Enlightenment The Age of Reason & Enlightenment. Experiences Think of a time when you accomplished something. How did it make you feel? Did you share.

Enlightenment

The Age of Reason &

Enlightenment

Experiences

Think of a time when you

accomplished something.

How did it make you feel?

Did you share with others your accomplishments?

An Overview of the 18century

► Political/not religious History >>> Reform

► Intellectual History Newton/Physics Reason

► Cultural History Individualism Define?

► Social History Increased Literacy “Age of Aristocracy” Define?

► Economic History > Mercantilism Define? “Capitalism”

18thcentury Politics► BRITAIN – Constitutional Monarchy Define…

► FRANCE Royal Absolutism Define… (cultural and religious unity)

► PRUSSIA, HAPSBURG EMPIRE/AUSTRIA, RUSSIA “Enlightened Despotism” Define…

► OTTOMAN EMPIRE – WHO MADE UP THIS EMPIRE DURING THE 18TH CENTURY?

The Origins of Enlightenment

► SCIENTIFIC:

e Scientific laws could be expressed as universal mathematical formulas So? Explain?

e Science allowed alternatives to beimagined in everything from politicsto religion. What does this mean?

William Blake’s Newton, 1795

What is the significance of this painting during the enlightenment?

The Royal Academy of Sciences, Paris

Zoology & Biology

A dissection at the Royal Academy, London.

Chemistry Labs & Botany Gardens

Natural History Collections

► Cocoa plant drawing.

► Sir Hans Sloane(1660-1753).

► Collected from Jamaica.

Women & Science

The German astronomer Hevelius &

his wife examine the

heavens.

The Origins of Enlightenment► RELIGIOUS:

e Physico-theology –

God seen through nature

e Support of a “rational” religion

The Origins of Enlightenment?► RELIGIOUS:

e Deism

There is a God, but is he involved in the daily life of man?

The Origins of Enlightenment?

► RELIGIOUS:

e Pantheism

The belief that God and nature are one and the same.

Centers of the Enlightenment

Key Ideas of Enlightenment

1. Rationalism Reason could bring Truth

2. Relativism Differences = equal merit

3. Romanticism Emotions

Key Ideas of Enlightenment

4. Individualism People = Valuable

5. Mercantilism More exports/less

imports

6. Skepticism Perception v. Credibility

Key Ideas of Enlightenment

7. Scientific Method:

Question

Research

Hypothesis

Experiment

Analyze and draw a Conclusion

Results

Key Ideas of Enlightenment

8. Optimism & Self-Confidence

9. Freedom

10. Education

Key Ideas of Enlightenment

11. Legal Reforms Justice, kindness, and charity no

torture or indiscriminant incarceration.

Due process of law.

12. Constitutionalism Written constitutions listing citizens

rights.

Key Ideas of Enlightenment

Key Ideas of Enlightenment

13. Heliocentrism

14. Separation of Powers

15. Social Contract: Power-Protection-Governed

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

1st Law of Motion:

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton’s Three Laws of Motion

2nd Law of Motion:

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass. The greater the mass (of the object being accelerated) the greater the amount of force needed (to accelerate the object).

Newton’s Laws of Motion

3rd Law of Motion:

For every action there is an equal and opposite re-action.

In Your Notes

Answer these questions.

How did these new ideas change the way thinking?

Why did people choose to share their ideas?

The “Enlightened” Individual

Philosopher

► Not really original thinkers as a whole, but were great publicists of the new thinking CHANGE & PROGRESS!

► They were students of society who analyzed its evils and advanced reforms.

Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794)

► Progress of the Human Mind, 1794

An expectation of universal happiness.

Every individual guided by reason could enjoy true independence.

He advocated a free and equal education, constitutionalism, and equal rights for women.

John Locke (1632-1704)

► Letter on Toleration, 1689

► Two Treatises ofGovernment, 1690

► Some ThoughtsConcerningEducation, 1693

► The Reasonablenessof Christianity, 1695

John Locke’s Philosophy (I)

► The individual must become a “rationalcreature.”

► Virtue can be learned and practiced.

► Human beings possess free will. they should be prepared for freedom. obedience should be out of conviction,

not out of fear.► Legislators owe their power to a

contract with the people.

