ENTOM 490 Grape Pest Management Lecture 1 Integrated Pest Management

ENTOM 490Grape Pest Management

Lecture 1

Integrated Pest ManagementPrinciples

Lecturer:Allan FelsotProfessor, Dept. of EntomologyFood & Environmental Quality LabRm 128 [email protected]: 372-7365

Why Do Organisms Become Pests?

How Do We Cope with Pests?

Grape Pest Management

• Lecture 1: Integrated Pest Management– Historical Overview– Principles & Strategies– Overview of crop protection technology

• Lecture 2: Pesticide technology– Use of pesticides on grapes– Regulatory control of pesticides– Human & Ecological Toxicity Testing for

Registration

• Lecture 3: Mode of Action of GrapePesticides Against Pests– Herbicides– Insecticides– Fungicides

• Lecture 4: Using Pesticides– The Product Label and MSDS– Safety Considerations– Application Technology– Adjuvants

Grape Pest Management

Why Do Organisms Become Pests?

Natural vs. Agricultural Ecosystems

Natural vs. Agroecosystems

Natural Ecosystems– Diversity rich– Plant nutrients stored &

recycled– Infrequent perturbations– Dominated by native

species– Good natural control

Agroecosystems– Diversity poor– Plant nutrients

depleted– Frequent perturbations– Invaded by exotic

species– Poor natural control

Agroecosystems DemandManagement

Easier for one species to become dominantNutrients are continually removed by annualharvestingPest can be native or imported– pests are opportunists– consider presence or absence of mortality

factors as limiting or enhancing factor

Conflict among economic value of crop, itssusceptibility to damage from pests, and removalof nutrients demands management of both thepest and the crop.

Why Are Pests Pests?

Limited tolerance for damageChange in physical conditionsChange in food sourcesChange in mortality factors– Disease– Predators & Parasitoids

Knutson et al 1993

fresh processedvegetables

fresh processed fruit

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

% YieldReduction

� 50% reduction � zero use

Estimated Effects of Reduction in Pesticide Use

Effect of Weeds onthe Production of Corn and Soybeans

Corn

Soybeans

Hayes 1991

Glassy WingedSharpshooter

Vector ofPierce’s Disease

cropproduction

index

crop acresharvested

farm acres

population

Crop Production Index Increases Independently of Acreage

Hayes 1991

306,299,000

3,644,000

307,839,000

1,352,000

56 382

Total PrincipalCrops (acres)

Potatoes (acres)

Potato Yield PerAcre (cwt)

1910 2000Year

More People, Less AcresMore Production/Acre

National Agricultural Statistics Service

Corn Yield (bu/A)

HybridSeed Use Fertilizer

(1000 ton)

Insecticide% Acres Trt.

Significant Increase in YieldAssociated with Fertilizer & Insecticide Use

Hayes 1991

�Yield(bushels/acre)

Year

�Acres

Harvested

��

�

�

��

��

��

�

�

�

�

�

��

��

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010

Corn Production--USA

A

A. Hybrids

B

B. Mineralized Fertilizers

C

C. Soil Insecticides

D

D. Transgenic Crops

The Down Side of Pesticides

Worker exposure & poisoningPest resistanceReduction of natural enemiesPotential for adverse environmentalhealth effectsPotential for human health effects

8123TOTAL

200Government regulations for prevention

1800Groundwater contamination

2100Bird losses

24Fishery losses

942Crop losses

320Honeybee and pollination losses

1400Cost of pesticide resistance

520Loss of natural enemies

30Domestic animals deaths & contamination

787Public health impacts

Million $/yrCosts

Estimated Total U.S. Economic & Social CostsAssociated with Pesticide Use (Pimental et al. 1993)

Reconciliation

Integrated Control ConceptIntegrated Pest ManagementEcologically Based Pest ManagementSustainable Agriculture

Integrated Control Concept

First enunciated by Stern et al. (1959) as aresponse to problems with pest controlstrategies (or lack thereof) in the era of DDT– Pest arthropods resistance to insecticides– Secondary outbreaks of arthropod pests other than

those against which control was originally directed– Rapid resurgence of treated pest species

necessitating repetitious pesticide applications– Pesticide residues on food and forage crops– Hazards to pesticide handlers and to persons,

livestock, and wildlife subjected to contamination bydrift

– Legal complications from suits and other actionspertaining to the above problem

