ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: CONCEPTS AND CONNECTIONS · PDF fileENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: CONCEPTS AND CONNECTIONS interact with Communities Energy ... radiation ionizing (high-energy) ...

Ecosystems

consist of

studies interrelationships of

MatterCycling

Human Systems

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: CONCEPTS AND CONNECTIONS

interact with

Communities EnergyFlow

function through undergo

Change

consist of

Nonliving(Abiotic)Populations Living

(Biotic)

between primarilyfrom

Sunlight

through

Population DynamicsSuccessionEvolution

consist of

consist of

Physical FactorsChemical FactorsOrganisms

includes includes

ProducersConsumers

Decomposers

Resources

include

MatterResources

may be may be

Nonliving

Nonrenewable

includes

are

PotentiallyRenewable

includeprimarilydeterminedby

Minerals Air Water Soil

Living

provide

Land Systemsdeserts

grasslandsforests

Aquatic Systemsoceanslakes

streamswetlands

FoodResources Ecosystem Services

nutrient cyclingpest control

waste purificationgenetic material

Biodiversitygenes

speciesecosystems

Crops Livestock Fish

depend on

Climate Pest Control

may be

Biological Chemical(pesticides)

affects

EnergyResources

Renewabledirect sun

windbiomass

flowing waterconsist of

Nonrenewablefossil fuelnuclear

can sustain

can decrease

depletes

provide

meet needs and wants through

affect development of

Worldviews

Economics/Politics

Societies

Populations(size, density)

Environment/Human Health

Resource UseEcosystem Use

Preservation

Polluting

DegradationAir

WaterSoil

ManagementDoing

NothingPollutionControl

PollutionPreventionThrowaway

WasteManagement

WasteReduction

Loss ofBiodiversity

ClimateChange

StratosphericOzone Depletion

UnacceptableHealth Risk

developthroughdiffering

guide

influence

Unsustainable Sustainable

may be may be

maymay

Exceedcarrying capacity Stabilize Decline

affectqualityof

affected bystrategies of

includes includes includes

leading to

may be

Developed by Jane Heinze-Fry with assistance from G. Tyler Miller, Jr.(For assistance in creating your own concept maps, see the website for this book.)

includes

negatively affect positively affect

made of

Connections strongly influencingenvironmental quality

Negative Connections

Strongly Positive Connections

Moderately Positive Connections

Societies

pollution

concen-tration

chemical nature persistence treatmentsources

point nonpointnon-

degradableslowly

degradablebio-

degradable cleanup prevention

Populations

Map 1. Overview

guide

may be

mayundergo

mayundergomay

exceed

accelerates

may be

generally seek

often measured in

wideninggap

does notreflect

lower inhigher in

lessmore

Economics/Politics

resourceuse

carryingcapacity

doublingtime

economicgrowth

GNP percapita

influence

made of

Environment

unsustainable

place demands on

through

results in

consists of

of

may be may

result in result in

moreconsumption

per capitaeffects on

especially in

negatively affect positively affect

may

extended throughgenerally undergofrom vary in

may be may be may be

environmentalcosts

industrialization,resource/energy use

exponentialgrowthdeveloping

countriesdevelopedcountries

sustainable

stabilization,decline

unwantedby-products

non-renewables

potentialrenewables

economicallydepleted

degradenatural capital

preservenatural capital

ecosystemuse

reuse,recycling

exceedsustainable

yield

be lessthan or equal to

sustainableyield

Worldviews

Science

energy

quality change

heat

societiesform

electro-magneticradiation

ionizing(high-energy)

nonionizing(low-energy)