► Neither kings nor wealth are divinely ordained.

John Locke’s Philosophy (II)

► There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings.

life, liberty, property!

► The doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings was nonsense.

► He favored a republic as the best form of government.

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

► Critique of Pure Reason, 1781

► “What is Enlightenment?”, 1784

► Metaphysical Foundations ofNatural Science, 1786

Kant’s Philosophy► Dare to Know!► He introduced the concept of

transcendentalism some things are known by methods other than experiments.

The belief in the existence of a non-rational way to understand things.

The existence of neither time nor space is determined by empirical understanding.

These type of things are a priori.V They transcend sensory experience.V They are pure, not empirical [[concepts

like faith, pre-existence, life after death].

Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

► Common Sense, 1776

► The Rights of Man, 1791

The American “Philosophes”

John Adams(1745-1826)

Ben Franklin(1706-1790)

ThomasJefferson

(1743-1826)

…...…life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…………...

Voltaire (1712-1778)

► AKA Francois Marie Arouet.

► Essay on the Customsand Spirit of Nations, 1756

► Candide, 1759

► Philosophical Dictionary, 1764

Voltaire’s “Wisdom” (I)

► Every man is guilty of all the good he didn’t do.

► God is a comedian playing to an audience too afraid to laugh.

► If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him.

► It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong.

► Love truth and pardon error.

Voltaire’s “Wisdom” (II)

► Judge of a man by his questions rather than by his answers.

► Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the difference.

► Prejudice is opinion without judgment.

► The way to become boring is to say everything.

► I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

David Hume (1711-1776)

► The Natural History of Religion (1755].

► Belief in God rested on superstition and fear rather than on reason.

Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)

He pointed out problems with contemporary England and tried to urge reform.

► The Decline andFall of the Roman Empire (6 volumes), 1787.

The Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

► Persian Letters, 1721

► On the Spirit of Laws, 1758

Montesquieu’s Philosophy

► Three types of government: Monarchy. Republic. Despotism.

A separation of political powers ensured freedom and liberty.

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

► A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, 1750

► Emile, 1762.

► The Social Contract, 1762.

Rousseau’s Philosophy (I)

► Question Does progress in the arts and sciences correspond with progress in morality?

As civilizations progress, they move away from morality.

Science & art raised artificial barriers between people and their natural state.

Therefore, the revival of science and the arts had corrupted social morals, not improved them!

Rousseau’s Philosophy (II)

Virtue exists in the ”state of nature,” but lost in “society.”

Government must preserve “virtue” and ”liberty.”

Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains.

The concept of the ”Noble Savage.”

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. Civil liberty invest ALL rights

and liberties into a society.

Rousseau’s Philosophy (III)

► In The Social Contract: The right kind of political order

could make people truly moral and free.

Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one’s individual interests to the “General Will.”

Individuals did this by entering into a social contract not with their rulers, but with each other.

V This social contract was derived from human nature, not from history, tradition, or the Bible.

Rousseau’s Philosophy (IV)► People would be most free and

moral under a republican form of government with direct democracy.

► However, the individual could be “forced to be free” by the terms of the social contract.

He provided no legal protections for individual rights.

► Rousseau’s thinking: Had a great influence on the French

revolutionaries of 1789. His attacks on private property

inspired the communists of the 19c such as Karl Marx.

A Parisian Salon

Madame Geoffrin’s Salon

The Salonnieres

Madame Geoffrin(1699-1777) Mademoiselle

Julie de Lespinasse

(1732*-1776)

MadameSuzanne Necker

(1739-1794)

Other Female Salons

► Wealthy Jewish women created nine of the fourteen salons in Berlin.

► Middle-class women in London used their salons to raise money to publish women’s writings.

Female Philosophes

► Emilie du Chatalet, a French noblewoman(1706-1749).

► Wrote extensively aboutthe mathematics andphysics of GottfriedWilhelm von Lebnitz andIsaac Newton.

► Her lover, Voltaire, learned much of his science from her.

The “Republic of Letters”

Communication among intellectuals internationally

An Increase in Reading

An Increase in Reading

“Must Read” Books of the Time

“Enlightened

Despotism”

Frederick the Great of Prussia

► 1712 – 1786.

