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INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY
STACEY BEALMEARExtension Agent, Urban HorticultureYuma County
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Outline
Who Cares About Insects Anyway Insect Classification Anatomy and Metamorphosis Insect Orders Integrated Pest Management
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Who Cares About Insects?
Pollination (squash, cucumbers, and citrus)Roughly 1/3 possible due to insect pollinators
Decomposition (nutrient recycling)
Insect product (silk, honey, shellac)
Food for humans and other animals
Detrimental (diseases, damage goods…)
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The Most Diverse Group
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/chart1.jpg
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http://byunews.byu.edu/releases/archive04/Nov/crandall/crandall1-h.jpg
Tree of lifeWhere do insects fit?
KingdomPhylumClassOrder FamilyGenusSpecies
King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti
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Insect Classification
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/arthropod_chart.gif
Kingdom = Animalia Phylum = Arthropoda Class = Insecta
(Hexapoda) Order =
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Insect Classification
~30 orders Grouped by similarities Morphology and DNA
http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif
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Insect Classification
Kingdom = AnimaliaPhylum = ArthropodaClass = InsectaOrder = Lepidoptera Family = NymphalidaeGenus = AglaisSpecies = urticae
http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htm
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Nymphalidae8.jpg
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Insect Anatomy and Metamorphosis
http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/SOM/01-P52~Insect-Metamorphosis-Posters.jpg
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Insect Anatomy
All Insects Have:3 Body Segments3 Pairs of Legs1 Pair of Antenna
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Insect Anatomy
Legs Important for identification Always connected fromthorax
http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/leg_master.gif
http://web.localnature.com/articles/backyardnature/pics/insectDesign/cockroch.jpg
http://www.backyardnature.net/in_order.htm
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Insect Anatomy
Antennae Sensory organ Helps with identification
Copyright © 2007 L. Shyamal, license cc-by-SA 2.5http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=63162&rendTypeId=4
http://www.cynical-c.com/archives/bloggraphics/aedes.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/200px-Ant_SEM.jpg
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Insect Anatomy
Wings None, one or two sets Outgrowths of the exoskeleton Found on the thorax Important for
identification
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Maybug.jpg
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Insect Anatomy
Mouth Parts Important for identification Used to capture, manipulateand chew food
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm
ChewingMouthparts
http://z.about.com/d/insects/1/0/A/0/-/-/mouthparts.jpg
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Insect Internal Anatomy
Circulatory system moves nutrients, salts, hormones, and metabolic wastes Open circulatory system Insect blood
(Hemolymph) does not deliver oxygen
Digestive system extracts nutrients and other substances from the food
Nervous system is a network of specialized "information highway“
Side view of body showing relative position of circulatory (yellow), digestive (green), and nervous (blue) systems.
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Insect Internal Anatomy
Respiration: Oxygen is delivered through a group of internal tubes
No veins or arteries
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/anatomy/trachea-ts.gif
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg/800px-Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg
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Metamorphosis (What is it?)
Grow by molting Juvenile to Adult Hard outer shell (Exoskeleton)
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93289&rendTypeId=4
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.html
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Hemimetabolism
Incomplete Metamorphosis ~Five nymphal instar Resemble adults Lack wings
http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html
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Holometabolism
Complete Metamorphosis ~5 larval instar Do not resemble adults Lack wings
http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap047.html
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Metamorphosis
Most go through complete metamorphosis
http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif
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Insect Orders
Matthew C. Wilson
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Coleoptera-Beetles
Over 600,000 species have been identified
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Coleoptera-Beetles
Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings
One hardened (elytra) One soft
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/877/45001086.JPG
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/916/55046138.JPG
http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/beetle.jpg
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Coleoptera-Beetles
Larvae with head capsule and three pairs of legs C-shaped grubs
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Beetle_larvae_filtered_sw.jpg
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Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers
Complete metamorphosis Siphoning mouthparts Two pairs of membranous
wings
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Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers
http://magickcanoe.com/butterfly/skipper-antennae.jpg
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/235/456444401_4ff3f66ad8.jpg
http://magickcanoe.com/blog/2006/06/07/antennae/
Skippers
Butterflies
Moths
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Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers
Frenulum
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/frenulum.gif www.austmus.gov.au/factSheets/butterfly_moth.cfm
http://oliviahorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/giant-leopard-moth.jpg
Moth
http://www.geocities.com/kishan_nie/photos/butterfly1.jpg
Butterfly
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Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers
Larvae Three pairs of true legs 5 or less pairs of prolegs Prolegs with crochets
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects.html
http://www.macrophotos.com/charleskrebs/prolegs.jpg
http://www.dddi.org/enttutorial/keyimmature/keyimmature3.html
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Diptera-Flies
Complete metamorphosis Sponging/piercing 1 pair of wings
http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg
http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/fly.jpg
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Diptera-Flies
http://rebekahusry.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/mosquito_bite.png
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Diptera-Flies
Larvae lack Legs Head capsule
Mouth hooks
http://www.deathonline.net/decomposition/images/250/mouth_hook.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Fruit_fly_larva_01.jpg
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Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants
Complete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts (Most) Two pairs of wings
http://photo.bees.net/biology/ch3/mouthparts.jpg
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425.html
Hemuli
http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/Fig-1-Aulacid-wings.jpg
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Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants
Most with thread waist
http://www.extermital.com/images/Paper%20wasp%20diag.jpg
http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/general3.htm
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects/Bees.html
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Ant_closeup.jpg
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/GARDEN/IMAGES/INVERT/rassawfly.jpg
http://i.pbase.com/u46/crocodile/large/29990428.cooperativeeffort.jpg
Sawfly Larvae: 6-8 prolegs
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Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants
Ants or Wasp?
