environmental-situation-in-textile-industry.pdf

8/14/2019 environmental-situation-in-textile-industry.pdf

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AAI F EIEA IAI

I

IH EIE ID IH A ECIA FC

AGE EGI

J

H E

FIA E

Jaa 2012Aaa, T


2/91

1

ABE F CE

1. IDCI..................................................................................................................... 5

2. AI AD CE F HE D ............................................................................................. 7

3. EHDG F HE D ............................................................................................. 9

3.1. M Sa Aa: T P Ca (SME) ................................................... 10

3.2. M Sa Aa: Ma a C Ra ........................................................ 12

3.3. Ma Sa Aa: Ia S a Ea Ga ......................... 13

3.4. B M..................................................................................................................... 14

3.5. D Ra ...................................................................................... 15

4. CAE CIA AD EIEA EIBII I HE EIE ID ....... 174.1. O T I............................................................. ............................................... 17

4.2. Ca Sa Rb T I............................................................... 17

4.3. Ca Sa a Ea Rb.................................................................... 18

4.4. Ea I Aa T I........................................................ 20

5. IH EIE ID AD HE AGE EGI ........................................................ 23

5.1. C Sa T T a Ga I........................................................ 23

5.2. T I Ta R............................................................................................. 25

6. AAI F EIEA IAI I EIE ID ........................................ 27

6.1. Ba Ia Ea I T T I....................... 27

6.2. M Sa Aa: T P Ca (SME)......................................................... 30

6.3. M Sa Aa: Ma a C Ra.............................................................. 42

6.4. Ma Sa Aa: Ia S a Ea Ga........................... 48

6.5. B M................................................................................................................................ 67

7. CCI..................................................................................................................... 81

7.1. R................................................................................................................................................. 82

7.2. Ra............................................................................................................................ 84

EFEECE


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ABBEIAI

BAT : B Aaab T

BCI : B C Ia

BOD : Ba O Da

BREF : B Aaab T R DBSH : B Sa Ca Ia

BSR : B Sa Rb

CAYDAG : E, A, Ea a Ma Ra G

CFC : Cab

CMC : Cab

CSR : Ca Sa Rb

COD : Ca O Da

EIE : Ga Da Ea P S a D Aa

EIA : Ea Ia A

EU : Ea UEMS : Ea Maa S

EMAS : Ea Maa a A S

EVRENA : Gba Ra Pa

GDP : G D P

GEF : Gba E Fa

HCFC : Hab

IBC : Ia B Ca

IDA : I D A

ILO : Iaa Lab Oaa

IPPC : Ia P P a C

ISO : Iaa Oaa SaaaITKIB : Iab T a Aa E Aa

KAMAG : Pb I Ra G

KOSGEB : Sa a M E D Oaa

JP : J Pa

MDG : M D Ga

MDGF

METU

:

:

M D Ga A F

M Ea Ta U

MOE : M E

MOEU : M E a Ubaa

MOSIT : M S, I a TNGO : NGa Oaa

PBDE : Pba D E

PCP : Pa

PVA : Pa

R&D : Ra a D

REACH : D Ra, Eaa, Aa a R Ca

REAP : Rb E A Pa

SAI : Sa Aab Iaa

SME : Sa a M E

TBAG : T Ba S Ra G

TGSD : T C Maa Aa


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3

TOBB : T U Cab a C Ea T

TSI : T Saa I

TSS : Ta S S

TTGV : T D Fa T

TTTSD : T T D a F Ia' Aa

TUBITAK : T S a Ta Ra C TTURKAK : T Aa A

UNDP : U Na D Pa

UNGC : UN Gba Ca

UNIDO : U Na Ia D Oaa

USD

VAT

:

:

U Sa Da

Va A Ta

VOC : Va Oa C

WEEE : Ra Wa Ea a E E

WRAP : W Rb A P


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4

I F ABE

Tab 1: Db /aa a b a .... 10

Tab 2: Db a a b ..................... 11

Tab 3: T a b a .......................................... 25

Tab 4: Ia a a T .. 28

Tab 5: P a a ..................................................................................................... 84

Tab 6: Faa a .............................................................................................................. 85

Tab 7: Ia a b a .................................................................... 86

Tab 8: Caa b a aa a ................................................................................. 87

I F FIGE

F 1: A a .................................................... 9F 2: Ta a a ....E! B

.

F 3: T I P, P a Pa ........................................................................ 17

F 4: Pa, D, C, A EPA ...................................................................................... 19

F 5: Ea .......................................................................... 20

F 6: Wa ba T .............................................................. 29

F 7: Ba a a T ...................................................... 30

F 8: Ga a a aa a a ................ 31

F 9: Ga a a aa a a . 32

F 10: P a a a .................................. 33F 11: P a a a ................... 33

F 12: Ga a aa a a ................................................ 34

F 13: Ga a aa a a ................................. 35

F 14: Ca a ...................... 35

F 15: Ca a ...... 36

F 16: M a aa /a a ............................ 37

F 17: C a a aa .......................................................................... 37

F 18: O/a a a a aa ..................................... 38

F 19: M a aa /a a ............................ 38

F 20: M a aa /a a ............. 39

F 21: O/a a a a aa ..................................... 39

F 22: E a/ a a (a ) ............ 40

F 23: E a/ a a ( ) ......... 41

F 24: Oa a a a a a ..... 41

F 25: Oa a a a a ............ 42

F 26: Pa a a b ............................................................................... 43

F 27: Ea aa aa C C ........................ 45

F 28: S a a /ba ................................ 46

F 29: C ..................................................... 48


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5

1. IDCIT T T a Ga I a T b (GDP), a a . Ta aa 40,000 a , a a 2 . I

2007 a 22.7 b USD . T ab A T a C 2004 ba ba a a b T a Aa [1].

T a a a a aa a a a a a a a ab aa a a aa a a a a aa ba a [1].

T G T a a a b a a aa aa , a W Ta Oaa . T a

Naa T, Ga a La S Sa a aa aa W a ( ) , ab a a a a a a [1].

A a , a (aa a a T1 a) a a a a a a (SME), a, a a , b a a a a a a a . W T a aa a a a a b a a aa aa a a a, a a, a aaa aa [1].

I , a J Ta Aa Pa a b U NaD Pa (UNDP), U Na Ia D Oaa (UNIDO) aIaa Lab Oaa (ILO) UNDPSa MD Ga (MDG) A F. T 3a J Pa (JP) a a aa SME a a T, a a a ab ( a Gaa, Kaaaaa, Maaaa Aaa), a , a a ba a a [1].

