ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION AND ...umkeprints.umk.edu.my/4812/1/ent education.pdf7. Competency Ba ed Training: ASpecial Focus on Service Quality in SMEs Ilhoamie Abd..lGhani Azm., A.

ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATIONAND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

IN mALAYSIABOOH OF READINGS

UOLUME II

Editon:o ed DaMan Ibrahim

G azali AhmadanYaacoll

Faculty of Entrepre eUDiveniti

EnTREPREnEURIAL EDUCATion AnDEnTREPREnEURSHIP In mALAYSIA

BOOK OF READinGS

VOlumE II

EditorsIohamed Dahlan Ibrahim

Ghazali Ahmadohd Rafi Yaacob

Facult of Entrepreneur hip and Bu ine sniver iti Ialav ia Kelantan

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA KELANTAN

(0 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA KELANT ANCetakan Pertama: 2013

Tidak dibenarkan rnenciplak atau rnencetakkembali mana-mana bahagian isi buku ini sarna ada

secara elektronik, fotokopi, mekanik rakarnan atau lain-lainebelum terlebih dahulu mendapat izin bertuli daripada

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA KELANTAN

Reka bentuk, atur huruf dan diuru cetak oleh:

Rimbunan Ilmu dn. Bhd.TO. 92-G. 92-1. 92-2 Blok 2\\ isma alleh aidin

-Ialan Dwi Ta ik. Dataran Dwi Ta sikBandar ri Permais uri. 56 00 Kuala Lumpur

CO TE TS

List of TableLi t of Figure

Abbreviations

Li t of ContributorsForewordPreface

Acknowledgements

lX

XlXU

XVlll

xixxxv

SECTION A: ENTREPRENEURSHIP

1. Entrepreneurial Network Organisation in Theory 2and Practiceiohd Rosli Moh9mad

Ab tractIntroductionEntrepreneurial Reaction the EnvironmentEntrepreneurial Process of Organi ational FormationEntrepreneurial Innovative Adaptability andOrgani ational ConfigurationModelling Entrepreneurial 1 "etwork Organi ationThe Economic Per pectiveThe Social Cla PerspectiveThe .ial Capital Per pectiveInter-organi ational ] "etwork in PracticeIndu trial DistrictBu ine Grouptrategic Allianceub-contracting Arrangemen ~

2. Agropreneur' Per onality Traits andEntrepreneurial Commitment in TerengganuPa ar Tani (Farmer Market)luhnmmad Abi {ian Abdul Halim, Zaituuldlll Zakaria•Azemi CM Hamid

AbstractIntroductionF 1Aand griculture Industry

34

iii

Agropreneurs' Personality Trait at Pa ar TaniLiterature ReviewHypotheses and Theoretical FrameworkMethodologyPopulation and SampleData AnalysisDemographic Profile of RespondentRelationship of Agropreneur 'Per onality Trait andEntrepreneurial Commitment

3. Entrepreneurial Motivation: The Cases of IndianRestaurant Owners inSelangor and Kelantan, Malaysia.lfohd Rali Yaa- "b & Jiuitha Ramasar<lY

AbstractBackground of StudyIndian Food inMalaysiaLiterature ReviewEntrepreneur and Entrepreneur hipEntrepreneur IotivationResearch FrameworkMethodologyData AnalysisDemographic of Re pondentEntrepreneurial.1otivation of India EntrepreneursDiscu ion Conclu ion

4. The Issues of Capacity Building of MalaysianWoods Furniture Entrepreneurs: TowardsSustainable Competitive AdvantageTlo<Jn Mohd Roal. Tuan Hassan, Dalili lzni ha{ie. "ik KalflO1'U2Qmon.4.bdu.laliff. Mohd Rali }'oomb & Rualam hoan

Ab "tractIntroductionThe Problem tatementObjectiveignificance of the tudy

Outcome of the _tudyope of tudy

Review of LiteraturA Propo d Re ar h • lod I

nclu ion

iv

4

64

5. The Impact of Per onality Traits and Knowledgeon Entrepreneurial Performancemm Farha Wan Zu.lci{li & Jlohd Hafizie Suhaimi