cannot be created ordestroyed

alwaysdecreasesin quality

chemicalenergy; food,

gasoline

nuclearenergy; stored

in nucleus

high qualityconcentrated

useful

one formto another

low quality,dispersed, not

very useful

highconcentrated

accessible

lowdispersed

hard to getunsustainable,

throw-away

temporarilysustainable,

matter-Recycling

sustainable,low-Waste

kineticenergy

movingmatter

quality changeform

matter

Ecosystems

data models

inputsthroughputs

outputs

EnvironmentalScience

Map 2a. Science, Matter, and Energy Resources

advances by

composed of

characterized by

may bemay be

includes

can be

potentialenergy

includes but

from

nucleus electrons

protons neutrons

isotopes

atom

made of

contains

determine

elements,compounds,

mixtures

smallest unit is

combinations of

physical chemical

fission fusion

nuclear

may be

may be

use leads to

may be

characterized by

may be

powered by

establishedby

includes

includestudies interactions in

attempts to discoverorder in nature through

collecting

explain

formulating

scientifichypotheses,

theories, laws

statisticalprobabilities,

not certainties

debate,speculation,consensus

fromexpressed in

returns to

operate through

made up of

of

in

made of

of

fill a

nonliving (abiotic)factors

consists of

consists of

Atmosphere (air)

Ecosphere

Ecosystems

interact with

such as such as

include

providesenergy for

may act as

includes

includes

can limit

to

connectmultipule

made of

give off

to

may be

may bemay obtainenergy from

may return matter to

through

such as

Map 2b. How Ecosystems Work

living (biotic) factors

communitites

populations nutrient (biogeochemical

cycles)

matter recycling

species

niche carbon cycle nitrogen cycle

phosphorus cyclewater cycle

physical/chemical role

food niche

consumer(heterotroph)

producer(autotroph)

biological role

existencegrowth

abundancedistribution

herbivore carnivore omnivore detritus feeder

decomposer

photosynthesis chemosynthesis

gravitationalattraction

sun (high-quality

energy)

pyramidof energy

flow

food webs

food chains

heat (low-quality

energy)

chemicalfactors

water supplywater salinity

plant nutrients

physical factors

sunlight temperature

nonliving limiting factors

range of tolerance

one-way energy flow

Earth

Lithosphere(crust and upper

mantle)

Hydrosphere(water)

Map 3a. Ecosystem Types

LivingSystems

Land (Biomes)

generallydefined by

may be

climate

primarilydefined by

precipitation

level islow in

moderate in

moderate to high in

deserts

grasslands

forests

divided bytemperatureinto

divided by temperature into

tropicaltemperate

cold

divided by temperature into

tropical(rain, deciduous);

temperate deciduous;evergreen coniferous

Water

divided by salinity into

salt water fresh water

includes

coastal

coralreefs

includes

estuaries

openocean

divided bypenetrationof light into

zones

include

lakes

oligotrophic;mesotrophic;

eutrophic

inlandwetlands

undergo

zones

littoral;limnetic;

profundal;benthic

may be

year-round;seasonal

from

thermoclines

turnovers

include

streams

divided by penetration of light into

classifiedby nutrient

supply as

notedfor

mayhave

photosyntheticproductivity

chemosyntheticproductivity

may be

still

in

moving

in

tropical(savannah);temperate;

polar (tundra)

euphotic

important for

food production

fragile

areare

affectquality of

barrier islands;wetlands;beaches

(rocky shore, barrier)bathyal

abyssal

Map 3b. Population Dynamics and Evolution

Populations

biologicalevolution

populationdynamics

can change by

checked by

including

sometimesresulting in

prompts

may causeon

determined by

chemicalevolution

naturalselection

agestructure

carryingcapacity

speciesrelationships

abioticfactors

densitydispersionsize

adaptation

speciation

extinctiongenetic

variations

emergedfrom

through

Map 4. Community Interactions, Species Interactions, and Succession

EnvironmentalStress

gradual catastrophictime delays synergisticinteractions

Communities

number ofspecies succession

naturallycaused

human-caused

simplifiedecosystems

requireprotection

arevulnerable

can affect

predicted by

may be

usually leads to

can change by

may be

vary in

can leadto a

on on

in contrast to

which

may be

may be characterized by

secondary

disturbedhabitat

more complexcommunity

theory of islandbiogeography

barrenhabitat

primary

communityinteractions

species interactions

include

competitionpredation

mutualism commercialism

parasitism

affects

affects

affectsaffects

Map 5. Human Population

HumanPopulationmay be may be

can becharacterizedby

Sustainable Unsustainable

by by

resource conservation

pollution prevention and

reduction

waste prevention

Total Size

resource consumption

wealth distibutionwealth

affects

affects

environmental quality

Age Structure

large percentage

moderatepercentage

even distibution

low percentage

leads to leads to leads to leads to

differs in percentage under age 11;may be

rapid growth slow growth zero growth population decline

control careful planning

resourcedepletion anddegradation

nutrition; infant mortality;

