Environmental Guidelines for the Community Development ......Guidelines (2) for the Community Development Fund (CDF) aimed at raising living standards in targeted poorer communities

Community Development Fund Project (CDF) – Sudan Environmental Guidelines

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The World Bank

The Republic of Sudan

Environmental Guidelines for the Community Development Fund (CDF) Project for Northern

Sudan

March 2006

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction to Environmental Issues Summary and Main Findings

1.1 Background 1.2 Use of the Environmental Guidelines

2. Overview of Environmental Impacts 2.1 Positive Environmental Impacts 2.2 Negative Environmental Impacts

2.2.1 Overview of Negative Environmental Impacts 2.2.2 Potable Water Supply Sub-projects 2.2.3 Wastewater Collection and Sanitation Subprojects 2.2.4 Irrigation and Drainage Schemes and Water Harvesting 2.2.5 Rural and Agricultural Roads 2.2.6 Small Construction Subprojects

3. Policy, Legal and Institutional Environmental Framework for Sudan 3.1 Regulatory Framework for Environmental Assessment (EA) 3.2 Land Regulations3.3 Customary Land Tenure3.4 International Agreements3.5 Institutional Arrangements: National and Local Levels 3.6 World Bank Requirements3.7 Other Existing Legislation 3.8 Permit Procedures

4. Environmental Assessment and Incorporation into the Program Cycle 4.1 Program Cycle 4.2 Environmental Screening at the Program Level 4.3 Priliminary Classification of CDF Projects4.4 Promotion of Subprojects within the Regional Program 4.5 Preparation of Subprojects 4.6 Appraisal and Approval of Proposed Programs

4.6.1 Desk Review 4.6.2 Field Appraisal 4.6.3 Approval of Program

4.7 Implementation and Supervision 4.8 Monitoring & Evaluation 4.9 Institutional Arrangements4.10 Reporting 4.11 Consultation and Participation

5. Environmental Assessment 5.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Objectives 5.2 Environmental Assessment Requirements

6. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) 6.1 Objectives and Structure of the EMP 6.2 Implementation of Mitigation Measures 6.3 Environmental Monitoring 6.4 Training Program and Capacity Building

7. Management Challenges 7.1 Background 7.2 Coordination 7.3 Limitations and Constraints 7.4 Emerging and Critical Issues 7.5 Organizational Challenges at Locality & Village Levels


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Appendices

Appendix A: Existing Legislations Appendix A1: List of Environmental Legislation in Sudan Appendix A2: List of Protected Areas According to Ecological Zones Appendix A3: Standards for Drinking Water – Bacteriological Value Limits

Appendix B: Environmental Impacts and Good Practice Procedures

Appendix B1: Good Practice Environmental Procedures Appendix B2: Typical Construction Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Appendix C: Environmental Screening

Appendix C1: Environmental Checklist Appendix C2: Environmental Data Sheet for Proposed Program Appendix C3: Environmental Appraisal Form Appendix C4: World Bank Safeguard Policies

Appendix D: Environmental Impact Assessment

Appendix D1: General Content of EA Report Appendix D2: Sample TOR for EA for a New Road or Agricultural Road


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Acronyms / Abbreviations

CBOs Community Based Organizations CDF Community Development Fund CSOs Civil Society Organizations CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement EA Environmental Assessment EDS Environmental Data Sheet EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan HCENR Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources LIU Locality Implementation Unit LM Locality Manager LSC Locality Steering Committee MEPD Ministry of Environment and Physical Development MDTF Multi – Donor Trust Fund MFG Ministry of Federal Government MFNE Ministry of Finance and National Economy MQC Minimum Qualifying Criteria NGOs Non – Governmental Organizations OM Operational Manual PIU Project Implementation Unit PSC Project Steering Committee PMU Project Management Unit


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Glossary

Nazir Paramount tribal leader Omda Head of tribal clan Sheikh Village head Dar Tribal homeland Murhal Corridors for nomads to avoid agricultural areas Hafir Excavated pond to collect water for human and animal use Trus Traditional small embankment to collect runoff for cultivation


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1. Introduction to Environmental Issues

Summary and Main Findings 1. This report provides guidance in identifying environmental assessment and

management needs for the various subprojects that are supported by the CDF through funding from the MDTF managed by the World Bank. It gives an overview of the types of subprojects to be supported and steps for the incorporation of safeguards. These safeguards are based on national legal instruments and World Bank policies. Hence, a review is made of Sudan’s legal and institutional environmental framework with emphasis on regulations pertaining to land acquisition, pollution control, water quality as well as an outline to the institutional arrangements in environmental decision – making.

2. The report also provides an outline of the World Bank policies governing environmental / social safeguards as the Operational Policy (OP 4.01) and its updates.

3. The guidelines provide steps to be followed for the incorporation of safeguard concerns in the project cycle by communities, local authorities and review authorities that clear subproject applications for approval by approval authorities that make final decisions.

4. An important tool for consideration of safeguards is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). Hence, the guidelines provide information on EA requirements and the level of coverage of such assessments.

5. Most CDF subprojects are classified as category (B) which requires environmental assessment. The scope of such EA is to examine the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance, while category (C) is applied to projects where there are no environmental impacts.

6. The guidelines also provide an outline of a training program to build capacities of executing agencies, local authorities and communities.

7. There are a number of challenges that face the implementation of CDF projects in the Sudan. An outline of these challenges and constraints are discussed providing some recommendations to remove these constraints.

8. The appendices provide more details on issues covered in the main text.


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1.1 Background The main development objectives of the Community Development Fund (CDF) project is to meet the urgent community driven recovery and development needs in the war affected and underdeveloped areas of North Sudan including the "Three Areas"(1) by providing social and economic services and infrastructure. The CDF project also intends to consolidate peace, enhance good governance, economic recovery and social stability. By capturing the peace dividend, the government intends to address the prevailing regional disparities in the country through the creation of CDF to serve as one of the main avenues for donor funding during the recovery period. The CDF would complement the government programmes by providing an efficient and effective alternative for the delivery of urgently needed basic social, economic and infrastructure services targeted at deprived communities. The project would generate support to the government’s reconstruction efforts and establishes partnerships with States, Localities and local community groups and organizations. This Report has been prepared to help develop and implement Environmental Guidelines (2) for the Community Development Fund (CDF) aimed at raising living standards in targeted poorer communities of all Northern States of the Sudan. Phase 1 (years 1 - 3) will start in States of Blue Nile, Kassala, South Kordofan and North Kordofan, and will target 10 Localities. The priority areas selected include the following localities:

• Southern Kordofan State: Abu Gubeiha, Al Rashad and Kailak localities; • North Kordofan State: Sodary, Jabrah and Wad Banda localities; • Blue Nile State: Al Roseiris and El Damazeen localities; • Kassala State: Kassala Rural and Hamashkoraib Localities.

The report provides guidance in identifying environmental assessment and management needs for the various subprojects that are supported by the CDF through funding from the MDTF management by the World Bank. Funded subprojects subject to environmental and social protection measures fall under two categories: Component (1) Community Development Subprojects This component would serve to address pro-poor community development priorities as laid out in the Peace Protocols, with particular emphasis on access and quality of basic education, health and water services. The component would target areas with low relevant per capita indicators and gender inequity to improve the access and, over time, quality of basic social services. It will build and renovate basic education and health facilities, promote adult literacy and child immunization campaigns, launch rapid vocational training programs for school-drop-outs, facilitate the creation of youth centers, launch revolving textbook projects and other social services directed at the poor. Programs to facilitate the social integration and inclusion of vulnerable groups will also be emphasized. Gender and conflict-sensitive analysis will guide the allocation of resources among these vulnerable groups. This component would also concentrate on the provision of small rural infrastructure including access and rural roads and environmental protection activities including community potable water, wells and spring protection, small wastewater

(1) The Three Areas are: Nuba Mountains, Blue Nile and Abyei. (2) Both biophysical and social dimensions are included.


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treatment schemes that use appropriate technologies, improved solid waste collection, treatment and disposal and reforestation and protection of natural sites. Communities and the organizations that represent them would take the lead in implementation under this window. Localities and other development partners, UN agencies and the private sector, would support communities in this process. The maximum size of a typical subproject under this component is $100,000 equivalent. All subproject proposals have to satisfy specific selection and eligibility criteria as stipulated in the project’s Operational Manual (OM) and be subject to the adoption of environmental management provisions in contract documents. Component (2) Capacity Building, Monitoring and Evaluation, and Project Management Training, technical assistance and capacity building would be provided to localities, NGOs and local communities to improve their technical skills in the identification, planning, programming, management and delivery of social programs. In addition, this component would establish the eligibility of target localities to receive funds from the project through conducting a training program aimed at building their capacity in the areas of project management (e.g., transparency, accountability, financial management, procurement), and community participation and empowerment (e.g., participatory planning process and inclusion of marginalized segments of the population in decision-making). Once the project validates the attainment by these localities of the above Minimum Qualifying Criteria (MQC), they will be eligible for receiving funds under the project, which they would then channel to service providers for the benefit of the target beneficiary communities using NGOs, CBOs, private sector, and sector ministries.

1.2 Use of the Environmental Guidelines Environmental Guidelines are a safeguard instrument prepared to be used by communities and local authorities while developing their subprojects for appraisal and approval according to World Bank policies and procedures. They are prepared to fit within the organization of the Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) implementation framework. The Ministry of Finance and National Economy (MFNE) would have overall oversight on the MDTF Funded Projects through an inter – ministerial committee chaired by the undersecretary, MFNE. The Ministry of Federal Government (MFG) will oversee CDF implementation through a Project Steering Committee (PSC) established for the purpose and chaired by the Secretary General MFG. The MFNE will delegate overall project execution to Project Implementation Unit (PIU) established as an independent unit with administrative and financial autonomy. The PIU delegates day – to – day operations to localities or NGOs based on the implementation of project activities in rural areas. Among its mandates, the PIU will ensure that any sponsored subproject is environmentally sustainable. The PIU shall ensure the following:

- Environmental considerations are included as criteria for selecting activities to be supported by the project;

- Environmental assessment would become an integral part of the project cycle of any subproject;

- Environmental guidelines are followed and used.


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The execution of the CDF projects will be undertaken by eligible localities through the establishment within each locality of a Locality Implementation Unit (LIU), while the community based subprojects will be implemented under the supervision of eligible Community Based Organizations (CBOs) or selected NGOs. The LIU shall ensure the following: - Environmental guidelines are followed and used through out the project cycle; - Environmental issues are introduced to beneficiaries through education and promotion

of environmentally beneficial subprojects. The report is structured as follows:

• Chapter (1) – Introduction to Environmental Issues

• Chapter (2) – Overview of Environmental Impacts and Good Practice Mitigation Measures

• Chapter (3) – Policy, Legal and Administrative Environmental Framework for Sudan

• Chapter (4) – Environmental Assessment and Incorporation into the Program Cycle

• Chapter (5) – Environmental Assessment

• Chapter (6) – Environmental Management Plan

• Chapter (7) – Management Challenges


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2. Overview of Environmental Impacts

2.1 Positive Environmental Impacts Most subprojects financed by CDF will have positive impacts on the surrounding environment if they were well designed and properly implemented. The provision of adequate potable water supplies through boreholes or hand pumps, if linked to sanitation and health education, will improve health and socio – economic conditions of local communities. The implementation of appropriate water – harvesting techniques and Wadi irrigation will have positive impacts on water and soil conservation and the enhancement of soil fertility leading to improvement of crop productivity and the generation of employment opportunities. Furthermore, such activities, if combined with forest protection, can lead to the protection of watershed areas. Beside the above, other environmentally beneficial subprojects that will be financed by CDF in the selected localities include:

- Community forests to provide energy and building materials. - Reforestation of desertified areas. - Soil erosion control. - Protection of range lands and forests through construction of fire lines. - Protection of cultural heritage. - New rural roads

The CDF will also generate environmental benefits through a variety of other mechanisms among which are:

- Generation of environmental assessment guidelines that can be used by other organizations or ministries, or could be adopted by the Ministry of Environment and other sectors for more general use;

- Training of government staff, NGOs and local community officials; - Training of environmental specialists, thus increasing the number of

environmental professionals in the country; - Improved environmental awareness in the local communities.

2.2 Negative Environmental Impacts

2.2.1 Overview of Negative Environmental Impacts The CDF will finance a considerable number of different types of subprojects throughout much of Northern Sudan. An important percentage of the funding will be allocated for: infrastructure and social development including community potable water supply, wells and surface water protection; small wastewater collection, treatment and disposal schemes; rural and agricultural roads; small irrigation and drainage schemes; rehabilitation and upgrading of schools and health centers, and creation of youth, cultural and sports centers. Though intended to improve environmental and social conditions, these subprojects can generate a variety of negative environmental impacts during the construction and/or the


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operation. These impacts may be direct or indirect or cumulative. However, subprojects that may have considerable irreversible negative impacts will not be approved for funding. A brief description of the different types of subprojects, the most common negative environmental impacts that might arise and possible mitigation measures are discussed in the following Sections.

2.2.2 Potable Water Supply Sub-projects Rural water supply sub-projects funded by the CDF may include the provision of community water distribution systems, house connections, well pumps and improvement of shallow hand dug wells. The most important environmental considerations associated with water supply subprojects include proper allocation and use of water resources, control and prevention of water contamination and adequate operation and maintenance of the system. Hence, it will be necessary to take the necessary measures to ensure adequate water quantity and quality at the source. During the operation of the system, attention should be given to the proper prevention of contamination from livestock, solid wastes, agricultural practices, and human settlements. Testing of the water supply as required in each subproject monitoring plan should be performed on a regular basis to detect any contamination and to ensure the adequacy of the water quality. An operation and maintenance program should be also included as part of the subproject. Training of community operators is an important measure to ensure sustainable Operation and Maintenance (O/M). It is important to link water supplies with sanitation and health education to change the behavior of water users in favor of sustainable development.

