Environmental impact assessment of man-made cellulose fibres and recycled polyester fibre Dr. Li Shen ([email protected]) LEI, Wageningen University and Research Centre (Formally Department of Science, Technology and Society (STS), Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University) [avniR] LCA in business Conference 2011 3-4 November 2011 Lille, France Copernicus Institute Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
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Environmental impact assessment of man-made cellulose fibres and
recycled polyester fibre
Dr. Li Shen ([email protected]) LEI, Wageningen University and Research Centre
(Formally Department of Science, Technology and Society (STS), Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University)
[avniR] LCA in business Conference 2011
3-4 November 2011 Lille, France
Copernicus Institute Research Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Single-score result (III) NOGEPA weighting factors (normalised to world) 1 tonne fibre, cradle-to-factory gate, cotton =100
Weighting factors (NOGEPA)
Climate Change 32
Abiotic depletion* 8
Ozone layer depletion 5
Human toxicity 16
Fresh water ecotoxicity 6
Terrestrial ecotoxicity 5
Photochemical oxidation 8
Acidification 6
Eutrophication 13
Total 99
Source: Huppes et al (2003), except for abiotic depletion (marked with *), which is not excluded by Huppes et al. and is determined based on own estimation.
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Part II LCA of bottle-to-fibre (B2F) recycling
Published in Resources, Conservation and Recycling (2010) 55:34-52.
Product systems (FU = 1 metric tonne of fibre)
Product systems Type of fibre Location Data sources
1.Mechanical
recycling Staple W. Europe Company data
2. Semi-mechanical
recycling Filament (POY) E. Asia Company data
3. Back-to-oligomer
(BHET) recycling Filament (POY) E. Asia Company data
4. Back-to-monomer
(DMT) recycling Filament (POY) W.Europe Literature data
Ref. Virgin PET fibre Staple/Filament W.Europe Literature data
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Allocation: open-loop recycling
• Cut-off approach: – The first life (bottle) does not have influence on the
second life (fibre)
• Waste valuation approach: – Bottle waste contains part of the burden from first life
(economic allocation)
• System expansion approach: – Do not distinguish first and second life, but do assume
products from 1st and 2nd life are functional equivalent
– Do take into account the “grave” stage
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Cradle-to-factory gate NREU & GWP100a based on the “cut-off” method
Mech. recyc
ling (s
taple)
Semi-mech. re
cyclin
g (POY)
Chem. recyc
ling (B
HET route, P
OY)
Chem. recyc
ling (D
MT route,POY)
V-PET (W
.EU, staple/POY)
GJ/t
0
20
40
60
80
100
13
23
39
51
95
Mech. recyc
ling (s
taple)
Semi-mech. re
cyclin
g (POY)
Chem. recyc
ling (B
HET route, P
OY)
Chem. recyc
ling (D
MT route,POY)
V-PET (W
.EU, staple/POY)
kg
CO
2 e
q./
t0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
960
1,880
2,590
3,080
4,062
NREU (GJ/t) GWP (kg CO2 eq./t)
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Cradle-to-factory gate NREU & GWP100a Based on the “waste valuation” method
Mech. recyc
ling (s
taple)
Semi-mech. re
cyclin
g (POY)
Chem. recyc
ling (B
HET route, P
OY)
V-PET (W
.EU, staple/POY)
GJ/t
0
20
40
60
80
100
NREU based on "cut-off"approach
Shifted energy from the first life
26
26
26
13
23
40
95
Mech. recyc
ling (s
taple)
Semi-mech. re
cyclin
g (POY)
Chem. recyc
ling (B
HET route, P
OY)
V-PET (W
.EU, staple/POY)
kg C
O2 e
q./
t0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
GWP based on cut-off approach
Shifted GWP from the first life
960
1,880
2,590
4,060
1,070
1,070
1,070
NREU (GJ/t) GWP (kg CO2 eq./t)
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NREU and GWP100a (cradle to grave excl. use phase)
Virgin PET
(staple&POY)
Mechanical
recycling
(Staple)
Semi-
mechanical
recycling (POY)
Chemical
recycling, back
to BHET (POY)
VPET fibre
RPET fibre
Incineration with credits
79
23
33
48
Virgin PET
(staple&POY)
Mechanical
recycling (Staple)
Semi-mechanical
recycling (POY)
Chemical recycling,
back to BHET
(POY)
Incineration with credits
VPET fibre
RPET fibre
5,540
1,330
2,210
2,820
NREU (GJ/t) GWP (kg CO2 eq./t)
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Bio-based and recycled polymers for cleaner production