http://www.spc.int/lrd/images/RIFA-ant_small.jpg
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2110/2123060109_9893091d13_o.jpg
Ants - Pedicel on waist- Elbowed antennae
http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/insects/velvetant.htm
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Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants
Ichneumonid Wasps-
http://www.graciagroup.com/images/sci_ichneumonid.jpg
http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/diaglab/02images/78iwasp.jpg
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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Incomplete metamorphosis Sucking mouthparts Two pairs of wings
http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/Assets/images_hemiptera/bug_life_cycle.gif
http://magickcanoe.com/stinkbugs/predatory-stinkbug-3-small.jpghttp://www.salk.edu/labs/mnl-t/clh/bug%20RNAi.html
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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Half leathery and half membranous wing
http://schmidling.com/lfbug1.jpg
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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Suborder Heteroptera- True Bugs
http://www.isledegrande.com/giimages9/largemilkweedbug.jpgUC Statewide IPM Program
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/256658220_65d987dc14.jpg?v=0
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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Suborder Auchenorrhyncha- Cicadas and hoppers
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Animals/Insects..JPG
http://princesslilo.files.wordpress.com
http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~dietrich/leafhopp.gif
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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..
Suborder Sternorrhyncha- Whiteflies, aphids and scales
http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/2002-10-d28-aphids2-fr4-ed1.jpg
http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/81041/Scale_insect_on_Bursaria_620.JPG
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Orthoptera-Grasshoppers, Crickets and Katydids
Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings
http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html
http://www.solarnavigator.nethttp://www.nku.edu/~biosci/CostaRica2003/Punta%20Marenco/Day3/Punta%20Marenco1.htm
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Mantodea-Mantids
Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62575&rendTypeId=4 http://www.ivyhall.district96.k12.il.us/4TH/KKHP/1INSECTS/bugpix/mantis2/NYMPH_5icon.jpg
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Mantodea-Mantids
http://www.finiteinsight.com/redmantis/plumAB_black_hiweb.jpghttp://www.bugsincyberspace.com/mantids/mantid_images/mantis_oothecae_perch.jpg
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Dermaptera-Earwigs
Incomplete metamorphosis Chewing mouthparts Two pairs of wings
http://www.orchidboard.com/community/attachments/pests-diseases.jpg
http://www3.telus.net/conrad/images3/ch_8-04a.gif
http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/orthopta/earwig.jpg
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Thysanoptera-Thrips
Unique metamorphosis Rasping-Sucking mouthparts Two sets of wings
http://attra.ncat.org/images/thrips/figure1.jpg
http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/Biosecurity_GeneralPlantHealthPestsDiseaseAndWeeds.jpg
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Thysanura-Silverfish
Nonmetamorphosis Chewing mouthparts No wings
Eats glue, book bindings, paper, photos, sugar and hairBeen in existence for 300 million years
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Collembola-Springtail
Nonmetamorphosis Chewing and sucking mouthparts No wings
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent525/soil/soilpix/images/collembola.jpg
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/images/springtail.jpg
Feed on decaying matter
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Time for a break48
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Integrated Pest Management
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What is IPM?