2.2.3 Wastewater Collection and Sanitation Subprojects Typical wastewater sub-projects for rural communities include septic tanks and small scale sewage collection systems not exceeding a total cost of US$ 100,000. The execution of wastewater treatment and disposal is not common in community subprojects, yet under certain circumstances such type of subprojects could be executed, particularly in small towns. In most rural areas of the selected localities, the appropriate means of excreta disposal is through the construction of Ventilated Improved Pit latrines (VIP) as advocated by UNICEF and various other international organizations. The VIP is found to be the most economic way to improve sanitation and to improve health conditions by linking it to programs of health education. However, special attention should be given to siting requirements as not to be close to shallow hand – dug wells to avoid contamination of water table. Construction of VIPs at homes or in schools and other public buildings can have positive beneficial impacts, provided that mitigation measures are taken to avoid polluting the shallow water tables. Under certain conditions, the execution of a wastewater treatment and disposal subprojects could be justifiable particularly, in small towns. Though this subproject is intended to improve health and environmental conditions, it might have important negative


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impacts including, change in land use, pollution of natural resources from poorly treated wastewater, un-proper disposal and reuse of the treated effluent, etc. For such subprojects, an environmental assessment study will be required that addresses site analyses, type of treatment technology, operation and maintenance, etc (Appendix D).

2.2.4 Irrigation and Drainage Schemes and Water Harvesting Irrigation and drainage subprojects are designed to manage water for improving agricultural production. Irrigation and drainage subprojects may include a variety of structures such as dams, ponds, reservoirs, wells, pumping stations, canals, ditches and pipelines. Irrigation subprojects lead to intensifying agricultural production and often to increasing the use of agrochemicals. This, in turn, may cause accelerated nutrient loading of receiving waters, resulting in the degradation of water quality, algal blooms, proliferation of aquatic weeds, eutriphication and deoxygenation. Other negative impacts from irrigation subprojects include water logging and salinization of soils, degradation of downstream surface water systems, chemical changes to aquatic systems and create breeding sites for mosquitoes and snails leading to prevalence of water related diseases. Groundwater extraction for irrigation purposes has the potential to cause significant hydrological changes. For instance, extensive withdrawal from groundwater sources in excess of aquifer recharge will result in lowering of the water table and in increasing the rate of water salinity. Examples of such negative impacts are already apparent in Kassala and Abu Gubeiha towns. Hence, specific control measures are needed.

2.2.5 Rural and Agricultural Roads Rural and agricultural roads are designed to improve access to community facilities and to agricultural lands. These subprojects can vary from simple rehabilitation of existing roads to the complete provision of a new road. In general, these activities do not cause significant impacts. However, attention should be given to the various disturbances that might arise from the construction activities such as traffic diversions, noise, dust, solid wastes, soil erosion, and damage to existing vegetation. An important issue that should also be addressed during the rehabilitation of rural roads is the provision of proper culverts so as not to impede natural drainage and the relocation of any existing services such as water, electrical cables, and telephone lines. Impacts occurring during operation (e.g. noise nuisance and safety hazards) should be also considered if road upgrading significantly changes traffic patterns. Under certain conditions, a new road is to be build in order to provide access to agricultural areas or communities. Though such a subproject may have considerable positive social and economical impacts, it might have negative impacts including, change in land use, pollution of natural resources, erosion of lands, accumulation of sediments in streams, increase in runoff and flooding conditions, disturbance of vegetation, deforestation, accessibility to wildlife sensitive areas, etc. For such subprojects, an environmental impact assessment that addresses site analyses, road design criteria, construction activities, operation and maintenance, etc will be required and shall conform to the requirements of


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Appendix (D) and Figure (2.1). In addition, the World Bank Handbook: Roads and the Environment (1994) can be used as guidance for the preparation of the environmental assessment.

2.2.6 Small Construction Subprojects Small construction subprojects may include rehabilitation and upgrading of schools and health centers, and creation of youth, cultural and sports centers. In general, the construction of these subprojects will not cause significant negative impacts, however they should be screened for environmental considerations such as contamination from waste materials during construction, disturbances during construction (dust, noise, etc.) and environmental contamination during operation of the facilities such as inadequate sanitation facilities. The most important considerations associated with schools and recreation centers, is the provision of adequate potable water, waste management and sanitation facilities. Handling and disposal of medical wastes is also an important environmental consideration for health centers and should be addressed during the design and operation of the facility. When rehabilitating or upgrading such subprojects, priority should be given to the rehabilitation of latrines and to the proper disposal of solid wastes and infectious wastes.


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3. Policy, Legal and Institutional Environmental Framework for Sudan

Policy statements and action plans always need to be supported by legislation that makes it enforceable. Hence, the declaration of environmental policy and the creation of administrative structures need to be backed by appropriate laws and regulations that enhance implementation. The following sections provide brief outline of Sudan’s regulatory framework for environmental protection, as well as World Bank Environmental Safeguards requirements.

3.1 Regulatory Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) The Sudan is a Federal country divided into 26 States with special consideration given to Southern Sudan according to the Interim Constitution of 2005. There are four levels of authority; National level, Southern Sudan Government, State level and Locality level. The powers are divided among the various levels as follows:

• At the National level, the federal organs exercise powers of planning, legislation and execution on Federal lands, natural resources, mineral and subterranean wealth, inter – State waters, national electricity projects, epidemics and natural disasters. Southern Sudan Government exercises powers within Southern Sudan and its States.

• The state organs within the boundaries of the State exercise power on: lands, natural resources, animal wealth, wildlife, non - Nilotic waters and electric power.

• There are concurrent powers where both Federal (National) and State organs exercise power on education, health, environment, tourism, industry and meteorology. The localities exercise powers within the locality boundaries through local orders to be approved by the locality legislative organ.

• The Interim Constitution provides for the creation of Commissions particularly, on land to assume among other things planning and allocation of lands and forests between Federal and State authorities.

Sudan is one of the first African countries that passed sectoral laws for the protection of the environment (Appendix A). However, these laws are further supported by an umbrella law enacted in 2001 "Environmental Conservation Act 2001". This Act provides general principles and guidelines to be considered in implementing any development project. The Law (Act) makes it the responsibility of the project proponents, before embarking on any development activity, to carry out an EIA to identify the positive and negative impacts of the project, together with recommendations to mitigate negative impacts. The Act provides definitions and clarifications regarding natural resources management, pollutants and sources of pollution, endorses the Polluter Pays Principle and specifies issues to be considered in EIAs (Article 18):

• Description of the existing environment before the project; • Description of the project activities; • Assessment of potential environmental impacts, both positive and negative; • Provision of recommendations to mitigate the negative environmental effects.


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To implement the provisions of the Act, a Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR) was established in 1991; a Ministry for Environment and Physical Development (MEPD) was established in 1995. The Interim National Constitution of the Republic of Sudan further supports environmental protection. This Constitution is based on the provisions and articles of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) 2005, and relevant articles of the 1998 Constitution of the Sudan. The Interim Constitution endorses the rights of citizens to live in clean environment (Article 11) and directs attention to the protection and conservation of natural resources. Article 43 (2) of the Interim Constitution gives the National Government the right to expropriate land for development purposes and compensate the owners. There are a number of articles related to natural resource management, pollution control, and protection of cultural heritage sites and respect of traditional and customary regulations related to land ownership. The Interim Constitution also specifies lands that are under National powers (Federal level) and those under the control of states as well as joint powers (concurrent powers) shared by the Federal and States institutions. The states manage issues related to State lands that are not under the National control. These include; management, lease and utilization of lands belonging to States, town and rural planning and agricultural lands within the state boundaries. The concurrent powers include matters related to urban development, planning and housing, electricity generation, waste management, consumer safety and protection, water resources other than inter – state waters and regulation of land tenure and the rights on land. Articles of the Constitution and the Environment Conservation Act (2001) of relevance to this project are the right to expropriate land and compensate the owners as well as issues related to the safety and protection of the inhabitants, beside penalties incurred for environmental damage and pollution as well as respect of the International Environmental Agreements, ratified by the Sudan. 3.2 Land Regulations These regulations are specified in the Interim Constitution Part Thirteen under Chapter II – Land Resources, in Article 186. It is stated that:

1. The regulation of land tenure, usage and exercise of rights thereon shall be a concurrent competence, exercised at the appropriate level of government.

2. Rights in land owned by the government of the Sudan shall be exercised through the appropriate or designated level of government.

3. All levels of government shall institute a process to progressively develop and amend the relevant laws to incorporate customary laws, practices, local heritage and international trends and practices.

Specific details and procedure on land are found in sectoral laws such as:

• Land Registration and Settlement Act 1925: this Act provides rules to determine rights on land and other rights attached to it and ensure land registration.

• Unregistered Land Act 1970: this Act deems any unregistered land, before the enactment of this law, as being registered in the name of the government.


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• Land Acquisition Act 1930: This Act gives the government the power to appropriate lands for development purposes in accordance with the provision of the Constitution and Civil Transaction Act 1984.

• The Civil Transactions Act 1984: this Act regulates the different issues related to civil transactions with respect to titles on land, means of land acquisition, easement rights and conditions to be observed by land users. And gives guidelines and details for practical implementation of the 1970 Act.

• Disposition of Lands and Physical Planning Act 1994: this Act regulated designation of lands for different purposes and urban planning.

3.3 Customary Land Tenure The above are formal legislations passed by the government to organize land tenure. However, most of Sudan’s lands are organized by Customary and Traditional Rules and Regulations. Private ownership is found only in areas along the Nile where land registration was carried according to Land Registration and Settlement Act of 1925. Most of areas away from the Nile are under Traditional Communal Tenure where rights over land, less than full ownership, are recognized. Hence, in these areas four forms of land tenure emerged. These are:

1. Government lands with community rights; 2. Government lands with no community rights (unoccupied lands, wetlands, water

catchments, etc); 3. Hawakir (land recognized as tribal homeland – Dar, or areas granted to individuals

by previous Sultans); 4. Lease (licence): land granted by the government to investors for a limited number of

years. Within the customary land tenure, there is the tribal homeland (Dar) with demarcated boundaries recognized by neighbouring tribes and local authorities (e. g. Dar Hamar where Wad Banda locality is located, or Dar Kababish where both Sodari and Jabra are located). The tribal land is organized and supervised by Nazir (the chief tribal leader). Within the tribal land, there is clan land organized by Omda. Within the clan's land, there are a number of villages, each with its land allocation organized and controlled by the village Sheikh. Within the village land, each villager practices his private ownership respected and recognized by all. The unclaimed land is used as range land or allotted to migrants by the village Sheikh provided that they respect the traditional rule of surrendering 1/10 of the crop to the Sheikh. As a general rule, land allotted to any person cannot be withdrawn unless he/ she leave the village. Under such circumstances, the land abandoned by any person reverts to the community to be re - allotted to someone else. In all cases, the owner of the land is free to hire part of his land or dispose of it in the way he likes. After death, his children or relatives inherit the land. These customary rules are to be respected in any development activity. Land needed for public use and according to Civil Transactions Act 1984, the owner must be compensated in any form – land for land, a small fee or in many cases, the village community willingly donate land needed for public use. It is not expected that the CDF projects in the areas selected will cause problems of compensation.


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It should be noted here that rangelands and water resources (pools) are communally owned and utilized. They are not appropriated by individuals and pasturelands are always defined as uncultivated lands. Nomads have definite corridors (Murhal) to avoid farms and allowed to utilize uncultivated areas. Tribal chiefs usually specify these routes and grazing areas for nomads. Generally, these Acts provide procedures for land expropriation for development purposes and ways to specify rights in order to compensate the owner. The Urban Planning Act sets specific rules for the separation of industrial areas from the residential ones. In carrying out EIA, the legal requirements are not confined to the above mentioned Acts. There are other important sectoral laws that must be considered and used as yard sticks to identify the negative environmental effects. The Environmental Health Act of 1975 and the Public Health Act 1975, provide regulations and restrictions for industries regarding water and air pollutions (standards). According to these Acts, protection obligations extend to cover animal and plant life. Specifically, the Acts cover issues related to collection, treatment and disposal of waste. Also, they prohibit water pollution by addition of any solid or liquid wastes, chemicals, sewage and remains of animals on water resources such as rivers, hafirs, and wetlands. On the other hand, the Electricity Act of 2001 controls the electricity market. It provides regulations regarding the protection of network and standards regarding environmental protection. Article 9 of the said Act requires that any developer (investor) must comply with existing laws regarding roads, water courses, communication network, environmental issues and archaeological sites. Article 13 explains the environmental standards that must be taken into consideration when establishing power plants. Article 17 requires compensation to any damage that the project may cause to life and property. Other laws of relevance to this project include; the Investment Act of 1999 which requires an EIA study as a pre - condition for giving licence to implement the project, the Industrial Safety Act 1976 whose objective is to protect the work environment and the safety of workers. The Location of Industries Act of 1977 prohibits the location of industries in residential areas. 3.4 International Agreement Beside these National Laws, the Sudan signed and ratified a large number of Multilateral Environmental Agreements. International agreements of relevance to this project include:

• Bio – diversity Convention. • Desertification Convention. • United Nations Framework on Climate Change. • Bamako Convention on Trans - boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste. • Vienna Convention (ozone layer depletion). • Montreal Protocol. • Ramsar (wetlands) Convention. • Kyoto Protocol.

In fact, the ratified treaties subsequently become part of the National Laws and their provisions prevail in case of contradictions with the provisions of the National Laws.


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3.5 Institutional Arrangements: National and Local Levels The institutions at National Level responsible for the implementation and monitoring compliance to both national and international agreements include:

• The Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR); • Ministry of Environment and Physical Development (MEPD); • Federal Ministries of Health, Industry and Agriculture; • Ministries and Councils at State Level.