Ab tractIntroductionSale versus marketingR&D and the need for commercializationMarketing problems and market constraintFinding the connectionsChallenges facing R&DThe R&D world - in the eyes of government agencies,R&D personnelCurrent scenarios - is ues and challengesChallenge in new product developmentWhy do new product fail?Some po sible busine s modelBrandingRemunerationlRewardOrgani atiohal structure - get the right teamOut ourcingCritical success factors

8

SECTIO B: HUMANRESOURCE MANAGEME T

6. Adoption of Business Strategy and HighInvolvement Human Resource Practices: A Studyof Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysian« }'u GMf!. Kamarul Zumun Ahnwd & lap ,. rn. Fen

Ab tractIntroductionLiterature ReviewResearch MethodologieRe ultDiscu ion and Practical ImplicationsLimitations and Future Re earchRecommendation

106

v

7. Competency Ba ed Training: A Special Focus onService Quality in SMEsIlhoamie Abd ..l Ghani Azm., A. I habudin •Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahim

133

Ab tractIntroductionTraining and Organizational PerformanceTraining and ervice QualityTraining and ervice Quality in S. IECompetency-ba ed Training and ervice Quality inSMEConclusion

8. Relationship Between Political Behavior inPerformance Apprai al Systems and DistributiveJustice: An Empirical Study in the fainOffice of Po tal Service Company. Sarawak,falaysia

Azmara I muil, waragku Mohamad • 'ojlb & Zalma Ibrahim

Ab tractIntroductionObjective of the tudyLiterature Review• IethodolcgyFindingDiscu ion and ImplicationConclu ion

145

9. Does Innovation Types foderate the Relation hip 163Between Organization Learning apability andTechnological Innovation in ManufacturingProce ?: Propo ed Framework.4dam lat & RazZI CAe Raz.ak

Ab tractIntroductionProposed Re earch HypothConclusion

VI

SECTION C: COMPETITIVE ADV T GE

10. The Impact of Locu of Control on CompetitiveAdvantage and Profitability in Craft Indu tryMuhammad Abl Sofian Abdul Halim, haladin studa lVaraAbdul Aziz "an.lfohdAmin

182

Ab tractIntroductionKraftangan Malaysia and Craft Indu tryMalaysian Craftpreneurs and Locu of ControlLiterature ReviewSignificance of StudyfethodologyData AnalysisDi cu ion and RecommendationConclusion

11. falaysian SMEs Competing in Global Bu ine s:A Comparative Study'\luhammad. 'aqib .\fol Y..noh

Ab tractIntroductionLiterature ReviewMethodologyFindingonclu ion

International entrepreneur hipStrategic leader hip and growthIndone ian experienceonclusions

200

vu

SECTION D: TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY

12. Networking Motives of Small Accomodation FirmGhazali Ahmad

Ab tractBackgroundPrevious Study on • 'etworking Among SmallAccomodationObjectives of the StudyMethodologyFindingsThe Network trategyConcluding Remark and Recommendation

13. The Issues of Hospitality and Tourism Educationin MalaysiaMoJul Fad,'. fo~.. }'usof & Ghazali Ahmad

AbstractIntroductionPropo ed Re earchObjective of the Propo ed Re earchConclu ion

223

241

14. "Thank You: Please Come Again". Cu tomer Re- 252patronage Intention in Hotel IndustryJamal Abdul 'WAT haan, 'ordiana Ahmad 'orain & Belinda Bong lOW

Fong

AbstractIntroductionLiterature ReviewMethodologyFindingDi cu 'ionImplication and Conclu ion

viii

15. Destination Image and Intention to RevisitTioman Island, PahangHazzyatt Hashim

IntroductionLiterature ReviewResearch Methodology and ResultsConclusion and Recommendations

264

16. The Business of Tourism; An Overview of Brand,Destination Branding, and Destination BrandEquity in Tourism Destination MarketingCommunicationAzilah Kasim & Ashraf Alteehi Alfandi

AbstractIntroductionDestination Branding and It ImportanceBrand Equity and Its ImportanceMeasuring Brand EquityCBBE Dimensions and The MCs InfluenceDe tination AwarenePerceived BrandlDestination ImageBrand LoyaltyPerceived QualityConclu ion

279

lX

LIST OF TABLE

Table1.1: General Characteristics of the Three Generic Form of

Organi ation2.1: The. umber of Population and Sample2.2: Indicator in Dependent. Independent and Moderating