M a, JP, b Ga Saa IabT a Aa E Aa (ITKIB), a a a:

S a a aab SME T , a

Ia aab , a a a a a b a a T SME .

W a JP, UNIDO a a a a aSME a a a a aa a b a a a [1]. T a a a a aa a aa a SME a a a a a a a , b , aaa, .


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T aa a b aa Ca Sa Rb (CSR) a a. I , a aa aa a a CSR a a a a a, b a, . a a aa (EMS) a b a a.

T CSR aa UN Gba Ca (UNGC) ab a aab a a b , a a [2]. A , UNGC a a a b a a a a a a a a aa a , ab, a a. T a CSR ba a a EMS a a b b b aa :

P 7: a aa aa a a;

P 8: a a a b; a

P 9: a a a .

T a EMS a a aa 7 Ga MDG a a aab, aa a a aab a a a a .

Ea aa aa a aa a a a . EMS a, a a a a ab aa a a a a a a a

a a [3]. Ma a a aa a a a a a a a [4]. Ca aa a a: a a, a a [5].

L a b , b a EMS a a a a a b a a a a. Aa a a EMSaa b ab b a a a a a aa a aaba a a. W T a a, a b a aa a a a a a a CSR , a aa

a a EMS aa b aa b a a .

I a, T aa baaa CSR a a a b a aa aa b , a a aa b b a. F a aa a ab aa, a a a ba a b aa a a a a aa a a CSR a a a a .


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2. AI AD CE F HE DT a b U Na J Pa HaSaab La SME T T S a a a UNIDO a a a a a a

a a a a a a CSRaa.

T a b ab a a aaa a a a b. T a a a a a a a b a a a J Pa, aa a a, a , aa, a a a a a aab . I a a CSR a T a a , b b M S, I a T a a a

a a a .

T a a CSR a aa a aaa a a . T a b UNIDO a Rb E A Pa (REAP) a a aa CSR ba aaa a a a CSR , b a, a a a a b (a a T B LAa). A REAP , a aa a a a a CSR a a a a a a CSR b a a a a aa a b a a a a a a b a,

a a, a [5].

W a, , a, ba aa a aa a a a a b a a a a a.

I a, a a a a:

D a a a , 10 a (aa a a T1 a), 100 SME a 10 a baa (a a , a

). C a aa 5 b b a a

a aa a/ a a SME(T2 ) b a a a .

Aa , a , a b a a a.

I a, a a aa (, a a) a a SMEaa a aa, aa a a a a a a a, a, a , a a a CSR aa T. T ba a

a a a aab JP a a aa aa a a a a a.


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T ab a aa a a a a a T a a a a aa . I , a a a a, , a a a aaa . Ba , a a a a

a .


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3. EHDG F HE DI , a aa a aa . F a a b . I S 4 a 5a a ab aa/ a a a a

a b a a a T (aa a ). B a a aa a aa S 6 a a a .

I S 6 a a , a a a (Gaa, Kaaaaa, Maaa a Aaa), a a F 1. A F 1 bab E Sa Aa a aa (a) a a a b (b a a ) a aa a/ a . Fa S 7, a a b a

a .

F 1: A a

A E

D / D

S S #1: P (SME)

S S #2: La E

S S #3: I

A

F

D

BM


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3.1. A: C (E)41 aba ba a b a a/ a/ aa a aa a a , a a a a a. Q 6 :

1. Ga a a a a2. T a b / / a a

aa3. Ma, a a a a

a aa a a .4. Ia / a aa a a 5. E a a a a a aa 6. Ia a a a a a a

a

Qa b a a (Gaa,Kaaaaa Maaa a Aaa) :

Ma 17, 2011, Maaa

Ma 18, 2011, Aaa

Ma 24, 2011, Kaaaaa

Ma 25, 2011, Gaa

A , a a a a ba a a a. I a a a a a, a Gaaa Kaaaaa a a a ab

a a/ a b a. A b a , a a a aa aa a a b . H , a a ba a a a b a b a , a a .

A a , a/ a a a a , b104 a a (Tab 1). I a ab , a a a 80% a a baa a . I , a a a 80% a aa aa. B a, 104 a, 64

a (b a a 80% a ) aa a aa S 6.2.

Tab 1: Db /aa a b a

C

(# a)

E

(# a)

Gaa 47 26

Kaaaaa 24 18

Maaa 21 13

Aaa 12 7 104 64


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O a b a a a a a T a a/ a.Ha a a a, a a b ba a a a aa T. F a 12 a ab, Ba, Ta, Ka, Aaa a

Aaaa a . I a a a , 6 a Ta, Ba a Aaaa a a ab a a/ a (Tab 2). F a aa a a a a a a .

Tab 2: Db a a b

E

(# a)

C

(# a)

Gaa 13 12

Kaaaaa 8 3

Maaa 3 0

Aaa 1 0

25 15

Ta 5 4

Ka 2 0

Ba 2 1

ab 1 0

Aaa 1 0

Aaaa 1 1

12 6

37 21

Ba (a ) a, aa/ a a a aa S 6.2:

1. Ga a a aa a2. P a a3. Ga a aa a4. S , a a5. M a aa / a a a 6. E a a a a

Ba a, a a b 0100% a . L a a/ a aa aa a ba aa a . B , a a/ a:


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4 ( 75100% ):

Ca a a a aa . Maa a a a ab. Raa a a aa a b.

3 ( 5075% ):

Ca a / aa a a aa . H aa a a b a . S a a a b b a a .

2 ( 2550% ):

Ca a b a

aa . Maa a a a ab. Ra a b a a .

1 ( 025% ):

Ca a a a a a aa . N aaa a a. U a/ a b a a .

3.2. A: C S a (aa a a T1 a) a b a a, a a a a (SME) a a a a a a /. I , aa a, a a b a b/a, a a a CSR a a a a/ a a T. O a, a T a, aa a, a a T1 a, b a a a a . A , T1 a a a.

A a 14 a a ba a ba a a aa a aa a a a a. I a a a b a a a a aa. C T1 , a a aa/ a a a (.. aa a) a.


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W M Sa Aa b a aaa a a a.

H a Ma AB (H&M)

Ma a S PLC

N, I. L C (Ka G)

L & F L

LC Wa (Ta G)

C Ja ( Maa G Sa. A..)

S (Ga T T . Sa. T. L. )

H T Sa. T. A..

Y T Sa. T. A..

Ba a a , a a a a a a a S 6.3,

a a:

1. Ga a a b aa a a aa2. Ea a a a b aa3. Ia a a 4. L a aab a

3.3. A: I E GIa a a a a a a b a a a T. T

a a a a a a a a, aaab aa , a/ / a a a a a a aaa b ba. Naa, a a a a a b . I , , baaa, a a, a aa (NGO), ab / a a a (a 17 ) aa T , Aaa, ab, , Ba a Gaa. Fa a a a a a .