The environmental acts and laws provide standards to be applied in assessing the probable environmental impacts of the project. It is important to note here that State Organs and Local laws deal with issues at State or Local levels, while the Federal Acts are more concerned with general directives and set limits and standards to certain environmental concerns without going into details of problems of local nature. Although EIA is a requirement of the Sudan Environmental Conservation Act of 2001, EIAs were being undertaken before 2001 for most projects, especially those funded by international organizations and Agencies. In most cases, EIAs were conducted by prominent local and international consulting firms and submitted to the HCENR for approval. At the ministerial level, only the Ministry of Energy and Mining has established an Environmental Unit and drafted its own guidelines and regulations for companies working in petroleum development. Sudan’s Environmental Conservation Act (2001), particularly the Articles related to EIA, still requires incorporation of by – laws and adopts more specifications on standards. In this connection, the work of Sudan Standards and Metrology Organization (SSMO) adds to the legal requirements for environmental protection. At the State Level, only few States have established State Environmental Councils and hence, the provisions of the Environmental Conservation Act (2001) are applied with modifications to suit local problems within the guidelines specified in the above Act. Institutions at local level with environmental concerns Beside the government institutions responsible for environmental management, there are also local ethnic institutions that play important roles in environmental management at local level. These include:

- Native Administration (Nazir, Omda, Sheikh); the Native Administration implements both Traditional Customary Regulations as well as delegated the authority to implement Forest and Range and Pasture Regulations. In this respect, they organize village land for agriculture and areas to be left for grazing. They also organize nomadic corridors, specify their grazing areas and mobilize local communities to: open fire lines to protect rangelands from bush fires; to fight locust attack; prohibit illegal tree felling; and, organize use of water resources. Despite changes introduced by the government in the structure of Native Administration, they still play very important roles in natural resource management and in mobilization of local communities.


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- At the village level, there are a number of institutions with inputs in environmental management, the most important of which is the village Sheikh who controls land allotment and takes part in specifying grazing areas.

In recent years, nearly all villages have elected popular committees to administer the village affairs in coordination and collaboration with the Sheikh. Any development activity at the village level starts with permits or requests issued by the Village Popular Committee to be raised to the Locality for approval. In the environmental field, such committees play important roles in sanitation and garbage collection beside taking part in mobilization of local communities and providing direct links to the locality for any issues related to village affairs (Table 3.1). Table (3.1) Institutional Arrangements in Environmental Decision – Making

Institution Mandate A. At National Level:1. Ministry of Environment

and Physical Development - Minister chairs the Higher Council for Environment - Environmental Physical Development Policies - Supervision

2. Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR)

- Environmental Policies / Plans - Guidelines - Approves EIAs - Sign International Conventions - Monitoring

3. Line Ministries - Implementation of environmental policies and plans

- Implement Sectoral Laws - Coordinate with State Ministries

B. At State Level:1. State Ministries

- Implement State Policies - Implement Sectoral Laws (National or State Laws) - Approval of development activities

C. At Local Level:1. Localities 2. Popular Communities,

CBOs and NGOs

- Implement local orders on Public Health - Implement local orders on locality natural

resources - Implement State Laws - Approval of projects at Locality Level - Implement local orders - Mobilize local communities - Submit requests for development activities


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3.6 World Bank Requirements The World Bank has several policies governing environmental safeguards, the most central of which is the Operational Policy (OP 4.01) on Environmental Assessment (EA) which defines the Bank’s environmental assessment requirements to ensure that funded projects are environmentally sound and sustainable. A screening process is undertaken for all funded projects to assess the magnitude and adversity of predicted environmental impacts and to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA. Depending on the type, location, sensitivity and scale of the project as well as the nature and magnitude of environmental impacts, projects are classified into one of three categories: Category (A) Projects those are likely to cause significant and possibly irremediable environmental impacts. Category (B) Projects likely to cause lesser adverse impacts than those of Category A and the impacts are often remediable or mitigable. Category (C) Projects likely to cause minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Subprojects funded by the CDF are classified as Category B or Category C. For instance all income enhancement subprojects will be classified as Category C, while most social and infrastructure subprojects will be Category B. Subprojects that are likely to cause substantial negative impacts and are expected to fall in Category A will not be approved for funding. The following Sections of the Environmental Guidelines provide guidance with respect to the preparation of environmental assessment for the various funded subprojects. These Guidelines are based on the World Bank Operational Policies (OP 4.01), the World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (1991) and its Updates. The user of these Guidelines should consult these references and should be also aware of the following World Bank’s environmental and social safeguard policies (Appendix C4): - Environmental Assessment (OP4.01) - Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) - Water Resources Management (OP4.07) - Pest Management (OP 4.09) - Cultural Property (OP 4.11) - Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.20) - Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.30) - Forestry (OP 4.36)

3.7 Other Existing Legislation Beside the laws mentioned in section 3.1, there are more than 150 sectoral laws, orders and related regulations addressing environmental issues. The enforcement of these laws is entrusted to about 33 different Government Institutions. The major national legislations of relevance to the CDF project include (Appendix A):


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1. Forest Act, 1989, which identifies three types of reserved forest: National, Regional, and others that may belong to communities, local institutions or individual citizens.

2. Wildlife Protection Act, 1936. 3. Agricultural Pest Control Act, 1919. 4. Animal Diseases Act, 1973. 5. Quarries and Mines Act, 1973 and its by – low of 1973. 6. Environmental Protection in Petroleum Industry, 2001 (draft). 7. Industrial Safety Act, 1976. 8. Water Policy, 2001 (draft), other water – related legislations. 9. Investment Promotion Act, 1999. 10. Sudan Antiquities Act, 2002.

Beside these laws implemented by Federal Institutions, there are also State Level Laws based on National Laws with emphasis on particular local or State problems. However, most of these are considered local orders issued by localities to address problems related to pasture and grazing which are based on customary tenure to specify corridors to be followed by nomads.

3.8 Permit Procedures Depending on the type and size of the subprojects to be implemented and according to the National and State legislation requirements, a number of approvals and permits might be required from various governmental agencies (Table 3.2).

Table (3.2) Permits Required for Various Projects in Urban & Rural Areas

Project Type Permit required & authority issuing it Schools Locality and State Ministry of Education Health Centres Locality and State Ministry of Health Boreholes Locality and State Ministry of Engineering AffairsHafirs Locality and State Ministry of Engineering AffairsHand Pumps Village Popular Committee, Locality & State

Ministry of Engineering Affairs Markets Locality Rural Roads Locality Fire lines Locality Greenbelts Locality


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4. Environmental Assessment and Incorporation into the Program Cycle Prior to approval of the CDF project, the subprojects will be identified, and consequently, will be selected and developed with the assistance of the Project Implementation Unit (PIU), Locality Implementation Unit (LIU) and the community. The previous section detailed the environmental requirements including the institutional and legal framework, based on site visits and taking into consideration the provisions of Sudan’s Environmental Act (2001). This section therefore addresses the procedures and guidelines for carrying out the CDF environmental requirements at the program and project level.

4.1 Program Cycle The CDF operates in accordance with procedures documented in the Project Implementation Manual (or Operational Manual) that defines steps required for implementing subprojects supported by procedures, reviews and measures to ensure accountability. Critical steps in the CDF project cycle include: identification, preparation, appraisal, approval, implementation, supervision, monitoring and evaluation. Environmental review procedures will be incorporated in the project cycle at the program and subproject level. The timeframe for the completion of the environmental procedures will be the same as that given in the Operational Manual for the completion of the administrative and technical procedures. Table (4.1) summarizes the environmental requirements of each stage of the CDF program / subproject cycle. Figure (4.1) depicts the incorporation of environmental requirements in the project cycle and Figure (4.2) depicts the responsibilities of all government institutions.


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Table 4.1: Environmental Requirements within each Stage of the CDF Program / Subproject Cycle

Program Development Environmental Requirements 1. Program identification:� Identification of demand driven

subprojects. � Preparation of subprojects

concepts.

� Increase awareness of beneficiaries

about proposed projects and introduction of environmental issues.

� Screening of subprojects by Locality Implementation Unit (LIU).

� Preparation of environmental checklist by Locality Implementation Unit (LIU).

� Approval of Environmental Data Sheets (EDS) by Project Implementation Unit (PIU).

2. Program Preparation:� Description and analysis of

subprojects.

� Preparation by LIU or consultants of: I. Environmental Assessment (EA)

report in case of subprojects or; II. Environmental Management Plan

(EMP) on the basis of generic mitigation

� Ensure that environmental impacts have been analyzed and appropriate mitigation measures designed.

3. Appraisal and Subproject Approval:� Select the most needed and

environmentally sound projects for funding.

� Screen proposals to categorize subprojects according to the type of environmental review that will be necessary.

� Inclusion of mitigation measures in: I. Subproject design II. In tender documents for civil

works � Ensure that environmental

requirements are costed in subproject agreement with civil works contract and NGOs as appropriate.

� Approval of the Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR) and the World Bank in case an EA report is required.


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Program Development Environmental Requirements 4. Program Implementation andSupervision:(i) At Subproject Level:� Implementation of most needed

and environmentally sound subprojects.

(ii) At Program Level:� Supervision of contracts / works

(i) At Subproject Level:� Locality Implementation Unit to ensure

that mitigation measures and monitoring measures are implemented through field visits.

� Prepare contracts with environmental clauses for companies, NGOs and communities that execute subprojects.

� Undertake site visits to ensure that environmental criteria and mitigation measures, as required by contracts, have been implemented.

� Changes may be introduced to subproject design and / or implementation if unforeseen impacts occurred.

� Locality Implementation Unit is to prepare annual report on the status of Environmental Management Plans.

(ii) At Program Level:Preparation by Project Implementation Unit of annual report summarizing: � The number of subprojects that have

significant environmental impacts. � The number of projects for which

EMPs were prepared. � The mitigation measures implemented

for subprojects that have significant environmental impacts.

� Number of training workshops implemented.

5. Monitoring & Evaluation:� Site visits to assess performance

� Assess how environmental and mitigation measures are succeeding or have succeeded in minimizing impacts.

� Determine if changes in the project design or implementation are needed to improve environmental conditions or assessment process.

� Meet with contractors and community


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representatives to get feedback.

Community Development Fund Project (CDF) – SudanEnvironmental Guidelines

Page 25

Figure (4.1)Incorporation of Environmental Dimension in Project Cycle

Environmental Screening

Review ofcountryprogrampapers

EMP Implementation: Compliance,effectiveness

Effect of environmentalrequirements, unanticipatedimpacts, lessons for future

projects

Develop EMPImpacts, mitigation

monitoring, institutionalstrengthening

Pre-Appraisal/Appraisal

ProjectIdentification

EMP covenantsin loan

agreements

NegotiationsCompletion andPost-Evaluation

Implementationand supervision

IMPLEMENTATIONPHASE

DESIGNPHASE

Fact-Finding Preparation


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4.2 Environmental Screening at the Program Level With respect to environment, the first step would be to screen each subproject and identify whether any further environmental considerations are required. The purpose of this is to identify early in the subproject cycle the need to address potential environmental impacts during the project preparation and design. On the other hand, an effective screening will identify subprojects that will generate negligible or no negative environmental impacts so that they can be excluded from unnecessary environmental review. Once all the subprojects of a program have been screened, an environmental data sheet (EDS) for the program should be prepared. A sample EDS form is included in Appendix (C). As mentioned earlier, the CDF will fund a large number and a wide variety of subprojects. While some subprojects will not require environmental assessment, the approval of other subprojects will be subject to the completion of an environmental assessment. Depending on the type and size of the subproject, different levels of environmental assessment instruments might be required. Subprojects that should be screened to identify the type, magnitude and severity of their potential environmental impacts include:

- Rehabilitation and upgrading of public schools - Rehabilitation and upgrading of health centers - Creation of youth, cultural and sports centers - Community potable water supply - Shallow hand – dug wells or Hafirs - Small wastewater disposal schemes - Small access and agricultural roads - Small irrigation and drainage schemes - Land reclamation and rehabilitation of Trus - Protection of natural and cultural heritage sites

4.3 Preliminary Classification of CDF Projects Table (4.2) provides a preliminary classification of CDF projects; however, as the magnitude of environmental impacts is site specific, the Environmental Screening Checklist provided in Annex (C) will be used to identify the level of environmental analyses required. Once all the projects have been screened, an environmental data sheet (EDS) for the project should be prepared. A sample EDS form is included in Annex (C).


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Table 4.2 Preliminary Classification of CDF Projects

Environmental Categories

Project type/sector No further EA Required Category “C “

Limited EA Required (EMP)

EIA Report Required (EIA)

Schools/education

• Construction of new buildings * • Major rehabilitation of structure * • Minor rehabilitation of structure *• Supply of equipment and furniture to

schools *

Health center

• Construction of new health center * • Major rehabilitation * • Minor rehabilitation *• Supply of general equipment *

Supply of drinking water

• New boreholes, water wells *• Rehabilitation of old boreholes * • Construction of reservoirs *• Rehabilitation of water networks * • Construction of limited network * • Construction of new networks *• Water treatment plant

(chlorination)/water refinery *

Community centers ( local market, club and etc) • Construction of new structure * • Major rehabilitation of structure * • Minor rehabilitation of structure *Road, side walk and drainage • New drainage construction *• Rehabilitation of existing system *

Street lighting *

Recreational area development (park) *

Improvement of solid waste collection * Construction of compost plant *Wastewater collection

• Rehabilitation (onsite or network *

• New (onsite or network) *


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Construction and renovation of oil storage depot

*

Agriculture and new irrigation schemes in or near protected areas

*

Construction of small industrial facility (metals, wood)

*

Renovate old common bath *Construction of a slaughter house *

This environmental review would be prepared by the LIU with technical assistance, if necessary, from PIU Environmental Specialist. The purpose of this checklist is to better identify the likely impacts and to classify the subprojects into one of the following categories:

- No further environmental assessment - Identification and implementation of mitigation measures according to the

Environmental Management Plan (EMP). - Environmental Assessment Study required

The decision to conduct an environmental assessment will be based on Sudan Environmental Act (2001). Where an EA is required, the LIU will prepare TOR, including attention to public participation. After preparing the EA, the PIU requires the approval of the HCENR before financing particular subprojects may proceed.

