Enhancing Thinking & Learning via Mechanism Maps Richard M. Schwartzstein, MD David H. Roberts, MD Shapiro Institute for Education and Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center HMS Academy A teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School Education is at the heart of patient care.
A teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. Enhancing Thinking & Learning via Mechanism Maps. Richard M. Schwartzstein, MD David H. Roberts, MD Shapiro Institute for Education and Research Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center HMS Academy. Education is at the heart of patient care. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Enhancing Thinking & Learning via Mechanism Maps
Richard M. Schwartzstein, MD
David H. Roberts, MD
Shapiro Institute for Education and ResearchBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
HMS Academy
A teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School
Education is at the heart of patient care.
A teaching hospital ofHarvard Medical School
After this session, you will be able:
• To describe the underlying cognitive theory behind the use of concept maps and mechanism maps
• To use mechanism maps to foster linkage of basic and clinical science concepts
• To enhance teaching of analytical reasoning in the approach to clinical problems
A teaching hospital ofHarvard Medical School
How do we facilitate deep learning?Modified from Harasym et al. 2008
Surface Learning-- New info not linked to
previous knowledge-- Knowledge abundant but
disorganized-- Focus on memorization
and recall-- Learn concepts and facts
without reflection
Deep Learning-- Relates new knowledge to
previous knowledge-- Content organized into
coherent whole-- Focus on problem-solving;
synthesis, application, transfer-- Link concepts/principles to
everyday experience
A teaching hospital ofHarvard Medical School
Encoding and Retrieval of Information Influences Learning
Karpicke and Blunt, Science Express, 2011• “Activities that promote effective encoding,
known as elaborative study tasks, are important for learning”
• “Because each act of retrieval changes memory, the act of reconstructing knowledge must be considered essential to the process of learning”
A teaching hospital ofHarvard Medical School
Problem Solving and Neural Networks Adapted from Jung-Beeman et al., PLoS Biology, 2004
Problem solving relies on cortical networks for access to and use of information
Problems without obvious/immediate solutions require engagement of distinct neural and cognitive processes
These processes allow solvers to see connections that may have previously eluded them
A teaching hospital ofHarvard Medical School
Encourage inductive reasoning to enhance thinking
Modified from Pottier et al. Med Ed 2010
Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning
A teaching hospital ofHarvard Medical School
What do Concept Maps incorporate?
A teaching hospital ofHarvard Medical School
Mechanistic Mapping“The mechanistic case diagram is a student constructed
tool whose objective is to trace, in stepwise form, the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading from underlying causes of disease (including genetic, microbiologic, and social) to the clinical signs and symptoms and psychosocial consequences described in a PBL case.”
Guerrero APS, Acad. Med. 2001;76:385–389
A teaching hospital ofHarvard Medical School
…and now, let’s try one!
A teaching hospital ofHarvard Medical School
Chief Complaint
PJ is a 51 year old woman with a one year history of intermittent abdominal pain who now presents with nausea, vomiting, and worsening abdominal pain.
A teaching hospital ofHarvard Medical School
HistoryPMH- Type II Diabetes- Hypertension- Rheumatoid Arthritis- Obesity- NO history of gallstones,
hypertriglyceridemia or prior pancreatitis
PSH
- Low-transverse abdominal scar c/w possible gynecologic surgery
Exam notable for: • ET tube properly positioned with bilateral breath sounds. • Abdomen firm, distended, and dull to percussion. • Extremities cool. No edema.