A 17 a aba a ba a

b a a a aa. I a a aa, a b aa / a .

T b a a a:

M E a Ubaa

M S, I a T

M E


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Sa a M E D Oaa (KOSGEB)

T U T Cab C a I (TOBB)

D A (IDA)

D A

Gaa Cab C

Gaa Cab I T D Fa T (TTGV)

T b a a a a/ a a:

Iab T a E Aa (ITKIB)

Ga Da Ea P R S a DAa (EIE) 1

TOBB Naa C T Oaa

Ba Da Oa Ia Z

E E Ca (E S Ca) U C. (Ea Ca Ca)

E C. (Ea Ca Ca)

Ba a , a a a a a b (S 6.4):

1. La a (aa a, a, .)2. Faa 3. Ra, a a a4. Ia a a aa

3.4.B I , a b a a aa 5 b b a a a aa a/ a a , ba a a :

1. Ga a a aa a2. P a a3. Ga a aa a4. S , a a

5. M a aa / a a a 6. E a a a a

T ba aa b a a , a b a a SME a a b a aa. I , a b a b a aa SME, a a a a a. A a b a SME a , a b a, a a a b a a a a b a a

1

EIE a aa D La b 662 a a 02.11.2011 a aa a b a ab Ga Da RabE M E a Naa R.


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T. T a a a CSR aa a a aa a a a Ta T . H a a aa SME a aa. I , 5 b a a b a S 6.5, aa a ba a

ab.

3.5.D T a a a a a a a b a aa a a a aa a a a a a a a a CSR aa. I a, a a b , ba ba , a a a aa. D , a a b a a a a aaa a a P Da Fa C

a Ra a D N Da Ca (Saab) PAa T [6] a a a.

Sa a ab , a, a b a a a a a a aa a a b UNEP, a F 2.

F 2: Ta a a [7]

P a Sa

R

Aa Ra

Caa B

B Pa

Ia N

Faa Ma

Bottom to TopInteraction

T B

Ia


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A a b F 2 a a:

P a Sa R

Faa Ma

Ia N

B Pa Caa B

Aa Ra

W a a a a ab a, a a b a() (, a) a a a a a a a a/ a .


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4. CAE CIA AD EIEA EIBII I HE EIE ID4.1. IT ab b a ; aa b a a ; a a

a aa a , , a a. I a a a , a b b. I a b a a aa a, a aa a aa aa [8]. Ba , , a a aa a aa b, a aa a [9].

T a aa b , a aa b, aa b b. Aa, b a a b . Paa, a a b a ba , a, a . T a aba a [10].

4.2.C ICa Sa Rb (CSR) a a a aaa b a a a a .CSR a a a a a ab b : a P Pa P , a F 3.

F 3: T I P, P a Pa [11]

Ga a, CSR a a ba a a , a a b , a b aa a b aa a a aa aa [11].

T , a a a b a a a . S a a CSR aa a a a a a . CSR a ab a a aa a a a a , b a a [12]. F, a, a aa

, a a a , a a CSR . S, a a aa a, aa a

C


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T a b a a aa a b:

S (ba) aa a

T a

I/ a

Ia Ra aaa a a a

E a

Ma b aaa/

R a a b

Ca a

I a a aa a a, a aa, a aa, a . T a b a a Ea Maa S (EMS). Ea Maa a a

a aa , a aa, , a a,b, a, , a , ,a a a a a/ [5].

A EMS a a a a a a a a a. T a a a a a a [3]. T EMS a a a a a b a; a a' EMS a a' b a a.

I a aa, a a a

a b a a. O , a a a a b a (a a aaa) a. MEMS ( ISO 14001 aa) a b Pa, D, C, A (F4), ba .

F 4: Pa, D, C, A EPA [5]

S a a aaaa , aa a aa a a a

aab a a.


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4.4.E I A IEa , a a a CSR , aa a a aa b b (F 5). F a , a b a a,

a a, b a a a a . Ea b aa a a aa a a b a a . L a a a a a a baa a a a, a b aa. E a a , aa, a b a . S a a a a a a, a aa a aa a a a a [11]. Oa a a a a , ab Va Oa C (VOC) a , a aa a.

F 5: Ea [11]

T a a b aa a a . Ea a. Ea , , a a a . T a a b a [11]:

I b a b aa . Ma a b b, , a aa a aa a b.Naa b, a , a a a aa

. T a a a a a a, a a a , a baa.


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D b, a a a a. D a aa b. I a a b a b

a a a .

/

T aa a a , a b a ab.A a , a, aa, aa , a, a, a, a a ba. S ab a . S a b a, . T a a a ab (CFC) a ab (HCFC).T a a 1,1,1a, CFC a HCFC b a.

/

B a, a b . S a b aba .C a aa, a (PVA) a ab (CMC).F a a , CMC . A a a ; a a . T a b b a , b a ba b ab ba. A a a a a a a . I , ab ( PVA a CMC) a a aa.

M a a b a b. S b a b a , a. Wa a a a, b a a a a a a baa a aa. Wa a a a a a aa a a a.

Fab a b ba . H , a a ba a. O ba a a a a a ba. Aa a a aa, ab, aa a a a a . Fab a b b ba, a a ab a ba a .B a b a ba. W ba b b. F a a , a a ba a a, a a. Ea a a ba .

A ba, ba a a b b a; , ba a a a . T aa ba b


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ab a a b , a a. M a a (NaOH) a a a.

/

T / a aa a a a a b a a . D/ a a a aaa aa, a a , b a a a aa b. Wa / a a a , aa, a, a [17].

F a ab a a aa, a a,a a. Va a . Haa a ba (PBDE) a a a a

a aaa a ba a a . PBDE a a ba aaa a b a b a baa. Ia a a a a b aa, a aa a . B a a (PCP), aa (a, , ), (DDE) a a (DDT) a a a ab a. A ba a .

A a a a b , aa aaa , a b a , a a a a. W a a a a a a. W a a a a a b a a .

I a a a a aa , a b a b (b , , , a, a a a ) a (a, , , ,ba, , , a ). F a , a ab a a , a a a,a (a, , .), a aa aa a a. T a b aa a a , a a, aa a a a/ a a . Paa aa, S 6(a S 6.2) a aa a a , a a a a a .