Community Development Fund Project (CDF) – SudanEnvironmental Guidelines

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Figure (4.2)Procedures for Environmental Assessment in Road Sector

Phases ActivitiesNon Major impacts Major Impacts

Environmental Application

Screening

Review Review

EA – RAP - EMP

EA Report

EA Review

EA – RAP - EMP

EA Report

EA Review

Public Hearing

Preliminary Decision

Integration of Mitigation Measures in the Design

Final Decision – EA Certificate

Compensation / Resettlement

Environmental Follow up - Monitoring

ReviewReview

Environmental Monitoring - Auditing

Scoping Scoping

PlanningPre - Feasibility

Responsibilities

Consultant

SRE

Consultant

Consultant

SRE

Feasibility

Design

Construction

Consultant

RBC / HCENRCommittee

SRE

SRE

Operation SRE

Responsibilities

Consultant

RBC

Consultant

Consultant

RBC

RBC

Consultant

RBC / HCENR

RBC / HCENRCommittee

RBC

RBC / HCENR

RBC / HCENR

Definitions:RBC: Road & Bridges CorporationHCENR: Higher Council for Environment & Natural ResourcesSRE: State Road Engineer


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4.4 Promotion of Subprojects within the Regional Program The first stage in the CDF program cycle is to initiate promotional activities and prepare demand driven subprojects. The LIU’s primary responsibility would be to initiate promotional programs that aim at disseminating information about the CDF’s objectives, guidelines and procedures among targeted community groups. Promotional activities will include environmental considerations in the promotional programs in order to ensure that environment is integrated in the project cycle. LIU would have to educate communities and to raise awareness on environmental issues and requirements of CDF subprojects. This process of awareness will help communities to better appreciate environmental concerns and to select environmentally sound and beneficial subprojects. Environmental NGOs may be sub – contracted to raise community awareness about environmental issues and project funding environmental requirements.

4.5 Preparation of Subprojects Following the initiation of promotional programs and identification of community needs and priorities, project proposals will be prepared and a program will be submitted to the PIU for appraisal. Subprojects that necessitate environmental assessment will either require the straight forward identification and implementation of mitigation measures or the preparation of an environmental assessment report for issues of a more complex nature. Projects requiring the identification and implementation of mitigation measures are those considered to have minor environmental impacts. For these subprojects, the environmental expert/consultant of the LIU will identify appropriate mitigation measures to be incorporated in the project design and in the bidding documents (Appendix B). An Environmental Assessment would be required whenever significant environmental impacts are likely to arise from a specific subproject. In this case an environmental impact assessment report should be prepared and shall follow the terms of references provided in (Appendix D). The EA will require the involvement of a highly skilled environmental expert or a team of experts. Several site visits would be undertaken, subproject specific measures would have to be planned and a detailed EMP developed. CDF subprojects will rarely need a full EA. Subprojects most likely to require an environmental assessment report would be based on the Environmental Conservation Act (2001) and include (see Appendix A):

- Wastewater collection, treatment and disposal subprojects; - New rural and agricultural roads with more than one kilometer length; - Subprojects adjacent to critical natural habitats or protected areas - Medium scale irrigation schemes - Small dams on seasonal streams; - Brick making projects; - Waste management, collection and disposal.

Sample TORs for a road project are provided in Appendix (D) Subprojects requiring an EA are subject to review and approval of the HCENR and the World Bank.


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4.6 Appraisal and Approval of Proposed Programs Once prepared, the proposed program is submitted to the PIU for appraisal and approval (Appendix C). Desk and field appraisals will be conducted by the PIU to ensure the eligibility of the program and to validate the information included in the proposal package. The environmental assessment of the program will be undertaken during program formulation so that the PIU Environment Specialist may review the environmental assessment requirements (screening checklist, Environmental Data Sheet (EDS), environmental assessment, reports, etc) and assess whether the suggested mitigation measures are appropriate and integrated effectively into subproject design. Based on the LIU proposals, the PIU will either conduct desk review or a field review depending on the nature, magnitude and severity of predicted environmental impacts determined during preparation.

4.6.1 Desk Review The PIU environmental specialist will first check whether subprojects under the program have been screened properly and whether an EDS has been prepared. The EDS will then be checked for completeness and consistency with the other submitted technical data. Any missing information or apparent inconsistencies will be reported and the LIU will be requested to provide the necessary clarification and information. Once any required clarification is received and the EDS has been satisfactorily completed, the PIU Environmental Specialist will assess whether field review of any subprojects would be required. In such instances, the LIU will be informed that the PIU, with the assistance of the LIU, will need to conduct a field review (see below). If only a desk review is requested, the PIU Environment Specialist will proceed with the revision of the documents.

4.6.2 Field Appraisal Once the desk review has been completed, the PIU Environment Specialist will undertake a field visit to agree with the LIU and the stakeholders on the requirements of an environmental assessment. Discrepancies between the environmental information presented and the PIU Environment Specialist’s findings will be dealt with as follows: - For issues that can be clarified on site, the PIU Environment Specialist will make his /

her own assessment of the situation during the field visit. - For issues that may have significant environmental problems, the PIU Environment

Specialist will require the applicant to collect additional information and to properly address the problem either through undertaking further environmental analysis or through the inclusion of additional requirements in the Operational Manual and / or bidding documents.

4.6.3 Approval of Program The results of the appraisal of the various environmental documents will be summarized in an environmental appraisal form shown in (Appendix C). And will be included with the


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Project Appraisal Report. For subprojects requiring a full environmental assessment, the PIU will be required to obtain the HCENR prior approval. During the first year of project implementation, the World Bank will be required to review and approve the environmental assessment after the HCENR’s approval and before financing is authorized. Post review of EA will be subsequently undertaken as part of the regular Bank supervision missions provided that the World Bank is fully satisfied that the EA requirements comply with OP 4.01 during the first year. The PIU will have to ensure that the recommendations of the environmental assessment are included in the technical specifications of the construction bidding documents and in the mitigation measures developed for each subproject incorporated in the Operational Manual (Appendix B)..

4.7 Implementation and Supervision Upon approval of the program proposal, arrangements regarding construction, implementation and supervision will be contained in the legal contract signed between the LIU and CDF. It will be necessary that the PIU ensures that the results of the environmental assessment (special mitigation measures, design specifications, supervision plans and monitoring arrangements) are incorporated into the legal document. The execution of the subproject contract and construction supervision is the responsibility of the LIU. Where they do not have adequate in-house resources, the LIU will be responsible for the appointment of a supervision consultant. Part of the construction supervision duties is to ensure that mitigation measures are properly implemented, good practice environmental procedures are respected and that no unforeseen negative impacts are occurring as a result of subproject execution. The mitigation of negative environmental impacts may be achieved through various management routines including Environmental Management Plans (EMP), Operational Manual (OM) and Contract Clauses. Environmental impacts arising from the operation of the different subprojects can be minimized by appropriate site selection, good engineering design and appropriate construction techniques. The mitigation of construction impacts is usually achieved by ensuring the Contractor undertakes his work in accordance with good construction practices. Construction negative impacts are best dealt with by incorporating mitigation clauses into the Bidding Documents. Examples of good practice mitigation measures are given in Appendix (B). Site supervision staff must check that the works are carried out in accordance with these good practice measures throughout project implementation. Typical examples of negative environmental impacts that might arise from the construction of the various subprojects are given in Appendix (B).

4.8 Monitoring and Evaluation Environmental monitoring of a project performance will start with the construction phase and will extend to the operation phase. It measures how a subproject is performing regarding implementation of mitigation measures during construction and operation. Hence, site visits during subproject execution and operation are to be carried to assess how environmental screening and mitigation measures are succeeding or have succeeded


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in minimizing impacts. Evaluation determines how well a subproject has addressed environmental / social concerns. Based on the results of the monitoring and evaluation of how well the subproject has addressed environmental considerations, changes may be needed to improve the environmental performance of the subproject.

4.9 Institutional Arrangements The Project Appraisal Document (PAD) provides the following management arrangements:

- PIU: responsible for the project administration - LIU: responsible for design and implementation of regional programs.

For Category B programs and/or subprojects, the PIU will hire an Environmental specialist who will be responsible for:

- Reviewing the environmental screening of the program submitted by the LIU; - Reviewing and approving the environmental assessment; - Obtaining the approval of the Higher Council for Environment for projects

requiring an environmental assessment report; - Conducting periodic monitoring of the programs; - Preparing annual report of the environmental situation of the CDF.

The LIU will be in charge of the environmental operation of the program. They will have environmental specialists familiar with community development projects. Some LIU may not have an environmental specialist and would be required to contract an environmental consultant for performing the following duties:

- Promote the environmental requirements and guidelines of the CDF among NGOs, communities and contractors;

- Ensure that Environmental Checklist is properly filled; - Provide assistance to NGOs in preparing the environmental assessment; - Conduct site specific environmental review in order to review the current

environmental conditions of site and assess the potential environmental impact associated with the proposed subproject;

- Identify mitigation measures in construction and operation; - Supervise the implementation of environmental management plans; - Prepare necessary reports.

4.10 Reporting As indicated in sections 4.8 and 6.3, simple and measurable environmental monitoring indicators will be established to collect, document and analyze data on a regular basis. It is the responsibility of LIU to collect and analyze such data with the assistance of PIU, Environment Specialist. The parameters to be monitored cover issues related to implementation of environmental / social safeguards and compliance with existing legislations and World Bank Ops. Technical support may be needed to help PIU and LIU to monitor compliance with safeguards and to prepare reports for review by independent consultant and World Bank annually. Such annual review will be an important source of information to project management for improving performance and to Bank Supervision


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missions. Such missions should be undertaken after annual report has been prepared. During supervision, the Bank will assess progress in mainstreaming the environmental guidelines and, if required, will recommend appropriate adjustments.

4.11 Consultation and Participation The overall approach of CDF project is that communities, local NGOs and CBOs work together with LIU in preparing their subprojects using the Environmental Guidelines to ensure that safeguards are adequately addressed. In this process, the views of local affected groups will be taken into account. Such consultation will be initiated as early as possible in a participatory approach to get feed back from communities and different stakeholders on their interests and priorities. Further, these consultations will take into account the specific conflict context in each state, in order to ensure that no stakeholder group is excluded from these consultations. These stakeholder groups will be collectively engaged in program identification and will be involved in execution, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Communities, through their institutions, are expected to play a vital role in monitoring contractors progress in implementation of subprojects so as to increase their ownership of the process.


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5. Environmental Assessment

5.1 Environmental Assessment Objectives Environmental Assessment (EA) is a tool that enables decision making to assess the impacts of a development activity on the environment and to identify and evaluate the applicability of mitigating measures for potential negative environmental impacts. The EA also ensures that: - The project under consideration is environmentally sound and sustainable; - Any environmental consequences are recognized early in the development stage and

incorporated into the project design; - The project is implemented with full awareness of environmental issues; - The public participates in the decision-making and is well informed about when and

how project implementation may affect their environment. 5.2 Environmental Assessment Requirements As mentioned earlier, all CDF subprojects that require environmental assessment fall under Category B and consequently would require some form of environmental analysis, the detail depending on the type, scale and location of the subproject. For the majority of these subprojects, the identification and implementation of mitigation measures will be sufficient. For large scale subprojects that include construction of new roads more than one kilometer length, wastewater collection, treatment and disposal, or construction near or adjacent to critical natural habitats or protected areas, an Environmental Assessment will be required. The EA should provide a clear understanding of the environmental issues and the remediation measures. The EA is an important requirement according to Sudan’s Environmental Act 2001 and should be prepared in accordance with the World Bank operational, environmental and social policies. The latter requires the following coverage in the EA:

− Executive Summary; − Relevant Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework; − Subproject Objectives and Description; − Summary of Environmental Baseline Data; − Significant Environmental Impacts; − Analysis of Alternative Proposals for the Subproject; − Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that includes:

• Environmental Mitigation Measures; • Environmental Monitoring Plan; • Institutional Responsibilities and Capacity Building Requirements; • Appendices;

A general description of the expected content for each section of the EA report is given in (Appendix D).


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6. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

6.1 Objectives and Structure of the EMP The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) will be used to verify that predictions of environmental impacts developed during design phase are accurate and that unforeseen impacts are detected at an early stage. The objectives of the EMP are to mitigate the adverse environmental impacts identified in each subproject and will consist of three kinds of activities: - Implementation of mitigation measures; - Strengthening the capacities of PMU, LIU, local NGOs and contractors; - Monitoring and evaluation of mitigation measures identified during subproject

formulation or within the environmental assessment report.

6.2 Implementation of Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures identified following the desk/or field review shall be properly implemented. Typical environmental impacts and possible mitigation measures are given in Table 6.1 for guidance. LIU will be required to adapt the generic mitigation measures for the various subprojects included in the proposed program.

Table 6.1: Potential Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Different Subprojects

Project Component Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Roads rehabilitation • Clogging of natural drainage channels.

• Encroachment on private property.

• Dumping of

construction wastes and accidental spills of machine fuels, etc.

• Risk of damage to unknown archaeological sites

• Increased noise

level. • Deterioration of air

quality due to dust.

• Maintain ditches • Detailed property

boundary surveys and flagging in field

• Proper disposal of construction wastes

• Use “chance find” procedures and coordinate with appropriate government agency

• Use appropriate measures to reduce noise

• Wetting soil

• Contractor • Contractor/PIs

• Contractor

• PIs/Archeology department

• Contractor

• Contractor

Improvements to Water Supply and Sanitation

• Cross contamination sewage and water lines due to pressure differentials and leaks)

• Improper disposal of construction debris

• Destruction of historical sites

• Risk of damage to archaeological sites

• Coordinate with appropriate agency

• Proper disposal of construction wastes

• Use chance find procedures and coordinate with appropriate agency

• State Ministry of Energy and Water

• Contractor • PIs/Archeology

department


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Rehabilitation of schools

Rehabilitation of health centers

Irrigation and drainage

• Improper disposal of

wastes

• Improper disposal of medical wastes

• Water quality degradation in ponds and reservoirs

• Clogging of canals from weeds/sediments

• Inefficient water flow because of heavy sedimentation

• Degradation of water systems receiving irrigation waters by nutrients, agrochemical and salts

• Spread of water –related diseases.

