2 1.3. SCOPE OF STUDY AND DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
PRACTICES....................................... 1-3 1.4. RESEARCH
APPROACH.....................................................................................................................................
1-4 1.5. RESEARCH USES
..............................................................................................................................................
1-5 1.6. DISCLAIMER/LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
..........................................................................................................
1-6 CHAPTER 2: ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP PRACTICES
......................... 2-1
2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIC PLANNING
.................................................................................
2-1 DOT Environmental Policies and Mission Statements
...................................................................................
2-1
Standards and Performance Measures for Environmental Policy
Statements
................................................................2-4
Staying Abreast of Legal and Other
Requirements.........................................................................................
2-5
On-line Legal and Regulatory
Resources.......................................................................................................................2-6
Mass Highway’s Process for Staying Current on Environmental
Requirements............................................................2-6
Standards and Performance Measures for Organizational Awareness of
Legal and Other Requirements .....................2-8
Identifying Environmental Aspects or Impacts of Operations
........................................................................
2-8 Washington State DOT’s Activity/Impact Analysis
......................................................................................................2-9
NHDOT’s Process for Identifying Significant Environmental Aspects
of Operations—Traffic Bureau .......................2-9 PennDOT’s
Analysis of Environmental Aspects of
Operations...................................................................................2-10
NSW RTA Environmental Assessment of Construction, Operation, and
Maintenance Activities...............................2-10 Standards
and Performance Measures for Identifying Environmental Aspects and
Impacts .......................................2-14
Organization Wide Strategic Planning for the Environment
........................................................................
2-14 New York State DOT’s Environmental Initiative
........................................................................................................2-15
MDSHA Environmental Strategic Plan and Management Systems
.............................................................................2-18
Delaware DOT’s Plan to Support Smart Growth and Implement a
“Livable Delaware”.............................................2-19
NCDOT’s Use of Baldrige as an Environmental Management
Framework.................................................................2-20
Environmental Strategic Planning at PennDOT via the Strategic
Environmental Management Program (SEMP)......2-23 New Brunswick,
Canada, DOT Strategic Plan and Environmental Protection Plan
....................................................2-24 New South
Wales, Australia Roads & Traffic Authority Strategic Plan and
EMS ......................................................2-24
2.2. SETTING OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS & TRACKING ENVIRONMENTAL
COMMITMENTS.................................. 2-25 Establishing
Environmental Objectives and
Targets....................................................................................
2-25
MDSHA Environmental Objectives and Targets
.........................................................................................................2-25
PennDOT’s Targets, Scorecards and
Dashboards........................................................................................................2-27
Standards for Establishing Environmental Objectives and
Targets..............................................................................2-28
Environmental Commitment Tracking Through Construction &
Maintenance............................................ 2-28 DOT
“Green Sheets” and the Emergence of Electronic Commitment Tracking
Systems............................................2-29 South
Carolina DOT Interdisciplinary Accountability Teams
.....................................................................................2-29
New Jersey DOT Environmental Re-evaluation Checklists, Meetings,
and Construction Field Reviews ...................2-29 Kentucky
Transportation Cabinet “Communicating All Promises
(CAP)”..................................................................2-30
Indiana DOT Environmental Compliance
Certification...............................................................................................2-31
New York State DOT Environmental Commitment and Obligations Package
for Construction (ECOPAC) ..............2-31 Caltrans’
Environmental Commitment Tracking
.........................................................................................................2-31
MDSHA Environmental Compliance/Consideration Checklists and
Independent Environmental Monitors...............2-32 Washington
State DOT EMS and Construction Compliance Program
........................................................................2-32
Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission Database for Tracking
Environmental
Commitments........................................2-34 NCDOT
Environmental Control Teams, Field Monitoring, and Permits on the
Web..................................................2-34 Texas DOT
Environmental Tracking System
..............................................................................................................2-34
FHWA’s Domestic Scan on Environmental Commitment Implementation and
Lessons Learned ..............................2-35
2.3. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
..................................................................................................
2-35 Why EMS for DOTs?
....................................................................................................................................
