Enteritis in Enteritis in Poultry Poultry
Dec 16, 2015
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
DuodenumDuodenum((E. acervulinaE. acervulina))
GizzardGizzard
JejunumJejunum((E. maximaE. maxima))
Meckel’sMeckel’sdiverticulumdiverticulum
CecaCeca((E. tenellaE. tenella))
PancreasPancreas
•Feed passes from mouth to Feed passes from mouth to cloacacloaca
•Normal reflux from posterior gutNormal reflux from posterior gut–Bile commonly in gizzard,Bile commonly in gizzard,•bile duct empties in jujenumbile duct empties in jujenum–Cecal contents reflux Cecal contents reflux
•Cp normally in anaerobic cecaCp normally in anaerobic ceca
•With altered upper intestine Cp With altered upper intestine Cp can survive and produce pro-toxinscan survive and produce pro-toxins
Poultry DigestionPoultry Digestion
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
Damage to proximalDamage to proximalintestine, like E. acervulina,intestine, like E. acervulina,may create anaerobic conditionsmay create anaerobic conditionsin the upper intestine. Cp may in the upper intestine. Cp may replicate in the upper intestine near replicate in the upper intestine near ample trypsin available from the ample trypsin available from the pancreas. Trypsin may cleave pro-toxinpancreas. Trypsin may cleave pro-toxinCp metabolic by-product producingCp metabolic by-product producingintestine damaging toxin. Damage to cecal intestine damaging toxin. Damage to cecal lining, like E. tenella, may allow proliferation lining, like E. tenella, may allow proliferation of Cp above normal levels.of Cp above normal levels.
CpCpE. acervulinaE. acervulina
E. tenellaE. tenella
DAMAGEDAMAGE
MULTIPLYMULTIPLY
Disease of small intestine that destroys the gut wallDisease of small intestine that destroys the gut wallCan be caused by Can be caused by Clostridium PerfringensClostridium PerfringensProduces powerful toxins, which:Produces powerful toxins, which:
Damage intestinal mucosaDamage intestinal mucosa Impair nutrient absorptionImpair nutrient absorption Can lead to blood loss, toxemia, and deathCan lead to blood loss, toxemia, and death
Primarily occurs in broilers 2-6 weeks old and Primarily occurs in broilers 2-6 weeks old and replacement pullets under stressreplacement pullets under stress
Threatens birds world wideThreatens birds world wideCan spread to subsequent flocksCan spread to subsequent flocks
What is Enteritis?What is Enteritis?
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry Disease of multiple etiologyDisease of multiple etiology A variety of diseases are associated A variety of diseases are associated
with enteritis with enteritis Can be chronic or acuteCan be chronic or acute Inflammation of the intestinesInflammation of the intestines Economic effects can be Economic effects can be
devastatingdevastating
Conditions commonly associated:Conditions commonly associated:
• CoccidiosisCoccidiosis
• Ulcerative enteritisUlcerative enteritis• Necrotic enteritisNecrotic enteritis• Malabsorption Malabsorption
syndromesyndrome• Stunting syndromeStunting syndrome• DysbacteriosisDysbacteriosis
• Spiking mortalitySpiking mortality• MycotoxicosisMycotoxicosis• Infections - viral, Infections - viral,
bacterial, protozoa bacterial, protozoa • Nutrient deficienciesNutrient deficiencies• Immune responsesImmune responses
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
The problem with enteritis:The problem with enteritis:• Often misdiagnosedOften misdiagnosed• Challenge relatedChallenge related• Causative organisms can occur naturallyCausative organisms can occur naturally• Can be sub-clinical while eroding performanceCan be sub-clinical while eroding performance• Etiology is mostly multi-factorialEtiology is mostly multi-factorial• Outbreaks cause severe economic lossesOutbreaks cause severe economic losses• Prevention and control is the key Prevention and control is the key
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
Factors contributing to theFactors contributing to the
impact of enteritis:impact of enteritis: Management/Control Management/Control EnvironmentEnvironment GeneticsGenetics NutrientsNutrients Presence of infectious agents such as:Presence of infectious agents such as:
VirusesViruses BacteriaBacteria MycotoxinsMycotoxins Protozoa (coccidiosis)Protozoa (coccidiosis) Parasites (nematodes)Parasites (nematodes)
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
The Enteritis CycleThe Enteritis Cycle
ToxinsRelease
IntestinalDamage
ClostridiumPerfringens
Types of bacterial enteritis:Types of bacterial enteritis:
Clostridial enteritisClostridial enteritis
Necrotic enteritisNecrotic enteritis
DysbacteriosisDysbacteriosis
Ulcerative enteritisUlcerative enteritis
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
Costs of diseaseCosts of disease
Costs: 20,000 birds/house
Mortality $321.00Extra Feed $327.60Weight losses $230.00
Total $878.60/house
+Carcass quality/down grading/and processing
Norton, R. A. and Hess, J. B., Auburn University.
