Environmental Engineering (solid waste and its impact)

Lecture No.28-29

Solid Waste as a Consequence of Life and It ’s Types

And

Generation Rate

Solid Waste & Impact

What are the sources of RCRA Subtitle-D Wastes? Residential Commercial Institutional Industrial Agricultural Treatment Plants Open Areas (streets, parks, etc.)

What is the Nature of Municipal Solid Wastes? Organic Inorganic Putrescible Combustible Recyclable Hazardous Infectious

SOLID WASTES, It ’s Types and Sources

Solid Wastes

Community Waste Agricultural Waste Industrial Waste

General Waste

Household Hazardous

Waste

Non-Hazardous Waste

Hazardous Waste

Refuse GarbageSame as general

waste- Paper- elastic- bottle- glass- textile- metal- Lether- rubber- etc.

- Vegetable- Fruit- Food

- etc.

- Battery/Flash light- Fluorescent- Paint- Chemical Containers

- Toxic Waste- Radioactive Waste- Chemical Waste- Explosive Waste- Corrosive Waste

SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTESSource Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes

Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard

wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky

items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and

household hazardous wastes.).

Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication,

construction sites, power and chemical plants.

Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and

demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes.

Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office

buildings, etc.

Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special

wastes, hazardous wastes.

Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers. Same as commercial.

Construction and

demolition

New construction sites, road repair, renovation

sites, demolition of buildings

Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.

Municipal

services

Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other

recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment

plants.

Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes

from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge.

Process

(manufacturing,

etc.)

Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical

plants, power plants, mineral extraction and

processing.

Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off-specification

products, slay, tailings.

Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms. Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g.,

pesticides).

BASIC COMPONENTS OF SOLID WASTE Solid waste is the mixture of different physical components as shown in following table

Components Definition Examples

Inorganic Components

Ash, Bricks& Dirt

Any disintegrated material and residue obtain from

burning of wood or any other activities

Dust, soil, earth particles etc.

Glass Any material or product of glass Bottles, Glass ware, bulb etc.

Metals Any material made of metals such as iron, copper, pital,

steel, silver

Tine can, knife, bottle cover, aluminum can, foil etc.

Organic Components

Papers/Cardboard Any material and paper Copy, newspaper, paper bags, cardboard, tissue paper etc.

Food Waste/Garbage Wastes from food stuff Fruit wastes, vegetable wastes, Kitchen wastes etc.

Leather Any material or product made up of leather Leather bags, shoes, purse, string etc

Plastics Any material or product made up of plastics colored mix, white plastic, black plastic, plastic bottles, bags, shoes, purse,

string, balls etc.

Rubber Any material or product made up of rubber Laloon & Disco Rubber bags, shoes, purse, string, balls etc

Textiles Any material or product made up of Fiber/Yarn Cotton, Wool, Nylon, Silk etc.

Wood Any material o product obtained from tree cutting Furniture like tables, chairs, etc.

Yard Waste Any material o product obtained from tree leaves and

garden trimming

Leaves of all types of trees such as mangoes tree, lemon tree, etc.

Composition of MSW:

The term that describes the distribution of each component of waste by its percent weight of the total.

The information is required for the selection of suitable treatment and disposal methods.

Techniques and technologies are available but the choice depends largely on the composition of waste.

The composition depends upon ; The area: Residential, Commercial etc. The season and weather( differences in the amount of

population during the year, tourist places). Standard of living and many other factors.

Composition of MSW of Hyderabad City

Physical composition of MSW by percent

18%

6%

2%

7%30%

1%

6%

9%

1%

4%

2%

14%

Ash, Bricks & Dirt

Glass

Textile

cardboard

Food wastes

Leather

paper

Plastic

Rubber

Metals

Wood

Yard wastes

Physical composition of MSW by weight(kg)

29.86

10.02

3.41

11.0550.75

1.83

9.71

14.41

1.8

6.03

3.02

22.8

Ash, Bricks & Dirt

Glass

Textile

cardboard

Food wastes

Leather

paper

Plastic

Rubber

Metals

Wood

Yard wastes

Solid Waste Management/Functional Elements of SWM

COLLECTION

TRANSFER/TRANSPORTATION

RECOVERY PROCESSING

DISPOSAL

STORAGE

SOLID WASTE GENERATION

ONSITE STORAGE, HANDLING AND PROCESSING

SOLID WASTE

Transportat ionSources- Household- Commercial- Inst itutional- Market

Disposal• Sanitary land f i l l• Incineration• Decomposing

PROBLEM OF SOLID WASTE AND MANAGEMENT

Problem of source and collection Problem of Transportation Problem of disposal

PROBLEM OF SOURCE AND COLLECTION

Source Poor disposal at source Not separate of solid

waste and hazardous waste

Remaining solid waste

Collection Collection service not

cover all responsible area

Lack of containers Improper containers Time consuming (due

to solid waste collector spend time for separation)

ON-SITE STORAGE Primary containers

Communal containers

PRIMARY CONTAINERS Bags, bins, buckets, etc. Used to collect and store the solid

waste on household level In tropical urban environment, advised

to storage not more than 24 hrs due to the serious risk of nuisance from odors and fly breeding