Pesticide Spray Drift ProblemsHistorical Perspective

1945-46, CA: Drift of calcium arsenate fromtomato fields causes death of dairy animals fedhay from adjacent alfalfa field1952, CA: Civil Aeronautics Administration (FAA)bans use of 2,4-D dust due to widespreaddamage to cotton and grapes from use onnearby cereal grains1952-53: At least nine crop-dusting cases reachappellate courts (suggesting many more casesat lower courts)

Why Did Problems inPest Control Arise during the 1950’s?

Limited knowledge of biological science– Population ecology; community ecology

Narrow approach to insect control– DDT seen as “silver bullet”; rapidly adopted to

exclusion of other tactics

Few studies on effects of chemicals on othercomponents of ecosystem besides pestsPressure to solve problems NOWSome skeptical that biotic factors are of anyconsequence in the control of pest populations

According to Sterns et al. (1959)

The Solution: Integration ofBiological & Chemical Control

Biological control: “The action of parasites,predators, or pathogens on a host or preypopulation which produces a lower averagedensity than would prevail in the absence ofthese agents”– A.K.A. natural control mechanism in natural

populations– May or may not be sufficient to lower pest population

to economic insignificance

Chemical control: Use of chemicals (syntheticor botanical) to reduce pest populations that riseto damaging levels

The Solution: Integration ofBiological & Chemical Control

“Biological control and chemical control are notnecessarily alternative methods;”– “in many cases they may be complementary, and with

adequate understanding, can be made to augment onanother.”

“One reason for the apparent incompatibility ofbiological and chemical control is our failure torecognize that the control of arthropodpopulations is a complex ecological problem.”– “This leads to the error of imposing insecticides on the

ecosystem, rather than fitting them into it.”

Stern et al. 1959

Integrated Control Concept

Applied pest control which combines andintegrates biological and chemical control– Chemical control is used as necessary and in

a manner which is least disruptive tobiological control

– Integrated control may make use of naturallyoccurring biological control as well asbiological control effected by manipulated orintroduced biotic agents

Integrated Pest Management

Born as the Integrated Control Concept– Integration of biological control, cultural practices, and

chemical control

Definition: An ecologically based system formanaging pest populations to protect publichealth or to allay economic loss to a crop

Objective (from Huffaker & Smith 1980)– “The development of improved, ecologically oriented

pest management systems that optimize, on a long-term bases, costs and benefits of crop protection.”

IPM’s Three Broad Objectives

Maintain profitability, or economic soundness,when managing pests– i.e, pest management actions should be economically

justified

Minimize selection pressure on pest populationsfrom management tactics– i.e., manage to avoid development of pest resistance

Maintain environmental quality– i.e., minimize the impact of management tactics on

the environment

Funderburk & Higley 1994

Essential Elements of IPM

Correctly identify pest & its life history(bionomics)Characterize population dynamicsDevelop economic injury levels andthresholdsDevelop scouting & sampling plansDevelop alternative control options

Pest Identification

Systematics– Classification of organisms

• Thus, correct identification of species– Phylogenetic/evolutionary relationships

Natural History– Life cycle– Phenology

• Development of an organism in relation to time

• How does pest phenology relate to phenology of the crop?

– How does the organism feed, grow, infect, etc.• What is the effect on the plant?

Which Mite Might Be Beneficial?

Diagnosis Starts with the Injured Plant

Taking Action RequiresKnowing The Biology

GrapePhylloxera

http://lenewa.netsync.net/public/Guidelines%202003/PicPages/GBM3.htm

Grape Berry Moth

Patterns (Phenology)of Grape Berry MothEgg Deposition on

Wild Grapes at TwoLocations in New York

Date5/20 6/29 8/8 9/17 10/27

1987

1988

Hoffman et al. 1992

How many mothgenerations per cropseason?

