Environmental and social issues concerned with hybrid vehicles

HARPUNEET KAUR SODHI601101030

M.TECH(EST)

Environmental and social issues concerned with hybrid vehicles

Hybrids are the future cars• The new innovations

and advances in technology have enabled a new generation of hybrid cars to both reduce fuel cost and to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases produced by their car (environmental defense).

Cars and trucks are responsible for almost 25-30% of CO2 with combustion engines where hybrid cars helps to reduce two-third emissions.

Hybrids are not 100% emission free but these are cleaner than petroleum based engines.

Safety Tips to prevent pollution

• Automobiles are said to be the key to stopping global warming .

• Due to every day use, cars are said to account for 20% of our nations global warming pollution.

• As a result of so much pollution over time deadly disease like lung cancer, repertory problems, urban smog, and acid rain are caused .

• Some major safety tips that will help average citizens to prevent pollution would be to keep oil changed, fuel injection cleaned out and changing of all filters monthly.

According to EPA:-The average surface temperature of the earth increased by about 1.2 F TO 1.4 F in the past one hundred years .

Experts predict that the average could and most likely will increase to around 3.2 F to 7.2 F by approximately the year 2100.

Scientists believe that by 2025 the world’s energy demand is projected to be 3.5 times greater than 1990 with annual CO2 emissions nearly 50% higher.

Some EPA facts

• Every gallon of gasoline engine vehicle burns puts 20 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere.

• A 5 mpg difference in fuel economy equates to about 2,800 pounds of CO2 a year.

www.epa.gov/greenvehicles

Why hybrids?

>Charging of battery as it costs lesser >Reduces petroleum consumption compared with Conventional vehicles. >Reduce greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming,

>Size of engine is smaller

Technologies Used In Hybrids

Regenerative Braking.

>Recaptures kinetic energy normally lost as heat during braking Kinetic energy = energy of motion>Electric motor acts as a generator when brakes applied>Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy, stored in batteries

*It becomes potential energy   available for use.*No system is 100% efficient

Automatic Start/Shutoff.

Automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed. This prevents wasted energy from idling.

Electric Motor Drive/Assist.

The electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine in accelerating, passing, or hill climbing. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used.

Types of hybrids:

In parallel hybrids

have both an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electric motor coupled to the mechanical transmission and can be used to transmit power to drive the wheels, only through a conventional transmission.

Parallel hybrids are also capable of regenerative braking and the internal combustion engine can also act as a generator for supplemental recharging.

Parallel hybrid

In series hybrids

only the electric motor drives the drive train, and the ICE works as a generator to power the electric motor or to recharge the batteries. The battery pack can be recharged through regenerative braking or by the ICE.

Series hybrids usually have a smaller combustion engine but a larger battery pack as compared to parallel hybrids, which makes them more expensive than parallels.

Series hybrid

In Power-split hybrids

have the benefits of both a combination of series and parallel characteristics. > they are more efficient overall, because series hybrids tend to be more efficient at lower speeds and parallel tend to be more efficient at high speeds

Batteries used in hybridsLithium-Ion

batteries

.

Advantages1. High energy efficiency.(energy per unit mass) 2. Good high temperature performance 3. Relatively low self-discharge - self-discharge is less than half that of nickel-based batteries. 4.Low Maintenance - no periodic discharge is needed; there is no memory. 5.Most of the components of these can be recycled .

Limitations1.Requires protection circuit to maintain voltage and current within safe limits. 2.Subject to aging, even if not in use - storage in a cool place at 40% charge reduces the aging effect. 3.Expensive to manufacture - about 40 percent higher in cost than nickel-cadmium

Lead-Acid Batteries

Lead-acid batteries can be designed to be high power and are inexpensive, safe, and reliable. But low specific energy, poor cold-temperature performance, short calendar and life cycle impede their use.

Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries

Nickel-metal hydride batteries have a much longer life cycle and are safe than lead-acid batteries. .The main challenges with nickel-metal hydride batteries are : high cost, high self-discharge , heat generation at high temperatures, the need to control hydrogen loss,And their low cell efficiency

Maintenance Comparison with conventional vehicles

All-electric vehicles typically require less maintenance than conventional vehicles because:•The battery, motor, and associated electronics require no regular maintenance•There are no fluids to change aside from brake fluid•Brake wear is significantly reduced due to regenerative braking•There are far fewer moving parts compared to a conventional gasoline engine.

HV Advantages

>Reduced fuel consumption>Excellent fuel mileage>Fewer tailpipe emissions>Lighter batteries than electric vehicles>Regenerative braking system stores electrical energy in Batteries>Uses less fuel to recharge batteries

HV Disadvantages

>Reduced, but not emission-free>HVs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs) – they produce zero emissions only when engine is not running>More expensive than conventional Vehicles>Has a payback period in average use

In India

>According to the Business News on 19th January, 2012, M&M AND TATA MOTORS is planning to Launch, Hybrid Electric Vehicles in India in a couple of Years.

>Soon can be seen on Indian Roads.

CONCLUSION

HV have come up with the feasible option to cope up with the situation also called as “ cars of the era”.

>So, the hybridization of vehicles enables to lower CO2 emissions have more efficiency , Low Fuel Economy, High Reliability and Less Air Pollution.

>Optimum Utilization of these Vehicles will yield in good Results, especially Reduction of greenhouse gases.

Thank you