Enhancing Bioenergy Sustainability through the use of the GBEP … · 2019-07-03 · Productivity 2. Soil quality 10. Price and supply of a national food basket 18. Net ... thus increasing

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Dr. Tiziana Pirelli Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Enhancing Bioenergy Sustainability through the use of the GBEP sustainability indicators

Implementation of the GSIs for Bioenergy inColombia, Indonesia, Paraguay and Viet Nam:

approach used, main outcomes and recommendations

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Projects duration: from 2011 to 2014 in case of Colombia and Indonesia;from 2016 to 2018 for Viet Nam and Paraguay

Financial support: International Climate Initiative (IKI – Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety of Germany)

Overarching projects goals:

1.to strengthen the capacity of relevant national institutions and organizations to assess bioenergy sustainability via the GBEP indicators;

2.to use the results of the measurement of the GBEP indicators to inform bioenergy policy-making (within the context of low-carbon development);3.to set the basis for a long-term monitoring of bioenergy sustainability to boost the development of a sound bioenergy sector

Projects overview

GBEP sustainability indicators for all types of bioenergy

• GBEP has developed a set of 24 indicators for the assessment and monitoring of bioenergy sustainability at national level

• The GBEP indicators cover each of the three pillars of sustainability and address the production and useof all liquid, solid and gaseous biofuels for heating and cooking, electrification and transport

INDICATORS

1. Lifecycle GHG emissions 9. Allocation and tenure of land

for new bioenergy production 17. Productivity

2. Soil quality 10. Price and supply of a national

food basket 18. Net energy balance

3. Harvest levels of wood resources

11. Change in income 19. Gross value added

4. Emissions of non-GHG air pollutants, including air toxics

12. Jobs in the bioenergy sector 20. Change in consumption of

fossil fuels and traditional use of biomass

5. Water use and efficiency 13. Change in unpaid time spent

by women and children collecting biomass

21. Training and re-qualification of the workforce

6. Water quality 14. Bioenergy used to expand

access to modern energy services

22. Energy diversity

7. Biological diversity in the landscape

15. Change in mortality and burden of disease attributable to indoor smoke

23. Infrastructure and logistics for distribution of bioenergy

8. Land use and land-use change related to bioenergy feedstock production

16. Incidence of occupational injury, illness and fatalities

24. Capacity and flexibility of use of bioenergy

ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC

MSWG

Multilateral

Public sector

Private sector• National Multi-Stakeholder Working Groups

(MSWGs) established

• Measurement of the GBEP indicators carried out by national centers of excellence

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In Indonesia:

• Bogor Agricultural University;• Indonesian Soil Research Institute;• Indonesian Geospatial Information

Agency;• Re-mark Asia

In Viet Nam:

• Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VAAS)• Asian Institute of Technology Center

in Vietnam (AITCV)• Hanoi University of Science and

Technology (HUST)

Approach used- Multidisciplinary team

Biomass production

Biomass harvest and pre-treatment

Biomass and bioenergy transport

Bioenergyproduction

Bioenergyend use

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Productivity, LU and LUC, crop

cycle and cultivation practices

Harvest practices: manual/ mechanized

– pre-treatment technologies

Technology for bioenergy end

uses – efficiencies

Means of transport, logistics,

infrastructures, actors

Scale of uses, production

technologies

Approach used - LCA

Cross-cutting and integrated approach

Knowledge sharing

Regional workshops held at the end of the projects to:

- share the results of the project;

- raise awareness on best practices

and lessons learned; and

- learn from other countries related

experiences.

LATIN AMERICA

SOUTH EAST ASIA

Publication and launch of final reports

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http://www.globalbioenergy.org

Project outcomes

http://www.globalbioenergy.org/

Pilot project in Colombia and Indonesia: 2012-2014

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Selected bioenergy pathways

Sugarcane based ethanol

Palm oil based biodiesel

IndonesiaColombia

Enhancing Bioenergy Sustainability through the use of the GBEP sustainability indicatorsManila, Philippines, 24 June 2019

Philippine International Convention Center (PICC)

Biodiesel

POME CH4 capture systems

COLOMBIA

•Significant recent increase in production of sugarcane-based ethanol (with cogeneration from bagasse), following the introduction of blending mandates (≈8%) ⇒