Population Ecology

• All populations fluctuate over time inresponse to biotic and abiotic (environmental)factors– Natural enemies (parasitoids & predators)– Competition– Diseases– Weather related variables– Food supply

• General Equilibrium Position (GEP)– The average density of a population over a long

period of time in the absence of permanentenvironmental change

– Environmental changes can shift GEP

Pop

ulat

ion

Den

sity

Time

GeneralEquilibriumPosition (GEP)

Insect Populations Fluctuate in Response toBiotic & Environmental Factors

Population Ecology and RelationshipBetween Pest Control Action

• Economic Injury Level (EIL)– The lowest population density that will

cause economic damage• Economic damage is the amount of injury that

will justify the cost of a control measure

• Variable depending on season, location, marketeconomics

EIL =Control Cost

Commodity Value x Yield Loss per Pest

Economic Injury Level (EIL)P

opul

atio

n D

ensi

ty

Time


• Economic Threshold (ET)– The density at which control measures

should be determined to prevent anincreasing pest population from reachingthe economic injury level

• Lower than the EIL (for example, can be set at80% of EIL)

• Permits sufficient time for the initiation ofcontrol measures

• Permits time for control measures to take effectbefore population reaches the EIL

Population Ecology and RelationshipBetween Pest Control Action

Economic Injury Level (EIL)

Economic Threshold (ET)P

opul

atio

n D

ensi

ty

Time


No Action Necessary


Economic Threshold (ET)

Pop

ulat

ion

Den

sity

Time


Control Measures Implemented



Pop

ulat

ion

Den

sity

Time


Frequent Implementation of Control(e.g., blemishes unacceptable to consumer)


Pop

ulat

ion

Den

sity

Time

GeneralEquilibrium

Position (GEP)

Frequent Implementation of Control Necessary(e.g., blemishes unacceptable to consumer)

Treatment


Monitoring Populations(Scouting and Sampling Plans)

• Collecting pests and measuring density– Direct collection

• Counting bodies (weed counts; presence or absence ofinsects; Infected planted parts; insect or disease injury)

– Trapping• Baits

• Elucidating the relationship between thesampled units and the plant injury– Corollary is understanding the relationship

between plant injury and economic damage

Date

Strong Phenological Correspondence Between Egg Deposition byGrape Berry Moth on Wild Grapes and Pheromone Trap Catch in

an Adjacent Vineyard (Hoffman et al. 1992)

1987

1988

5/5 6/24 8/13 10/2

Num

ber

of M

oths

Per

Tra

p P

er W

eek

Num

er of Eggs P

er 1000G

rape Berries

Weak Phenological Correspondence Between Egg Deposition byGrape Berry Moth on Wild Grapes and Pheromone Trap Catch in

an Adjacent Vineyard (Hoffman et al. 1992)

1987

Num

ber

of M

oths

Per

Tra

p P

er W

eek

Num

er of Eggs P

er 1000G

rape Berries

Percentage Damaged Berry Clusters During the Third Week in July

Per

cent

age

Dam

aged

Ber

ries

at H

arve

st

Hoffman et al. 1992

Relationship Between Percentage Cluster Damage by GrapeBerry Moth During Third Week in July and Percentage Berry

Damage at Harvest (Hoffman et al. 1992)

Early-Harvested Variety

Percentage Damaged Berry Clusters During the Third Week in July

Per

cent

age

Dam

aged

Ber

ries

at H

arve

st

Relationship Between Percentage Cluster Damage by GrapeBerry Moth During Third Week in July and Percentage Berry

Damage at Harvest (Hoffman et al. 1992)

Late-Harvested Variety

• Making a decision as to when economicthreshold is reached– Fixed sampling plans

– Sequential sampling plans

Monitoring Populations(Scouting and Sampling Plans)

Fixed Sampling Plans

• Number of plant samples or units to besampled is fixed

• Decision to treat is made when a fixedproportion of the sampled units has exceededthe infestation number or damage threshold

• Example (based on Nault & Kennedy 1996)– European corn borer larvae bore into potato stems

in southeast US– Economic threshold is 30% damaged stems– Scouts samples 100 potato stems in an 18-30 ha

area (10 sites within the area X 10 stems per site)

Sequential Sampling Plans

• A binomial sampling plan (pest or injurypresent/not present on each sampling unit)that is based on the probability (likelihood) ofthe population density exceeding theeconomic threshold with each incrementalobservation (sample)– Faster and more efficient than fixed sampling– Construct a graph with decision lines that “tell” the

scout to stop sampling and not treat, continuesampling, or stop sampling and implement controlwith each successive sample observed