2-36 Benefits of EMS ― Improved Environmental Performance&
Predictability ...............................................
2-37
Improve Environmental
Stewardship...........................................................................................................................2-37
Implement Leadership and Agency
Objectives............................................................................................................2-37
Enhanced Credibility with External
Stakeholders........................................................................................................2-37
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Improved Relationships with Regulatory Agencies
.....................................................................................................2-38
Improving Compliance and Eliminating
Violations.....................................................................................................2-39
Streamlining Regulatory Responsibilities
....................................................................................................................2-39
Cost Savings
................................................................................................................................................................2-39
Improving Environmental Performance: Indicators, Protection, and
Enhancements ..................................................2-40
Economic Incentives, Including Reduced Liability
.....................................................................................................2-40
Other Organizational/Operational
Benefits..................................................................................................................2-41
Helping DOTs Respond to the Challenges They Face
.................................................................................................2-42
EMS and the ISO 14001 Standard
................................................................................................................
2-42 Gap Analysis: What Do You Have Already That Could Be Part of
an EMS? ............................................. 2-44
U.S. Resource Centers for EMS Development
............................................................................................................2-45
2.4. OPERATIONAL CONTROLS, PROCEDURES, AND PRACTICES
...........................................................................
2-46
Procedures and Manuals
..............................................................................................................................
2-46 New York State DOT Environmental Handbook for Transportation
Operations.........................................................2-47
Mass Highway’s Facility Environmental
Handbook....................................................................................................2-47
North Carolina DOT BMPs for Construction and Maintenance Activities
..................................................................2-47
Oregon DOT Right-of-Way BMP
Manual...................................................................................................................2-48
Standards & Measures for Implementing Environmental Programs
& Process Improvements: ISO 14001 Practices.2-48
Standards for Evaluating
Procedures...........................................................................................................
2-51 Standards and Measures for Emergency Preparedness and Response
Procedures
.......................................................2-51 FHWA
and AASHTO On-Line Clearinghouse for DOT
Specifications......................................................................2-51
Construction and Maintenance Decision Support
Systems...........................................................................
2-52 Maintenance Facilities Management and Auditing
......................................................................................................2-52
Stormwater Facility Evaluation and Prioritization of Improvements
...........................................................................2-52
Culvert and Fish Passage Evaluation and Prioritization of
Improvements...................................................................2-53
Selection of Appropriate Environmental
Measures......................................................................................................2-53
Field Compliance Management
...................................................................................................................................2-53
Roadside Vegetation
Management...............................................................................................................................2-54
Winter
Operations........................................................................................................................................................2-54
2.5. MEASURING ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE
.............................................................................................
2-54 Special Challenges with Environmental Measures
......................................................................................................2-55
Individual Performance Accountability
.......................................................................................................................2-55
Program Measures for DOT Environmental Process Improvement
Efforts, EMS, and Strategic Plans ...... 2-56 Six Pillars at Oregon
DOT
...........................................................................................................................................2-56
New York State DOT Initiative Tracking and Participation in State
Pollution Prevention Audits ..............................2-57
Maine DOT’s EMS Performance
Measures.................................................................................................................2-57
North Carolina DOT’s Delegated Sediment and Erosion Control
Program.................................................................2-58
New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department
Environmental Measures
.............................................2-58 New Brunswick
DOT, Canada, Environmental Measures
...........................................................................................2-59
Pennsylvania DOT SEMP Maintenance Performance Measures
.................................................................................2-59
WSDOT’s Maintenance Accountability Process and Environmental
Factors..............................................................2-60
Measuring Environmental Outcomes
...........................................................................................................
2-63 Washington State DOT’s Success Standards for Wetlands
Restoration.......................................................................2-63
NCDOT’s Ecosystem Enhancement
Program..............................................................................................................2-63
Utilizing a Combination of Program and Environmental Indicators
........................................................... 2-64
Maryland State Highway Administration Environmental Outcome &
Program Performance Measures.....................2-64 Washington
State DOT’s Environmental Indicators and Public
Reporting..................................................................2-64
State Environmental Agency Reporting on the State of the
Environment
...................................................................2-65
Canada’s Sustainable Transportation Indicators
..........................................................................................................2-65
Environmental
Auditing................................................................................................................................