public healthcare

waste production

Growth Rate Distribution

may be

dispersal urban

may be

concentrated

affected by

land availability

transportsystem

reliesmostly on

cars masstransit

walkingcycling

isincreasingly

depends on

birth rate migrationdeath rate

fertilityrate

(children per women)

affected by

affected by

affected by

economic factors social factors biological factors controls

including including including including

migration policyeconomic development

family planning

infant mortality ratebirth control methods

women’s educationwomen’s employment

marriage agereligious beliefs

urbanization

child laborcost of child rearing

pension plans

stresspollution

Map 6a. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

HumanEnergy Demands

NonrenewableEnergy Resources

EnergyEfficiency

industrytransportation

buildings

advantages

geothermal

dry steam;wet steam; hot

water; molten rock;hot rock

stretches fossil fuels;reduces oil imports; lessens militaryintervention; reduces pollution andenvironmental degradation; saves

money; provides jobs; improvescompetitiveness

Earth’s heat

directly

passivesolar systems

activesolar systems photovoltaic

cells

collected andconcentrated

heat

indirectly

wind

throughsuch as

produced bydecomposing

can be burnedvery cleanly in

inin

may be

water

heatdifferential

freshwatersaline

wood; woodwastes; farm wastes;urban wastes; biofuels

(liquid and gas)

motion

tropicaloceans (OTEC)

solarponds

hydropowertidal powerwave power

hydrogen

water

vehiclesfurnaces

biomass

solar-basedresources

RenewableEnergy Resources

Needs

for

both

electricity

industrialheating (high)

space heating(low)

fuelsheat

meet

in the long run will be met by

include

may be used

can heatthrough

can produceelectricity through

through

includes

is

are met in the short termprimarily through

in

has

including

can be reducedthrough improved

Map 6b. Nonrenewable Energy Resources

HumanEnergy Demands

NonrenewableEnergy Resources

EnergyEfficiency

NuclearFossilFuels

environmentalimpacts

pollutionland

disruptionpossible

climate change

air water mining transportcarbon dioxideemissions

naturalgas

conventionalconventional breeder

environmentalimpact

supplyfairly

clean-burningmoderatelyabundant

highenvironmental

impact

largesupply

unconventionalconventional unconventional

oil

such as

is

have

including

of fromprimarilyfrom

such asmay be

limited by

may bemay be may be

has

includes

development expensive

advantages

doesn’t emit airpollutants; releases less

CO2 than fossil fuels;has multiple safety

features

ishas

including

has

including

in

developmentvery

expensive

isin early

may be

oilshale

tarsands

coal fusion

disadvantages

safetyconcerns (accidents);

radioactive wastes; retirementof old plants; aiding spread of

nuclear weapons; high cost(even with subsidies)

fission

are met in the short run primarily through

include

time scale can be extended through

includes combiningnuclei through

includes splittingatomic nuclei through

Map 7. Biodiversity: Ecosystems

Biodiversity:Ecosystems

Forms

ParksForests WildernessRangelands Rivers

second growth(moderately

diverse)

old growth(very diverse)

tree farms(simplified) degraded degraded

usedsustainably

degraded

survivalprofits

usedsustainably

resourceextraction

fire(natural, human-

caused)

insects/pathogens

(natural, human-introduced)

cash crops;cattle ranching;logging; mining;oil/coal; dams

population growth;poverty; foreign debt;

unsustainable small-scalefarming; cutting for

fuelwood

fewerroads (less fragments);