Systematic approach to pest management that focuses first on preventing problems
Monitoring pest populations, identifying pests, educating yourself and choosing a combination of tactics to keep pest populations at an acceptable level
Cultural, mechanical, physical, biological and chemical methods
http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/teachers/outdoorclassrm/scat.jpg
Holistic view
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Prevention and Landscape Design
Design/Maintenance Naturalistic
Plant Selection Well adapted
Plant Placement Appropriate microclimates
http://www.modernphoenix.net/gatztips.htm
Pest insects love stressed plants!!!!
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Monitoring
Sample twice per week during the growing season Pests develop quickly under warm conditions and
slower when it is cool
One aphid 75 daughters Daughters reproduces in two or three days 75 daughtersThis is 5,625 aphids in three generation only!
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Monitoring Schemes53
Monitoring Tools54
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Identify Injury
Piercing-Sucking MouthpartsChewing MouthpartsSiphoningSponging
http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm
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Chewed Leaves or Blossoms
Chewing Injury Defoliation Shot holes Margin notching Skeletonization Leaf mining
http://www.rainbowscivance.com/graphics/Sycamore_Anthracnose/syc_lead.jpg
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-095f4.jpg
http://apps.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/graphics/crops/agriphones/uploaded/berry081806f1.jpg
http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/LeafSkeleton02.jpg
http://www.bgi-usa.com/images/pests/leafminers_lg.jpg
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Dieback of Shoots, Twigs or Branches
Chewing Injury Shoot dieback Branch dieback Exit holes
http://buckeyegardening.com/images/invasives/bfbshootdieback.jpg
http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/fd/santafetrees/images/twigdamage2.jpg
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/fruit/ce206.jpg
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Chewing Mouthparts
http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=65596&rendTypeId=4
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Caterpillars Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused
Defoliation Shot holes Skeletonization Mining Bark rippling Shot and branch dieback
Insect Products Frass Protective covers
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2255/2516808592_a6763d9eff.jpg
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Beetles
Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused
Shot holes Margin notching Skeletonization Bark rippling Bark cracking Branch dieback
http://images.google.com/imgres
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Leaf Miners
Pests of many plants Foliage Injury Caused
Mining
http://farm1.static.flickr.com/104/270060746_7f8d6ed5df.jpg?v=0
http://www.ensisjv.com/Portals/0/sawfly006.jpg
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White Grubs
Pest of many plants Feed on plant roots Injury Caused
Wilting Discoloration Turf death
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Discolored and Distorted Leaves
Sucking Injury Stippling Streaking Leaf yellowing
http://www.apsnet.org/Education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosS-V/stippling.jpg
http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/Thrips/Chilli-Damage/Chilli%20Thrips.html
http://picasaweb.google.com/gardenpunks/02192007/photo#5033381350461781570
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Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts
http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/aphids/APHIDFEEDING.jpg
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Aphids
Pests of many plants Feed on all plant parts Injury caused
Yellowing Leaf curl Vector plant disease
Insect products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold
Alex Wild
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Whitefly
• Pests of many plants• Feed on foliage Injury Caused
Yellowing Leaf curl Vector plant diseases
Insect Products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold
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True Bugs and Hoppers
• Pests of many plants
• Feed on foliage Injury Caused
Stippling Leaf Cupping
Insect Products Fecal spots (lace
bugs)
http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/1-58.jpeg
http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_cicadas/images/wpeA7.jpg
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Mealy Bugs
Pests of many plants Injury Caused
Discoloration Dieback
Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold
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Scale Insects
Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Injury Caused
Yellowing Dieback
Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold Ants found on plant
Steve Hise
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Spider Mites
Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Injury Caused
Stippling Discoloration Dieback
Insect Products Webbing
http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/veg/ce29.htm
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Rasping-Sucking Mouthparts
http://ag.arizona.edu/yavapai/diagnostics/Assets/Images/Insects/thrips.JPG
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Thrips Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused
Streaking Cupping Vector plant diseases
Insect Products Fecal spots
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Distorted Branches or Trunk
Leaf galling Twig galling Bark rippling Bark cracking Leaf cupping
http://www.plantengallen.com/imagesnederlands/hartigiola_ann_nessbg_060804_3.jpg
http://www.extension.iastate.edu/newsrel/garden/OakRoughBulletGall.jpg
http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1337/1022645685_2c2059f132.jpg?v=0
http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/images/hcbc_042b.jpg/$FILE/hcbc_042b.jpg
http://www.rec.udel.edu/Update02/Issue%2013%202002_files/image006.jpg
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Insect Products Signs
Honeydew Exoskeletons Sooty mold Fecal spots Silk Protective cases Frass Fluffy white wax