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5. IH EIE ID AD HE AGE EGI5.1. C G IT a a a 3.7% a a a a a

Ca, Ia a S Ka, ab , a aaa a. I a, T a 2a a a EaU (EU) , 7 a , 4a , 5a ba , a 4a a a. T a a . Ea U 70% T a a a T, a baa b a EU. W a a a, a a aa2,000,000 , 450,000 a 1,500,000 a , a T b [18]. A M Lab a Sa S 2010, 778,683 a 47,773 a a , aa a a 65% a .

Ta a a , a T, aa a . T a a a , , ba a ba a a a [19]. A a b a a 2009, a a 2010. I a b a a T a a a a a a a . I , a a a a a b a a a aa a a a a a a . W a a a a, a T a T a a

a a [19]. H, a ab a a a a baa, T a a a a.

S T a b a a . A a aa, b a a a Kaaaaa, Iab,Aaa, Gaa a Ba , bab a aa a D. M, a a ba aa Ua, a , a a Aaa, , ab, aa a Gaa a b a aa Iab aa a [19].

Ya aa T 3,500,000 a 2,300,000 b,400,000 b, 800,000 a a . Ta a aa a a 1,350,000 a a 2,250,000 . H a b a 200 2005 [18]. A aa 400,000 , a a a aaab.

T a a aa E a a. A b a a Ca. H b a T a . T a a a a a. A T Saa I aa, a a a a 479 USD 2009 a 1,131 USD 2010 [18].


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W aa a a T 81.4% 2007, 75.5% 2008, 71.8% 2009 a 78.8% 2010, a a 83.4% 2007, 80.1% 2008, 76.8% 2009 a 76.5% 2010. T a a a b b a ba b a a a aa 2010 [19].

O a, aa a b , a a a 5.3% a aa T 2011 [18]. I aab a a a a aaa a a a , b aaab a a aa .

A aa b T T E Aa, aaa a b a, 33%, a a a a b [19]. Ea a aa, b, a a aa a ,ba a a a a a a baa a a a a aa b . C aa, 25%, a , .. ab . T a a a b

. E a a a a (R&D) a a a a, R&D a b [19]. I aa , a a aa a , R&D a .

S a a b baa a a a, a a , a , a a a a . S a aa a a a a a a a a a a a, ab, a, a . S a a b a a,, a, aa a a . T a a T a Ca, a. I , aa 1,830 a a a. A a 100,000 a b , b 250,000 a a aaa a a .

U aa a a a a a Ca a a b [18]. I a, aa a a aa aba ba b T a a a a a . T a a aa a .

L a a a a a a a a , b a aa a a . I a, aa a (.. a), a, EUC U, b , , a, , a a a a b a T T [20, 21].H, a ba , a ab a , a R&D a ba, aa a a a a a a a T .

W T a a 500 b USD 2023, a a a 20 b USD a 2023 . A 2023 a , a a a b 60 b USD a 1.5 10 a.


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Da a a a b a a , a ab , baa a . I a a a, a a a a a ab aab. I a a a a a a, T a a a a

[19].

5.2. I A Paa Da S R [22] a HaSaab La SME T T S a, a a 37% a a 69% a a b a a. I aa b aaab a a a 10% (409,786) a a a . 1,357 a a a 91,790 . T a b a a (24%), b ba a (15%) a a (10%)

(Tab 3). Ea a a b; a Maaa a a, Kaaaaa a a, b a ab , a ,, a a a Gaa.

Tab 3: T a b a [22]

I C

GAAE

AHAAAA

AAA

ADIAA

A

C G 16 47 0 22 85

C Ya Maa 52 60 8 11 131

Ya (A, P, .) 175 12 3 4 194

K Fab Maa 117 41 22 4 184

W Fab Maa 6 19 19 1 45

D a F Ca 15 22 12 4 53

Ga Ca W Fab 42 11 4 10 67

Ga Ca K Fab 134 10 58 30 232

NW Maa 8 1 0 0 9

O 349 1 3 4 357

914 224 129 90 1,357

H a b , ba a a a, a a b b . U a a 20.7% (19,039) a a a . 680690 a a a a . W a a b , ,

a a a a b a .


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U, a , GDP, a a , a aa a a a aa. A UNIDO,a a a, a a a aa a ab a. S / aa a aa

b Maaa a 71.8% aa ab a. I a, a a a a b a , a a, a, a a a a Ea Aaa.

T a , a a , a a a a . Ma b a a ab a a, aa aa baa . S , aaa a a. H, a b a aa a a a aa a a a aa b UNIDO, T a a

a a . P aa a a a . T, a aa a [22].


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6. AAI F EIEA IAI I EIE ID6.1.B I E I II T, a a a a

a b, a, ab a, a, a . T a , a a a a, a aa, , a a a . C, a a a a a a ab a a a a a a a.

F a T, aa aaab a a aa ; , a a a a a a, , a . Ea a a , a 350,000 3/a, a aa . T a aa a a 11.5% a a ; , a a

a b a a b a . A , , aa a, , a a (LPG) a . H, a a a aa a Ea [23].

6.1.1.E CE a T. E a T , a a b a a , a baa a a . F a, a ( / ) a

( / ) a .

I T, a b a a / a . T 8F Ya D Pa T a a . Tab 4 a a ba a a T. A a b ab, a a a a a (ab 35%) a a 5.9% a . W a, aba 48% a , 32.5% a , 55% a 810% a .

T a b a T. S , a a a. Ia a a a . I a a . Ia ba a T a, a a a . O a a a a [24].


29/91

28

Tab 4: Ia b a a T [24]

I

()

(%)

(%)

I/ 4,863,328 34.9 11.5 a 48

C 2,736,165 19.7 55

T a 822,305 5.9 810

Ca 718,962 5.2 40

P a 606,423 4.6 28.5

Ca 627,789 4.5 32.5

O 3,548,476 25.2

13,923,448 100

A Ga Da Ea P S a D Aa (EIE),a a aa , 3 a a a aa . I a a b EIE a a a, aa a aa. T a b a a a 85% a .

F a a aa a a a , a a a . A a ba b EIE, a 100 a(.. /) a b a a a. T a a a b (W/) a a (MCa/) aa. T ba a b 2007 a 2009a a a a a 60% 102 a.

A a a (/00), aa, a a a. A 2009 b EIE, T a a a 0.11/00 Ea U a a aa. I Iaa a a 0.05 a 0.03 /00 a a a a a 0.06 a 0.03 /00 U K. Ta a a T a a a aa a Ea U .

6.1.2. I T, a aa b a a a a a. O a a ab a aa a a a a. A T Saa I a 2008, T aa , a a b 15% a , a 2 a a a (F 6). I 2008, a a 191.5 3 a [25].