2-67 New South Wales Construction Auditing
Program......................................................................................................2-67
New Jersey DOT Construction Audits, Contractor Performance Rating
System, and Environmental Factors ............2-70 New York State
DOT Environmental Auditing and Self-Reporting
............................................................................2-71
Maine DOT’s Environmental Audit Program
..............................................................................................................2-71
Mass Highway’s Compliance Tracking and Self-Audit
Programs...............................................................................2-72
PennDOT Stockpile Audits and Award
Program.........................................................................................................2-72
Missouri Contractor Performance Measures and Evaluation
.......................................................................................2-73
Standards and Measures of Environmental Performance Audit
Programs...................................................................2-73
Standards and Measures for Nonconformance Detection and Corrective
and Preventive Action................................2-74 Standards
and Performance Evaluation for Monitoring and Measurement
..................................................................2-74
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
xi
2.6. ENVIRONMENTAL STAFFING, ROLES, AND
RESPONSIBILITIES........................................................................
2-75 Clarifying Roles and Responsibilities to Ensure Environmental
Performance ............................................ 2-75
Mass Highway District Environmental Roles and Responsibilities
and Associated Training......................................2-75
PennDOT Environmental Role and Responsibility Identification for
SEMP Implementation.....................................2-76
Caltrans Construction Compliance and Stormwater Roles and
Responsibilities..........................................................2-76
Staffing: Environmental Support for Construction &
Maintenance
............................................................ 2-76
Mn/DOT and WSDOT Environmental Staff Supporting Maintenance &
Operations .................................................2-76
NCDOT’s Environmental Coordinators in the
Field....................................................................................................2-77
Indiana DOT’s Environmental Compliance
Coordinator.............................................................................................2-77
Virginia DOT’s Residency Environmental Specialists for Maintenance
.....................................................................2-77
NYSDOT Construction & Maintenance Environmental Coordinators
........................................................................2-78
2.7. ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING AND
CERTIFICATION.........................................................................................
2-82 Competency-Based Training Systems
...........................................................................................................
2-82
PennDOT’s Transportation University
........................................................................................................................2-82
Caltrans Work Breakdown System
..............................................................................................................................2-83
Environmental Training for Construction and
Maintenance........................................................................
2-84 Oregon DOT Environmental Outreach and Training for Maintenance
Staff
...............................................................2-85
Caltrans Environmental & Equipment Training for Construction
and
Maintenance....................................................2-85
Montana (MDT) Environmental Training for Maintenance Field Staff
.......................................................................2-86
WSDOT Environmental Training for Construction Inspection and
Maintenance........................................................2-86
Nova Scotia Department of Transportation & Public Works Short
EMS Toolbox Meetings ......................................2-87
WSDOT Training Partnership with Local Governments and Other
Transportation Professionals to Deliver Statewide Training and
Certification............................................................................................................................................2-88
KYTC Environmental Leadership
Training.................................................................................................................2-88
Contractor Outreach and
Training................................................................................................................................2-88
Train the Trainer Programs
.........................................................................................................................
2-90 PennDOT’s Instructor Development Program for Internal Subject
Experts
................................................................2-90
NYSDOT’s Training Pipeline for Environmental Coordinators,
Construction, & Maintenance Staff.........................2-90
Qualities to Consider in Identifying and Growing Good
Instructors............................................................................2-93
Recommended Practices in Implementing Adult Learning Programs
that Benefit Construction and Maintenance
.................................................................................................................................................
2-94
Tailgate Resources: Pocket Guides and Bulletins
.......................................................................................................2-99
Standards and Measures for Training, Awareness, and Competency
Programs...........................................................2-99
On the Job Training―Promoting Continuous Learning in the
Workplace................................................ 2-100
Contractor Certification Programs
............................................................................................................
