1 Enhancing Maritime Security & Counter-Piracy Captain Hartmut G. Hesse Special Representative of the S-G (retd) (Maritime Security & Counter-Piracy Programmes) International Maritime Organization [email protected] www.imo.org
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Enhancing Maritime Security & Counter-Piracy
Captain Hartmut G. Hesse
Special Representative of the S-G (retd)
(Maritime Security & Counter-Piracy Programmes)
International Maritime Organization
www.imo.org
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Enhancing Maritime Safety and Security
SOLAS and the ISPS Code
AIS/LRIT
SUA Treaties – boarding provisions
Piracy
- Legal Basis
- Global Situation
- Regional Agreements
- Counter-Piracy Capacity Building
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Special Measures to Enhance Maritime Security
SOLAS Chapter XI-2 & ISPS Code
Entered into force on 1 July 2004
On 1 July 2004 applied to 147 States
On 1 April 2013 applies to 162 States
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Chapter XI-2
Applies to:-
>Passenger Ships
>Cargo Ships => 500GT
>Mobile offshore Drilling Units
>Port facilities serving ships engaged in international voyages
Chapter XI-1 Vessels required to have:-
Ship Identification Number
Continuous Synopsis Record
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Chapter XI-2
Vessels required to have:-
Ship Security Alert System (SSAS)
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Chapter V
Vessels Require to have:-
Automated Identification Systems (AIS)
Long-Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT) Systems
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LRIT - Long-Range Identification and Tracking of ships
SOLAS regulation V/19-1 on LRIT - 01/01/08
Performance standards and functional requirements
(Equipment; Service providers; Data Centres – national, regional, co-operative, international; International Data Exchange; Data distribution plan; System security; System performance; Co-ordinator)
Inter-governmental oversight - IMSO
Data access by flag-, port- and coastal States and
SAR services
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LRIT information may be provided when a ship navigates within a distance not exceeding 1,000 nautical miles off the coast
a distance set by the coastal State
limit of territorial sea
Contracting Government requesting LRIT information
Port A
Examples of access to LRIT information
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1 LRIT
Data Centre
International
LRIT Data Exchange
National
LRIT Data Centre
Regional
LRIT Data Centre
Co-operative
LRIT Data Centre
LRIT Data Centres share and
exchange LRIT information
through the International LRIT
Data Exchange
LRIT system architecture
International
LRIT Data Centre
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International
Ship and
Port Facility
Security
Code
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ISPS Code
Company, Ship and Port Facility
Security Officer
Ship & Port Facility Security
Assessment
Ship & Port Facility Security Plan
Training, Drills & Exercises
Verification & Certification
Control and Compliance measures
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Ship & Port Security
Threat Assessment and Threat Level
Access Control and Restricted Areas
Security Duties and Roving Patrols
Security Awareness and Vigilance
Security Equipment & Systems
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Guidance
Guidance on the submission of security-related information prior to the entry of a ship into port
Guidance on voluntary self-assessment by SOLAS contracting Governments, ships, port facilities and companies (interim)
Guidance on control and compliance measures to enhance maritime security
Guidance on the implementation of SOLAS chapter XI-2 and the ISPS Code
Maritime Security Manual
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Current agendas and emerging initiatives on maritime security
Frank Wall and Associates
Revision of SUA Convention
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Revision of SUA Convention
New Protocols adopted October 2005
Inclusion of new offences - carriage of WMD (i.e. nuclear & fissile - dual use materials)
Linkage with non-proliferation treaties
Inclusion of provisions for boarding of suspect ships on the high seas
Parties – 12/3 ratifications required
Status – 23/19 ratifications – in force 28/7/10
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Current agendas and emerging initiatives on maritime security
Frank Wall and Associates
Revision of SUA Convention: Article 8 bis Boarding provisions
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Essential Elements of Article 8bis
Requirement to cooperate to the fullest extent possible
Process & options for making, receiving, and responding to boarding requests
Allocation & preservation of enforcement jurisdiction
Conduct of boarding & disposition operations Recourse for damage, harm, or loss Further implementation
PIRACY
United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS)
MARITIME ZONES
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Other relevant provisions