30/91

F 6: W

S a ba a a aLba, a a. I a a a . Waa aa a a

A a a a b a a a. I a a . M . A a

6.1.3.

A F 7 a a a a a a a aa aa a a a a aa. S , aa a a[30].

Ba Ma

60%

29

a ba T

a a a b a a b. A a a, E , a

a a a a a . E R aa a a a aa [26].

a a , a ab; a a , a a a [27]. O

a a a a

a a b a b ba a , a a [28].

a a , a a a 4%a T aa [a b a a . S b a a;

. Fa/ , aa a a a a

a ba a a a, ba a a a b a a

F P

a Ba

10%

G

Ca a

Ca

P

5%

NMa

Ma

P

4%

O

6%

aa, Ba, a a b aa a a Ba, a a

a a a , a. Aa,

a a

a aa

5a 9]. I 2008, 545,501 a a aaa a a aa, a , aa a

5%


31/91

F 7: Ba

I a a a a, a a a aa a aa. S a a a, a

aa a a a

S a a b aa. F a aaaa a aa, a, a a ab

6.2. A: A b S 3, aa

S b 10 , a b aa a (b

V a a G a a abb aa a a b a a a b . O a b a a. O a,

Maa

Ba Ma

56%

30

a a T

aa a a a S Wa C Ra. Haaa aa. S aa a aa a a

a aa a a b aa a. O

a a.

aa a a, a ba, a a b

ab a b aaa a a a aa

C (E)

a aa a a a .

a a . I aa a a 80% a a . B a, 104 a a 80% a )

aa a Kaaaaa a a/ a

. S a a a a , a a b a a b a a T a a

F P

a Ba

10%

Ca a

Ca

P

7%O N

Ma

Ma

P8%

O

15%

.

a aa aa

a b aa b a a

a a a . I a a, a.

(SME) ba

ab

a, 64aa.

a

a

a aa a/

b

4%


32/91

31

ba a a a aa T. F a 12 a ab, Ba, Ta, Ka, Aaa a Aaaa a . A, b aa a aa a b a A Ca R a W P Ca.

Ba (a ) a, aa/ a a aa:

1. Ga a a aa a2. P a a3. Ga a aa a4. S , a a5. M a aa / a a a 6. E a a a a

Ba a, a a b 0100% a . L

a a/ a aa aa a ba aa a . B , a a/ a:

L 4 (Ca 75100% a)

L 3 (Ca 5075% a)

L 2 (Ca 2550% a)

L 1 (Ca 025% a)

6.2.1.G E

Ga a a aa aa a ab a 36% a . T a a a a L 4a (F 8). H a 63% a (L 1, 2 a 3) a a aa . M a a a aa a ISO 14001. P aa a aab a b aa a a . E aa / aa b a a a / b a a.

F 8: Ga a a aa a a

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4

%

Ca


33/91


34/91

33

F 10: P a a a

D b a aa a ,aa a a aa a a a . I b a a, a a a a aa a ab a. T a a a aa a a a a. T a a b F10 a F 11. A 33% a a a a (L 4), 24% a a a a a .

A ab 76% a a a a a

a aa a a, 30% a a EU aa T. I a a, 47% a a a aa a . Ta a a, 22% a a a a a (F 11). O a a 70% a a a , 92% a a / aa a. Aa a 78% a a a EU a a a a aa.

F 11: P a a a

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4

%

C

a

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4

%

Ca

Ta R O R


35/91

34

6.2.3.G

I a, a a aa a a aa a,

a a, aa a aa, a a a a .Ea a a b a a a a. I a a aa a 54% a a a a a (F 12). A a (82%) a a a ab a aa. I a a a a a a a/ a.

F 12: Ga a aa a a

W a a b a a aaa. F a, 93% a a aa b b a a a aa a a a aa a aa a a Oa Ia Z. Sa aa a ab 79% a. O a, 52% a a a a / a a/ aa.Cb aa a b a a a (60%) a a a a (F 13), a a a T (81%).

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4

%

Ca


36/91

35

F 13: Ga a aa a a

6.2.4. C / D I

W a a / , 19% a a a (F 14). Raa a b aa/ a a a , aa a a a a.56% a a a a L 3. T a a a a a aa / . Ea a a a a a/

a . %66 a a a a a a aba .

F 14: S a a / a

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4

%

Ca

Ta R O R

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4

%

Ca


37/91

36

W a a a aa a a a a a b. W a , a a a a a b

a a / aa .H a aa a a (, , .) a a , a a a a 76% a . T a a, a a aaa, a a a b b 53% a, a a aa aab aa a a ba a a .

Mab b b a T aa. O a 14% a aaa, , a b aa . D

a aa, aa a a a a a a 89% a. T a a a a a a a a a . A a a, 75% a a a aa 20% a a a a a (F 15).

F 15: R a a / a

6.2.5. /

W a aa / a a , 23% a a a (F 16). T b a a aa a a / / a. O a a / a a ba, ba a a b aaab a aba. O 38% a a a aa aa a b

a a/ b aaab . Ba a a / a a a a .

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4

%

Ca

Ta R O R


38/91

37

F 16: M a aa /a a

A ab 90% a a a a a a a aa a a b (F 17), 26% a 38% a a aa a a a aa a (F 18). O a a a a aa a b a aa aa .

F 17: C a a aa

A / a a a a aa, aa/a a 40% a a. Wa a 34% a b a aa a a a.H aa aa a a a a a a aa, a aa aa a aa a a Oa Ia Z. S a , a aa aa a / a a a . T a a a b a a a aa a . I , a a a a , aab a

a a a a a a.

21%

22%

23%

24%

25%

26%

27%

28%

29%

L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4

%

Ca

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Wa E Ra Maa Haa

Wa

S Wa Waa A E


39/91

38

F 18: O/a a a a aa

T a aa / a a aa a a a a a a a a. A / a a 55% a a a ba aa . O a,83% a a a a a baaa . 92% a a a aa/ a/ a aa/ a/ a. Ba 24% a a b a a aa / a 75% a a a aa (F 19). A

a aa / a a aa a a a, a a b a a a a a a a.

F 19: M a aa /a a

0%

5%

10%

15%20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Wa E Ra

Maa

Ca Haa

Wa

S Wa Waa A

E

O

0%

10%

20%

30%40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

L 1 L 2 L 3 L 4

%

C

a

Ta R O R


40/91

39

I a a aa a a b a a a / a aa (F 20). T a a a . I a a aaa , a a a a . W a a aa a . T a

a a a a a aa ba a a aa a , a a . S 88% a a a a a a a aa.