Also losses whenmortalities not detected
DETAIL
Enteritis EconomicsEnteritis Economics
• Necrotic Enteritis can have a significantly Necrotic Enteritis can have a significantly negative economic impactnegative economic impact
• Economic losses can escalate within a Economic losses can escalate within a flock, along with subsequent flocksflock, along with subsequent flocks
• A preventative strategy can minimize A preventative strategy can minimize economic losses, thus resulting in economic losses, thus resulting in maximum profitabilitymaximum profitability
Enteritis Enteritis Economic LossesEconomic Losses
The role of enteritisThe role of enteritis
influencing nutrient utilization:influencing nutrient utilization:• IngestionIngestion• DigestionDigestion• AbsorptionAbsorption• TransportTransport• StorageStorage• MobilizationMobilization• MetabolismMetabolism
Reference: Ruff & Allen 1990; Baker 1993
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
Bacterial enteritis:Bacterial enteritis: Subclinical infection of small intestine Subclinical infection of small intestine Caused by mainly Gram positive bacteriaCaused by mainly Gram positive bacteria Most bacteria exist naturally in cecum and Most bacteria exist naturally in cecum and
small intestinesmall intestine Triggered by intestinal lesions, poor Triggered by intestinal lesions, poor
hygiene and digestion, immune hygiene and digestion, immune suppression and other factorssuppression and other factors
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
Predisposing factors of bacterial enteritis:Predisposing factors of bacterial enteritis:
Increased gut viscosity caused by wheat, barley, rye Increased gut viscosity caused by wheat, barley, rye and fiber dietsand fiber diets
Some performance enhancers and chemical Some performance enhancers and chemical anticoccidials ineffective against anticoccidials ineffective against Clostridium Clostridium perfringensperfringens
Stress, crowding, ventilation, wet litterStress, crowding, ventilation, wet litter Immune suppressionImmune suppression Diseases, infections and coccidiosis Diseases, infections and coccidiosis Poor hygiene/sanitationPoor hygiene/sanitation
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
Clinical Symptoms of Bacterial Clinical Symptoms of Bacterial enteritis:enteritis:
DepressionDepression Loss of appetiteLoss of appetite DiarrheaDiarrhea Dark fecesDark feces Blood in feces can be presentBlood in feces can be present Increased water consumptionIncreased water consumption Wet litterWet litter MortalitiesMortalities
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
• Consistent scoring guide
• EHTS
• MIC - Studies
• Ongoing efficacy studies
• Global impact assessment
• Product Portfolio
The Elanco The Elanco CommitmentCommitment
"Building the Wall of Protection"
Wall of Protection Line of Treatment
ClostridiumEnteritis Challenge
Maxus
Feed Composition/Genetics
Controlling EnteritisControlling Enteritis Clean and disinfect buildingsClean and disinfect buildings Maintain dry litterMaintain dry litter Ensure proper ventilationEnsure proper ventilation Avoid overcrowdingAvoid overcrowding Reduce immunosuppresive stress and diseaseReduce immunosuppresive stress and disease Evaluate nutritional and fiber content of feedEvaluate nutritional and fiber content of feed Control coccidiosis by using stable programs and Control coccidiosis by using stable programs and
ionophores vs. chemicals ionophores vs. chemicals Use preventative as well as controlling medication Use preventative as well as controlling medication
with effective MIC against with effective MIC against Clostr. Perfr.Clostr. Perfr.