IMO Resolutions A.979(24), A.1002(25), A.1026(26) A.1044(27)
UN SC Resolutions 1918/1950/1976/2015/2020
UN SC Resolutions 2018/2039
Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia (CGPCS)
Gulf of Aden IRTC (SN.1/Circ.281)
Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC)
West Central Africa Code of Conduct (WCACoC)
IMO Guidance
IMO Guidance (1)
Global guidance to Governments, ship owners, ship operators and crews on suppression of piracy
Investigation of offences
Somalia-specific guidance including BMP
Guidance to flag States, coastal and port States, ship-owners, ship operators and ship masters on privately contracted armed security personnel (PCASP)
Guidance to PCASP
Guidance to Private Maritime Security Companies providing PCASP
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Global Situation
2012 Global - 342 (571) - -229/40%
South East Asia and Malacca Straits
90 / 24 (113/22) – -23/+2
West Africa
64 (61) - plus 3
East Africa (Somalia)
100 (286) - minus 186
successful 12 (33) - minus 21
success ratio 12% (11.5%)
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Global Situation
Incidents
2010 – 489
2011 – 571
2012 - 342
Hostages taken
2010 – 1179
2011 – 599
2012 - 313
12/2012 – 25 ships
and 313 seafarers
12/2011 – 13 ships
and 261 seafarers
12/2010 – 28 ships
and 656 crew
03/13 – 7 ships and 77 seafarers held hostage
Global Situation
Naval forces patrol
LRIT data provision
Improved
Guidelines and BMP
implementation
Imprisonment of
1000 pirates and
several 100s lost
Carriage of PCASP
Reasons for Somali success/decline
Naval success GoA
Geographical
expansion of pirate
operations
Up to 1750 nm off
Somali coast
2.8 Mio sq miles
mother ship
operations
Consequences
Regional Agreements
South East Asia and Malacca Straits
– ReCAAP 2006
– Cooperative Mechanism 2007
West and Central Africa
– IMO / MOWCA Integrated Coastguard Function Network
– West Central Africa Code of Conduct (WCACoC)
East Africa (Somalia)
– Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC)
– Kampala process
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Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC) (1)
January 2009
20 States in the region
DCoC - co-operation:
a) Investigation, arrest and prosecution
b) Interdiction and seizure
c) Rescue of ships, persons and property
d) Conduct of shared operation
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Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC) (2)
Four Pillars Implementation of national legislation
Establishment of law enforcement / coast guard
capability
Development of capacity through training and other
technical assistance
Improvement of maritime situational awareness
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Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC) (3)
Information sharing centres:
MRCC in Mombasa, Kenya
RCC in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Regional Security Information Centre in Sana’a, Yemen
Regional Training Centre in Djibouti
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MOWCA
IMO / MOWCA “Integrated Coast Guard Function Network” 15 signatory States from the region
Initiatives for the Region
UN Security Council resolutions 2018(2011)
and 2039(2012)
African Union Integrated Maritime Strategy
ECCAS Maritime Strategy
ECOWAS draft Integrated Maritime Strategy
IMO / MOWCA MoU
State responsibilities at sea
Maritime and offshore security
Suppressing piracy and armed robbery
Fishery protection
Counter illegal trafficking
Protecting the environment
Safety of navigation
Search and rescue
Code of Conduct concerning the repression of piracy, armed robbery
against ships, and illicit maritime activity in West and Central Africa
(WCACoC)
Adopted: Cotonou, Benin, 19 March 2013
Open for signature: Head of State meeting
Yaoundé, Cameroon, 17 May 2013
Review of national legislation
Capability for maritime law enforcement
Capacity building cooperation
Coordinated, smooth, and effective
communications through information
exchange centres
Key Objectives
‘Djibouti Code plus’ Addresses: transnational organized crime in the
maritime domain, maritime terrorism, IUU fishing
and other illegal activities at sea
Article 3 - Measures at the National Level
Article 7 - Measures to repress IUU fishing
Article 9 - Embarked Officers
Article 14 – Training and education
African Union is the repository
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Future Action by IMO
Implementation of DCoC
– Legal
–Mariritme Situational Awareness
– Communication
PSSL
Implementation of WCACoC
UN / multi Agency cooperation
Review BMPs and IMO Guidance
Co-operation with Navies
CGPCS e.g. HRA & liability debate
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Future Action by IMO (2) Development of sustainable maritime sector in
Somalia
– Support UNPOS/Kampala process
– SOLAS XI-2 & ISPS Code ratification and implementation
–WMU/IMLI fellowships for Somalis
– Rehabilitation seafarer/fishermen training & certification centres
– Facilitation of maritime transport
– Fishing sector training
– Coast Guard & MDA Capabilities
International Maritime Organization
www.imo.org
Safe, secure and efficient shipping
on clean oceans