prescribed burning; selectivecutting; restricting cutting rate;

tree planting/restoration;recycling paper

economics:full-cost pricing;

removing harmful subsidies;debt-for-nature swaps;

conservation easements

policies:protect old growth;

protect large areas forindigenous people

usedsustainably

usedsustainably

usedsustainably

lost/degraded

overgrazing damspollution

reduced grazing;protecting riparian

zones; restoringdegraded land

economics:full-cost pricing;removing harmful

subsidies

increasingsize and number; selective

resource extraction by localpeople; restricting commercialactivities inside boundaries;controlling visitor numbers;

integrated management withsurrounding areas

restrictinguse; protecting

larger areas; includingall ecosystem types;biosphere reserves

land usecontrol; pollution

control; protectingvulnerable segments

or entire rivers

overuse;being too small;

poaching

Value

by providing

are important because they have undergo

may be

biodiversityecological services

resourcesrecreation

Management

usedsustainablydegraded protected

have many

including

can be

can be

by by

influenced by

for

fromvia

can be can be can be can be

bybyby

byby

influencedby

by

by

Map 8. Biodiversity: Wild Species

Biodiversity:Wild Species

Depleted/Lost

Strategies

can be protected andsustained by several

are importantbecause they have

Value

scientificknowledgeeconomic

such asincludes

about such as have an

medical ecologicalservices ethical

lifecrop strains;

paper; fiber; dyes;lumber; oils

testing

toxicity

offor

drugs,vaccines

drug source

nutrient cycling;pollination; soil fertility;

oxygen production; climatemoderation; waste recycling;detoxification; pest control;

gene pool/evolution

inherentright to exist

humanactions

naturalprocesses

population growth;poverty; habitat loss;

habitat fragmentation;hunting/poaching; use aspets/decorations; climate

change; pollution;introduced species

povertyreduction

wildlifemanagement

by including

includingincluding

of

such as

bycontrolling

bycontrolling

of

by

legislativestrategies

protection andimprovement

lawsregulation

fisherycommissions

treaties

by

by

geneticdiversity

gene banksbotanical gardens

zoos

fisheries

land use control;pollution control and

reduction; protecting spawningareas; hatcheries; control

species introduction; protectcoastal ecosystems; protect

inland wetlands

vegetativemanipulation;

habitat improvement;ecosystem protection/

restoration; wildliferefuges

habitatsport

hunting fishing

numbers;sex; age;seasons

harvest;size; length;

age

populationcontrol

are being

through

including

Map 9a. Soil

Soil

Erosion

windwater

naturalprocesses

excessiverain

inorganicmatter

humus

lowerlayers

upperlayers

porasity acidity(pH)

structure(clumped)

subsoil(B)

parentmaterial

(C)

topsoil(A)

litter(O)

humanprocesses

overgrazingfarmingfire construction excessiveirrigation

desertificationerosioncontrol

methodswaterloggingsalinization

organicfertilizer

inorganicfertilizer

compostanimalmanure

greenmanure

plantingmethods

land usecontrol

addingnutrients

plowingmethods

countourplanting;

alley cropping;windbreaks

low-tillage;terracing;contourfarming

flooding(sedimentbuildup)

waterpollution

(sediment)

lossof soil

nutrients

texture(mix of particle

types)

Layers

can undergo

can lead to

by

from

such as

can minimizedamagethrough

including

asinclude include

including

which canlend to

alsoleading to

such as

consists of

include

in in

includes

qualitydeterminedby

includes

Map 9b. Food Resources

HumanFood Needs

HealthProblems

undernutrition

disease-prone

chronicdisorders

keynutrients calories

malnutrition overnutrition

LoweringFood Demand

by reducing

populationgrowth

economicstrategies

IncreasingFood Supply

AquaticSystems

AgriculturalSystems

naturalecosystems aquaculturesustainabletraditional

politicalopposition

mixedindustrial/traditional

industrial

using highinputs of

usingcombinationof

using using

can belimited by

can belimited by can be

limited by

can belimited by

irrigation waterinorganic fertilizer

pesticidesfossil fuel energy

rainfallorganic fertilizer

natural pest controlhuman labor

too little rain;flooding; soil erosion;poverty (lack of land)

