Environmental Endocrine Disruption Effects Assessment In San Francisco Bay Fishes Shiner Surfperch & Pacific Staghorn Sculpin Kevin Kelley, Jesus Reyes,

Environmental Endocrine Environmental Endocrine Disruption Effects AssessmentDisruption Effects Assessment

In San Francisco Bay FishesIn San Francisco Bay FishesShiner Surfperch & Pacific Staghorn SculpinShiner Surfperch & Pacific Staghorn Sculpin

Kevin Kelley, Jesus Reyes, Kevin Kelley, Jesus Reyes, Rusty Fairey, Zed Mason, Cathy Rusty Fairey, Zed Mason, Cathy

Propper, Juli KalmanPropper, Juli KalmanEnvironmental Endocrinology LaboratoryEnvironmental Endocrinology Laboratory

Institute for Integrated Research on Materials, Environment & Institute for Integrated Research on Materials, Environment & Society (IIRMES)Society (IIRMES)

Center for Education in Proteomics Analysis (CEPA)Center for Education in Proteomics Analysis (CEPA)

Marine Biology Program, Dept of Biological Sciences, Calif. St. Marine Biology Program, Dept of Biological Sciences, Calif. St. Univ. Long BeachUniv. Long Beach

Moss Landing Marine Laboratories & Northern Arizona UniversityMoss Landing Marine Laboratories & Northern Arizona University

Endocrine-disrupting Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)chemicals (EDCs) are present in are present in

marine and marine and estuarine estuarine

environments, environments, particularly along particularly along highly populated highly populated coastal regions: coastal regions:

SF Bay EstuarySF Bay Estuary

. . . measures of ‘endocrine disruption’ . . . measures of ‘endocrine disruption’ are increasingly used as sensitiveare increasingly used as sensitive

bioindicators for water/environmental bioindicators for water/environmental quality and specific contaminant effectsquality and specific contaminant effects

http://toxics.usgs.gov/photo_gallery/sanfran.html

1- 1- determine incidence and magnitude of determine incidence and magnitude of endocrine disruption in wild fishesendocrine disruption in wild fishes, , emphasizing assessment of endocrine systems

regulating stress responses, growth & repair, thyroid & reproduction

2- 2- determine whether spatial differences can be established between different SF Bay locations, with respect to endocrine disrupted

condition(s)

3- 3- determine liver contaminant determine liver contaminant concentrations in individualsconcentrations in individuals, , to identify

correlations between specific contaminants and type(s) of endocrine disruption in fish

sampled from different SF Bay locations

STUDY STUDY OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Shiner Surfperch

Cymatogaster aggregata

Pacific Staghorn Sculpin Leptocottus armatus

pelagicpelagic

benthicbenthic

San Pablo BaySan Pablo Bay

Berkeley Berkeley WaterfrontWaterfront

Oakland Inner Oakland Inner HarborHarbor

Redwood CityRedwood City

far-field far-field referencereference:: Tomales BayTomales Bay

2006 Field 2006 Field SitesSites[pilot year][pilot year]

Tomales Tomales BayBay

Bodega Bodega BayBay

Far Field Far Field SitesSites

Thyroxine/HPT Thyroxine/HPT AxisAxis

IGF-I/Growth IGF-I/Growth AxisAxis

Cortisol/HPI Cortisol/HPI Axis Axis

San PabloBay

Berkeley Waterfront

RedwoodCity

Oakland Inner Harbor

Tomales Bay

Shiner PerchShiner PerchPacific Staghorn Pacific Staghorn SculpinSculpin



++ ++++++

++++

++++++

++++

++++

?? ???? ??

Endocrine Disruption—SF Bay Endocrine Disruption—SF Bay FishFish

S U M M A R S U M M A R YY

Testosterone/HPG AxisTestosterone/HPG Axis

1717αα-Ethinylestradiol-Ethinylestradiol

Endocrine Disruption—SF Bay Endocrine Disruption—SF Bay FishFish

San PabloBay

Berkeley Waterfront

RedwoodCity

Oakland Inner Harbor

Tomales Bay



1717ββ-Estradiol/HPG -Estradiol/HPG AxisAxis


?? ?? ?? ?? ??

?? ?? ?? ?? ??

S U M M A R S U M M A R YY

Shiner Surfperch ?Shiner Surfperch ?A

ug

ust

2006

Oakla

nd

In

ner

Au

gu

st

2006

Oakla

nd

In

ner

Harb

or

Harb

or

0

50

100

WWTP-affected site (OCSD, turbot)

Shiner Surfperch

Pla

sma E

E2

Conce

ntr

ati

on (

pg/m

l)1717αα-Ethinylestradiol -Ethinylestradiol ((EE2) in Fish PlasmaEE2) in Fish Plasma

150

200

Pacific Staghorn Sculpin

(Tomales Bay, Redwood City, Oakland Inner Harbor, Berkeley, San Pablo Bay (Loch Lohmand)

N.N.D.D.