• Proper disposal of solid wastes

• Priority given to rehabilitation of toilets

• Installation of sanitation (cesspools)

• Containerize infectious

wastes • Public health

awareness

• Monitoring of water quality

• Operation & maintenance plan

• Proper design of canals and provision of access for weed and sediments removal

• Control of agrochemical use

• Proper control measures

• PIs/Municipality • PIs/community

• PIs/community • State Ministry of

Health

• State Ministry of Energy and Water

• PIs/ community • Contractor/PIs

• Ministry of Agriculture / community

• State Ministry of Health / Locality

6.3 Environmental Monitoring Environmental Monitoring will be the responsibility of the LIU and will include: - Compliance monitoring during construction - Monitoring of significant impacts during the operation of the subproject. The Environment Specialist of the PMU will also conduct periodic monitoring by visiting the sites of the various programs at least twice a year. Monitoring indicators shall be developed for both the construction and the operation phase of the subprojects. Monitoring of construction activities ensure that mitigation measures of construction impacts are being implemented properly, while the monitoring of operation activities is to ensure that no unforeseen negative impacts arise. Typical examples of monitoring plans are given in Table (6.2).


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Table 6.2: Typical Examples of Monitoring Plan for the Operation of Different Subprojects

Sub-project Monitoring Indicators Responsibility Frequency

Roads rehabilitation

• Operating drainage channels

• NGOs in close coordination with local community

Semi-annual assessment

Improvements to Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities

Irrigation and drainage

• Breakdown of boreholes • Time taken for

maintenance • Water Quality Monitoring

• Irrigation network without leaks

• Drainage channels clean and properly maintained

• Water quality parameters (pH, COD, BOD, SS)

• NGOs in close coordination with local community

• Ministry of Health and

Ministry of Energy and Water

• NGOs in close coordination

with local community • Testing by Ministry of

Health and Ministry of Energy and Water

Semi-annual assessment Semi-annual assessment

Semi-annual assessment Semi-annual assessment

Rehabilitation of schools

Rehabilitation of health centers

• Toilet facilities clean and functioning properly

• Drinking water Zeers clean and safe from contamination

• Medical wastes

separated in proper containers

• Availability of guidelines for proper disposal of medical wastes

• NGOs in close coordination with local community and appropriate locality and school administration

• Ministry of Health in close coordination with local community



6.4 Training Program and Capacity Building Environmental expertise within the implementing and executing bodies will be strengthened. Training programs will be designed and implemented with the assistance of a local or international expert and will target three levels: (i) PMU and LIU: at the initiation of the promotional program, and prior to bidding and

selection of LIU, a workshop will be provided and will include an environmental session to raise environmental awareness and to clarify the specific environmental requirements related to design and implementation of the CDF subprojects.

Another training workshop will be provided to the PMU, LIU and selected partners and will cover the following topics: - EIA techniques - Screening projects for environmental review - Use of practical checklists - Best environmental practices in design and implementation of projects - Effective implementation of mitigation measures - Project supervision - Monitoring and evaluation (ii) Local NGOs and Contractors: PIs will be required to provide workshops for local

NGOs and contractors, focusing on public awareness, case studies of environmental


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issues experienced in similar projects, use of environmental guidelines and implementation of mitigation measures.

(iii) Beneficiaries and Executing Agencies.

A sample training requirements for various groups is included in table (6.3)

Training Requirements for Various Groups of Participants

Loc

alG

over

nmen

tA

ppro

val

Aut

hori

ties

LIU

&L

ocal

Gov

ernm

entS

taff

NG

Os

/CB

Os

Com

mun

ity

Lea

ders

/Wor

kers

&C

ontr

acto

rs

Linkages between environmental, social and natural resource management and sustainable rural livelihoods

A T S A

Local EA legislation and relevant environmental policies

A T S A

Potential localized impacts of subprojects and suitable mitigation measures

A T T S

Addressing and land acquisition and access to resources through resettlement planning and compensation

A T T S

Use of the Environmental Guidelines & WB Safeguards

A T T A

Methods of community involvement - PRA A T T ACumulative impacts assessment A T A APotential environmental and social subprojects A S T AInter-community lesson-learning and review A T - -

Legend: T = Detailed training, S = Sensitization to the issues, A = Awareness-raising Source: Adapted from World Bank (2005), ESMF Toolkit


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7. Management Challenges

7.1 Background The development model and environmental agenda that dominated the national scene until recently, had several limitations which are still not yet removed. Most important of these were the following:

(a) Most interventions and actions to reverse or check environmental degradation were focused on effects rather than the root causes – poverty;

(b) Responses were rather curative, adhoc and not integrated hence, lacking the ability for comprehensive attack on environmental and social problems;

(c) Plans and policies treated problems as environmental issues rather than as environment and development concerns neglecting the social, economic and ecological linkages;

(d) Policies and plans ignored the important role played by NGOs and CBOs and failed to coordinate or integrate NGO activities in the development plans.

Since 1992, the country established the Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR) with mandates to coordinate, supervise and formulate long term plans for environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources. The HCENR, as an advisory and coordinating body, handles broad issues of policy formulation and integration of sectors to achieve proper natural resource management, whereas program implementation, development and conservation of natural resources are undertaken by line Ministries at national level or State Ministries at local level. The HCENR is also entrusted with the review and approval of EIAs before implementation of development projects. However, by – laws for review of EIAs are still lacking. In 1995 the HCENR became affiliated to the Ministry of Environment and Physical Development (MEPD) in a loose manner, as the Minister of Environment chairs and supervises the activities of the HCENR. Beside the HCENR and the MEPD, there are other sectoral institutions at national or State level that exercise functions of environmental nature according to their sectoral laws but in conformity with the Sudan Environmental Act 2001. Since 1992, and as the National Comprehensive Strategy (1992 – 2002) emphasized the country’s concern of creating self – reliant society, NGO’s, CBOs and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) began to play a major role in the development and decision – making at local level. Hence, villages established Village Popular Committees, Village Development Committees and Cooperative Societies. In many cases, all work in harmony with the traditional leadership and Native Administration. In matters related to the environment, and as the result of the federal system, responsibilities are divided between the Federal and State governments. However, in case of conflicts, the Federal Jurisdiction over environment and natural resources prevails over the States. Some issues are considered joint or with concurrent powers. There is some confusion in the division of responsibilities between the Federal and the State Governments. The Land Commission is to be established after the CPA clarifies these responsibilities.


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7.2 Coordination Environmental matters are still divided among different bodies which are supposed to act as coordinating institutions. Beside the HCENR and line Ministries, there are: the Water Council, Public Health Council, National Council for Physical Planning, the Population Council and several other councils with mandates of coordination. However, and due to lack of capacities, strong horizontal and vertical linkages are lacking leading in many cases to conflicts or duplication of efforts. All this puts an increasing burden on the HCENR to improve its performance as the lead institution in environmental issues.

7.3 Limitations and Constraints There are a number of challenges and constraints to be identified that may impede the country’s environmental performance. These may be outlined in the following:

A) Limited awareness There is limited awareness about the environment and its social, economic and ecological interactions that prevents the holistic attack on the root causes of environmental problems. B) Limited capacity of the HCENR and the MEPD Both institutions are supposed to play a coordinating role and guide the process leading to environmentally sustainable development. Yet, their structure and budgetary resources are so limited that they are handicapped in playing their roles as stated in their mandates. The HCENR, which is the technical arm of the MEDP in the field of environment, has limited technical capacity in terms of human resources and budgetary allocations. In fact, the activities currently performed by the HCENR are only those supported by foreign donors and linked to international conventions. C) Inadequate technical capacity of key Ministries and States Most of the technical Ministries at national or State level suffer from the lack of qualified and / or committed cadre as the result of brain drain, political retirements or lack of motivation. At the State level or locality level, the situation is even worse and serious. D) Poor mechanisms for effective participation Effective community participation in the development activities is constrained by lack of appropriate structures and the political environment. The rural people are developmentally mobilized but constraint by lack of appropriate structures to be able to respond to their needs. Hence, mechanisms for effecting participation of communities, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), NGOs, CBOs and private sector are necessary by creating conducive atmosphere for participation.

7.4 Emerging and Critical Issues There are three issues that emerge as the most critical challenges to the achievement of sustainable development. These include:

A) Decentralization of Environmental Activities Most environmental problems have roots in local activities. Participation and cooperation of communities and local authorities are important in finding solutions to these problems. Creation of adequate local organizational structures with capacities is an important input to guide grassroots environmental activities. The locality is the appropriate level to guide environmental decentralization at village level.

B) Capacity building


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It is important to disseminate the philosophy and approaches of sustainable development through training, learning by doing, institutional building and decentralization of activities. Concerted efforts are needed to create environmental awareness for government staff, NGOs, CBOs, contractors and local communities to be able to integrate environmental dimensions in social and economic development plans.

C) Conflict transformation Negative environmental impacts as the result of civil war or local conflicts between farmers and nomads have increased substantially during the last decade with impacts extending beyond the conflict zones. Ecological conflicts represent a challenge to the CDF subprojects. However, careful approach, involvement of all stakeholders, involvement of Native Administration and efforts in peace building are expected to reduce tensions among resource users.

7.5 Organizational Challenges at Locality and Village Levels At the locality level, is the Locality Steering Committee (LSC) comprised of LIU manager as Chairperson and representatives from each of the locality technical departments. The LSC may draw technical expertise from NGOs, academic and research institutions, line Ministries and individual specialists to provide essential advisory services to the LCS in carrying out its functions. The challenge here is how the Locality Manager (LM) will be able to liaise with related government departments at locality and State levels in addition to community structures as he is recruited by the PIU, while the remaining LIU staff shall be drawn from the locality staff to the LIU on a full time basis. Another challenge concerns the capacities of locality staff assigned to LIU in ensuring the incorporation of social and environmental safeguards in subprojects and ability to promote a sense of community involvement and accepting joint decision – making with communities. At the village level, there are a number of local organizations with different names and some with political affiliation complicating the issues of identifying priority needs. In some cases, local politics involved may affect positive participation. However, this may be solved by establishing specific committee through a democratic process to assist in effective participation of the community. Successful examples of this approach are the methods followed by Child Friendly Villages Project implemented in Damazin Locality. The institutional arrangements for the implementation of the Environmental Guidelines involve the inclusion of an Environment Specialist in PIU and establishing focal points at various levels within the government agencies responsible for implementation of the project. Hence, training in the application of the environmental and social safeguards must be conducted for relevant staff as well as for NGOs, CBOs, contractors and other partners involved in project implementation.


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References (1) Gaafar Karrar and Partners (1994), Social and Environmental Impacts of Heightening

Roseiris Dam, Ministry of Irrigation. (2) Hassan A. Ati (2002), Sustainable Development in Sudan, Environmentalists Society,

Khartoum. (3) Government of Sudan (2005), Sudan Interim Constitution, Ministry of Justice. (4) Government of Sudan (2001), Environment Conservation Act.

(5) High Council for Environment (1996), Towards National Environmental Action Plan in Sudan, Khartoum.

(6) Khalid A. El Amin (1999), Land Tenure Forms in Darfur, Sudan, DSRC, Khartoum. (7) Ministry of Environment and Physical Development (1995), List of Environmental

Legislation in Sudan, Khartoum. (8) Sudan Standards and Metrology Organization (2002), Standards for Drinking Water,

Khartoum. (9) World Bank (2005), the Republic of Sudan – Multi Donor Fund – Project Proposal,

Community Development Fund Project (CDF). (10) World Bank (1991), Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Environment Department,

Washington DC. (11) World Bank (2005), Environmental and Social Management Framework for World Bank

Projects with Multiple Small – Scale Subprojects, a Toolkit, Africa Region. (12) World Bank (1999), Operational Policies (OP 4.01), Environmental Assessment. (13) World Bank (1999), Operational Policies (OP 4.01), Annex A - Environmental Assessment. (14) Yagoub Abdalla Mohamed (2002), Sudan Policy and Institutional Changes for the

Implementation of Agenda 21, in Hassan A. Ati (ed.) Sustainable Development in Sudan, Environmentalists Society.

(15) Yagoub Abdalla Mohamed (2005), Land Tenure, Land Use and Conflicts in Darfur, Paper

presented in a workshop organized by University for Peace and University of Khartoum.


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Appendix (A) Existing Legislations

• Appendix (A1): List of Environmental Legislation in Sudan • Appendix (A2): List of Protected Natural Resources • Appendix (A3): Standards for Drinking Water SSMO – Sudan


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Appendix (A1) List of Environmental Legislation in Sudan

A. Land Tenure and Land Use Planning

1. Encouragement of Environment Act (1991) 2. Unregistered Land Act (1970) – repealed 3. Acquisition Act (1970) 4. Town and Village Planning Act 5. Taxation of Land and Date Trees Ordinance (1925), and Regulations 6. Land Settlement and Registration Act (1925) 7. Road Traffic Ordinance (1922) 8. Mechanized Farming Public Corporation (Establishment) Regulations (1975) 9. Rural Water and Development Corporation (1967) 10. Survey Department (Organization) Act (1974) 11. Demarcation and Survey Act (1930) 12. Land Acquisition Act (1930) 13. Town Replanning Act (1930) 14. Lands and Planning Act (1994) 15. Gezira Land Act (1922) 16. Gezira Scheme (1960) 17. Premises Rents Act (1992) 18. Rahad Agricultural Corporation Act (1972) 19. Relief and Rehabilitation Corporation Act (1985)

B. Soil Conservation

1. Rural Water Development Corporation Act (1967) 2. Allotment of Lands for the Development of the Mechanized Farming Corporation Act 3. Parts of the National Parks, Sanctuaries and Reserves Regulation (1939), issued under

the Preservation of Wild Animals Ordinance (1935) 4. Gezira Scheme (1960) 5. Mining and Quarries Act (1972) 6. Mining and Quarries Act (1973) 7. Mechanized Farming Corporation (Establishment) Regulations (1975) 8. Plant Disease Act (1913) 9. Agricultural Pest Control Act (1919) 10. Seeds Act (1990)

C. Forest Conservation 1. Forests Act (1989) 2. Forests National Corporation Act (1932) 3. Central Forests Act (1932) - repealed but rules and regulations effective until repealed 4. Provisional Forests Acts (1932) - repealed but rules and regulations continue in effect

until repealed

D. Wildlife and Protected Areas 1. Wildlife Conservation and National Park Act (1987) 2. Wildlife Conservation Forests Act (1981) 3. Wildlife Protection Act (1936)