Variable2.3: Reliability Analysi of Variables2.4: Model Summary of Inve tigated Variable2.5: ANOVA2.6: Multiple Linear Regre ion3.1: Demography of Respondent5.1: The List of Smes/Entrepreneur in Kelantan. 2009.5.2: Entrepreneurial Characteristics - Per onal and Managerial

Which Can Lead To Failure5.3: Reliability Value on Pilot Test for the Element of Per onality

Trait5.4: Reliability Value on Pilot Te t for Knowledge5.5: Reliability Value on Pilot Te t for Entrepreneur' Performance5.6: Personal Background of Re pondent5.7: Type of Bu ines and Busines Sector5.8: Correlation Analy i5.9: Multiple Regre ion Analy is for Variable Predicting

Entrepreneur Performance6.1: High Involvement HRM Strategy Item6.2: Reliability Coefficients for Major Variable'6.3: Firm Performance8.1: Participant Characteri tics ..'=137)8.2: Item Validity.3: Validity and" Reliability Analy e for Mea urement Scale.4: Pear 'on Correlation Analy ...is and D scriptive tati tics.5: Re ults for tepwi Regression Analy is

10.1: The 1ea-urement of Variable-10.2: Population and ample-10.3: The R ...ults of Reliability10.4: The fodel ummar - of tepwi e Regres 'ion10.5: The Coefficients of Stepwise Regres 'ion10.6: Model ummary of tepwise Regression10.7: oefficienu of tepwise Regre sion13.1: Underzraduate Tourism and Hospitality Education in Public

Higher Educa ion In titution ...in 1 lay ia ( d pt d FromBagul and arzuki 2 07)

14,1: Sources Used For Questionnaire14.2: Respondent Profile14.3: Rotated Component Matrix on Employee' Performance14.4: Correlation between Employee Performance and Cu tomer Re-

Patronage14.5: Employee Performance and Re-Patronage Intention Variance

Summary14.6: Employee Performance and Re-Patronage Intention Coeffient

Summary15.1: Pearson Correlation Matrix for IV to DV15.2: Pearson Correlation Matrix for 1IV to DV15.3: Group Statistic for Independent Sample Te t15.4: Independent Samples Test16.1: Six Major Perspectives on Brand Equity Dimensions in the

Literatures (1991- 2009)

Xl

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures1.1(a): Entrepreneurial Dynamism at Pre- tart-Up Stage1.1(b): Entrepreneurial Dynami m at Start-Up Stage1.1(c: Entrepreneurial Dynamism at urvival and Growth tage1.2: Three Forms of Economic Organi ation1.3: Entrepreneurial. Tetwork Organi ation: An Integrative

Framework2.1: Theoretical Framework of Agropreneurs' Per sonality Traits

and Entrepreneurial Commitment3.1: Shows the Research Framework4_1: Links Between Firm Re ources, Capabilities And Core

Competencies4.2: A Propo ed Research Model for a Capacity Building and

Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Malay ian WoodsFurniture Entrepreneurs

5.1: Framework for Research Linking the haracteri tic5.2: Theoretical Framework6.1: Research Framework8.1: Conceptual Framework9.1: Proposed Framework10.1: The Path-Model of Locu of Control. Competitive Advantage,

and Profitability11.1: The Utili ation of the Network15.1: Result From Pearson Correlation Analy i for IV to DY and

ForMVto DV

xii

ABBREVIATIONS

Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK)Research & Development (R&D),Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business (FEB)Prime Entrepreneurial Lecture Series (pEL )Entrepreneurial Visit (EV)Student in Enterprise Programme (SIEP)Student Enterprise Centre (SEC)Institutes of Higher Learning (lHLsFederal Agriculture Marketing Authority (FAMA)Entrepreneurial Network Organisation (E 0)Japan External Trade Organisation (JETRO)Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)Human Resource Management (HR~1)Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSAs)Small Medium Enterprises (S~1Es)Resource-Based View (RBV)Knowledge Management (101)Re ources-Based View Theory (RBV)Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (S~UDEC)Malay ian Technology Development Corporation (MTDC)lajlis Amanah Rakyat (MARA)