F 20: M a aa /a a

A aab a 32% a 45% a a a/ a a a a aa (F 21).T a a a a b a a aa a/ a b a a. T a a a . W a a a (100%) a a aa a, a a . E 67% a a a a a a b (.. b)a a (.. aa a).

F 21: O/a a a a aa

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Wa E Ra

Maa

Haa

Wa

S Wa Waa A E

%

Ca

Ta R O R

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Wa E Ra

Maa

Ca Haa

Wa

S Wa Waa A

E

O

%

Ca

Ta R O R


41/91

40

6.2.6.E C E

A F 22, a 41% a a a a

a a a a a (aa a,aa a aa, .) a b a . A 76% a,a (.. a a b aa) a b aa .S a a aa a a a a a, a . O a 81% a ba a (a, , .) a a a a a a a. T a a aa (a , a , .) a aa a a .

F 22: E a a a a (a )

W a a a a a a (..aa a) a a a .T , b a ab a a a a . A a , a a a a a

a a a . A, 28% a a a a a aa (F 23), a 41% a a a a .

W a a a a a a b b . S a aa a, aa a a a aa a aa. S 83% a a a (.. aa a) a a a a. S aab a a a a aa a a a , 28% a a

aa a.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

V L L Ma H

%

Ca


42/91

41

F 23: E a a a a ( a)

6.2.7. A E C

Ba ab a b a a a a a a aa aa a (55% a a a ), a a / a a a (19%). I a a a aaa (F 24). I b a a a ba a a a.S aa a a a aa aa

a a a. T a a b a ba a a a a a aa aa aa a a .

F 24: Oa a a a a a

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

V L L Ma H

%

Ca

Ta R O R

0%

20%

40%60%

80%

100%

Ga

Ea

P a

Maa

Pa

P

EaLa

P

P, S

a T

Ga Wa

Maa

M/Maa

R

a Wa

Ma a

S

E a

a a

a


43/91

42

W aa aa F 25 aa, a b b b a a a a a a aa a aaa. A a a aa a a a a a

a a a a ba a a . B ab a aa aa a a a a a a a a a aa / a aa a aa.

F 25: Oa a a a a

6.3. A: C S a (aa a a T1 a) a b a a, a a a a (SME), a a a a a a /. I a b aaa a T1 a a . I a 10 a (4 aaa a 6 T1 a) b . Maa a a a a CSR a a a/ aa T. O a, T1 a a a Ta a a a a .

6.3.1.G C A E La (aa a a T1 a) a a b a a b a a a aa . La a a a a a a a

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Ga

Ea

P a

Maa

Pa

P

Ea

La

P

P, S

a T

Ga Wa

Maa

M/Maa

R

a Wa

Ma a

S

E a

a

a

a

Ca R

O Ca


44/91

43

a aab a a a a a a , a a. Paa aa a C C, a

aa (BS, O 100, B Sa RbBSR, B SaCa IaBSH, .), b a a . Ea aa

a a (F 26). T a aaab a a a. Ea aa a a a a a a aa a, a a aa a ba. I a a , a a a a a bb a a . H a a a a a , a a b a.

F 26: Pa a a b

I b aa a a T CSRa a a aab a a a, aa

ba a. T a b CSR aa a a a a a a a a a, b aa aaa . O a, a a a a a aa. A aa a aa b a aa, a T a CSR. A a a T a ab a a a . S a, a a a a .

I a a aa a a, / abaa, a a aa aa a , a

a aa a aa. M a a a / a a a

C

E

Ea Maa

Sa Ca

Ea SaabC

Waa a

S/aa a a

Wa a

Wa a

E

Ea a

Ea/a


45/91

44

a a aa. W CSR a, aaa a a a a aaab a a a. T a a a a a a a a/ a a aa .

Ea aa b aa a a a , . I a a a aa aa a a , a a a a a, b CSR .H a a a/ a aa aaa a a a CSR . I a aa a, aa R&D a aa a aa b a a a a CSR. T a a a a/ .

6.3.2.E I A C

La a aa aa a a aa aa a ISO14001. T aa a a CSR a a a a aa aa a.T a a, a a aa a a / a b . T a a a b a a a a. D a a( 6 , a, .) a b a a . I a a a a b b.

I a a a aa, a aa a aa a aa a a. Ra aa a, a aa aa B SaRb (BSR) aa a b a aa b Ta. Pa (COD, BOD, TSS, .) ba a aa aa, ba a aba . Ma a aa aa a aa a aa. I a aa a a a b EU Ra, Eaa,Aa a R Ca D (REACH).

T a , a , a , a a a aa. A b, a a a ba a a . I a , a a a a a . S a a, a a aa aa a a a a. T a aaa a b a a. F a a a a a a a a a a aa a a a aa a .

I a a a ba a a aaa CSR aa aa a. F a 35 a a abaa a b ab a a. T a ba a a a a ba a a a CSR. I a a a, a a b


46/91

45

a . I a b CSR .

La a a a a aa (.. a aa). H a

aa a a a aab a a a a a a b a. O a a, a , a aa a, a a a b a a a a . I , a a aa, a b , a aa aa a (F 27). La a a a aa a b b aa . S a a a b a a a aa a, aa (, , a, a/ ) a a aa.

F 27: Ea aa aa C C

6.3.3.I E D O a ba a a a a a / ba (F 28). T a a a a a ba. T a a a a a a a ba. H a a b a a ab / aa a a a. I a a a ab a a / a a a a T1 a a a .

E

C C

C A

Ra a a

C aa

Ea aa (.. BSR)

Naa /a

E a a

C a

/ B A

Ta/aa

R (.. a)

E a ab aa

Ca b

Ea ba

Fab


47/91

46

F 28: S a a /ba

I a b a a ba a a a b aa a a aa. S ba a a a, a a a a aa. S, b ba a a a a b . I ,ba a , a, a aa a Baa , a a a a aa . O a aa a a b a , ba a a a. B a aa a a a a a a b ba a b a a a.

E a a a aa a aa a a ( T1 a), a a , / a baa ( , a , .) a a

E

(.. C)

G

F

F

Fb aa

T

S

F F

Wa

Sa

Wa K

PaaF

P

D

F/G

F

C I

GaPWP

FabFaYaFa

C


48/91

47

a . T a b (aa, a, .) a a a a a a. T a a (a ) a a, ba / a baa.

Ab a a ba a a a a, CSR a , aaa aa. S a (T a ) a a a a a aa , b aaa. A b a CSR aa, a a aa a b a ( b). O a, a b a a b a a a b a aa a aa aa. T a a a a a b a a a ba a a.