Stop Sampling;Spray Recommended

Stop SamplingNo Spray

ContinueSampling

Number of Sites Sampled

Cum

ulat

ive

Num

ber

of

Dam

aged

Pot

ato

Ste

ms

Sequential Sampling Plans for European Corn BorerIn Potato Stems (Economic Threshold = 10% Damage)

Nault & Kennedy 1996

Stop Sampling;Spray Recommended

Stop SamplingNo Spray

ContinueSampling

Number of Sites Sampled

Cum

ulat

ive

Num

ber

of

Dam

aged

Pot

ato

Ste

ms

Sequential Sampling Plans for European Corn BorerIn Potato Stems (Economic Threshold = 30% Damage)

Nault & Kennedy 1996

Pest Management Tactics

• Preventive– Tactics used to avoid potential pest problems

• Practices can be implemented without knowledgeof pest density

• Therapeutic– Actions used to remedy or ameliorate an existing

problem• Practices should be implemented when pest

density is likely to become economically damaging• May be used when economically damaging pest

density cannot be feasibly detected by scouting orcannot be reliably controlled by rescue pesticideapplications

(Based on Funderburk and Higley 1994)

Pest Management Tools

Cultural practices

Mechanical control

Plant resistance

Parasitoids & Predators

Pesticides

Cultural Practices Including theUse of Agronomic Management

Resistant plant varietiesCrop rotationCrop refuse destructionTillage of soilVariation in time of planting or harvestingPruning or thinningFertilizationSanitationWater managementPlanting of trap crops

Mechanical Methods

Hand destructionExclusion by screen, barriersTrapping, suction devices, collectingmachinesCrushing and grinding

Biological Control(Parasitoids & Predators)

Protection and encouragement of naturalenemies (augmentation)Introduction, artificial increase, and colonizationof specific parasitoids and predatorsPropagation and dissemination of specificbacteria, virus, fungus, and protozoan diseases

Weed Control Techniques Over Time

Why Don’t Growers Use More MicrobialPesticides and Biological Controls?

� Specificity not matched

� Microbials can’t reach “internal” feeders

� Not broad spectrum

� Not as effective

� May be slower

� Not useful under all climate conditions

� May not exist

� Long lead time for development

Definitions: ‘Pesticide’

Defined by law, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, &Rodenticide Act (FIFRA, 1947)Any substance or mixture intended forpreventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigatingany pestPest: insect, rodent, plant, virus, bacteria, fungi– Exempted: microbes living on or in humans– Includes: whatever the EPA administrator rules to be

a pest

Includes plant growth regulators, defoliants,pheromones, desiccants, disinfectants

Economic return-cost ratio favorable– $4 - $29 returned per $1 spent– However,

• Ratio goes down when– price of crop decreases but pesticide cost is

fixed;– a product is used and pest populations are not

at a level that will cause economic damage– development costs for a new product are high

Advantages of Pesticides

Advantages of Pesticides

Many times they are the only practicalor available technologyRapid action– can be used in an emergency– biodegradable (modern pesticides)

Wide range of properties, uses, andmethods of application– broad spectrum to selective

MarketValue

Total Production Expenses

Labor Fertilizer Pesticides0

50000

100000

150000

2000001992

1997

Farming Costs & Returns

USDA Database

$ x 106

Organic Agriculture

Some people believe organic agriculture doesnot use pesticidesA visit to the WA State Dept. of AgricultureOrganic web site indicates there are manycertified organic pesticides registered– Bt sprays– Neem– Pyrethrums– Boric acid– Soaps– Oils

� Use of selective insecticides� Only treating areas where pest-

natural enemy ratio is unfavorable� Proper timing of pesticide use� Rapidly degradable pesticide

Characteristics of Pesticides & UseCompatible with IPM

Over 225 Different Crops GrownCommercially in WA

Are We On a Treadmill?

Costs of Research & Development areextremely high– $70 million– It may take 15 years to recover a positive

cash flow

Is pesticide use rising significantly?

ENTOM 490 Grape Pest Management Lecture 1 Integrated Pest Management

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