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
• Productivity EnhancerProductivity Enhancer– Use a productivity enhancer with Use a productivity enhancer with
effective MIC against effective MIC against Clostridium Clostridium perfringensperfringens
– This provides a combination of This provides a combination of prevention and performanceprevention and performance
Controlling EnteritisControlling EnteritisEnteritis in PoultryEnteritis in Poultry
• Develop preventative coccidiosis Develop preventative coccidiosis control programcontrol program– Create stability and immune stimulationCreate stability and immune stimulation
– 2-3 programs/year2-3 programs/year
– Manage cocci vs. eradicationManage cocci vs. eradication
– Use primarily ionophore vs. chemicalsUse primarily ionophore vs. chemicals
– Specifically select appropriate ionophoreSpecifically select appropriate ionophore
Enteritis in PoultryEnteritis in PoultryControlling EnteritisControlling Enteritis
Elanco BreaksElanco BreaksThe Enteritis CycleThe Enteritis Cycle
X X
Clostr. Perf.Clostr. Perf.
controlcontrol
Surmax/Surmax/MaxusMaxus
ElancobanElancoban
MontebanMonteban
MaxibanMaxiban
TylanTylan
Cocci Cocci controlcontrol
MontebanMonteban
ElancobanElancoban
MaxibanMaxiban
ToxinsRelease
IntestinalDamage
Clostridiumperfringens
Caused by Caused by Clostridium colinumClostridium colinum Ulcerative enteritis in small intestineUlcerative enteritis in small intestine Small yellow foci with hemorrhagic Small yellow foci with hemorrhagic
bordersborders Often liver lesionsOften liver lesions Congested enlarged spleenCongested enlarged spleen
Reference: Berkoff, 1997
Ulcerative EnteritisUlcerative Enteritis
Caused by Caused by Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens Type A or CType A or C
Lesions usually confinedLesions usually confined toto the small the small intestine, primarily jejunum and ileumintestine, primarily jejunum and ileum
Severe necrosis of intestinal mucosaSevere necrosis of intestinal mucosa Distention due to gas productionDistention due to gas production Swollen livers with necrotic fociSwollen livers with necrotic foci
Necrotic EnteritisNecrotic Enteritis
• Cannot normally survive in the small intestine Cannot normally survive in the small intestine since it is an aerobic environmentsince it is an aerobic environment
• Changes can lead to an anaerobic environment in Changes can lead to an anaerobic environment in the small intestinethe small intestine
• Migration from the cecae and proliferation of CP Migration from the cecae and proliferation of CP in the small inestine is associated with protoxin in the small inestine is associated with protoxin elaborationelaboration
• Trypsin will release the toxin from the pro-toxin Trypsin will release the toxin from the pro-toxin and initiate necrotic enteritisand initiate necrotic enteritis
Necrotic EnteritisNecrotic Enteritis
• Also known as – Clostridial enteritis
– SIBO (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth)
– "summer gut"
– "hit the wall"
– "flushing"
– "feed passage"
DysbacteriosisDysbacteriosis
• Forced by the economic and genetic demands, the composition of broiler feeds have changed.
• This could result in dysbacteriosis where birds quit eating and growing. Many broiler producers are faced with this problem
DysbacteriosisDysbacteriosis
• Droppings– loose threadlike and sticky
• Water/Feed– lower feed intake with water consumption
normally staying constant
• Consequences– reduced growth and uniformity
DysbacteriosisDysbacteriosis
In the cecum:In the cecum:Co-exist naturallyCo-exist naturally
In the small intestine:In the small intestine:Proliferate and release harmful toxinsProliferate and release harmful toxinsDestroys gut wallDestroys gut wallThickened and inflamed wallsThickened and inflamed walls
Clostridium Clostridium PerfringensPerfringens
Mortality:Mortality:Death loss: 3%/weekDeath loss: 3%/weekMortality age: 4 weeksMortality age: 4 weeksBird cost: 19¢/birdBird cost: 19¢/birdFeed cost: 34.5¢/birdFeed cost: 34.5¢/birdMortality cost: 53.5¢/birdMortality cost: 53.5¢/bird
Morbidity:Morbidity:Sick birds: 20%Sick birds: 20%50-day target weight: 5 lbs./bird50-day target weight: 5 lbs./birdFCR: 2.20 (+.20 worse)FCR: 2.20 (+.20 worse)Weight loss: .25 lbs./birdWeight loss: .25 lbs./birdExtra feed: .84 lbs./birdExtra feed: .84 lbs./birdFeed cost: $195/tonFeed cost: $195/tonProduction cost: 23¢/lb.Production cost: 23¢/lb.
• Raw Materials
• Wheat/low quality corn
• Fishmeal
• Bakery byproducts
• Enzymes
• Rape seed
• Fusaria sp.
Nutritional Nutritional InfluencesInfluences