S~1E Bank (Small Medium Enterprise Bank)Perbadanan U ahawan Nasional Berhad (PUXB)Malaysian Entrepreneurship Development Centre (MEDEC)• Tew Economic Policies (}.'EP)• Tational Development Policy (XDP)Total Factor Productivity' (TFP)Small & Medium Industrie Development Corporation (S~IIDEC)· lini ·try of International Trade •UTI)High Performance Work Sy tem (HPWS)Total Quality Management (TQM)tandard Deviation (SD)

Competency-Ba ..ed Training (CBT)fain Office of [ational Postal ervice Compan 'in arawak,

• Iala '~ia 101°P CO. 1)

Xlll

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin Test (KMO)Bartlett's test of sphericity (BTS)Multinational Corporation ~1iTC)Pemasaran.Rahrnan Mahir Sdn Bhd (PRMSB)Orange Kuala Holdings ~1) Sdn Bhd (OKHSB)Malaysia External Trade Development Corporation i 1ATRADE)Information and Communications Technology (LC'I)Good Manufacture Practice (G~IP)Orange Kuala Holdings (M) Sdn Bhd (OKHSB)El.I] T (Electronic Library Information .. avigator)Malaysia Development Authority (MlDA)Malaysian Association of Hotel (MAH)Ministry of Culture, Art and Touri m _10CAni [ational Productivity Corporation .;PC)

xiv

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahim PhD, Senior Lecturer, Faculty ofBusine Management, University ofTechnology MARA

Adam Mat MBA Senior Lecturer. Faculty ofBu ine Management. University ofTechnology. lARA

AIwi Shabudin Associate Professor. Faculty ofBu ine s Management, University ofTechnology ~1ARA

Ashraf Altehi Alfandi PhD. Irbid Iational University

Awangku Mohamad Najib BSc (Hons) in Human Resource, Development, Re earch As istant,

Faculty of Cognitive Science &Human Development, Univer itiMalaysia Sarawak

Azemi Che Hamid PhD. As ociate Profe or, Faculty ofBu ine s Management. TerengganuBranch, University of Technology~1ARA

Azilah Kasim PhD. As ociate Profe or, Schoolof Tourism. Ho pitality andEnvironmental Management.Univer iti Utara Malay ia. Visitingscholar at Univer .ity of Briti hColumbia. Vancouver. Canada

Azman I mail PhD. As ociate Profes or, Faculty ofEconomic and Busines . Univer itiKebang aan Malaria

Belinda Bong iaw Fong BBA Iarketing), Departmentof Commerce, Politeknik KotaKinabalu, abah

'v

Dalili Izni Shafie • laster of Human Re ource. FacultyofBu ine Management, KelantanBranch, University of TechnologyMARA

Ghazali Ahmad PhD, As ociate Profe sor,Head Department of Touri mand Hospitality. Faculty ofEntrepreneur hip and Bu ines .Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

Hazzyati Hashim MBA, Faculty of Entrepreneur hipand Busine , Universiti MalaysiaKelantan

Ilhaamie Abdul Ghani Azmi PhD, Senior Lecturer. Departmentof Shariah and Management,Academy of Islamic Studies,Universiti Malaya.

Jamal Abdul Nassir Shaari PhD. Senior Lecturer. ProgramCoordinator, Department ofBu iness. Faculty of Economic-and Business, Universiti MalaysiaSarawak

-Iivitha Rama amy B.Entrepreneur hip. Faculty ofEntrepreneur hip and flu ineUniversiti Malaysia Kelantan

Kamarul Zaman Ahmad PhD. Associate Professor, College ofBusiness Administration. Abu DhabiUniversity

Mohd Fadil Mohd Yu of MBU (International HotelManagement), enior Lecturer,Department of Touri mand Hospitality. Faculty ofEntrepreneurship and Bu ine :"",Universiti Mala rsia Kelantan

fohd Hafizi uhaimi 1 . Faculty of Entrepreneur hipand Busin niversiti lalay iaKelantan

XVI

Mohd Rafi Yaacob PhD, Professor, Dean of Facultyof Entrepreneurship andBu ines , Universiti MalaysiaKelantan

Mohd Rosli Mohamad PhD, Associate Profes or,Head Department of Financeand Business, Faculty ofEntrepreneurship and Business.Universiti Malay ia Kelantan