2-100
Virginia DOT Specification and Certification for Erosion Control
Contractors
........................................................2-101
Maine’s Voluntary Contractor Certification
Program................................................................................................2-101
Tennessee DOT Erosion Prevention and Sediment Control Training and
Certification Program..............................2-102 WSDOT
Partnership with AGC to Deliver Statewide Training and
Certification
.....................................................2-102 Iowa DOT
Certification for Construction Inspection, Material Testing, and
Spill Prevention ..................................2-103
Certifications Provided by Private Associations
........................................................................................................2-103
Sources of Training, Materials, and Information
.......................................................................................
2-104 State Transportation Agency Training Programs
.......................................................................................................2-105
Pooled Fund Cooperative (SICOP) and On-Line
Programs.......................................................................................2-105
Transportation Curriculum Coordination Council
.....................................................................................................2-106
National Highway Institute
........................................................................................................................................2-106
Local Technology Assistance Centers
.......................................................................................................................2-107
University Transportation Research
Centers..............................................................................................................2-107
Listservs.....................................................................................................................................................................2-107
CHAPTER 3: DESIGNING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP IN
CONSTRUCTION &
MAINTENANCE.....................................................................................................................................................
3-1
3.1. BEYOND MITIGATION: PROJECTS TO ACHIEVE ENVIRONMENTAL
GOALS....................................................... 3-1
Environmental Betterments and Dual Purpose Projects
................................................................................
3-1
Dual Purpose Projects at Caltrans
..................................................................................................................................3-1
NYSDOT’s Guidelines and Procedures for Environmental Betterments
.......................................................................3-1
Maintaining or Improving the Natural Environment as
Transportation is Built............................................
3-5 Cultural Resource Enhancement Efforts
........................................................................................................
3-5
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
xii
3.2. CONTEXT SENSITIVE DESIGN/SOLUTIONS
.......................................................................................................
3-7 State DOT CSD/CSS Policies, Plans, Guidelines, Agreements,
Training, and Examples .............................. 3-8 Context
Sensitive Design/Solutions References and Resources
....................................................................
3-17
3.3. AVOIDING IMPACTS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL OR HISTORIC SITES
....................................................................
3-19 Archaeological Sites
.....................................................................................................................................
3-19 Historic
Resources........................................................................................................................................
3-20
3.4. HABITAT CONNECTIVITY AND WILDLIFE
CROSSINGS....................................................................................
3-22 Identifying Locations for Wildlife Crossings
................................................................................................
3-23 Monitoring Wildlife
Crossings......................................................................................................................
3-24 Wildlife Crossing Techniques, Research, and Resources
.............................................................................
3-24 State DOT Initiatives to Address Wildlife Habitat Connectivity
Needs in Planning and Design ................. 3-30
Maine DOT Initiatives to Limit Disruption of Habitat and
Transportation Related Wildlife
Mortality.......................3-30 Caltrans Interchange Removal
and Partnership to Identify and Address Habitat Connectivity
Needs.........................3-32 Florida DOT Partnership to
Determine and Prioritize Connectivity Needs and Contribute to
“Green Infrastructure” 3-32 New Hampshire DOT’s Pilot Project for
Identifying Habitat Connectivity and Wildlife Crossing Needs
..................3-34 Maryland SHA’s Net Gain Wetland Mitigation
Policy & Contribution to Regional Restoration/Connectivity
Goals 3-34
Maintenance and Management of Created, Modified, or Restored
Habitat................................................. 3-35 3.5.
CULVERTS AND FISH PASSAGE
......................................................................................................................
3-36
Forms of Stream
Crossings...........................................................................................................................
3-36 Bridges versus Culverts
................................................................................................................................
3-37 Potential Adverse Impacts of River and Stream Crossings
..........................................................................
3-38 Stream Crossing Design Considerations
......................................................................................................
3-39
Collecting Adequate Survey
Information.....................................................................................................................3-39
Designing for Target Species
.......................................................................................................................................3-40
Avoiding Channel
Constriction....................................................................................................................................3-40
Energy Dissipation at Culvert Exits
.............................................................................................................................3-41
Other Hydraulic
Considerations...................................................................................................................................3-41
Mitigating Fish Passage Effects through Culvert Design
Modifications......................................................................3-42
Measures for Non-Embedded Culverts
........................................................................................................................3-43
Other General Recommendations
................................................................................................................................3-44
Design Methods for New and Replacement
Culverts....................................................................................