•From 2005 onwards: decrease in sugar exports, with domestic supply of sugar for food substantially stable;

•Relatively minor expansion in sugarcane area; yields (≈ 119 t/ha, among the highest in the World) substantially stable;

•Minimal or even no impact on employment, but better conditions

•Good GHG emission profile

•Importance of avoiding/reducing pre-harvest cane burning ⇒mechanization of harvesting process

•Potential pressure on water resources (fertilizer and pesticides) and susceptibility to soil salinization

Sugarcane based ethanol

• Mandate ≈ 10% (different areas)

• Strong recent increase in palm oil-based biodiesel production ⇒

• decrease in palm oil exports, with domestic supply of palm oil for food substantially stable. Impact on PO domestic price;

• Significant expansion of planted area ⇒ LUC;

• Job creation and inclusive business models

• Good practices: recently born Private Partnership and Consortia for OP producers: improved access to credit, strengthening the inclusion of smallholders;

COLOMBIA


≠ scenarios ≠ C footprint with LUC and methane capture system as

key drivers

GHG emissions

INDONESIA


Land-use change to Oil Palm (1990 – 2010)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

19

90

20

00

20

05

20

10

19

90

20

00

20

05

20

10

19

90

20

00

20

05

20

10

Are

a (m

illio

n h

a)

Papua

Kalimantan

Sumatra

Cumulative OP planted area in Sumatera +

Kalimantan + Papua (ha)

In 2010 on S+K+P there were 6.2

Mha of oil palm on mineral soils

and 1.4 Mha on peat soils

INDONESIA


Sumatra LUC to OP map 1990 - 2010

Oil palm plantations overlap with:

•High Conservation Value areas for around 655.000 ha in Sumatra and Kalimantan;

•High Biodiversity Value areas or critical ecosystems for 13.8% in Sumatra and 22.6% in Kalimantan

Key recommendations:

Avoid feedstock production on:

- high carbon stock (peatlands) and

- HCV areas

INDONESIA


FFB yield (ton/y), 1990-2012

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Promote the sustainable intensification of OP

cultivation, especially among smallholders through:

- replanting;

- improved management practices;

- selection of high productive varieties

INDONESIA

The yield is

relatively stable

and low:

potential for

significant

increase.


Palm Oil Mill Effluents treatmentsAs of 2012 less than 5% of the over 600 Indonesian PO mills were

equipped with POME methane capture systems: crucial for mitigating

GHGemissions and for energy generation (biogas)

INDONESIA


Support the uptake of systems to capture methane emissions and

generate energy from POME, to displace both traditional biomass

and fossil fuels, thus increasing energy diversity and security


Full implementation in Viet Nam and Paraguay: 2016-2018

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Ethanol Wood energyBiogas

ParaguayViet Nam

Enhancing Bioenergy Sustainability through the use of the GBEP sustainability indicatorsManila, Philippines, 24 June 2019

Philippine International Convention Center (PICC)

Selected bioenergy pathways

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Scale Main feedstock

Installed plants

Operative plants

Small (household) (10 m3)

Pig manure 450 000 405 000

Medium (500 m3)

Pig manure, cassava wastewater

14 370 12 933

Large (2 000 m3)

Pig manure, cassava wastewater

1 000 900

VIET NAM

The main feedstock is animal manure:

• Biogas used mainly at household level for cooking and lighting purposes. Average cost is 200 USD/tank

• Biogas used at large scale mainly for power generation, fuel for generators, heating production (dry feedstock, seeds), waste management strategy

Huge potential for future sector development:

• 27 Million pigs and 5.2 million cattle (buffalo, cows);

• only the 0.3% of 17,000 large scale pig farms (with more than 500 pigs per farm) currently has a biogas plant;

• Large amount of organic waste suitable as feedstock for biogas

No of Biogas plants in VN as of 2016 (MARD, 2016)

Biogas

Main benefitsBiogas displaces traditional biomass and fossil fuels, with multiple benefits, e.g.:

• Reduced household expenditures on energy (ind. 11)

• Increased access to modern energy services (ind. 14)