soil and waterconservation; organic fertilizer;integrated pest management;

renewable biological andenergy resources

soil erosion;water pollution; salinization;

waterlogging; groundwater depletion;loss of genetic diversity;

high energy prices

improving yields;harvesting more area;

using new foodsources

giving land to poorgovernment subsidies

food aid

influenced by

including

by

in

including including

overfishing pollution

may belimited by may be

limited by

if not met can cause can be met by

including

missing predominatesin

notenough

toomany

predominatesin

can result inmaking people

developingcountries

developedcountries

Map 9c. Pest Control

PestControl

AlternativesPesticides

disadvantagescultivation practices;natural pest enemies;

biopesticides; birth control(sterilization); sex attractants;insect hormones; radiating food;

integrated pest management

politicalopposition

broadspectrum advantages

save lives;increase food supply;

lower food costs; raiseprofits; work fast;

low risk

genetic resistance;kill nontarget species;eventual high costs;

threaten wildlife; threatto human health

selective

may use

may be have

including

including

limited byincluding

Map 10. Hazards and Risk

can undergofrom

dominate in

prevented by

can beameliorated by

include may be

include

includes

evaluated by

bydetermining

by carryingout

Risk

carcinogensmutagens

teratogens

living,working

conditions

prudent dietno smoking

safe sexexercise

sun protection

Hazards

includes

Analysis

cultural

cause

may be

involvesinvolvesbiological

disease

nontransmissibletransmissibleidentification evaluation

include

ionizing radiationnoisefire

floodearthquakes

volcanic eruptions

evaluatingrisk assessment;setting priorities;communicating

decisions

involves

comparing public and professional

perception of risk;communicating

risk to legislatorand public

physicalchemical

toxic hazardous

toxicology epidemiology

dose-responsecurve

healthsurveys

dominate in

calculation of

riskmanagement

risk perceptionand communication

riskassessment

how manypeople

occurrenceprobability

risk-benefitanalysis

level ofharm

systemreliability

developingcountries

developedcountries

Map 11a. Climate

Biomes

grasslandsforests deserts

ClimateChange

glacial periods(100,000 years)

interglacialperiods

(10,000 years)

geologictime changes

AtmosphericProblems(Map 11b)

PrecipitationTemperature

oceansun land biosphereatmosphere

currentsgas

absorption

carbondioxide

greenhouseeffect

earth’s tiltand rotation

Climate

determines types of undergoes

and isinfluenced byinteractionsof

both

such as

interacts with

naturallyoccursover

stronglyinfluencedby

suchas

during

including

plays a signifacant role inis primarily determined by

Map 11b. Climate Change and Ozone Depletion

ClimateChange

GreenhouseEffect

doingnothing

water carbondioxide

humanchoices

prevention control

wildlife

habitatloss

sealevels

rise

probable

through

diebackslower diversity

likelyfood and

water loss; tropicaldiseases; more

storms

full-cost pricing;reduce fossil fuel use;

shift to renewable energy;reduce deforestation;

sustainable agriculture;slow population growth

remove CO2 fromemissions; plantingand tending trees

increased skin cancer;decreased phytoplankton;

reduced crop yields;damage to materials

hurt from

causing

including including

can act onissue by

possible

food

productiveland shifts

carbon dioxidefertilization

droughts

largeuncertainties

forests

nitrogendioxidemethane ozone

bans

chlorofluoro-carbons

doingnothing

fossil fuelcombustion deforestation agriculture

substitutesrefrigerationplastic foams

solvents

reducingozone-depleting

chemicals

internationalagreements;national laws

humanhealth

StratosphericOzone

Depletion

AtmosphericProblems

include

may affect

affected by

primarily from

contributing

primarilyfrom

from

can cause

can act on issue by

through

by

strongly influenced by

from

Map 11c. Air and Air Pollution

ozone layer(UV filter)