Muhamad Abi Sofian Abdul Halim PhD, Senior lecturer, Facultyof Business Management,Terengganu Branch, Universityof Technology MARA

I

Muhammad Naqid Mat Yunoh MSc.(lnternational Business},Faculty of Entrepreneurship- and Business, UniversitiMalaysia Kelantan

Nik Kamaruzaman Abdul Latiff PhD, As ociate Professor,Faculty of BusinesManagement, Kelantan Branch,University of Technology . lARA

• Tordiana Ahmad 'ordin Ma ter of ManagementStudie (Marketing), Facultyof Economic and Bu ineUniversiti Malaysia Sarawak

Razli Che Razak PhD. Associate Profes or,Faculty of Entrepreneurshipand Business. UniversitiIalay sia Kelantan

Rustam Shaari .IBA (Finance), SeniorLecturer Faculty of Businessfanagement. Kelantan Branch.Univer sity of Technology MARA

xvii

Shaladin Muda PhD, A ociate Profe or. HeadDepartment. Department ofManagement and ..Iarketing,Faculty of Management andEconomic • Univer iti Malay iaTerengganu

Tuan Mohd Ro li Tuan Ha an MBA. Senior Lecturer. Facultyof Bu ine Management.Kelantan Branch, Univer ity ofTechnology. 1AR..t\

Wan Abdul Aziz Wan Mohd Amin PhD, Associate Profes or.PhD, Dept. of Language andCommunication. Faculty ofSocial Development. UniversitiIalaysia Terengganu

Wan Farha Wan Zulkifli

Wee Yu Ghee PhD. enior Lecturer. Facultyof Entrepreneur hip andBu ine s. Univer iti ] alaysiaKelantan

Yap Sheau Fen PhD. enior Lecturer, AucklandUniver ity of Technology.

Zainuddin Zakaria PhD. enior Lecturer. Facultyof Bu .ine 1anagement,Terengganu Branch, Universityof Technology lARA.

Zalina Ibrahim ~I . '1 International Bu meFaculty of Bu inesslanagement, arawak Branch.

Uni 'er:ity of Technology1ARA.

xviii

FOREWORD

This book, Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurship inMalaysia: Book of Readings. Volume II i a compilation of articleswritten by lecturers of the Faculty of Entrepreneur hip and Bu ine 5,Universiti Malaysia Kelantan and lecturers of variou institution ofhigher learning throughout the country as well as their counterpartsfrom other countries. Various themes of entrepreneurship in thi bookare augur well with the University's philosophy of entrepreneurialeducation as an engine of economic growth. Without a slightest doubtthis book will be a useful resource for academic communitie ,studentsand also for entrepreneurs and future entrepreneurs.

Since its inception Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) has beenentrusted to explore. develop. and disseminate entrepreneurialknowledge and information in Malaysia. UMK aspires to materializethe taglines which are Entrepreneurial University, EntrepreneurshipEducation and Entrepreneurship is Our Thrust. UMK hopes to deliverentrepreneurship education at its best. Entrepreneurial educationat UMK is delivered through variou means such as teaching andlearning, research & development (R&D), seminars. workshop andconventions, writing and publishing which will fulfil the needs ofthe industry and the nation. Prominent entrepreneurs as well aswell- known academicians are invited to the campus to share theirexperiences. A novel approach to entrepreneur hip learning thatcombine outcomes based learning and tudents centred learning areinculcated in teaching at the university will accelerate the a pirationof our country to be a developed country in the year 2020.

Thank you

Profe or Datuk Dr. Raduan Bin Hj. Che RO'eVice ChancellorUniver iti Malaysia KelantanKarung Berkunci 36, Penzkalan Chepa16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Ialaysia

xix

PREFACE

Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) ince it inc.eption in .2007 ifully aware of the importance of entrepreneur hip education andentrepreneurship to produce capable and talented grad~ate~. tocontribute our country' vi ion for a developed country with hI~hincome economy in year 2020. Using the tag lines "Entrepr:neunalUniversity" as well as "Entrepreneur h~p i o~r Tru r, IDIKhopes to champion entrepreneurial education and In ~urn to. propelentrepreneurism in order to develop entrepreneur~al ~lety In

the country. Entrepreneurial education at UMK I built uponthe philosophy that each and every per on ha an equal chance ~obecome entrepreneur. A conducive environment of entrepreneurshipis established within the university encourage it tud~~t. as wellas staff to exhibit their entrepreneurial talent and capabilitie to ~hefullest. This is a raison d'etre of the establi hment ofIDIK Innov.ahYeentrepreneurship curricular that blended y.,~ththeory and practice atthe university will produce a new generation of graduate' who arecreative and innovative enough to be ucces ful entrepreneur andintrapreneurs (who po sess the arne quality a entrepreneur andthen contribute ignificantly to the country's growth.