3-44 Active Channel Design Method
...................................................................................................................................3-44
Stream Simulation Design Method
..............................................................................................................................3-44
Hydraulic Design
Method............................................................................................................................................3-46
Structural Design and Flood
Capacity..........................................................................................................................3-47
Culvert Evaluation for Fish Passage and Ranking for Remediation
Efforts ................................................ 3-47 DOT
Practice and Design Guidance for Culvert Installation, Design, and
Prioritization for Fish Passage3-49
Alaska Programmatic Agreement for Fish Passage
Improvements..............................................................................3-50
Maine DOT’s Fish Passage Policy and Design Guide
.................................................................................................3-50
Oregon DOT Culvert Retrofit and Replacement Program
Agreement.........................................................................3-51
WSDOT Fish Passage Improvements on a System and Project-by-Project
Basis........................................................3-52
MDSHA Incorporates Stream Morphology Concepts in Culvert
Design.....................................................................3-53
Alberta Transportation Practices and Measures for Protection of
Fish & Aquatic Ecosystems
...................................3-53
Resource Agency and Other Design Guidance for Fish
Passage.................................................................
3-54 Post-Construction Evaluation and Long Term Maintenance and
Assessment ............................................. 3-57
3.6. STREAM RESTORATION AND
BIOENGINEERING..............................................................................................
3-57 Planning Considerations for Stream Restoration and
Bioengineering.........................................................
3-59
Information Requirements
...........................................................................................................................................3-62
Coordination and Communication on Bioengineering
Projects...................................................................
3-66 Available Guidebooks and Research in
Progress.........................................................................................
3-67 Bioengineering Technique
Selection.............................................................................................................
3-70 Bank Protection and Stabilization Techniques
.............................................................................................
3-72
Riprap
..........................................................................................................................................................................3-73
Gabions
........................................................................................................................................................................3-75
Toe
Protection..............................................................................................................................................................3-75
Vegetated Concrete Blocks
..........................................................................................................................................3-75
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
xiii
Live Crib
Walls............................................................................................................................................................3-76
Root Wads
...................................................................................................................................................................3-76
Live
Staking.................................................................................................................................................................3-76
Large Woody
Debris....................................................................................................................................................3-77
Live Fascines
...............................................................................................................................................................3-77
Brush Layering or Branch Packing
..............................................................................................................................3-78
Brush
Mattresses..........................................................................................................................................................3-78
Coir Fiber
Logs............................................................................................................................................................3-78
Ditch Lining, Turf Reinforcement Mats, and Geocellular Containment
Systems
........................................................3-79 Other
Vegetative Streambank Stabilization and Bank Protection
Practices.................................................................3-79
Borrow
.........................................................................................................................................................................3-80
Drains and Trenches
....................................................................................................................................................3-80
River Training and Channel Rehabilitation Techniques
..............................................................................
3-80 Grade Control Structures
.............................................................................................................................................3-80
Log and Check
Dams...................................................................................................................................................3-81
Flow Deflection/Concentration
Practices.....................................................................................................................3-81
Stream
Deflectors.........................................................................................................................................................3-82
Vanes
...........................................................................................................................................................................3-82
Bendway
Weirs............................................................................................................................................................3-82
Boulder Placement In-Stream for Habitat Creation
.....................................................................................................3-82
Other Flow Redirection Techniques
............................................................................................................................3-83
Stream Restoration Evaluation and
Monitoring...........................................................................................
3-83 3.7. DESIGN GUIDANCE FOR STORMWATER AND EROSION &
SEDIMENTATION CONTROL.................................... 3-83
Federally Sponsored Stormwater BMP Manuals
.........................................................................................................3-84
State Sponsored Stormwater BMP Manuals
................................................................................................................3-85
3.8. DRAINAGE DITCHES, BERMS, DIKES, AND
SWALES.......................................................................................