Atmosphere

Air Pollution

StratosphereTroposphere

indooroutdoor

types

secondary

stationary

health materials

thermalinversions

buildingmaterials;decoratingmaterials

local climate;topography; urban

concentration(people, cars,industries)

banning harmfulsubstances; finding

substitutes

building codes;setting standards;

venting; bringingin fresh air

mobile

primary

sources

controlprevention

carbonoxides; volatile

organic compounds;suspended particles;

toxic compounds

banning harmfulemissions; redesigning cars

and manufacturing; improvingenergy efficiency; switching to

renewable energy; slowingpopulation growth;

full-cost pricing

enacting pollutionstandards; developing

control technology;emissions trading

consequences

nitrogen oxidessulfur oxides

power plantsfactories

carstrucks

PANsnitric acidaldehydes

ozone

aciddeposition

photochemicalsmog

humansother animals

plants

radon-222

primarilyon

fromfrom

primarily inprimarily in

fromfrom

done by

done by

done by

can bereduced by

can be reduced by

of

resultingfrom

done by

on

ground humans

workerproductivity

cigarettes open fires,stoves

fire preventionmaterials

prevention smokecontrol asbestosformaldehyde consequences

Air

found in

mostly in

contains

includeshas

may be

may be

include

include include

mostseverewith

includes

includes

can contribute to

can change to acidsand contribute to

can becontaminated by

developingcountries

developedcountries

Map 12a. Water

Water

topography

managed

demand

efficiency

economics

removing watersubsidies; raising

prices

distributionof water-savingdevices; building

codes

hydrogen bondingliquidity

good solventsurface tensionexpansion when

frozen

uniqueproperties

technology politics

supply

desalinationwater

transferdams wells

pollutionpopulationgrowth

dripirrigation

soil typeand cover

too much(flood)

too little(drought)

WaterResources

Polluted(Map 12b)

HydrologicCycle

waterdistribution

gaseouswatervapor

irrigation;industry;domestic/municipal

liquidwater

groundwater

surfacewater

land climate

change

solidice

waterpurification

HumanSystems

available as

can behas

including

determined by

controls

affected by

found as may provide

may undergo

including

through

waterneeds

have

areinclude

areaffected by

may influence

by

primarily byby increasing

tap

through

such assuch as such as

increasingdecreasing

tap

can overload capacity for

Map 12b. Water Pollution

Water

Polluted

lakesstreams

eutrophication

overloadrecovery

oxygen-demandingwastes and heat

excess plantnutrients

toxics

oceans

coastalareas

industrial waste;sewage sludge;

land runoff

groundwater

fertilizers;pesticides

cleanup

Sources

type

heat

numberof discharge

points

nonpointsources(multiple

discharges)

pointsources(single

discharge)

factories;sewage treatment

plants; ships

cropland;logged forests;urban areas;atmosphere

chemicals

control prevention

settingstandards technology

treatment plants;septic tanks; wetlands(natural and artificial);

holding ponds

banning harmfuldischarges; finding

substitutes; recycling andreusing harmful

chemicals

reduced fertilizer andpesticide use; sustainable

agriculture; planting buffer zones;land use controls; reduced airpollution; more trees; improved

soil erosion controls

full-costpricing; slowing

population growth

oxygen-demanding wastes;acids; salts; plant nutrients;toxics; sediment from land

disease-causingagents

AquaticEcosystems

Water Resources(Map 12a)

can beavailable as

from a variety of can affect all

including

whichrespond to

by

enhance

canbeaffectedby

especiallyvulnerable in

from

especiallyvulnerable to

extremelydifficult andcostly

vary in

may be

such as

such as

can be reduced bycan be reduced by

includesincludes

includes

such as

may be

Map 13. Wastes

Wastes

Solid

incinerationrecyclereusereduce burial(landfills)

lesspackaging

refillingbeveragebottles

composting;reprocessingaluminum and

glass

municipalities

glass; metal;tires; paper; plastic;

yard wastes

Hazardous

highlyreactive

throwaway(high waste)

