Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright Population and Development PPT by Clark E. Adams Chapter 6.

Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright

Population and DevelopmentPPT by Clark E. Adams

Chapter 6

Population and Development

Reassessing the demographic transition Promoting development – good and bad

news A new direction: social modernization The Cairo conference

What Is Unique about Kerala?

Kerala When Compared to India

Life expectancy 71 years versus 61 for India

Infant mortality 17/1,000 versus 72/1,000 for India

Fertility rate 1.8 versus 3.3 for India

Kerala When Compared to India

95% literacy rate All villages in state have access to school

and modern health services Women as well educated as men

In Brief, This Chapter Is About

Improving the lives of people Reducing fertility rates Protecting the environment

Reassessing the Demographic Transition

Development must be linked to a reduction in poverty

Existing poverty is an affront to humanity and should not be tolerated

Both poverty and development are threats to the health of the environment

Demographic Transition: Developed and Developing Countries

The Demographic Window

Fertility Rate and Income

Reasons for Large Families in Developing Countries

Old age security Infant and childhood mortality rates Children are an economic asset Importance of education Status of women Availability of contraceptives

The Poverty Cycle

How the Work Gets Done in Developing Countries

Discuss Interrelationships of Factors Influencing Family Size

Importance of education and children viewed as economic assets or liabilities

Status of women and importance of education Income and old age security Cultural views on child-bearing Contraceptive use and availability

Contraceptive Prevalence and Fertility Rates

Fer

tili

ty R

ate

Percent Using Contraceptive

Contraceptives

Psychological/Behavioral: abstention, calendar rhythm method

Mechanical: condoms, diaphragms Chemical: the pill, Norplant Surgical: tubal ligation, vasectomy Intrauterine Devices (IUD): abortion device

Contraceptive Use and Fertility Rates

Adult Female Illiteracy: A Global Comparison

Promoting Development: Good and Bad News

Millennium development goals World agencies at work The debt crisis Development aid

Some Sobering Facts

One-fifth of the world’s population (1.2 billion) live on less than $1/day

1.5 billion lack access to clean water 2.4 billion lack access to sanitary facilities

Some Sobering Facts

790 million are malnourished Environmental degradation is rampant Fertility rates highest in poorest countries

Millennium Development Goals (Table 6-2)

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower

women Reduce child mortality

Millennium Development Goals (Table 6-2)

Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other

diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Forge a global partnership for

development

Millennium Development Goal

World Agencies at Work: The World Bank

Helped initiate the Millennium Development Goals

Environmental strategy: Making Sustainable Commitments

World Agencies at Work: The World Bank

No increased GNP Increased absolute poverty Large-scale decentralized projects:

hydroelectric dams Large cattle operations (see Fig. 6-9) Cash crops

World Bank Reform

Improving the quality of life Improving the quality of growth Improving the quality of the regional and

global commons

The Debt Crisis

$2.44 trillion in 2001 The typical credit–debt trap Creditor countries primary beneficiaries

Coping with the Debt Crisis

Grow cash crops Develop austerity measures Exploit natural resources

Development Aid

A New Direction: Social Modernization

Improving education for girls and women Improving health and lowering infant

mortality Making family planning accessible Enhancing income through employment

opportunities Improving resource management

The Greatest Challenge to Health Care in Developing Countries AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency

Syndrome)

Effect of AIDS on Future Population Structure

Impacts of AIDS Epidemic

90% of all HIV-infected people (50 million by 2004) live in developing countries

Life expectancy in Botswana was 61 years in 1980 – now 39 years

One million elementary students lost teachers 25 million AIDS orphans in developing world

by 2010

Family Planning

Counseling on: STDs, contraceptives, spacing children, pregnancy avoidance

Supplying contraceptives Pre- and postnatal care

More or Less?

Cutbacks in family-planning services lead to (more or less) unwanted pregnancies and (more or less) demand for abortions.

Employment and Income: Grameen Bank Loans (Microlending)

Primarily to women Do not upset existing social structure Utilize local resources Utilize central work places Help develop self-reliance

Resource Management

Replant trees Prevent erosion Resource management educational

programs

Putting It All Together: Social Development

The 1994 Cairo Conference

All nations agreed that population is an issue of crisis proportions that must be confronted forthrightly.

Formulated the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development Program of Action (ICPD Program of Action)

The 1994 ICPD Program of Action

Maintaining and enhancing productivity of natural resources

Empowerment of women Emphasis on family

The 1994 ICPD Program of Action

Enhancing reproductive and basic health of women and children

Improve education opportunities for women

Reduce population migrations International cooperation (0.7% GNP of

developed world)

End of Chapter 6