► Succeeded his father, Frederick William I (the “Soldier King”).

► He saw himself as the “First Servant of the State.”

Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796)

► German Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst.

► 1729 -– 1796.

1767: Catherine summons the Legislative Commission.

1768-1774: Russo-Turkish War.

1771-1775: Pugachev Rebellion is suppressed.

1772: First partition of Poland.

1785: Charter of Nobility.

1793: Second partition of Poland.

1795: Third partition of Poland.

Reformer? OR Despot?

Reformer? OR Despot?

The Partitions of Poland

- 1772

- 1793

- 1795

Russian Expansionism in the Late 18c

Joseph II of Austria (r. 1765-1790)

► 1741 -– 1790.

► His mother was Maria Theresa.

Habsburg Family Crest

1772: First partition (?) of Poland.

1778-1779: He failed to annex Bavaria to

Austrian lands.

1781: Declared the Toleration Patent.

1781: Abolition of serfdom and feudal dues.

1785: He failed to exchange the Austria Netherlands for Bavaria.

1787-1792: Austria joined Russia in the

Russo- Turkish War, but little was gained.

1795: Third partition (?) of Poland.

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor

Joseph II of Austria

The Legacy of the Enlightenment?

1.The democratic revolutions begun in America in 1776 and continued in Amsterdam, Brussels, and especially in Paris in the late 1780s, put every Western government on the defensive.2.Reform, democracy, and republicanism had been placed irrevocably on the Western agenda.

The Legacy of the Enlightenment?

3.New forms of civil society arose –-- clubs, salons, fraternals, private academies, lending libraries, and professional/scientific organizations.4.19c conservatives blamed it for the modern “egalitarian disease” (once reformers began to criticize established institutions, they didn’t know where and when to stop!)

The Legacy of the Enlightenment?

5.It established a materialistic tradition based on an ethical system derived solely from a naturalistic account of the human condition (the “Religion of Nature”).

6. Theoretically endowed with full civil and legal rights, the individual had come into existence as a political and social force to be reckoned with.

What about literature? Don Quixote was written by Miguel

Cervantes, a Spaniard, 1605. This first true European novel focuses on two characters:– Don Quixote—a visionary who does not see the

hard realities around him, and– Sacho Panza—a realist.

The novel leaves the reader with the feeling that visionary dreams and hard work of reality are necessary to the human condition.

French Skepticism Michel de Montaigne lived during the worst of

the religious wars. He developed the essay to communicate his feelings after his good friend died.– Montaigne claimed that humans could never have

absolute knowledge of truth. Rene Descartes wrote Meditations on First

Philosophy.– Said no person could ever be certain of anything.

Reason and observation are the only way to answer questions.

Now, what about political thought?

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. Both of them lived through the political

upheaval of the seventeenth century, and witnessed the brutality of the English Civil War.– King Charles I was beheaded, then there was a

“Glorious Revolution” when William and Mary came to the throne and signed the English Bill of Rights.

Hobbes and Locke The two men have different views on human

nature, and this is simply a result of their individual experiences.

Hobbes concluded that the nature of humans was competitive, fear was the most powerful motive for action, and the natural state of men is war.

• Locke saw men living in a state of nature which was basically reasonable and cooperative.

Vs.

Create a Venn DiagramCreate a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting Hobbes and Locke. Questions to consider:

– Why would the basic nature of humans be a topic of discussion?

– Why would this be important for developing a concept for an ideal form of government?

– How would these writer have come up with their point of view?

– How could they have come to such different conclusions?

Comparing Hobbes and Locke

Essential Vocabulary

Reason Philosophe Laissez-faire Encyclopedia Social contract

Essential Question

Who were the major Enlightenment thinkers?

The Enlightenment

This was an eighteenth-century philosophy movement.

Intellectuals were greatly impressed with the accomplishments of the Scientific Revolution– For example: the heliocentric theory, Newton’s

laws, and medical breakthroughs

They wanted to apply reason to life.

The Enlightenment They hoped by using reason, natural laws, having

hope, and working towards progress they would achieve a better society than the one they had inherited.

