Enviromental health

Group 31.Hussein Mahamud Abubakar.2.Jama Mahamud Dirie.3.Iqra Abdilaahi Awale.4.Hamdi Weli Yusuf.5.Hawa Abdilahi Du,ale.6.Hodan Abdi Yusuf.7.Ifraah Hussein Hassan.8.Ikraam Mohamed Elmi.9.Khadra Ahmed Mohamed.10.Hamdi Ibrahim Ahmed.11.Hawa Abdilahi Hassan.12.Hamdi Ali Yusuf.

Environmental HealthThe environment describes everything that makes up our surrounding both living thing and non living things.The environment can divided into:Biological: consist of plants,animals,micro-organisms and viruses.

Physical: consists of air water, soil, climate, and other physical conditions.

CONT.Environmental health incorporates the evaluation and control of those environmental factors that affect health.Environmental health focuses on how environment affects human health are manmade for example pesticides, industrial chemicals and air pollution.

CONT.Frumkin et al identifies five trends that will dominate environmental health in the 21st century1. Environmental justices.2. A focus on susceptible groups.3. Scientific advances.4. Global change.5. Sustainability.

CONT.DPSEEA model:A key concept that needs to be understood in environmental health is that upstream thinking sometimes the environmental hazard is far away from the point of exposure.DPSEEA model (driving forces, pressures, state, exposures, health effects and actions.) offers framework that can be used to analyze multiple factors.

Water and HealthHuman settlements have always been around source of fresh water. For life to exist we need water. However water can also be dangerous for human life.The danger can be as result of water being vehicle for disease transmission.Some of the major preventable disease is associated with water.

CONT.The Association with water can be classified into:Water washed diseases: are those that are preventable by washing with clean water.

Water borne diseases: are those that are related to the quality of water used. Such as cholera.

Water related diseases: are those diseases where part of the life cycle of either the agent or the vector involves water examples are malaria shistomsomiasis

Protection of WaterProtection of water can only happen if humans and other reservoirs of microbes do not come into contact with the ground above the water supply or water itself protection can be done:1. Physically by fencing off the water

source.2. Water purification through the process:Sedimentation.Filtration.Sterilization.

SanitationSanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater.The WHO states that:“Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces.”

CONT. Improved sanitation: is the management of human feces at the household level.

On-site sanitation: the collection and treatment of waste is done where it is deposited.

Food Sanitation: is the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety.

Environmental sanitation: is the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission.

Waste ManagementIs the collection, transport, processing or disposal managing and monitoring of waste materials.Solid waste management can be done:The primary steps are:Collection.Sorting.Separation.Transfer.And disposal.

CONT.The Municipal solid waste industry has four components:

Recycling.Composting.Landfilling.Incineration.

Food HygieneNo food remains fresh forever contaminated food can be a source of disease.Food can be contaminated by biological, Chemical, or Physical contaminants.Also food can be contaminated:From soil or water where it is grown.During handling at harvest, processing, marketing and Storage.

By human or animal sewage.Polluted air or water.

Biological ContaminantsThe major biological contaminants are:Bacteria.Parasites.Fungi.Natural poisons.Insects and rodents.Chemical and Physical contaminantsChemical contaminants include heavy metals that are usually dissolves by the food.eg.lead, Mercury, Zink.

Food PreservationSeveral Methods can be used to preserve food:Drying or smoking food removes moisture which bacteria need for growth.

Low PH is deterrent for bacteria growth.

Saturation of food with salts/sugars prevent bacteria growth.

Refrigeration prevents multiplication of bacteria.

Prevention of food borne disease and outbreaks.Safety parameters need to be in place to prevent the outbreak of food borne disease include:Education and care of food handlers.Sanitation should be emphasized from point of production to point of consumption.

Vigilance and inspection must be done for both local and imported food.

Occupational health and safetyOccupational health and safety deals with relationship between health and work, it includes the prevention of the occupationally related illness or injury arising from work price

Certain core occupational health and safety principles. They include:All workers and employers have right that must be protected such as working save and health environment

In each work place occupational health and safety policies must established

Compensation and rehabilitation and curative service must make available to the workers who suffering occupational injury

Workers employers and government have certain responsibilities duties and obligations

Policies must be enforced There are must be consultation among all stakeholders

Occupational hazardsOccupational hazards is any condition in the work place are cable causing temporary or permanent injury or sickness to the workers

Occupational hazards can be classifiedBiological hazards Chemical hazards Psychological hazards Accidnets

Biological hazardsOccupational biohazards include:Bacteria agentsChlamydia agentsFungal agentsParasitic agentChemical hazards:Acids BasesHeavy metals Solvents {petroleum}particulates{ asbestos, and other dustFumes { noxious. Gases, vapors ,}Fire conflagration and explosion hazards

Psychological hazardsPsychosocial hazards are related to the any work is designed, organized, and managed,

Psychosocial include: work related see stress, occupational stress

Extensive working time or over work Violence from outside organization Bullying which may include emotional and verbal abuse and mobbiding and burnout

Prevention and control of hazardsThe system used to prevent control of occupational hazards include

Engineering control Safe work practiceAdministrative control Personal protective equipment Emergency prepartionMedical program

After hazards are identified how can they be prevented and controlledSome ways to prevent and hazards controlled are.

Regularly and through maintenance equipment.

Ensure that hazards correction procedures are in the place.

Ensure that everyone knows how to use maintenance personal protective equipment.

Make sure that everyone understands anfd follows safe work procedures