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4. Hides and Animals Skins Act (1935) 5. Preservation of Wild Animals Act (1935) 6. Game Regulations (1935) 7. National Parks, Sanctuaries and Reserves Regulation (1939) 8. Arms Ammunition and Explosives Ordinance (1939) 9. Local Government Act

E. Water Resources

1. Nile Water Pump Control Act (1939) 2. Irrigation and Flood Control Act (1990) 3. Environmental Health Act (1975), amended (1993) 4. Public Health Act (1935) 5. Rural Water Development Corporation Act (1966) 6. General Electricity and Water Corporation Act (1966) 7. Water Hyacinth Control Act (1960) 8. Fresh Water Fisheries Ordinance (1954) 9. River Transport Ordinance (1958) 10. Nile Pumps Control Ordinance (1939) 11. Nile Pumps Use Control (Tendencies) Regulations (1969) 12. Nile Pumps Control (Standby) Regulations (1953) 13. Nile Pumps Control (general) Regulations (1951) 14. Public Ferries Ordinance (1939) 15. Regulations of Inland Navigation Act (1980)

F. Marine Resources and Coastal Zone Management

1. Maritime Act (1961) 2. Marine Fisheries Act (1973) 3. General Regulations and Control of Merchant Shipping Act (1971) 4. Harbours and Shipping Ordinance (1961) 5. Terrestrial Waters and Continental Shelf Act (1970)

G. Animal Resources

1. Rabies Act (1974) 2. Animal Disease Free Zone Act (1973) 3. Diseases of Animals Act (1901) 4. Hides and Animal Skins Act (1954) 5. Animals Export and Import Act (1913)

H. Hazardous Substances

1. Pesticides Act (1974) 2. Food Control Act (1973) 3. Pharmacy and Poisons Act (1913) 4. Narcotics Act 5. Industrial Safety Act (1978) 6. Sulphur Ordinance (1932)

I. Energy and Mining

1. Mines and Quarries Act (1974) 2. Mining and Quarries Regulations (1973) 3. Investment Act (1989)


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4. Petroleum Act (1931) J. Environmental Health (Including Pollution Control)

1. Environmental Health Act (1975) amended (1993) 2. Public Health Act (1975) 3. Locusts Destruction Act (1907) 4. Plant Diseases Act (1913) 5. Investment Act (1989) 6. Industrial Safety Act (1976) 7. Road Traffic Act (1983) 8. Quarantine Act (1974) 9. Industrial Waste Local Order (1971), Khartoum North

K. Cultural Environment

1. Antiquities Ordinance (1952) 2. Organization of Higher Education Act (1990)


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Appendix (A2) List of Protected Areas According to Ecological Zones

Ecological Zone National Parks Protected Areas Hunting Zones Desert Wadi Hawar - - Semi – Desert - Sanganeib Marine Park

- Dungunab Marine Park - Jebel El Hassania

- Tokar - Sabalouka

- Erkawit - Sinkat - Khartoum Sunt

Forest

Savanna - Dinder National Park - Radom N. P. - Southern N. P. - Nimole N. P. - Boma N. P

- Shekow - Ashana - Nimatine - Juba - Kideibo

-----

Wetlands - Badinglo N. P. - Shambei N. P.

- Fani Kang - Zaraf Island

--

Equatoria Rainforest - --

- Mebarzanga - Bningai - Birkibts

---

Mountainous - - - Total 11 12 3

Areas Proposed for the Establishment of Bird Sanctuaries

1. Khasm El Girba Dam 2. Abyad Lake 3. Keilak Lake 4. Kundi Lake 5. Lake Nubia 6. Sennar Dam 7. Maschar Marches 8. Wadi Hawar 9. Port Sudan 10. Suakin Island 11. Imatong Mountains 12. Jebel Merra 13. Roseiris Dam 14. Jebel Aulia Dam 15. Red Sea Hills 16. Sabaloka Area


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Appendix (A3) Standards for Drinking Water Bacteriological Value Limits

Organisms Guideline Value 1. all water intended for drinking

A. E. Coli or thermo - tolerant coli - form bacteria

B. Pathogenic intestinal protozoa

• Must not be detectable in any 100

ml sample

2. Treated water entering the distribution system A. E. Coli or thermo - tolerant coli - form

bacteria B. Total coli – form bacteria C. Pathogenic intestinal protozoa

• Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample

3. Treated water in the distribution system A. E. Coli or thermo - tolerant coli - form

bacteria B. Total coli – form bacteria

C. Pathogenic intestinal protozoa

• Must not be detectable in any 100

ml sample. • Must not be detectable in any 100

ml sample. In the case of large supplies where sufficient samples are examined, must not be detectable in 95% of samples examined throughout any consecutive 12 – month’s period.

• Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample

Heavy Metals – Max. Permissible Limits Parameter Max. permissible limit in µg / l Antimony 0.004 Arsenic 0.007 Barium 0.5 Boron 0.2 Cadmium 0.003 Chromium (Total) 0.04 Copper 1.5 Cyanide 0.05 Fluoride 1.5 Lead 0.007 Manganese 0.5 Mercury (Total) 0.0007 Molybdenum 0.05 Nickel 0.014 Nitrate as NO3 50 Nitrate as NO2 2 Selenium 0.007


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Max. Permissible Limits Parameter Max. permissible limit in µg / l Chlorinated Alkanes:

• Carbon tetrachloride • Dichloroethane • 1,2 Dichloroethane

1.3 14 20

Chlorinated Ethanes: • Vinyl Chloride • 1,1 Dichloroethane • 1,2 Dichloroethane • Trichloroethane • Tetra Chloroethane

3.5 20 35 50 30

Aromatic Hydrocarbons: • Benzene • Toluene • Xylenes • Ethyl Benzene • Styrene • Benzo (a) Pyrene

7500 350 200 15 0.5

Chlorinated Benzene: • Monochlorobenzene • 1,2 Dichlorobenzene • 1,4 Dichlorobenzene • Trichlorobenzene (Total)

200 700 200 15

Miscellaneous: • Di (2 – ethylexyl) adipate • Di (2 – ethylexyl) phthalate • Acrylamide • Epichlorohydrine • Edetic acid (EDTA) • Nitrilotriacetic acid • Tributylin oxide • Hexachlorobutadiene

55 5.4 0.4 0.3 150 150 1.5 0.4


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Max. Permissible Limits Parameter Max. permissible limit in µg / l Pesticides: Alachlor

15

Aldrin / Dieldrin 0.02 Aldicarb 7.5 Atrazine 1.5 Bentazone 20 Carbofuran 3.5 Chlorodane 0.15 Chlorotoluron 20 1,2 – Bromo – 3 – Chloropropane 0.7 DDT 1.5 2,4 – D 20 1,2 Dichloropropane 15 1,3 Dichloropropane 15 Heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide 0.02 Hexachlorobenzene 0.7 Isoproturon 7 Lindane 1.5 MCPA 1.5 Methoxychlor 15 Metolachlor 7.0 Molinate 4.0 Pendimethaline 15 Pentachlorophenol 7.0 Permitherin 15 Propanil 15 Pyridate 75 Simazine 1.5 trifluralin 1.5


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Parameter Max. permissible limit in µg / l Chlorophenoxy Herbicides other than 2,4 and MCPA:

• 2,4 – DB • Dichloroprop • Fenoprop • Mecoprop • 2,4,5 - T

67 75 676

Disinfectants: • Monochloramine • Chlorine

2000 3400

Disinfectants by products: • Bromate • Chlorite • 2,4,6 – Trichlorophenol • Formaldehyde • Bromoform • Dibromochloromethane • Bromodichloromethane • Chloroform • Dichloroacetic acid • Trichloroacetic acid • Chloral Hydrate

(Trichloroacetaldehyde) • Dichloroacetonitrile • Dibromoacetonitrile • Trichloroacetonitrile • Cyanogen Chlorides (CN)

17 150 150 600 75 75 40 150 35 75

760 75 0.7 50

Max. Permissible Limits for Radioactive material Parameter Screening Value in Bq / l Cross alpha activity 0.07 Cross beta activity 0.7


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Max. Permissible Limits for Organoleptic, Physical and Chemical Properties affecting Drinking Water Acceptability by Consumers

Parameter Levels Likely to Give Rise to Consumer

Complains Physical parameters:

• Colour • Taste and odour • Temperature • Turbidity • pH

15 TCU Acceptable Acceptable 5 NTU 6.5 – 8.5

Inorganic Constituents: • Aluminium • Ammonia • Chloride • Hydrogen sulphide • Iron (Total) • Sodium • Sulphate • Total dissolved solids (TDS) • Zink

0.2 µg / l 1.5 µg / l 250 µg / l 0.05 µg / l 0.3 µg / l 200 µg / l 250 µg / l 1000 µg / l 3 µg / l

Organic Constituents: • 2 – Chlorophenol • 2,4 Dichlorophenol

5 µg / l 2 µg / l


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Appendix (B)

Environmental Impacts and Good Practice Procedures

Appendix B1: Good Practice Environmental Procedures. Appendix B2: Typical Construction Environmental Impacts and Mitigation

Measures


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Appendix (B1) Good Practice Environmental Procedures

1. Introduction The prevention of injury and/or illness to site personnel and the public, damage to the Works and to public and private property, protection of the environment, and compliance with applicable laws, shall be the primary objectives of the contractor. All work shall be carried out in a way as to minimize disturbance and avoid dangers to the public. Selected minimum requirements are outlined in these Good Practice Environmental Procedures with which contractors shall comply. Given that these Procedures cannot cover every eventuality, the contractor shall be expected to exercise good judgment in all such matters, even though not mentioned in these Procedures, and shall take all necessary measures to meet his responsibility with respect to environmental matters.

The Contractor shall, throughout the execution and completion of the Works and remedying of any defects therein: • Have full regard for the safety of all persons on Site and keep the Site and the Works in an

orderly state appropriate to the avoidance of danger to any person; • Know and understand all laws governing his activities along with any site requirements and work

site hazards; • Take all necessary measures to protect his personnel, other persons, the general public and the

environment; • Avoid damage or nuisance to persons or to property of the public or others resulting from

pollution, noise or other causes arising as a consequence of carrying out the Works. 2. Protection of the Environment The Contractor shall comply with all environmental requirements, rules and regulations under Sudanese laws, laid down by Sudanese Authorities or issued by the Employer or the Engineer. Specific attention should be paid to regulations for materials, including hazardous substances or wastes under his control. The Contractor shall not dump, release or otherwise discharge or dispose of any such dump without the authorization of the Engineer. When releases resulting from Contractor action occur, the Contractor shall take proper precautionary measures to counter any known environmental or health hazards associated with such releases. These would include remedial procedures such as spill control and containment and notification of the proper authorities. 3. Air Pollution The Contractor shall take all necessary measures to limit pollution from dust and any wind blown materials during the Works, including wetting down with water on a regular basis during construction.

The Contractor shall ensure that all trucks leaving the Site are properly covered to prevent discharge of dust, rocks, sand, etc. 4. Water Pollution The Contractor shall not dispose of waste solvents, petroleum products, toxic chemicals or solutions in the village drainage system or watercourse, and shall not dump or bury any garbage on the Site. He shall maintain the Site in a sanitary condition and shall remove from the Surface of the ground all rubbish, surplus spill, and litter which may have been left on site.


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All wastes shall be taken to an approved disposal facility regularly as specified by the locality. The Contractor shall dispose of all fluids and test pumping discharge in a manner that does not cause contamination or nuisance. He shall also be responsible to control all run-offs, erosion, etc.

Where a temporary reduction in downstream flow or discoloration by suspended solids from excavations is, in the opinion of the Engineer, unavoidable, the Contractor shall make alternative arrangements for supplying all effected users throughout the period of flow reduction or coloration.

5. Solid Waste General Housekeeping:

The Contractor shall maintain the Site and any ancillary areas used and occupied for performance of the Works in a clean, tidy and rubbish-free condition at all times. Upon completion of work, the Contractor shall clear away and remove from the Site all Contractors’s Equipment, surplus material, rubbish and temporary works of any kind, and leave the Site in a clean condition to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Rubbish Removal and Disposal:

The Contractor shall comply with the local orders of the locality and requirements for the disposal of rubbish and waste. No waste shall be burnt on site unless approved by the Engineer.

6. Noise Control

The Contractor shall adopt the best practicable means of minimizing noise. All equipment shall be maintained in good mechanical order and fitted with the appropriate silencers, mufflers, or acoustic covers where applicable. Stationary noise sources shall be sited as far away as possible from noise-sensitive areas, and where necessary acoustic barriers shall be used to shield them.

7. Additional Requirements for Work in Public Areas

7.1 Method Statements The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer in a timely manner a method statement which will include:

- A general description of the identified mitigation measures and methodology of how it will be carried out;

- Details of the measures and temporary works to minimize disturbance and safeguard the public. These shall include temporary diversions, safety barriers, screens, signs, lighting and arrangements for control of traffic and pedestrians and advance warning to be given to the public.

7.2 Site Clearance and Removal of Topsoil Site clearance shall be carried out over the areas to be occupied by the permanent Works before beginning excavation or filling or other work, and shall include the clearance of all trees, stumps, bushes and other vegetation and the removal of all boulders. Materials arising from site clearance shall be disposed by the Contractor off the Site, or where approved by the Engineer, on the site in a manner and place approved by the Engineer and in accordance with the locality local orders.


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The Contractor shall preserve as far as practicable all grass and other vegetation outside the limits of trenches and permanent works and shall not unnecessarily destroy crops or any vegetation whose removal would not be essential to his operations.

7.3 Existing Services The Contractor shall be responsible for maintaining all existing services such as electricity, telephone, water, sewerage and drainage. Any curtailment of these services shall only be undertaken with the prior approval of the Engineer. The Engineers approval of proposals for alternative services shall only be given after consultation with the effected consumers. Any accidental curtailment of services resulting from the Contractor’s activities shall be treated as an emergency and repaired without undue delay, notwithstanding that the Engineer may not be immediately available. All such accidents shall be reported in writing to the Engineer with details of the remedial action undertaken.