3-89 Design and Construction Considerations and Practices for
Ditches, Dikes, and
Swales..............................................3-90 Slope
Diversions for Intercepting Stormwater
.............................................................................................................3-91
Level
Spreaders............................................................................................................................................................3-91
3.9. DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABLE, LOW MAINTENANCE
ROADSIDES.......................................................................
3-91 Pre-Construction Soil
Considerations..........................................................................................................
3-92
Plans, Specifications, and Estimate (PS&E) for Soil
Preparation
................................................................................3-98
Planning for Native Vegetation and Consistent Roadside
Design................................................................
3-98
WisDOT Uses STURRA to Fund the Ongoing Use and Preservation of
Native Plants...............................................3-99
WSDOT’s Roadside Classification
Plan....................................................................................................................3-100
Designing for Salt Resistant Vegetation
.....................................................................................................
3-100 3.10. DESIGNING TO REDUCE SNOW, ICE, AND CHEMICAL
ACCUMULATION........................................................
3-101
Designing Roads to Minimize Snow
Drift...................................................................................................
3-101 Designing Snow Fences
..............................................................................................................................
3-105
Snow Fence Site Design and Placement Tools
..........................................................................................................3-106
Plastic Snow Fence Research Results
........................................................................................................................3-108
Living Snow Fence
....................................................................................................................................................3-108
Designing Drainage to Minimize Anti-Icing and Deicing Impacts to
Natural Resources.......................... 3-110 Structural
Roadside BMPs to Control Deicing and Anti-Icing Chemical and
Abrasive Laden Runoff .....................3-113
Snow Disposal and Snow Storage Site Design
...........................................................................................
3-115 Control of Chloride through Detention and Dilution
.................................................................................................3-116
Control of Particulates and Subsequent Mobilization of Metals and
PAHs
...............................................................3-116
Environmental Stewardship Practices in Design and Operation of Snow
Storage Sites ............................................3-116
3.11. DESIGNING TO MINIMIZE AIR QUALITY
PROBLEMS.....................................................................................
3-120 Tree Shading for Emissions Reduction
.......................................................................................................
3-121 Promoting Carpooling and Transit
............................................................................................................
3-122 ITS Facilitated Air Quality Improvement in Ohio and
Kentucky................................................................
3-123 Funding for Air Quality Improvement: The Congestion
Mitigation & Air Quality Program (CMAQ)..... 3-123
3.12. DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION FOR RECYCLING
.............................................................................................
3-124 The Growing Need for and Importance of Waste Minimization and
Recycling.......................................... 3-124 Common
Recycling Applications in the U.S. and
Europe...........................................................................
3-124 General Recommendations for DOTs with Regard to Recycling and
Waste Management ........................ 3-127
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
xiv
Life Cycle Cost-Benefit
Analysis.................................................................................................................
3-128 Areas for Recycling
Applications................................................................................................................
3-128 Specifications for Recycled Materials in Transportation
Applications ......................................................
3-128
3.13. DESIGNING TO MINIMIZE NOISE
..................................................................................................................
3-129 Noise Effects and
Regulation......................................................................................................................
3-129
Effects of Highway Noise on People
.........................................................................................................................3-129
Effects of Noise from Roads on Birds and Terrestrial Wildlife
.................................................................................3-130
Effects of Noise from Pile Driving during
Construction............................................................................................3-132
Designing for Roadway/Traffic Noise Source Control
...............................................................................
3-134 Pavement Alterations to Reduce Roadway Noise
......................................................................................................3-134
Traffic Noise Barriers
................................................................................................................................................3-139
Receptor Controls
......................................................................................................................................................3-140
Noise Reduction Resources, Research, and Research Needs
.....................................................................................3-142
3.14. LIGHTING
CONTROL/MINIMIZATION............................................................................................................