http://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Honeydew_from_aphids.jpghttp://mgonline.com/sootymold.jpg
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/Images/insects/lacebugdamageoemeleriafecalspotsthumbnailJPG.jpg
http://www.biokids.umich.edu/images/signs/build/tent_caterpillar_nest.jpg
http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/entomology/extension/KIN/Kin_2007/kin-12/Frass.jpghttp://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/sponsprj/county02/02marshall/mealybugs.jpg
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Insect Management
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Insect Management
Cultural Control Physical Control Biological Control Chemical Control
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Cultural Control
Start with healthy transplants Plant a diversity of crops Right Plant, Right Place Provide correct careSpacingWater FertilizerPruningDrainagepH
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Sanitation
Sanitation Remove pest source Clean equipment Pickup old fruit Remove alternate hosts (weeds)
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Physical Control
Row covers Traps (sticky, pheromone …) Heat Hand removal Spraying with water Remove infested plant parts Diatomaceous Earth Vacuuming Tilling soil
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Biological Controls
The Good Guys! Protect them from pesticides Choose least toxic Spot spray Avoid spraying plants in bloom
Create habitat for them Plant a variety of flowers Ground covers make good
habitat Beneficial insects also need
water
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Predators
Insect Order Predators Pests controlledHeteroptera Big-eyed bugs Aphids, leafhoppers, lygus bugs
(nymphs), spider mitesHeteroptera Minute pirate bugs Aphids, spider mites, thrips, immature
stages of many small insectsHeteroptera Assassin bugs Caterpillars, plant bugsNeuroptera Green lacewings Aphids, leafhoppers, plant bugs
(immature), spider mites, thrips, small larvae
Diptera Hover flies (syrphid flies)
Aphids
Coleoptera Lady beetles Aphids, mealy bugs, scales, spider mites
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Big Eyed Bug
Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available
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Convergent Lady Beetle
aphids and occasionally on whiteflies, other soft-bodied insects and insect eggs
Commercially available
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Green Lacewing
Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available
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Praying Mantis
Generalist predators on wide variety of insects Commercially available
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Mealybug Destroyer
Mealybugs and scales Commercially available
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Minute Pirate Bug
Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Commercially available
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Damsel Bug
Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects Not commercially available
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Syrphid
Predaceous on aphids and other small, soft-bodied insects
Not commercially available
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Assassin Bug
Predaceous on a wide variety of small to medium-sized insects
Not commercially available
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Twice Stabbed Lady Beetle
Predaceous on many species of scale insects on many fruit, nut, and ornamental trees including
Not Commercially available
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Parasitoids
Insect Order Parasitoids Pests controlled
Hymeoptera Ichneumonids,Braconids, Chalcids, Mymarids
Aphids (larvae), cutworms, loopers, omnivorous leaftiers, oriental fruit moths, tortrix moths
Diptera Tachinids Codling moths, Colorado potato beetles, corn earworms, cutworms, grasshoppers, hornworms, imported cabbage worms, plant bugs, tussock moths, others
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Aphidius
Aphids Commercially available
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Tachinid Fly
Some are host specific and others have various host insects
Not commercially available
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Ordering Biological Controls
http://greenmethods.com/site/
The Green Spot Ltd.93 Priest Rd.Nottingham, NH03290-6204 USAPhone: 603.942.8925Fax: 603.942.8932
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Chemical Control
A chemical used to kill pests (not always an insect). Insecticide- Insects Herbicide- Weeds Miticide- Mites Acaricide- Ticks and Mites Fungicide- Fungus Rodenticide- Rodents
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Read the label
Follow all directions for Recommended concentration Safety Disposal
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Danger-Warning-Caution98
Safety equipment
Wear the correct protective equipment
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Storage
Store in original container
Tightly closed Out of reach
(children and pets)
Clean, dry, well vented area
Out of sun and freeze
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Disposal
Never dump pesticides Consult label for proper disposal Never reuse empty containers Triple rinse sprayers before storage
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After use
Take off shoes before entering the house
Wash yourself with soap and water
Wash clothes Separate from other
clothes
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Things to Remember
Never spray on a windy day! If a little is good, more is NOT better!
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Pesticides
Depends on the plants use
Safer brand products Horticultural oils and soaps Pyrethrins
http://www.parkorchids.com/safer%20soap.jpg
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Pesticides
Bayer Advanced Products Systemic insecticide Imidacloprid
Bacillus thuringiensis Entomopathogenic bacteria Caterpillars; some beetle and fly larvae Larvae stop eating, become limp and shrunken, die and
decompose
http://www.bayeradvanced.com
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Wrap up
Insects are AWESOME
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Questions
107