PROBLEM OF TRANSPORTATION Falling of solid waste during

transportation Insufficient of transporting vehicle Unsuitable collecting routing/time

PROBLEM OF DISPOSAL Unsuitable location/improper design Disposal site

No solid waste separation Incorrect solid waste separation (eg. scavenger) Not operated as designed (eg. Open dump and

burn instead of sanitary landfill) Lack of equipment and manpower

Inadequate of disposal area Difficult to find disposal site areas

POOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT

Technical constraint Budget constraint

Collection fee is very low Social constraint (NIMBY SYNDROME)

THE PROBLEM OF COMMUNITY WASTE MANAGEMENT

Health Effect Collectors do not ware safety suit Collectors have high risk of infection

Communication Lack of understanding in solid waste management Ignore to do it right Lack of participation Lack of information

Public Health Aspects Of Municipal Solid Waste Management or Solid Waste as a Consequence of Life

Waste categories

Potential health impacts in the waste cycle

Waste categories with potential public health impacts Domestic waste

General household wastes with used batteries and drugs containers, street sweepings with small quantities of excreta

Special and hazardous wastesHealth care waste (sharp and infectious components), toxic chemical, pharmaceutical and other industrial wastes, as well as radioactive wastes

Other bulky wastesUntreated wastes, construction wastes with metallic components and sludge for treatment plants

Potential health impacts in the waste cycle

Waste recovery, recycling and reuse

Collection and transfer

Generation and storage

Treatment and disposal

Groups at risk from adverse public health impact of MSWM The population of unserved areas,

especially pre-school children Waste operators and waste pickers Workers in facilities that produce infectious,

toxic, and cancer-causing material People living close to waste disposal

facilities The population supplied with water polluted

by waste dumping or by inadequately protected landfill sites

Public health impacts if waste picking Minor occupational impacts from dust and

sharps Significant occupational impacts from toxic

chemicals, in recycling waste with high heavy metal content

Significant in case of recycling of poorly disinfected infectious waste

Occupational hazards associates with waste handling

Accidents

Infections

Chronic Diseases

Accidents: Muscular-skeletal disorders resulting from the

handling of heavy containers Wounds, most often infected wounds, resulting

from contact with sharp waste Intoxication and injuries resulting from contact

with small amounts of hazardous chemical wastes collected with garbage

Trauma, burns, and other injuries resulting from occupational accidents at waste disposal sites, or from methane gas explosion on landfill sites

Infections: Blood infection resulting from direct contact with

waste and from infected wounds Respiratory infections resulting from exposure to

infected dust, especially during land filling operation

Zoonosis resulting from bites by wild or stray animals feeding on wastes

Enteric infections transmitted by insects feeding on wastes

Chronic diseases: Incineration operators are especially

exposed to chronic respiratory diseases resulting from exposure to dust; to toxic and carcinogenic impacts resulting from exposure to hazardous compounds; to cardiovascular disorders and heat stress resulting from expose to excessive temperature; and to loss of hearing function due to exposure to excessive noise.

Environmental pathways of health hazards from waste disposal facilities

Composting

Landfills

Incinerators

Composting Minor occupational impacts from dust,

sharp objects and small amounts of infectious wastes

Incinerators Direct impacts: occupational accidents

and chronic diseases, air pollution by particulates, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals

Indirect impacts: soil pollution by fly ash falling down, chemical water pollution from acid wastewater, and leachates from ash disposal in landfills

Landfills Direct impacts: accidents, fires,

explosions, dust, smoke, noise, odors, insects, rodents, stray animals

Indirect impacts: Surface water pollution by runoff from the landfill, and underground water pollution by leachates

Summary of waste-linked diseases and conditions with their causes or pathway of transmission

Injuries and chronic diseases

Tropical diseases transmitted by water borne vectors in urban areas

Bacterial, virus, or parasitic infections

Injuries and chronic diseases

Cuts and infective wounds from sharp waste Burns from fires generated in wastes Burns or wounds from hazardous chemicals

in waste Toxication and cancers from exposure to

hazardous waste Chronic respiratory diseases from exposure

to dust

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections: Bacterial or viral, blood infections resulting from

injuries caused by infected sharp waste Eye and skin infections from waste generated infect

dust Respiratory infections from exposure to waste-

generated infected dust Vector borne diseases, viral or parasitic, transmitted

by vectors living or breeding in waste-generated ponds; and worm infestation transmitted by contact with polluted soil

Bacterial viral or parasitic enteric diseases, transmitted either:

- By insects and rodents feeding on wastes- By accidental ingestion of waste food- Through drinking water contaminated by leachate

from waste- Trough eating food contaminated by leachate from

waste Zoonosis carried by stray animals and rodents feeding

on waste (rabies, plangue, leishmaniasis, hydiatasis, tick-borne fevers)

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections:

Tropical diseases transmitted by water-borne vectors in urban areas:

Malaria transmitted by anopheles mosquitoes Dengue and yellow fever transmitted by

aedes mosquitoes Filariasis (Bancroftian) transmitted by culex

mosquitoes Schistosomiasis has bored by bulinus and

other snails