N.N.D.D.

Liver Contaminant Analysis, Liver Contaminant Analysis, GC/MSGC/MS

Selected Contaminants* Shiner Surfperch


Chlordane-gamma 1 – 4 2 – 5

Chlordane-alpha 3.5 – 15 6 – 10

trans-Nonachlor 3.5 – 12 5 – 20

cis-Nonachlor 1.5 – 5 4 – 13

4,4’-DDE 20 – 47 48 – 54 *range of ng/g wet weight values shown

So-Calif would have 4, 4’-DDTSo-Calif would have 4, 4’-DDT



Naphthalene 13 – 19.5 15 – 20

2-methylnaphthalene 9 – 15 6 – 17

1-methylnaphthalene 5 – 13 6 – 8

Biphenyl 1 – 5.5 2 – 5

Fluorine 2.5 – 11 3.5 – 5

Phenanthrene 6.5 – 11 6.5 – 8

*range of ng/g wet weight values shown




PCB 095 6 – 12 8 – 14

PCB 149 11 – 35 25 – 35

PCB 138 27 – 70 56 – 63

PCB 180 14 – 47 28 – 58

PCB 194 nd – 8 6 – 21

PCB 153 27 – 66 56 – 68

Other congeners measured:28, 31, 44, 49, 52, 66, 70, 74, 87, 99,101,105, 110, 118, 128+167, 141, 151, 156, 158, 168+132, 170, 177, 183, 187, 200

1 – 16 2 – 35

*range of ng/g wet weight values shown


ThyroxineThyroxine & & TriidothyronineTriidothyronine

TestosteroneTestosterone & 11- & 11-ketotestosterone ketotestosterone

1717ββ-Estradiol-Estradiol

IGF-I & IGF-I & IGFBPs IGFBPs

Endocrine Disruption—SF Endocrine Disruption—SF Bay FishBay Fish

Cortisol Cortisol & Cortisone & Cortisone

** **

POTW, POTW, seasonaseasona

l l effects?effects?

????

[[YellowYellow=Year-1 fish =Year-1 fish analyses]analyses]

**=spatial differences detected=spatial differences detected

Hepatic contaminants Hepatic contaminants (chlorinated pesticides, PCB (chlorinated pesticides, PCB congeners, PAHs)congeners, PAHs)

1717αα-Ethinylestradiol-Ethinylestradiol

Year – 2 Year – 2 StudiesStudies

under under wayway

San Pablo Bay San Pablo Bay (Loch Lohmand (Loch Lohmand Marina)Marina)

Richmond/Berkeley Richmond/Berkeley WaterfrontWaterfrontOakland Inner HarborOakland Inner Harbor


far-field far-field referencereference:: Tomales BayTomales Bay

Bodega BayBodega Bay

Study Sites Study Sites 20072007 July 29-July 29-

August 4August 4

RichmondRichmond (Lauritzen Channel, (Lauritzen Channel, DDTs)DDTs)

San Leandro BaySan Leandro Bay (PCBs)(PCBs)San Francisco San Francisco WaterfrontWaterfront Hunter’s Point Hunter’s Point (POTW)(POTW)

Shiner Shiner PerchPerch

Pacific Staghorn Pacific Staghorn SculpinSculpin


San Francisco San Francisco WaterfrontWaterfrontS.F. Hunter’s PointS.F. Hunter’s Point (POTW (POTW outfall)outfall)Oakland Inner Oakland Inner HarborHarbor

Loch Lomand MarinaLoch Lomand Marina (San Pablo (San Pablo Bay)Bay)Richmond WaterfrontRichmond Waterfront

Richmond –Lauritzen ChannelRichmond –Lauritzen Channel (DDT-(DDT-contaminated)contaminated)

Bodega BayBodega Bay (far-field (far-field reference)reference)

San Leandro BaySan Leandro Bay (PCB-(PCB-contaminated)contaminated)

Tomales BayTomales Bay (far-field (far-field reference)reference)

3131 20202121 2020

---- 2323

2525 99

2929 99

1313 1717

2020 1111

2727 1212

22 11111212 66

180180 138138

FIELD DATA - AUGUST 2007FIELD DATA - AUGUST 2007

Two Harbors –Santa Catalina IslandTwo Harbors –Santa Catalina Island (Pacific side, far- (Pacific side, far-field reference)field reference)L.A. Harbor –Inner Cabrillo BeachL.A. Harbor –Inner Cabrillo Beach (collab. with Cabrillo Marine (collab. with Cabrillo Marine Aquarium)Aquarium)