The philosophes

John Locke and Thomas Hobbes obviously influenced the Enlightenment way of thinking.

Isaac Newton’s methodology was used by Enlightenment thinkers to try to better society. There were many people who had ideas about society, government, and people in general.

The philosophes Philosophe is French for

“philosopher”. These people weren’t all

French, however, and they were writers, professors, journalists, economists, and most importantly, social reformers.

They came chiefly from the nobility and middle class.

They’re goal? To change the world.

The philosophes three basic tenets of human nature:

1. Human society is governed by natural laws.

2. These natural laws can be discovered by rational men.

3. Human society can turn from traditional, authoritarian forms, and progress toward a more perfect government through rational thought.

Essential Vocabulary

Salon Separation of powers

Essential Question

What were the cultural, political, and social

impacts of the Enlightenment?

Descartes

Montaigne

Beccaria

Mary Wollstonecraft

Rousseau

Voltaire

Diderot

Montesquieu

How did these ideas spread?

Reading– Books were being directed at the middle class

as well as the elite. Women were also beginning to be considered customers.

– Magazines were developed for the general public to read. Daily newspapers also became common. Often cheap, or even free, they offered information and news to even the poorest people.

How did these ideas spread? Salons

– The wealthy upper class had rooms in their houses called salons. These were large parlor rooms meant for entertaining.

– Invited guests would gather in these salons and take part in conversations that were often centered on these new Enlightenment ideas.

– Women were an important part of this social establishment. The salons were often hosted by women, and found they could sway public opinion, and influence literary and artistic tastes.

Salon Rules

No sitting down. This is a Parisian salon, it is rude to sit! Stay in character.

Conversation must stay within proper boundaries. – Definition of justice– Relationship of government

and the individual– Role of the ruler as servant of

the people– Rights of the people– Is government good, bad, or a

necessary evil?– Attitudes towards specific

topics like religion, social classes, education, right to revolt, and war.

Let’s start with art.

Baroque.– DRAMA, DRAMA, DRAMA.

Baroque art is characterized by dramatic affects used to arouse

emotion. Palaces and churches were magnificent and richly detailed.

How did baroque art and architecture reflect the 17th century search for

power?

Art and Architecture

The baroque style began to be replaced by rococo.– Stressed grandeur,

power, emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action.

– Delicate designs colored in gold with graceful cruves.

Music

The eighteenth century was one of the greatest periods in history of European music.– Johann Sebastian Bach

• Composed Mass in B Minor, making him one of the greatest composers of all time

– Frederick Handel• Composed Messiah, a masterpiece

MusicLISTEN TO PIECES ON INTERNET

Franz Haydn– The “liberty” of writing

for the public instead of princes inspired his works The Creation and The Seasons.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart– Child prodigy, but a

miserable life.– Wrote The Marriage of

Figaro, The Magic Flute, and Don Giovanni—the world’s three most famous and greatest operas.

Enlightened Absolutism The philosophes believed in natural rights

for all people. This included equality before the law; freedom of religious worship, speech, press; the right to assemble, hold property, and pursue happiness. Philosophes believed people needed to be

governed by enlightened rulers.

What characteristics do you think an enlightened ruler should have?

Enlightened Absolutism Frederick the Great (Prussia) Maria Theresa (Austria) Catherine the Great (Russia)

Enlightened Absolutism?

These three rulers were still preoccupied with their quest for power and well-being of their states, not necessarily the rights of their people.

They desired a balance of power in Europe between the countries, and this meant war—a very un-Enlightenment idea.

The Seven Years War: 1756-1763

This was a global war known as the “Great War for Empire”. Austria and Prussia started it, but soon most of the European powers

were involved. All of them had one goal: land. The European war ended in 1763, and all

occupied territories went to their original owners.

Great Britain and France were fighting in India and North America, mostly.

The Seven Years War

The French finally gave up and allowed the British to take over India at the end of 1763.

The greatest conflicts were in North America. Sometimes called “The French and Indian War”, the British eventually defeated the French on two fronts: Canada and Louisiana.

By 1763, the British had become the world’s largest colonial power.

Essential Question

What is the legacy of the Enlightenment?