Environmental impacts of building materials for minarets of historical mosques

Environmental Impacts of Building Materials for Minarets of Historical Mosques

Hafedh Abed Yahya, and Muna Hanim Abdul Samad

POST GRADUATE CONFERENCE IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2014 [PGCBE 2014]

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Introduction

Methodology

Preparing for Implementation

Results and Discussion

Environmental Impacts of Building Materials for Minarets of Historical Mosques2

Introduction

1. 2. 3.

Energy Consumption

3

Depletion of Natural

Resources

Building materials are affecting on ecological environment in terms of

Emissions

Use

Environmental impacts are generated

Introduction

Mining

Manufacturing

Construction

1

2

3

4

Demolition 5

4

Introduction

1. 2. 3.

Enhancing construction techniques

5

Developing methodologies and

techniques for evaluating environmental impacts

Choosing environmental–

friendly materials

To minimize environmental impacts of buildings by different parties in various ways including

Introduction

The concept of environment in Islamic perception means

more than a simple enumeration of its

components of the ecological system;

it transcends this to establish a link between these

components and human. Thus, built environment in

Islamic World was a reflection of Muslims view of the

environment as a living entity

6

Introduction7

The architecture of Mosul was an example of the

architecture of Islamic cities

As well as the mosque is a representative building for Islamic

architecture

Introduction

The functional and behavioural attributes of minaret can be

neutralised, therefore the minaret can be studied apart from the mosque’s other components.

Function

The minaret is an extremely distinguished architectural element of

mosques.

Form

8

The reasons for choosing minarets as a subject to investigating the environmental impact of building materials can be attributed to:

1. 2.

Introduction

The minaret is an expression basically based on the Arabic

word indicating "sign" or "marker". It is the principal

vertical feature of most mosques which “provides a

local landmark as well as allowing the voice of the

muezzin (the man appointed to call for prayer) to carry over a

considerable distance when calling for prayer”

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Introduction

In Mesopotamia, minarets initially emerged in the twelfth century and the cylindrical

shaft was distinguished in early forms

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Methodology

Quantitative data collected for 10 Minarets about the building materials for each Minaret referring to

construction date, structural and finishing materials, the dimensions and quantities of the materials.

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MethodologyAccording to the ISO 14044 standard details the selection

of system boundary of the study will be cradle to grave.

12

MethodologyBy the aid of GaBi 6.0 Education software the task is to build (plan-model) for each material which represent the system with its boundaries.

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A plan-model is the manner the system becoming investigated is described in the software. According to the survey, two plan-models must be built.

Methodology14

The plan-model made up of processes representing the actual processes taking place.

Methodology15

Each process consists of input and output flows which represent all the material and energy flows passing between the processes and to end from the system.

Methodology

The methodology is presented within four basic steps;

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Methodology17

Five impact categories were assessed

2Acidification

AP

4Eutrophication

EP

1Global Warming

GWP

3Ozone Depletion

ODP

5Human Toxicity

HTP

Preparing for implementation18

Table 1, Building materials survey for the minarets

Results and Discussion

Results of environmental impact of Minarets used clay brick

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Results and Discussion

Results of environmental impact of Minarets used Limestone

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Results and Discussion

The results of this study show that clay brick was essential material used in construction

of historical minarets as structural and finishing material. The environmental

impacts of using clay brick are much higher than for minarets which constructed with

limestone.

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Results and DiscussionAlthough clay brick was not popular in other historical building

in Mosul but it used widely for three reasons;

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1st. Light weight of clay brick make it possible to used it in higher parts so it was used in minarets, arches,

and domes.

2nd. The ability of moulding in exact form and size.

3rd.The ability to carving made clay brick perfect finishing material for

inscriptions and calligraphy

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Thank you

POST GRADUATE CONFERENCE IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2014 [PGCBE 2014]

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