3-142 Common Lighting Approaches and Deciding How Much Light Is
Enough
..............................................................3-143
Arizona DOT Research to Improve Lighting
Practices..............................................................................................3-145
Comparison of Lighting Sources, Issues, and Costs
..................................................................................................3-146
Florida DOT’s Coastal Roadway Lighting Manual
...................................................................................................3-147
Lighting Environmental Stewardship Practices
.........................................................................................................3-147
FDOT’s Embedded Roadway Lighting Study
...........................................................................................................3-149
Caltrans Light Minimization Efforts
..........................................................................................................................3-149
Tennessee DOT Light Reduction and Maintenance Cost Savings
.............................................................................3-149
3.15. DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND ENERGY
CONSERVATION......................................................................
3-150 New York City Transit’s Green Building and Design for the
Environment Programs
..............................................3-151 Design for
Efficient Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning of
Facilities...........................................................3-152
Design for Lighting
Conservation..............................................................................................................................3-152
3.16. SAFETY REST AREAS, TRAVELER SERVICES, AND PARKING AREA
DESIGN................................................. 3-152
Planning for Conservation in Rest Area
Design.........................................................................................
3-153
Vegetated/Bioinfiltration Swales in Parking Facility
Design.....................................................................................3-154
Permeable Pavements
................................................................................................................................................3-154
Porous Concrete Pavement
........................................................................................................................................3-154
CHAPTER 4: CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP
..................... 4-1
4.1. GENERAL CONSTRUCTION SITE STEWARDSHIP PRACTICES
.............................................................................
4-1 4.2. PREPARING ACCESS AND STAGING AREAS
......................................................................................................
4-2 4.3. CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCING, TIMING, AND
ACCELERATION..........................................................................
4-2
Construction Phasing and Sequencing
...........................................................................................................
4-2 Preserving Local Fish and Wildlife through Attention to Timing
Restrictions............................................... 4-3
Accelerated Construction
...............................................................................................................................
4-3
4.4. DISCOVERY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL OR HISTORIC SITES IN
CONSTRUCTION .....................................................
4-4 4.5. CONSTRUCTION IN STREAMS, WETLANDS, AND OTHER
ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS .................... 4-5
Pre-Contract and Pre-Construction Activities
...............................................................................................
4-5 Vegetation Protection
.....................................................................................................................................
4-7 Fish and Aquatic Species Protection
..............................................................................................................
4-8 Other Stewardship Considerations
...............................................................................................................
4-10 State Resources and Fact
Sheets...................................................................................................................
4-11
4.6. EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
CONTROL.....................................................................................................
4-11 Manuals for Stormwater and Erosion & Sedimentation Control
.................................................................
4-13 Procedural Management Practices for Water Quality
.................................................................................
4-16 Dewatering and Managing the Watercourse
................................................................................................
4-17
Dewatering...................................................................................................................................................................4-17
Flow Diversion
............................................................................................................................................................4-20
Cofferdams...................................................................................................................................................................4-21
Turbidity
Curtains........................................................................................................................................................4-21
Other Slope Stabilization and Drainage Techniques
....................................................................................................4-22
Managing Excavated Material or
Spoil........................................................................................................................4-22
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NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
xv
Interception...................................................................................................................................................
4-22 Reducing Slope Length for Erosion Control
................................................................................................................4-22
Fiber Rolls
...................................................................................................................................................................4-23
Gravel
Bags..................................................................................................................................................................4-23
Triangular Filter Dike
..................................................................................................................................................4-24
Strawbale
Barriers........................................................................................................................................................4-24
Geotextiles, Mats/Plastic Covers and Erosion Control
Blankets..................................................................................4-25
Inlet Protection
Information:........................................................................................................................................4-26
Infiltration - Sediment Basins and Traps
......................................................................................................
4-26 Sediment
Basins...........................................................................................................................................................4-26
Sediment
Trap..............................................................................................................................................................4-27
Check
Dams.................................................................................................................................................................4-27
Sandbag Barrier
...........................................................................................................................................................4-28
Rock Berm
...................................................................................................................................................................4-28
Maintenance of Sediment Basins and Traps
................................................................................................................4-29
Vegetative Erosion Control
..........................................................................................................................
4-29 Wind Erosion
Control...................................................................................................................................
4-30 Sediment Tracking
Prevention......................................................................................................................