6.3.4. La a a a: () a, () , () a () a a b. I a a T a a aa b a a a ab a a Ea a . H a ( a a ) aaa b a CSR a Fa Ea (Ca, Ia, .), a a aa a a a b aa.

S, a a T aaa a a a a aa a a a a CSR aa. I a a a a a. E aa a/ aa a a, a a a a / a a aa aaa. F a aa a a a a a a a, aa , a a .

S aa a a aa a b (Ca, Ia,

Ia, T, .) , a a a a ba a a a. S a a ab a. B aa a a a a a a a ( , aa a a aa, .). T aba ab aa a . B a a a b aaab a/ a . Maaa a a a aa aab a. S a ba a a , a a C I C F 29,

a aa .


49/91

48

F 29: C

La a a a a a a a ba . H, a a a a a b /

a ba aa a a b a/ a b a aaba. La , a aa a a a aa a b aa , aa a a b , a a T.

6.4. A: I E GA S 2, a aa a a CSR aa aa a a , . W a, a aa a aa a a a a a aa a aa a T a

a , a a a a . Aa, , a , a a aa. I , a/ a a a a S 3.3. aa a a a b aa .

F aa, Fa R a bTTGV 20092010 ba M E a F, a a P Da Fa C a Ra a D N Da Ca (Saab) P Aa T. T , a , a a aa aa a ,a a a aa a a. A a a

a a a [6]. T a a a a a a b, , a

(1)

Ta

R

Wa a

E

Pa Ia

(3) B

Ga aa

Ia

La

W BAT

D b

(2)

Ea

Aa

D a

U a

(4)

D a

D a S a

S a a

Pa a a

(5) I

A a

G a

P

Ra a

C a aa


50/91

49

a a ab a/ a a a a a a .

Ma a a 2011, Ga Da Ea ab MOSIT, a a b a . T

a a a a a a .

6.4.1. F I T a a a a a a . I a Ea La a a , aa a a aa, a, a a a aa .T a T a a a b a aa a a a a a a a aa . H a, aa EU aa ,

a a a aa, a a a a aa, a a b .

W a a a CSR aa, a a a a a a. I a, T a aa a a a a , a , ., b a aaa a a a a a. M, a a a , aa a [6].

F a aa , Wa PC Ra aa a a a aa a a a a. T a a aa . O a, aa a a a, aa a a a a ; a a a a b a. I a a a aa b a a a aab b a a a a b a aa. A a a a a, aa a a a ab a aa a a aa a aa A 2011 a [31].I b b M E a Ubaa (MOEU) a a a a a aa a aa [32].

I a Wa P C Ra, a a a a b b aa a, a , a a a a aa, a a , a aa,. S a a a a b:

Ra C P Ca b Haa Sba a aWa B

Ra Ga P Wa Maa

S Wa C Ra

Haa Wa C Ra


51/91

50

Wa O C Ra

Wa Ba a Aa C Ra

Paa Wa C Ra

Haa Ca Ra

Ra R Ra P, S, a U S

Haa Sba, P a G Ra C a I Ca

Ra C R O D Sba

Ia A P C Ra

Ea A Ra

.

Ma, T a a a a a, C Ia P P a C TS a b a a b.

A ab, T EU aa a a a a T a a. W Naa Pa T A EU A [33] , a a a a aa a a b a . H a a a a a aa a. Ta Saab C a P A Pa EU a aa a a a a T b a a a. T a a a a a a a a a ab a a a, a a [6]. A , a a ab a a aa a a.

Ra, Eaa a Aa Ca (REACH) D a EU a a a , aa, a a ba. T REACH a aa a a a a a a a EU a EU. REACH a EU a aa T[6]. D a a a a a , aaa REACH a . A S 6.3, a (aa aa a) a a b REACH D, a T a aa aa a.

W T a a EU a a a a a aa, , ., a a EU Ia PP a C (IPPC) D. IPPC D (96/61/EC) ba EUEa La a . I a a a a a a a b a a D.A , a a a ba a b ba B Aaab T (BAT), a a [6].

A a a EU Haa A Pa T , aaa IPPCD a; b a


52/91


53/91

52

ab a a a a,aa a aa a aa a a . H a a, a b ab a a [32].

A a a a, a a a a b IPPC a a a T a a a . T a a a a b a a a a a a a a aaa a IPPC aa a a b a a , .

Ma, EU Eab D a EU Ea Maa a A S(EMAS) b a 2011 Naa Pa T A EU A a aa a a a aa aa a a . I b a a a a. H, b, a

aaa a a .

O a, a a b, , aa a a a aab , a a aa, a a a a . A , a a aa a aab , aab ,a , a a , a, ,a a ab . F a, aa b a a a a a aab a b E E La b 5627 a a 2.5.2007, a Ra Ea E E E R a E U a 26.3.2009 [6].

A E E La, a a b :

A a aa aa a a a 1,000 a (),

Eab a aa b a aa aa a 50,000 ,

Eab aa Oa Ia Z, a aa a 1,000 ,

P a a, a a

SME b Sa a M I D Oaa.

Ra Ea E E E R a E U a b Ob 2011. O a b TS EN ISO 50001 E Maa S Ca a a b a a .

S ab a a a , ab a b a, a a a a , a a a. T , a a T , a b a b a a

a a a a. H, a a aa .


54/91

53

O a aa T IaSa D a b M S, I a T(MOSIT) 20112014 a a EU b. I , a a a , a aa, a

a a a , a ab .

S EU aa , a a IaP P a C D (IPPC) a a aa . W a , aa EU, a a b a O 100 aa a REACHD. T a a a a b a BREFD T I EU a [34].

A ab S 6.3., aa aa a C C, a aa (BS, O 100, B Sa RbBSR, B Sa Ca IaBSH, .). W aa aa a a a b aa a, EMS aa a ISO 14000 a a a aa ab aaa. H, ISO 14000 aa b a aa a aa a aa b .

A a a, aa a TS EN ISO 14001 a

ab, a a EMS a b a aa a TSI a a b 403. O , 17 a .

H TS EN ISO 50001 E Maa S Saa a b 2011 b TSI, a a b a TS EN ISO 14001 Saa. T ba a a ab aa a a aa a b a Ra Ea E E E R a E U Ob 2011. A a ab, a a TS EN ISO50001 E Maa S Ca a a b aa a b a. M, b TSI a M E a

Naa R b a a aa b aT .

I a, b a a TS EN ISO 50001 aa a T a a a ab a b a a b a a a . I a a a aa a a a a b a a.

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TUBTAK a b a a . a a aa E, A, Ea a Ma Ra G (CAYDAG) a

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a aa a a ab a. S a, a a b a [41].