Added sitesAdded sites::










3131 20202121 2020

---- 2323

2525 99

2929 99

1313 1717

2020 1111

2727 1212

22 11111212 66

180180 138138

LowLow infestation infestation rates by rates by EthusaEthusa

californicacalifornica (Isopoda)(Isopoda)

HighHigh infestation infestation rates by rates by ElthusaElthusa

californicacalifornica (variable across (variable across

sites & sites & individuals)individuals)

55.255.2%%

60.060.0%%

60.060.0%%

PARASITE PARASITE PREVALENCEPREVALENCE::

[#infected hosts/#examined [#infected hosts/#examined hosts x100%]hosts x100%]

20.220.2%%

<10%<10%

strongly strongly correlatecorrelate

d with d with gill gill

damagedamage


Cortisol & Interrenal histology Cortisol & Interrenal histology --under --under wayway

Other parasites Other parasites -to be -to be evaluatedevaluated










3131 20202121 2020

---- 2323

2525 99

2929 99

1313 1717

2020 1111

2727 1212

22 11111212 66

180180 138138

Immature, Immature,

or early or early developing developing

gonadsgonads

Variety of Variety of reproductive reproductive

statesstates

[immature, [immature, mature, mature,

gravid/pregnantgravid/pregnant]]


3/180 shiners were pregnant3/180 shiners were pregnant

Sex ratiosSex ratios:: TBA TBA

Gonadal somatic indexGonadal somatic index:: TBA TBA

HistologyHistology:: under way under way

Contaminant Analyses:Contaminant Analyses:• Feasible to measure individuals liver Feasible to measure individuals liver

contaminant levelscontaminant levels• Key contaminants measured at high Key contaminants measured at high

concentrations in shiner perch and Pacific concentrations in shiner perch and Pacific staghorn sculpinstaghorn sculpin

• Relatively higher levels of contaminants in Relatively higher levels of contaminants in livers of Pacific staghorn sculpinlivers of Pacific staghorn sculpin

• Liver contaminant concentrations will be Liver contaminant concentrations will be correlated with indices of endocrine correlated with indices of endocrine disruption within individualsdisruption within individuals

Allows analysis of whether pollutants, individually or in Allows analysis of whether pollutants, individually or in combination, are associated with endocrine disruption & associated combination, are associated with endocrine disruption & associated reductions in physiological viabilityreductions in physiological viability

Different endocrine systems will likely exhibit different sensitivities Different endocrine systems will likely exhibit different sensitivities to contaminantsto contaminants

Will point to potential contaminant thresholds of effects in fish Will point to potential contaminant thresholds of effects in fish (further testing needed)(further testing needed)

Emphasis:Emphasis: Stress (HPI) Axis Stress (HPI) Axis Continuing Analyses & Emphasis 2007Continuing Analyses & Emphasis 2007

• a) field work -Aug 2007, a) field work -Aug 2007, completed completed

• b) cortisol measurement, b) cortisol measurement, completed, data analysis phase completed, data analysis phase underwayunderway

• c) interrenal histology, c) interrenal histology, underwayunderway

• d) hepatic contaminants measurement (d) hepatic contaminants measurement (underwayunderway) & correlation ) & correlation

• d) d) cortisonecortisone measurement measurement (11(11ββ-HSD-2)-HSD-2)

• e) ACTH-challenge (is interrenal responsiveness impaired?)e) ACTH-challenge (is interrenal responsiveness impaired?)

• f) ectoparasitic infestation assessmentf) ectoparasitic infestation assessment

• g) growth endocrine system impacts (g) growth endocrine system impacts (indicesindices: IGF-I, IGFBPs, : IGF-I, IGFBPs, cartilage growth activity) impactscartilage growth activity) impacts

• h) steroidogenic enzyme expression h) steroidogenic enzyme expression (StAR, 11(StAR, 11ββ-hydroxylase, 11-hydroxylase, 11ββ-HSD-2)-HSD-2)

b-d = potential bioassays for disruption b-d = potential bioassays for disruption (screening)(screening)

Thyroid (HPT) Axis Thyroid (HPT) Axis Disruption Disruption

––Studies proposed for Studies proposed for 20072007

Environmental Endocrine Disruption Effects Assessment In San Francisco Bay Fishes Shiner Surfperch & Pacific Staghorn Sculpin Kevin Kelley, Jesus Reyes,

Documents

potw slide

gcms slide

ethinylestradiol slide

oakland inner harbor

ddt slide

sf bay estuary

way slide

r y slide