7.4 Closure of Roads The closure or partial closure of roads, pavements and other public areas will only be permitted if approved by the Relevant Authorities and closure permit has been issued by the Authority. The Contractor shall detail for each closure the extent of area to be closed, the reasons and duration of the closure and, where appropriate, proposed diversion.

7.5 Protection of Buildings and Properties When working adjacent to existing properties, the Contractor shall: - Advise owners or occupiers of adjoining property of the dates on which work is to be executed; - Obtain permission of the owners if it is necessary to erect Temporary Works or otherwise use

adjoining property and pay all charges; - Take all reasonable precautions to prevent damage to adjoining property and, if any damage is

caused as a result of the execution of the Works, make good to the satisfaction of the owner. 7.6 Protection of Archeological and Historical Sites Excavation in sites of known archaeological interest should be avoided. Where this is unavoidable, prior discussions must be held with the Department of Antiquities, who should be given the opportunity to undertake pre-construction excavation or assign an archaeologist to log discoveries as construction proceeds.

Where historical remains are unexpectedly discovered in an area not previously known for its archaeological interest, work should be curtailed and the finds reported to the Department of Antiquities, who will be given the opportunity to visit the site and undertake rescue excavation.

7.7 Excavation The following guidelines apply to all types of excavation and shall be observed by the Contractor.

(i) before commencing work the contractor shall: - Obtain an excavation permit from the relevant local authority. - Notify the Engineer on the location and duration of the work. An excavation permit

signed by the Engineer must be issued before excavation proceeds in any work location.


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- Erect all temporary works such as barriers, warning signs, lighting, etc. - Not deposit excavated materials on public or private land except where directed by the

Engineer or with the consent in writing of the relevant Authority or of the owner or responsible representative of the owner of such land and only then in those places and under such conditions as the relevant Authority, owner or representative may prescribe.

7.8 Safety Barriers

Safety barriers shall be provided to the perimeter of work areas and to trench and other types of excavations and to existing openings such as manholes, draw pits and the like. When exposed to the public, safety barriers shall be provided to both sides of trenches and around all sides of openings.

The Contractor shall provide details of the type or types of safety barriers for each excavation for approval of the Engineer prior to commencing work. No work shall commence until the safety barriers are in place.

7.9 Use of explosives Explosives shall not be used on any part of the Works without the approval of the Engineer and permission from the relevant authorities. The Contractor shall: - Observe all regulations regarding proper purchasing, transportation, storage handling and use of

explosives; - Ensure that explosives and detonators are stored in separate and approved building, located and

clearly marked in English and Arabic “DANGER – EXPLOSIVES” to the approval of the Engineer;

- Ensure that all possible precautions are taken against accidental fire or explosion, and that all explosives are kept in a proper and safe condition;

- Ensure explosives and detonators are always transported in separate vehicles and kept apart until the last possible moment and that metallic tools are not used to open boxes.

Blasting Procedures: the Contractor shall carry out blasting operations in a manner that will not endanger the safety of the persons and property. Adequate warning of blasting shall always be given and all persons cleared from the area, before blasting take places. The Contractor shall:

- Ensure that police and other relevant authorities are kept fully informed of the blasting program so they may be present during blasting if they so require.

- Erect warning notices around the area affected indicating that blasting operations are in progress. - Ensure explosive charges are not excessive charged, that boreholes are properly protected, and

appropriate precautions are taken for the safety of persons and property. - Maintain an up-to-date inventory of all explosive devices and submit a monthly report to the

Engineer, detailing the use of explosives by date and location.


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Appendix (B2) Typical Construction Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

IMPACT GOOD PRACTICE MITIGATION MEASURES Obstruction of Access: Installation of pipelines may require partial or total closure for the duration of construction, causing obstruction and necessitating the diversion of vehicular and pedestrian traffic.

Avoiding total closure of roads and maintain single line traffic; diversion of traffic through suitable roads to the expected traffic loading; provision of adequate diversion signs; minimizing lengths of open trench; expeditious completion of backfill and reinstatement

Disruption of Services Existing services such as water, sewerage, electricity and telephones may be temporarily disconnected, thus causing inconvenience to consumers. They may also be subject to accidental damage during construction.

Minimizing the period of disconnection; provision of alternative arrangements when disruption for an extended period is unavoidable.

Increased Traffic Generation Contractors’ heavy transport and construction equipment will result in increased traffic.

Restriction of heavy transport and equipment activity to normal working hours.

Soil and Water Pollution Improper dumping of excavated and construction materials, chemicals, solvents and oils may contaminate the soil as well as surface and ground waters. Runoff contamination may also affect flora and fauna.

Collection and disposal of demolition and excavated materials at appropriate locations; collection and recycling of lubricants; precaution to avoid accidental spills.

Soil Erosion Soil erosion may occur from excavations, road cuttings and other exposed surfaces during periods of rain. This may result in alteration to landforms and natural drainage and in accumulation of sediments in rivers and streams.

Limitation of earth moving to dry periods so major excavations and movements of spoil are undertaken during the summer months; protection of most susceptible surfaces with mulch; covering open trenches with plastic sheeting and supporting their sides.

Disruption of Drainage New roads traversing surface water catchment areas can reduce runoff or divert natural drainage, thus causing a diminution in flow downstream to the detriment of bank-side vegetation and aquatic invertebrate fauna.

The excavation of cut-off trenches and diversion channels may need to be constructed as Temporary Works until land re-grading, concrete culverts or permanent diversion channels can be completed.


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Increased Noise High noise levels from equipment, machinery and vehicles will cause disturbance to surrounding residences and particularly impact upon hospital, schools, churches, mosques, and upon cultural and recreational facilities that require quiet conditions for their enjoyment.

Restriction of work to normal working hours; using the quietest available plant/and or machinery; maintaining all equipment in good mechanical order and fitting them with the appropriate silencers, mufflers….

Reduced Air Quality Dust and particulate matter from the works may have a particularly serious impact upon people with respiratory problems, as well as on adjacent vegetation and buildings. Increased traffic will increase vehicle fumes and odors, and tire and exhaust particles can coat roadside vegetation.

Keeping access and haul roads swept and sprayed with water especially during the dry/hot season; spraying of spoil heaps with water; ensuring that vehicle and other engines are not kept running needlessly; preventing any lorries which expel high levels of exhaust from further work until they have been rectified.

Damage to Vegetation The removal of vegetation may affect both local ecological communities and the physical environment. The immediate result is the intensification of physical factors such as sunlight, desiccation, wind and water erosion. This, in turn, may lead to a paucity of food, shelter, nesting materials and habitats for birds and small animals.

Minimizing loss of natural vegetation during construction; replanting any damaged trees or shrubs.

Accumulation of Spoil Accumulations of spoil generated from road cuttings and other excavations are visually unsightly and may be rapidly eroded by rainfall. The suspended solids content of surface runoff may increase and culverts and drainage channels become silted. Spoil tipped on hillsides may be inherently unstable and subject to slippage.

Reusing spoil for backfill and reinstatement, or transporting to an approved site for such disposal; grading small quantities in adjacent land where this does not result in the deterioration of soil fertility; balancing the quantities of ‘cut’ and ‘fill’ to minimize the generation of excess spoil.


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Destruction of Archaeological Sites Excavations may result in the destruction of archaeological remains.

Avoiding excavation in sites of known archaeological interest; undertaking pre-construction excavation in sites with potential historical remains; assigning an archaeologist to log discoveries as construction proceeds.

Contractors’ Yards Sites containing offices, storage areas, maintenance shops, prefabrication yards generate domestic and industrial waste, including spent oils and chemicals, damaged materials and abandoned equipment. The excavation, crushing, washing, treatment and transport of rock materials and the construction of pre-cast units will cause increased noise, air pollution and heavy traffic.

Careful siting, construction and management of contractor’s yards


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Appendix (C)

Environmental Screening Appendix C1: Environmental Checklist Appendix C2: Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) Appendix C3: Environmental Appraisal Form Appendix C4: World Bank Safeguard Policies


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Appendix (C1)

Environmental Checklist

1. SUBPROJECT DESCRIPTION Description of the project and its major components.

2. SUBPROJECT LOCATION

2.1 Site Information Name of Locality Community Land use designation, total population and density

Present Use & Development Surrounding Uses/Zoning North:

South: East: West:

Access Name of roadway if direct access, description of easement from public or private roadway

Public Services Water Supply: name of district, or if private, note "private onsite well" or "shared well" Sewage: name of district or "septic system" Other: e.g. school, health clinic…

3. POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS The following checklist indicates the potential level of impact and is abbreviated as follows: Known Sig.: Known significant environmental impacts. Poten. Sig. and Mitig.: Potentially significant impacts which can be mitigated to less than significant levels. Not Sig.: Impacts which are not considered significant.


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3.1 GEOLOGIC PROCESSES

Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Exposure to or production of unstable earth conditions such as landslides, soil creep, mudslides, ground failure (including expansive, compressible, collapsible soils), or similar hazards?

b. Disruptions, displacements, compaction or over covering of the soil by cuts, fills, or grading?

c. Permanent changes in topography? d. The destruction, covering or modification of any unique geologic or

physical features? e. Any increase in wind or water erosion of soils, either on or off the site? f. Changes in deposition, or erosion or siltation which may modify the

channel of a river, or stream, or any water body? g. The placement of septic disposal systems in impermeable soils with

severe constraints to disposal of liquid effluent? h. Excessive grading on slopes of over 20%? j. Sand or gravel removal or loss of topsoil? i. Vibrations, from short-term construction or long-term operation, which

may affect adjoining areas? j. Excessive spoils, tailings or over-burden?

Impact Discussion:

Mitigation Measures:


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3.2 WATER RESOURCES/FLOODING


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Changes in the course or direction of water movements? b. Changes in percolation rates, drainage patterns or the rate and

amount of surface water runoff? c. Change in the amount of surface water in any water body? d. Discharge into surface waters, or alteration of surface water

quality, including but not limited to temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, solids?

e. Alterations to the course or flow of flood waters, or need for private or public flood control projects?

f. Exposure of people or property to water related hazards such as flooding, or accelerated runoff?

g. Alteration of the direction or rate of flow of groundwater? h. Change in the quantity of ground waters, either through direct

additions or withdrawals? i. Overdraft of any groundwater basin? Or, an increase in the

existing overdraft of any groundwater basin? j. The substantial degradation of groundwater quality? k. Substantial reduction in the amount of water otherwise available

for public water supplies?

Impact Discussion:



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3.3 TRANSPORTATION/CIRCULATION


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Generation of substantial additional vehicular movement (daily, peak-hour, etc.) in relation to existing traffic load and capacity of the street system?

b. A need for private or public road maintenance, or need for new road(s)?

c. Effects on existing parking facilities, or demand for new parking? d. Substantial impact on alteration of present patterns of circulation or

movement of people and/or goods? e. Increase in traffic hazards to motor vehicles, bicyclists or

pedestrians (including short-term construction and long-term operational)?

Impact Discussion:


4.4 AIR QUALITY


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. The generation of air pollutants, a contribution to an existing or projected air quality violation or exposure of sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant?

b. The creation of smoke, ash or odors? c. Dust generation?

Impact Discussion:



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3.5 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

FLORA a. Removal or disturbance of natural vegetation? b. A loss or disturbance to a unique, rare or threatened plant

community? c. A reduction in the numbers or restriction in the range of any

unique, rare or threatened species of plants? d. A reduction in the extent, diversity, or quality of native vegetation

(including bush removal for fire prevention and flood control improvements)?

e. Introduction of herbicides, pesticides, or other factors that would change or hamper the existing habitat?

FAUNA f. A reduction in the diversity or numbers of animals onsite?

g. A deterioration of existing fish or wildlife habitat ? e. Introduction of barriers to movement of any resident or migratory

wildlife species? h. Introduction of any factors (light, fencing, noise, human presence

and/or domestic animals) which could hinder the normal activities of wildlife?

Existing Plant and Animal Communities/Conditions:

Impact Discussion:



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3.6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Disruption, alteration, destruction, or adverse effect on a recorded historic or archaeological site?

b. Disruption or removal of human remains? c. Increased potential for vandalizing, or sabotaging

archaeological resources? d. Ground disturbances in an area with potential cultural resource

sensitivity based on the location of known historic sites?

Impact Discussion:


3.7 HISTORIC RESOURCES


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Adverse physical or aesthetic impacts on a structure or property at least 50 years old and/or of historic or cultural significance to the community?

b. Beneficial impacts to a historic resource by providing rehabilitation, protection, conservation, etc.?

Impact Discussion:



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3.8 NOISE


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Long-term exposure of people to noise levels? b. Short-term exposure of people to noise levels? c. Project-generated substantial increase in the ambient noise

levels for adjoining areas (either day or night)?

Impact Discussion:


3.9 LAND USE


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Structures and/or land use incompatible with existing land use? b. The induction of substantial growth or concentration of

population? c. The extension of sewer trunk lines or access roads with

capacity to serve new development beyond this proposed project?

d. The conversion of prime agricultural land to non-agricultural?

e. The loss of open space? f. An economic or social effect that would result in a physical

change?

Impact Discussion:



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3.10 PUBLIC FACILITIES

GENERAL SERVICES- Will the proposal result in:

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. A need for new health care services? b. Student generation exceeding school capacity and/or

facilities? c. Additional amounts of solid waste and wastewater

generation? d. A need for new or altered sewer system facilities (sewer

lines, lift-stations, etc.)?

Impact Discussion:


4.11 ENERGY


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Substantial increase in demand, especially during peak periods, upon existing sources of energy?

b. Requirement for the development or extension of sources of energy?

Impact Discussion:



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3.12 FIRE PROTECTION


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Introduction of development into an existing high fire hazard area?

b. Project-caused fire hazard? c. Introduction of development into an area without

adequate water pressure, fire hydrants or adequate access for fire fighting?

Impact Discussion:


3.13 RECREATION


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Conflict with established recreational uses of the area? b. Substantial impact on the quality or quantity of existing

recreational opportunities?