4-30
Stabilizing Construction
Entrances/Exits.....................................................................................................................4-30
Inspecting Adjacent
Roads...........................................................................................................................................4-31
Entrance/Outlet Tire
Wash...........................................................................................................................................4-31
Combining Recycling and Effective Erosion and Water Quality
Control....................................................................4-32
Erosion Control Structure
Removal..............................................................................................................
4-34 New
Technologies.........................................................................................................................................
4-34 Performance Monitoring Systems and Specifications for
Contractors.........................................................
4-34
MDSHA System for 100 Percent Compliance in Construction Erosion
& Sedimentation Control .............................4-34 NCDOT
Delegated Erosion and Sedimentation Control Performance Tracking
.........................................................4-34
Contractor Disincentive Specs for Inadequate/Improper Installation
of
BMPs............................................................4-35
WSDOT Application of ISO 14001 to Erosion and Sedimentation Control
................................................................4-35
NHDOT Stormwater Quality Retrofits
........................................................................................................................4-37
4.7. VEHICLE FLUID, FUEL, AND WASHWATER CONTROL
....................................................................................
4-37 Construction Vehicle Washing Areas
...........................................................................................................
4-37 Vehicle and Equipment
Fueling....................................................................................................................
4-39 Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
...........................................................................................................
4-40 Environmental Impacts of Construction & Repair
Materials.......................................................................
4-41
4.8. AIR QUALITY CONTROL PRACTICES
..............................................................................................................
4-42 Diesel Emission Reduction Strategies
..........................................................................................................
4-42
Idling
Reduction...........................................................................................................................................................4-43
Diesel Engine Retrofits through Fleet Management
....................................................................................................4-43
Use of Clean Fuels
.......................................................................................................................................................4-44
Sample Diesel Emission Controls: The Boston Central Artery/Tunnel
(CA/T) and New Haven Harbor Crossing ....4-45
Dust Control in Construction and
Maintenance...........................................................................................
4-47 Model Air Monitoring and Dust Control Practices on Boston’s
Central Artery Project
..............................................4-48
Practices to Minimize Emissions during Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA)
Construction ......................................... 4-49
Guidance for Plant Mix Production and Field Compaction Temperatures
of HMA ....................................................4-50
Aggregate, RAP, and Anti-Stripping Environmental Stewardship
Practices
...............................................................4-51
HMA Facility Burner Operation and Maintenance Practices for
Reducing Emissions
................................................4-51
Minimizing Volatile Organic Compounds from Traffic Paint
......................................................................
4-52 4.9. NOISE
MINIMIZATION....................................................................................................................................
4-53
Underwater Pile Driving Practices and Conservation Measures
................................................................
4-53 Blasting Practices and Mitigation
Measures................................................................................................
4-54 Land-based Construction Noise Control Practices
......................................................................................
4-55 Construction Noise Pathway
Controls..........................................................................................................
4-63 Noise Complaint
Procedure..........................................................................................................................
4-66
4.10. MATERIALS STORAGE, COLLECTION, AND SPILL PREVENTION ON
CONSTRUCTION SITES............................. 4-67 Materials
Management on Construction
Sites..............................................................................................
4-67
-
NCHRP 25-25(04): Compendium of Environmental Stewardship
Practices in Construction and Maintenance
xvi
Materials Storage
.........................................................................................................................................
4-67 Control of Sediment from Raw Materials Storage
Areas..............................................................................
4-68 Collection and Disposal of Waste Materials on Construction
Sites .............................................................
4-68 Spill Prevention and Pollution Control for Hazardous Materials
................................................................
4-69
4.11. VEGETATION MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION
...........................................................................................
4-70 Noxious Weed Control in Construction
........................................................................................................
4-70 Revegetation and Vegetation Salvage Plan
..................................................................................................
4-71 Site
Preparation............................................................................................................................................
4-73
4.12. SOIL MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION
........................................................................................................
4-74 Earthwork and Soil Management
.................................................................................................................
4-74
Contouring....................................................................................................................................................
4-74 Subgrade Preparation
..................................................................................................................................
4-75 Topsoil
Preservation.....................................................................................................................................
4-75