As one of the oldest faculties at UMK. Faculty of Entrepreneur 'hip andBu ine (FEB) plays pivotal roles in contributing to entrepreneuriallearning a-well a - disseminating entrepreneur hip knowle~ge. Apartfrom cla sroom teaching. tudents of FEB are exposed to various studytechnique including experience haring with entrepreneur" throu~hthe Prime Entrepreneurial Lecture Serie (PEL). Entre~reneu~alVisit (EV) to variou busines premise" aero" the co~~try. m~u~tnaltraining. and input from entrepreneur and practitioners In ~achcourse conducted by the faculty. Furthermore. tudent are requiredto engage with entrepreneur- of their choice during erne terholiday under the tudent in Enterprise Programme IEP). Theestablishment of 'tudent Enterpri e Centre ( E ) ac>.a on? '~pcentre catering the needs of students in running their bu me m ideand out ide the campu - ac - a a busines incubator for tudents.

is the 2nd. volume of a compilation of variou article written bylecturer of Faculty of Entrepreneur hip and Business. Univer itiMalaysia Kelantan and other lecturers in entrepreneur hip andbusiness in various Institutes of Higher Learning (lHL') in Malaysia.The aim of this book is to help lay the groundwork for entrepreneurialeducation and entrepreneurship in IHLs in particular and inMalaysia in general. Unlike with the 1st. Volume which i heavilyfocused on entrepreneurial education, this volume focu ses more onentrepreneurship and other issues in business.

Altogether there are 16 chapters of this book. It comprises 4 mainsections under different themes - entrepreneurship, humanresource management. competitive advantage and tourism andhospitality. The first theme consists 5 chapters, chapter 1 to 5. Thefirst chapter by Mohd Ro li Mohamad debates theory and practice ofentrepreneurial network organisation. He argues that the burgeoninginterest of scholars in the area of entrepreneurship has complicatedthe interpretation of the word entrepreneurship. Each and everyscholar seems to engage in the Indian parable of a blind man with anelephant. As such the interpretation of entrepreneurship is narrowlyfocused on specific area and fails to look at entrepreneurship as awhole. As a result the author argues that the literature incapablesto integrate entrepreneurship with network and organisation into asingle and coherent framework. Coining the Entrepreneurial. TetworkOrgani ation concept, the author shows how the entrepreneur as aprime dynamic factor adapts to its need" and the environment changes,which ultimately shape certain forms of organization. By examiningindustrial district , bu ine group, trategic alliances and sub.contracting arrangement as the cases, the author concludes howand why they are formed in the real world. A chapter by MuhammadAbi Sofian Abdul Halim, Zainuddin Zakaria and Azemi Che Hamidinve stigated Agropreneur ' personality traits and entrepreneurialcommitment. The author used entrepreneur at Pasar Tani inTerengganu a- their ca e. U ing the sampling frame of agropreneurregi tered under Federal Agriculture. Iarketing Authority (FAMA)in the state, 24 sets of questionnaires were dis ·eminated. Theyconducted a multiple regression analysi to determine the influencelevel of per onality traits on entrepreneurial commitment. Theirre .ults howed that that more than thirty percent of the variance inentrepreneurial commitment could be predicted from the factors ofper .onality traits. The finding of their .tudy i important for F fATerengganu in deigning entrepreneurial development programm .

xxi

for the agropreneurs e pecially on the development of th .ir p rsonalityand entrepr neurial commitment. This i followed by a chapter byMohd Rafi Yaacob and -Iiviha dlo Rama amy who inv stigat d whatmotivate Indian entrepreneur. to op rate Indian r .taurants inKelantan and elangor? They u. ed David McClelland motivationaltheory an wer the r ..;'arch question . According to the theorythe four motivations of entrepreneur hip are: need of achievement.authority and power, affiliation and safety and security. Altogetherfour Indian restaurant owner in elangor and Kelantan wereapproached and data were gathered using face to face interviews.The result of the tudy are in line with mo t motivational factor ofDavid McClelland' .