• Reduced time spent collecting fuelwood (ind. 13)

• Reduced exposure to indoor air pollution and to the related health risks (ind. 15)

• Reduce odor and emissions from pig manure (Inds. 1 and 4)

Plus, demand for skilled jobs linked to the construction and operation of ADs, such as masons and technicians

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VIET NAM

• ADs often poorly managed, leading to:

– reduced efficiency of the digestionprocess (ind.18)

– excessively diluted digestate, discouraging farmers from transporting it to the field to apply it to the soil, and leading to itsdischarge into the environment, with negative impacts on water and soil quality (inds. 6 and 2)

• At HH scale: potential biogas leakages due to cracks in the ADs and intentional release (or venting) of surplus biogas, which can result in significant methane emissions

• At farm scale: very limited power generation, with most of biogas vented or flared, with significant GHG emissions;

Main challenges and issuesBiogas

Barriers to adoption

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VIET NAM

• High building costs of ADs, with long payback periods

• Lack of technical skills in the private sector to install and maintain ADs

• Inability to manufacture appliances and digesters locally

• Poorly developed biogas-based energy conversion equipment, with low heat conversion efficiency

• Lack of institutional coordination among relevant national/local entities and international donors

Biogas

• Establishment of micro-financing schemes to support the installation of household ADs

• Improved design of ADs and trainings for farmers on their effective management

• Promotion of power generation from surplus biogas at farm and industrial levels

• Consultations with - and active engagement of - private sector and NGOs

• Stronger institutional coordination at national level and participation of local and provincial agencies in decision-making

Recommendations

• As of December 2017, only 2 plants operating, well below their capacity

• Very limited ethanol blending with gasoline (less than 30,000 m3

in 2016)

Low ethanol production and consumption due to:

- low gasoline prices between 2014 and 2017

- lack of ethanol blending mandate (E5 mandate adopted only in January 2018)

- lack of reliable supply of affordable feedstock, e.g. due to long transportation distances and exports

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VIET NAM

Limited impacts:

• Minor income and employmenteffects (ind. 11, 12)

• Negligible impact on consumption of fossil fuels (ind. 20) and minor contribution to energy diversity (ind. 22)

• No significant pressures on land / land use (ind. 8), biodiversity (ind.7), land tenure (ind. 9) and food security (ind. 10)

Cassava-based ethanol

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Cassava based ethanol Gasoline

gCO2e/MJ fuel

58.36

94.00

VIET NAM

RECOMMENDATIONS:-Use of improved varieties,

advanced cultivation techniques and

low impact agricultural practices;

-Adoption of more efficient

processing technologies;

-Reduced reliance of ethanol plants

on coal for their energy needs, in

favor of less carbon intensive

options (e.g. biogas and other

renewables);

-Improved logistics of supply chain

and reduced transportation

distances of feedstock and ethanol.

Low levels of productivity and

efficiency along the supply chain and

especially in feedstock production


Impact scenario of E5 mandate

• With implementation of E5 mandate, need for close monitoring of the aforementioned pressures and of the impact of cassava cultivation/harvesting on soil erosion (ind. 2), especially on sloping lands, where sustainable agricultural practices (e.g. minimum till) should be identified and promoted;

• However, the large surplus of cassava in Viet Nam, with exports absorbing the vast majority of domestic production, is likely to mitigate these pressures

• Nonetheless, to reduce the risk of competition with other cassava uses and of trade-offs with exports, sustainable cassava intensification should be promoted

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VIET NAM


23

0

50000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

30000000

Pro

du

cció

n d

e e

tan

ol (

litr

os)

Año

Año Produccion (Lts.)