Impact Discussion:



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3.14 AESTHETIC/VISUAL RESOURCES


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. The obstruction of any view open to the public or the creation of an aesthetically offensive site open to public view?

b. Change to the visual character of an area? c. Glare or night lighting which may affect adjoining areas? d. Visually incompatible structures?

Impact Discussion:


3.15 HOUSING


Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. Loss of existing dwellings through demolition, conversion, or removal?

b. Displacement of current residents?

Impact Discussion:



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3.16 RISK OF UPSET/HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Known Signif.

Poten. Signif.

and Mitig.

Not Signif.

a. In the known history of the Project Area, have there been any past uses, storage, or discharge of hazardous materials? Examples of hazardous materials include, but are not limited to, fuel or oil stored in underground tanks, pesticides, solvents, or other chemicals.

b. Will the proposed project involve the use, storage, or distribution of hazardous or toxic materials?

Will the proposal result in: c. A risk of an explosion or the release of hazardous

substances (including, but not limited to oil, gas, pesticides, or chemicals) in the event of an accident or upset conditions?

d. Possible interference with an emergency response plan or an emergency evacuation plan?

e. The creation of a potential public health hazard? f. Public safety hazards? g. The contamination of a public water supply?

Impact Discussion:



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Appendix (C2)

Environmental Data Sheet (EDS) for Proposed Program

Geographical Location:

Program Reference No.:

Program Name:

Subprojects included in the Program:

Program Location: (besides geographic location, information about the key environmental characteristics of the area likely to be affected by the program, and proximity of any protected areas or sites or critical natural habitats)

Environmental Issues: (identified or suspected in project)

Proposed Actions: (to mitigate environmental issues described above)

Justification/Rationale for Environmental Category: (presents reasons for environmental category selected)

Reporting Schedule: (Is there a separate environmental analysis? If yes, when is it due?)

Date for first draft Current status

Remarks: (gives status of any other environmental studies, lists local groups and local NGOs consulted.)


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Appendix (C3) Environmental Appraisal Form

Program Name: Ref. No:

1. Type of Sub-Projects included

2. Does the program require an environmental screening Yes No

If No, go to Question 20

3 Was the environmental screening and EDS completed satisfactorily?

Yes No

4 Has any clarification of the EDS been requested?

Yes No

5 Has clarification been received?

Yes No

6 Is an Environmental Assessment required for any of the sub-projects?

Yes No

If No, go to Question 7

If Yes, go to Question 9

7 Has the EDS information been verified during Field Appraisal?

Yes No

8 Was the information found to be satisfactory? Yes NoIf No, give details:

Go to Question 13

9 Has the EA Report been prepared in accordance with the ToR?

Yes No

10 Has the EA Report been verified during Field Appraisal?

Yes No

11 Was the information found to be satisfactory? Yes No

12 Has the EA Report been approved by the HCENR?

Yes No

13 Have consultations with other organizations been completed? Yes No


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Organization consulted: (Delete or add as appropriate)

� Ministry of Irrigation & Water Resources

� Ministry of Environmentand HCENR

� Ministry of Federal Government

� Council for the South

� State Ministries of Agriculture

� State Ministries of Education

� State Ministries of Engineering Affairs

� State Ministries of Social Affairs

� Other (name) � Directorate of Antiquities

14 Have these consultees given written approval for the program or sub-projects?

Yes No

15 Has the Environmental Management Plan been approved?

Yes No

16 Are the responsibilities for its implementation clearly identified?

Yes No

17 Are additional resources required for its implementation?

Yes No

If Yes, give details:

18 Is there adequate financial provision for EMP implementation within the program budget? Yes No

19 Has the World Bank cleared the EA report? Yes No

20.

Are there any outstanding environmental issues to be addressed

Before the program goes to execution? Yes No

If Yes, give details:

These issues will be addressed by:

Further study prior to implementation

Monitoring during implementation

Operational Monitoring


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Other (give details)

21 Has a procedure for reporting this additional information

been agreed with the PIU? Yes No

Declaration

On the basis of environmental issues, is the proposed program and its sub-projects acceptable for funding under CDF?

Date Signed and Stamped:


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Appendix (C4) World Bank Safeguard Policies

The CDF is classified as a Category C or Category B project under OP 4.01. For Category B, The development of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) that describes measures to mitigate negative project impacts and environmental monitoring arrangements is required. The ESMP constitutes one of the documents of the CDF and includes detailed list of mitigation activities as well as a budget plan and schedule for the implementation of the ESMP. In addition to OP 4.01, the CDF may trigger at least six (6) World Bank environmental and social safeguard policies. The policies are described below: World Bank Safeguard Policies and CDF Actions

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01): An Environmental and Social Assessment has to be prepared that includes an Environmental and Social Management Plan as well as an environmental monitoring program. Furthermore a number of site specific EMPs will be carried out at the project level as well as a number of EIAs if required. Pest Management (OP 4.09): The ESMP (site specific) will include proposals for Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and biological pest control activities particularly in areas which will be converted to agricultural land or where land will be greened (football fields) .Cultural Property (OPN 11.03, revised as OP 4.11): The Cultural Heritage Offices in the States will need to confirm that there are no valuable cultural and religious properties in the areas of the CDF. Chance find procedures are in place during construction in compliance with GOs and World Bank safeguard policies. Natural Habitats (OP 4.04): Although not yet an official Protected Area, the Lake Keilak marshlands host sensitive fauna and flora. The marshlands are currently under the use by nomads and threatened by roads built for petroleum production. Other natural habitats include grazing areas, Acacia Senegal trees or Acacia Nilotica forests along the banks of the Blue Nile in Damazin and Roseiris Areas. International Waterways (OP / BP 7.60): The Blue Nile originates from Ethiopian Highlands. Through the Nile Basin Initiative, projects are to be implemented on watershed management with possible cooperation with CDF projects in the Blue Nile State. Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12): Although Involuntary Resettlement is not anticipated under this project, however, it is appropriate to cite World Bank Ops for reference should this found otherwise. Under such condition, consideration should be given to loss of land and private assets, potential displacement of existing communities, loss of income and livelihood, restriction of access to places of worship and livelihood, etc.

In application of safeguards, the most frequent concerns include: • Environmental damage from small investments in sensitive areas; • Use of hazardous materials (e. g. pesticides, medical waste, asbestos); • Local conflicts (e. g. herders vs. farmers) or misrepresentation; • Indigenous people; • Land acquisition; • Proper monitoring of environmental and social safeguard indicators and reporting of new concern for

prompt action.


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Appendix (D)

Environmental Impact Assessment

Appendix D1: Terms of Reference for EA Report Appendix D2: General Content of an EA Report Appendix D3: Sample TOR for EA for a new rural or agricultural road


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Appendix (D1)

Terms of Reference for EA Report

The terms of reference (TOR) for an EA report should provide background and guidance for the EA team on the issues to be addressed and the actions to be undertaken during the EA study, set the schedule and deliverables of the EA study report, and serve as the contractual basis. In addition to the description of the information required in the EA report, the TOR should provide background information on the proposed project and would include: • A brief description of the major components of the proposed project; • Description of the environmental conditions before the project which includes physical,

biological and socio – economic environment; • Legal and administrative framework; • Impacts expected as the result of project implementation; • Analysis of the proposed project alternatives; • Environmental management plan and mitigation measures:

- Capacity building required to implement mitigation measures; - Monitoring program; - Coordination, participation and management challenges.

The general requirements for each EA report will be similar and should follow World Bank’s OP/BP/GP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment at the World Bank. However, there are likely to be minor variations related to the type and location of individual subprojects.


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Appendix (D2)

General Content of an EA Report

Executive Summary:

It should contain a concise statement of the project objectives and a brief project description in addition to a description of key project findings and recommendations for environmental management.

Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework:

Describe the pertinent regulations, permitting conditions and standards governing environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, land use control, etc. Tables should be used to list applicable standards and note which authorities are responsible for their application. Where there are no relevant local standards, suitable international norms may be used.

Project Objectives and Description:

This section should describe the need for the project in the context of the local and national situation and strategy. The effect on economic and social development goals of the locality, country and region should be described. If the project is an element of an overall development program in the area, then a description of the other program elements must be presented. A description of the relevant parts of the project should be provided using maps and including the following information: location; general layout; size; capacity; etc.; pre-construction activities; construction activities; operation and maintenance activities; and life span.

Baseline Data This section should include descriptions of the area of influence or study area and the relevant physical, biological and socioeconomic conditions. This should include any topics falling under the safeguard polices of the World Bank. The data presented should be relevant to decision making regarding project location, design, operation, and mitigation measures for adverse impacts. The source, accuracy and reliability of the data should be clearly stated.

Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures:

A prediction of the changes in the environment resulting from project construction and operation are to be considered, and an assessment of the effect on the surrounding physical, biological, and social environment, should be presented. This should include positive as well as negative impacts. Mitigation measures should be identified as well as any negative impacts for which there are no mitigative measures. This section should also identify and estimate the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions, and specific topics that do not require further attention.

Analysis of Alternatives:

This section should provide a brief description of possible alternatives to the project including the ‘no action’ alternative. These may include alternative location, site layout, technologies, design options, and management systems. The reasons why the various alternatives considered were rejected should be documented.


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Environmental Management Plan:

This section should include details of the management initiatives to be implemented during both the construction and operational phase of the project. The EMP should have three main components: (i) Environmental mitigation plan: Recommend feasible and cost-effective

measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Estimate the impacts and costs of those measures, and of the institutional and training requirements to implement them. Consider compensation to affected parties for impacts which cannot be mitigated. Prepare a management plan including proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements, and other necessary support services to implement the mitigating measures.

(ii) Institutional capacity and needs: Review the authority and capability of institutions and recommend steps to strengthen or expand them so that the management and monitoring plans in the environmental assessment can be implemented. The recommendations may extend to management procedures and training, staffing, operation and maintenance training, budgeting, and financial support.

(iii) Monitoring Plan: Prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of mitigating measures and the impacts of the project during construction and operation.


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Appendix (D3)

Sample TOR for EA for a new rural or agricultural road

1. Background Information The PMT environmental specialist should include the following information: - Brief description of the major components of the proposed subproject - A statement of the need for it and the objectives it is intended to meet - A brief history of the subproject, its current status and timetable - A summary of the environmental issues identified during the screening process.

2. Objectives and Scope of Work Consultants are required to carry out an EA study and prepare an EA report according to the World Bank standards. The report should be concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The main text should focus on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. Detailed or un-interpreted data are not appropriate in the main text and should be presented in appendices or a separate volume. Unpublished documents used in the assessment may not be readily available and should also be assembled in an appendix. The report should include the following sections: • Executive summary • Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework • Project Objectives and Description • Baseline Data • Environmental Impacts • Analysis of Alternatives • Environmental Management Plan • Appendices The general requirements for the above should be based on the World Bank’s OP/BP/GP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment at the World Bank. Specific aspects under the above components of the EA that should be addressed in the EA are described below.


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3. Key Outputs of EA Report

Executive Summary:

A one page concise statement of the project objectives and a brief project description in addition to a description of key project findings and recommendations for environmental management.

Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework:

Describe the directly pertinent regulations, permitting conditions and standards that apply to the subproject. Tables could be used to list applicable standards and note which authorities are responsible for their application.

Project Objectives and Description:

This section should describe the existing road network, the need for the proposed road and its effect on economic and social development goals of the community. A physical description of subproject should be also provided, including the road location/route, type, expected volume of use and number of beneficiaries, traffic impacts, and necessary construction activities including temporary re-routing of traffic, etc.

Engineering descriptions such as site clearance; earthworks; drainage and service ducts; road pavements; traffic safety features; etc.; should be also provided.

Baseline Data This section should include descriptions of the area of influence or study area and the relevant physical, biological and socioeconomic conditions. The key data needed for a road subproject is the biological environment (of road site and potential area of influence of the road); ecologically important or sensitive habitats, including parks or preserves; and significant natural, cultural or historic sites.

Environmental Impacts:

A prediction of the changes in the environment resulting from project construction and operation should be identified, and an assessment of the effect on the surrounding physical, biological, and human systems, should be presented. The engineering plans should reflect “best practice” in road alignment and construction to ensure that potential negative environmental impacts are minimized. Among the issues to be investigated are: - Effects on biodiversity; effect on hydrology due to construction of road;

impacts on land resources caused by clearing, topsoil removal (desertification), grading, filling, and paving.

- Air pollution from asphalt plants; dust; noise from construction equipment and blasting.

- Loss of vegetative cover; landslides; erosion; desertification. - Modification of natural drainage patterns; changes in groundwater

elevation; flash flooding. - Stream and lake sedimentation; use of pesticides; fuel and oil spills; water

pollution from spills or accumulated contaminants on road surfaces. - Interference with movements of wildlife and livestock. - Interference with movements of people; destruction of important

cultural/historic sites; effects to local economy.

Analysis of Alternatives:

This section should provide a brief description of possible alternatives to the project including the ‘no action’ alternative.


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A table comparing the various alternatives could be added and the reasons why the various alternatives considered were rejected should be documented.

Environmental Management Plan:

This section should include details of the management initiatives to be implemented during both the construction and operational phase of the project. The EMP should have three main components: (i) Environmental mitigation plan: describe feasible and cost-effective

measures to be implemented to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. A management plan including proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing and training requirements, and other necessary support services to implement the mitigating measures should be also included. Good Practice Environmental Procedures should be prepared and recommended for inclusion in the subproject bidding and construction documents. Any additional measures to mitigate site-specific impacts should be developed as part of this task.

(ii) Institutional capacities and needs: this should include: - Institutional responsibilities for management of the road - Responsibilities for monitoring, reporting and enforcement - Identification of any needs for capacity building, training or

equipment (iii)Environmental monitoring program: Prepare a detailed plan to monitor

the implementation of mitigating measures and the impacts of the project during construction and operation. Include in the plan an estimate of capital and operating costs and a description of other inputs (such as training and institutional strengthening) needed to conduct it.

4. Consulting Team for EIA

Members of the team should consist of people with the following expertise and specialization:

- Environmental specialists with experience in EAs of roads - Terrestrial ecology (wildlife, plant and conservation ecology) - Hydrology/hydrogeology