A further chapter by Wan Farha and M.ohd Hafizie used the modelof personality trait:" and knowledge approach in order to capture theentrepreneurs' performance among entrepreneur in Kota Bharu,Kelantan. A total of 169 entrepreneurs were participated in theirresearch. The findings of the rudy indicate that working experienceand skills were important in determining the factor influencingthe entrepreneurial performance in Kota Bharu. Kelantan. It iuggested that by en suring the tability of those resource from timeto time will strengthen entrepreneur ' perception - to su tain theirperformance in the future. Furthermore. other recommendation isthat if the entrepreneur wi h to retain and ...u ·tain their bu sinessthey should have an analytical thinking and committed to their jobs,must resolve conflicts in a manner that will eliminate unimportant10 and inconvenience to their bu iness and the important thing idevelop loyal customer. Thi i followed by a chapter by Tuan MohdRosli Tuan Hassan, DaliIi Izni hafie, ik Kamaruzaman Abdulatiff.Mohd Rafi Yaacob and Ru~tam haari who explore- ~ome is ue ofsu-tainability faced by Bumiputra entrepreneur in wood~ ba dindu-try in 1alay~ia. They identify knowledge management andresource--ba::oed capacity including innovation and know-how thatinfluence the ~u .tainability of the entrepreneur. in the indu try. Thwood ba~ d industry in 1alay::.ia i comp II d to r ct to moun' ingpre~ ur s re_ulting from globalization and the unpredictabl changin economic condi ion .. The pre sur are man~ .ted by height nedcompetition and the demand for tainable d velopm nt fromgovernm n ::.and CID tomers. all th require new appro ch tom nage and tran~form availabl r rce . H nee to u thindu u ful in knowl dg -b ed d to

foeu on knowled nrich th

people compel ncy. All these will lead to su tainable competitiveadvantage in the industry, In the la t part of the chapter a model?f capacity building towards . u tainable competitive advantage1 propo ed by the author. to explain the. e issue in the context ofMalay ian wood furniture of Bumiputra entrepreneur .

econd theme i~ human resource management, specially businesstr~t~gy and high human resource practice , competency based-tra:mng and perfo.rmance appraisal system are discus ...ed in Chapter6. I and 9 respectively. The first chapter under thi theme i writtenby Wee Yu Ghee, Kamarul Zaman Ahmad and Yap Sheau Fen whoinvestigated the linkages between business strategy and involvementhuman re ource management and their impact on firm performance.U. ing 42 ~lE: in Malay ·ia. the finding show that there were-ignificant relation 'hip among these variables. Their findingstrengthen the need to implement high involvement human re oureetrategies, Second chapter under this theme is written by IIhaamieAbdul Ghani Azmi. Alwi Shabudin and Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahim.In their concept paper they stres the importance of the introductionof Competency- Ba ed Training to enhance quality of service providedby an organisation. Enhancement of service quality in turn ha apo i~i~'eimpact on organisation' performance. The author sugge tempirical tudy on ~1E~ to support their hypothe ..is. The chapterby Azman Ismail and Zalina Ibrahim examines the relation hipbetween political behaviour in performance appraisal vstem andjob ati faction of 137 employee- of a po stal service in ar-awak. Theyfound that political behaviour in performance apprai al systemsdetermines the di tributive justice in the tudied organisation. Asfar as theoretical contribution of the tudy is concerned, the findingreveal that the ability of appraiser' to properly implement politicalbehaviour in performance apprai' al - '-tem can lead to inerea eapprai e . feeling of di tributive justice in the tudied organizationin Sarawak.

The third theme of thi._ book relate-- to organu.ational competitiveadvantage. Adam lat and Razli Che Razak concern for innovationtype_ a' moderator- between the relationship between organi. ationallearning capability and technological innovation implementation~n manufacturing proce ..... The author _tTe~<;that innovation i anImportant tool for ~ur\'i\'al in today' •competitive environm nt. U ing;res ure -ba d vi w theory th y d veloped th ir propo ed frameworkAccording to th ir propo d framework two typ of innovation a~

xxiii