2005 56.760.000

2006 59.760.000

2007 78.000.000

2008 108.000.000

2009 144.000.000

2010 156.000.000

2011 179.500.000

2012 185.500.000

2013 210.843.216

2014 217.884.896

2015 240.026.392

2016 277.750.000

In 2016 ethanol was

produced from:

– grains (56%) = 82 637 ha of

maize;

– sugarcane (44%) = 33 668 ha

Accounted for around 28%

of total gasoline

consumption, reducing

country dependence on fossil

fuel imports

PARAGUAY

From 56 Ml in 2005 to 278 Ml in 2016

Sugarcane and maize-based ethanol

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GHG emissions savings compared to gasoline

Maíz zafriña Caña de Azúcar PECaña de Azúcar

MGE

Uso 0.97 0.97 0.97

Procesamiento 0.64 3.36 3.36

Transporte 2.84 8.30 8.31

Cultivo 19.73 6.12 10.86

USCUS 20.06 54.07 33.27

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

gCO

2e

q/M

J Et

OH

-53% -40%-23%

• Greatest GHG

emission savings for

maize-based ethanol

• LUC: lower in maize

that is cultivated in

crop rotation

• Sugarcane yield: lower

at small scale (40 vs. 65

t/ha)

• Ethanol yield: higher

in case of sugarcane:

• 76.5 GJ/ha

• 31.1 GJ/ha

Use

Processing

Transport

Cultivation

LUC

Sugarcane at LSSugarcane at SSMaize

PARAGUAY


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Recommendations

• Sustainable intensification of feedstock cultivation is needed, especially for sugarcane at small scale

• LUC should be reduced and possibly avoided

• Regular monitoring of soil and water quality in feedstock production areas should be guaranteed

• Issues of policies to incentivize industries that have sustainability certification to minimize the main environmental and social risks

PARAGUAY


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Despite having one of the highest

electrification rates in Latin America,

(100% of urban households and 98% of

rural households have access to

electricity), 50% of rural population

still use traditional energy for cooking

and heating.

PARAGUAY

Wood energy

• Fuelwood is mainly burnt on open fire, with impacts on human

health due to exposure to smoke and indoor air pollution (Ind. #15).

• On average, household members spend 4 h/week to gather fuelwood

and cover a distance between 1 to 4 km (Ind. #13);

• Due to the loss of forests, wood has become scarce (especially in the

eastern part of the country) and the population must buy it or spend

large amounts of time collecting it (Ind. #13).

20091945

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Balance: demand and sustainable supply of woody

biomass for energy

Author’s elaboration based on MOPC, VMME y GIZ, 2013

Sectors From… (t/y) …to (t/y)

Demand

Household 4 100 000 6 100 000

Industrial 4 415 000 6 047 000

Total 8 515 000 12 147 000

Sustainable* forest biomass

supply for bioenergy productionTotal 927 560 1 162 365

Net balance Total -7 587 440 -10 984 635

Wood supply from sustainable production is not sufficient to cover its current

demand at household and industrial levels, thus resulting in a negative

balance of approximately 7.5-11 Mt/y.

* From sustainably managed productive native forests and forests plantations

PARAGUAY

Wood energy

Mainly due to inefficient

technologies

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GHG emission of Eucalyptus chips and charcoal at

industrial level

Eucalyptus chips

for bioenergygCO2eq/MJ

Use 0.40

Processing 0.10

Transport 2.00

Cultivation 5.20

LUC 3.10

Total 10.80

110.92

10.80

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

gC

O2eq

/MJ

Charcoal Eucalyptus

chips

Author’s elaboration as part of LCA for Ind. 1

PARAGUAY

Wood energy

By-product

use

Biomass transformation

Bioenergy production and use

Woody biomass production

Speed up the implementation of existing policies and strategic plans:• National Reforestation Plan – 2012: to enhance biomass production;

• National Plan for Energy Efficiency – 2015: to enhance process efficiency: by using

improved feedstock and technologies

PARAGUAY

Speed up the adoption of alternative technologies and feedstock:• Gasification/Pyrolisis

• Biogas production

• Add value to agricultural waste and residues

RecommendationsWood energy

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Improve national data collection strategies at all levels

for example

– systematize, update and publish data through a joint effort

among private sector, research institutions and regulatory

bodies;

– social data challenging, especially at household level; and

– data on the final use of bioenergy products and by-products

(would help to attribute impacts to bioenergy)

Additional GBEP guidance needed:

GSI implementation guide

Lessons learned

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Contact-us: [email protected]

Thanks for your attention!

Enhancing Bioenergy Sustainability through the use of the GBEP … · 2019-07-03 · Productivity 2. Soil quality 10. Price and supply of a national food basket 18. Net ... thus increasing

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