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) 20092010. A a 7 a ; 8 . I a a,a 22 a a 3 . I a a a a a a Maaa R a aaa aa a b, a , [44]. T a a a a a a a a b . H a a a b , a Maaa R a.

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Ma Ga

1.2A a a a b a

a [6].Ma Ga

1.3A a aa a a a b a a a .

Ma, M,M

T I

1.4

Ma b a C

Ia P P a C T S aa a a aa a.

Ma, M,M

T I

1.5 Ia C a A 1.4 b a a ba

Ma T ,Ga


86/91

85

A 1.1, 1.2 a 1.3 a a aa .

1.6

Ca , a a

a a b a a a a a .

MaGa,Ta R

1.7

Ra aa (.. C Ia P P a C T S) b aa

b a a b aa a a ,

aa a .

MaT I,Ta R,

Ga

1.8

La a

ba a a a aa CSR .

M T I

Tab 6: Faa a

2. F

()

G/

/ F

2.1 Sa aa, b a a a aa a a a a

a [6].

Ma Ga

2.2 Aa aa b a a .

I ; a b , / aa a a, .

b [6].

Ma Ga

2.3. Ma b a a ab a aa a a

a , aa a.

Ma, M

T I,

Ta R

2.4 A a a a a ab aa a aa a

b . Ra a

a [6].

MaGa,

Ta R

2.5 N/ a a a b R&D, aa, a a a

a a aaa a a .

A a a , a / (.. a a) b ,

a a aa a a a a.

MaGa,

Ta R

2.6 A a a b a a b a a a a a a a aa a

a a a a

a.

MaT I,

Ta R

2.6 Faa aa/ aab a a a , a a

a a, b

. P a aa a a a b /

a aa a aa .

MaGa,

T I


87/91

86

Tab 7: Ia a b a

3. I

()

G/

/

F

3.1 I a a aa B

Aaab T (BAT) b a aaaab a a ba a a aaba [6].

Ma T I

3.2 Daaba a a a a a a

aab a ba a , a , b a, ., aa , b .

Ma, M,M

Ga,T I

3.3 A a b a b a a CSR ,

/ a (R&D, a, a,a, .) .

M, MS T I

3.4 Ra a b aba a a a

a a aaa a a , b a aa aa .

MaGa,

Ta R

3.4 A a a a a aa

b ab. T a a aa a

a a a.P ba a a a a b b a a R&D,

a a a

a aa a a .

Ma, M,M

T I

3.5 T a aa a

b a a a a a aba

a .M, M

T I,Ta R

3.6 W a a, aba b ab b a a a

, a, a

a a a b a aa a.

Ma, M,M

T I

3.7 Sa aa aba a ,

, . a aa aa a, aa,

aa, a, . ba . [6]

Ma, M,

MT I

3.8 Ma b a a

a a a b a

a a a a a a.

Ma, M,

M

Ga,

T I,Ta R


88/91


89/91

88

a, aa a a a b b aa a .A b a

C Ia P P a C T S.

4.11 B T 1 a, a a

a a a a, aaSME, a a aba aa a a a aa.

Ia a Da Oa Aa Ma A..

b a a a a a aaa a .

M, M T I

4.12 Ta aa/ aab

a a a , a aa a, b

, a a (a).

MaGa,

T I

4.13 I aa a a aa aa a , a

a a a a a a ba a a a a ba a a .

Ma, M T I


90/91

89

EFEECE

1. U Na Ia D Oaa, (2011). Sba a aa a a a aa a aab a SME T .

2. ://.baa./3. ://.a.//4. U Na E Pa, (1996). Ca : A a

aa, a .5. ://.., UNIDO, Rb E A Pa (REAP),

Ea Maa G.6. T D Fa T, (2010). Ia a

a R&D a a a T, M E a F, METU, ://...//

7. U Na E Pa (2002). Saab C a CaP Gba Sa 2002, U Na E Pa D

T, I a E, ISBN: 9280720732, C, Fa8. U Na E Pa/Maa A Pa, (2004). G aa b aaab (BAT) a b a a (BEP) a b, a aa .

9. Laba Ca P C, (2010). Ca ,Ca P A R O T Ca I Lba.

10.H I., Baa G.D., (1995). P .

11.Y M., (2006). Ca a b , Iaa.

12.J, W, (2009). S a a b a .13.

Ga P., La R., (2007). R aab a , Ja Ca P, 15, 18751885.

14.://.aaa.////a.15.Ka G., (2005). Ca a aab, Ja Ca P, 13,

329339.16.://../ab// a __aab_17.U.S. Ea P A, (1998). Ea

a .18.M I a Ta, (2011). T, a, a a a

b Ma 2011.19.M I a Ta, (2010a). T, a, a a a

R b J 2010.20.M I a Ta, (2010b). T, a, a a a

b Ma 2010.21. ba, (2011). Wb SME, ://.b..//9/

ba/b9.a22.K, Zb, (2011). Ha aab a SME T

a .23.Kaa E., (2005). T a T IPPC SME T.24. K.H., (2004). E a a : A a T.25.T Saa I, (2008). Wa ba T aa

26.Ka G., Yaa F.E., (2005). E aaa aa aa

a a aaa.


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27.B N., (2004). T a a a a : A a T.

28.Kaba A.M., Y H., D F.B., Y U., (2009). A Ea U IPPC a : Aa a a .

29.T Saa I, (2008). S a a T aa .

30.M E a F, (2009). A a a aa.31. ., (2011). Haa aa aaa, B

M .32.Pa I Z Lbb a O Oa, (2011). Wa a S Maa

Da, M E a Ubaa.33.://.ab../.?=42260&=134.M I a Ta, (2010). T a a , 20112014.35.M E a Ubaa, (2011). C Ia P

P a C T S, Oa Ga a 14.12.2011 a b28142.

36.Pa I V b, (2011). I Da, Gaa Cab I.37.://.b..38.Pa I A Oaa, Aba Kaaa a M G Gb,

(2011). EU a F Ra Da, Sa a M E DOaa (KOSGEB).

39.Pa I Maa A Ya, E A a H O Ka, (2011).Da T a Aa P, M E.

40.Qa b E Aa, (2011). R&D Da, Iab T aAa E Aa (ITKIB).

41.Pa I Vaa Ka, (2011). D A.42.

://...

43.Pa I F Ma , (2011). Pa Pa a CaU, D A.

44.Qa b Ea a, (2011). Ga Da Ea PR S a D Aa (EIE).

45.Pa I S E, Tba A a Sa , (2011). Da Ga E a Da Ga I, M S, I a T.

46.Pa I Fa Tab, (2011). Gaa Cab C.

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