flammable

conversionto lessharmful

substances

land treatmentincineration

biological treatment

producing less wastes;modifying manufacturing

processes; reuse;recycling

landfills; undergroundinjection; surface piles;surface impoundments

wasteprevention and

reduction(low waste)

burial

corrosive

toxiccarcinogenicmutagenic

teratogenic

unwanted/discardedmaterials

wastemanagement

(moderate waste)

wasteprevention

and reduction(low waste)

throwaway(high waste)

mining; oiland gas production;agriculture; industry

(scrap metal, plastics,paper, fly ash,

sludge)

can be

such as

originating

from

primarilyfrom

includes

can bemanagedthrough

includes

such as such as

by

such as

can be

can bemanagedthrough

by

includingby

Map 14a. Economics

Worldviews

productionwants

servicesgoods

needs

poverty

environmentaldegradation

HumanSocieties

PoliticalSystems

EconomicSystems

economicgrowth

economicresources

capitalnaturalresources

full-costpricing

GNPper capita

population growth;higher consumption

per capita

reducingpoverty

regulation; subsidies;tradable rights;

green taxes; user fees;cost-benefit analyses

trickle-down aid;massive aid; debt relief;

sustainable development;better land distribution;increased human rights;

eliminating tradebarriers

external, socialand environmental

costs

encouraging earth-sustaining growth; discouraging

earth-degrading economic growth;using economic indicators thatinclude environmental quality;

emphasizing pollution preventionand waste reduction

sustainable-Earth economy

are shaped by

help determine

are responsible for

requires

include

humanmanufactured

includes

try to satisfy

including elimination of

linked to

increased by

carefullyevaluatedin a

moves toward

controlling

by

of

generally measured by

hidesmost

can be reduced by

takes into account

from

Map 14b. Politics

Democracy

GradualChange

GovernmentBranches

executive legislative judiciary

implementlaws

pass laws

appropriationsfunds

citizenwatchdog

input

governmentregulatoryagencies

executiveand legislative

oversight

interpretlaws

FederalGovernment

foreigngovernments

localgovernments

StateGovernments

PowerGroups

environmentalgroups

anti-environment

pro-environment

corporationsdevelopers

grassrootswise-use movement

nonprofitprofit

specialinterestgroups

e.g.Earth Summit

at Rio

Individuals

system

work withinsystem

challengesystem

example

voteseducationlobbying

law suits consumerpower

economics

designed for

implemented throughchecks and balancesbetween

among

of

to to

via

influenceimplemented by

to

influenced by maythrough

cross link to

who lead byinteraction with

can be influenced bygenerally run by

respond to

interacts with

through

include

may be

such as

some

supportedprimarily by

such as such as

influence

EnvironmentalWorldviews

Map 14c. Worldviews

include various visions of

based on

assumes

variationsinclude

based on

assumes

Human-CenteredViews

Life-Centered/Earth-Centered

Views

PlanetaryManagement

sustainableliving

earth ethics

stewardship

conservationof earth capital

species humanculturesecosystems

workingwith nature

respectfor life

includes

including

eartheducation

processes

traps

emphasizeindividual

action

live simply,sustainably

knowledge of

how to

avoid

such as

can lead to depends onis prerequisite to

based on

Earth Wisdom

humandominanceover other

species

success depends on our

ability to controland manage

earth

humansone Strand on

web of life

economicgrowth can begood or bad

healthyenvironment

healthyenvironment

resourcesare limited and

not to bewasted

successfulcooperation

with nations andone another

pessimism;technological optimism;paralysis by analysis;

fatalism; extrapolation toinfinity; faith in simple,

easy answers

worldviews, orecological literacy:how earth works,connections in

nature

content

of

belief in

belief in belief inbelief in

alleconomicgrowth is

good

no limitson resources

“no problem”school

free-marketeconomy

technologicalfix

minimalgovernmentinterference

responsibleplanetary

management

caring andresponsible

management ofearth garden

mixture offree market and

regulation ofmanageable

spaceship earth