ENGLISH MODULE UNIT 2 'What' Clauses Gerund and Infinitive Compiled by: Yulita Dwi Puspasari, S.Pd YAYASAN WIDYA BHAKTI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS SANTA ANGELA TERAKREDITASI A Jl. Merdeka No. 24 Bandung 022. 4214714 – Fax.022. 4222587 http//: www.smasantaangela.sch.id, e-mail : [email protected]043 URS is member of Registar of Standards (Holding) Ltd. ISO 9001 : 2008 Cert. No. 47484/A/0001/UK/En
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ENGLISH MODULE
UNIT 2
'What' Clauses
Gerund and Infinitive
Compiled by: Yulita Dwi Puspasari, S.Pd
YAYASAN WIDYA BHAKTI
SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS
SANTA ANGELA
TERAKREDITASI A
Jl. Merdeka No. 24 Bandung 022. 4214714 – Fax.022. 4222587
3. Menganalisis fungsi sosial, struktur teks dan unsur
kebahasaan 'what clauses', gerund and infinitive,
sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya.
4. Menyusun teks lisan dan tulis 'what clauses',
gerund and infinitive , dengan memperhatikan
fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan
yang benar dan sesuai konteks.
English Module, Unit 2 Page 4
III. Tujuan Pembelajaran
Siswa diharapkan dapat:
1. Memahami penggunaan 'what' clauses, gerund
and infinitive dengan cerdas.
2. Memahami kegunaan masing-masing komponen
'what' clauses, gerund and infinitive dengan
cerdas.
3. Menghasilkan kalimat dengan menggunakan 'what
clauses', gerund and infinitive dengan gigih.
Conceptual Map
Unit 2
'what' clauses
Gerund and Infinitive
English Module, Unit 2 Page 5
Materials
What" Clauses
Compare the following sentences.
o We gave them home-made ice cream. and
o What we gave them was some home-made ice
cream.
If we want to focus particular attention on certain
information in a sentence, we sometimes a what-clause
followed by be. The information we want to focus
attention on is outside the what-clause. We often use this
if we want to introduce a new topic, to give a reason,
instruction, explanation, or to correct something that has
been said or done. In the following examples, the
information in focus is underlined.
o What I'd like you to work on is exercise 2 on
page 80.
o Tim arrived two hours late; what had happened
was that his bicycle chain had broken.
We can often put the what-clause either at the beginning
or the end of the sentence:
o What upset me most was his rudeness. or
o His rudeness was what upset me most.
English Module, Unit 2 Page 6
To emphasize an action performed by someone, we use a
sentence with what.....do....
o Dave lost his job and was short of money, so
what he did was (to) sell his flat and move in with
his brother.
A : When the bookcase arrived, two shelves
were broken.
B : Did you send it back?
A : No, what we did was (to) send them a letter
of complaint.
The pattern in this kind of sentence is What + subject +
do + be + to-infinitive clause.
Exercise 1
Rewrite the ideas, beginning with “What”
1. The police interviewed all the witnesses to the
accident first. What the police did first was interview all the witnesses to the accident.
2. You should invest all your money in telecoms
companies.
__________________________________________
3. She writes all her novels on a typewriter.
__________________________________________
4. Their car broke down on the motorway so they didn't
get to Jo's wedding on time.
__________________________________________
5. She works in a coffee shop on the 5th floor.
__________________________________________
6. She draws caricatures on Saturdays to earn extra
money.
___________________________________________
English Module, Unit 2 Page 7
Exercise 2
Think about 5 things you love doing on the weekend.
Write 5 true sentences with the structure “What....is...”.
Example: What I like doing on the weekend is read
novels.
1. ___________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________
Gerunds and Infinitives
1. A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "read" is "reading." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
a. Reading helps you learn English. subject of sentence
b. I'm excited about reading novel. object of preposition
c. I enjoy reading. object of sentence
English Module, Unit 2 Page 8
Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Admit He admitted cheating on the test Advise The doctor generally advised
drinking low-fat milk. Anticipate I anticipated arriving late. Appreciate I appreciate hearing from them Avoid He avoided talking to her Complete He completed renovating the
house. Consider I will consider going with you Delay He delayed leaving for school Deny She denied committing the
crime Discuss They discussed opening a new
business Dislike She dislikes working after 5 PM. Enjoy We enjoy hiking Finish She finished studying about ten Forget I’ll never forget visiting
Napoleon’s tomb. Can’t help I can’t help worrying about it Keep I keep hoping he will come Mention She mentioned going to a movie Mind Would you mind helping me
with this? Miss I miss being with my family Postpone Let’s postpone leaving until
tomorrow
English Module, Unit 2 Page 9
Practice She practiced singing the song. Quit She quit worrying about the
problem. Recall Tom recalled using his credit
card at the store. Recollect She recollected living in Kenya. Recommend Tony recommended taking the
train. Regret She regretted saying that. Remember I remember telling her the
address yesterday. resent Nick resented Debbie's being
there. Resist He resisted asking for help. Risk He risked being caught. Stop She stopped working at 5
o'clock. suggest They suggested staying at the
hotel. tolerate She won’t tolerate cheating
during an examination Try Sam tried opening the lock with
a paperclip. understand I don’t understand his leaving
school
English Module, Unit 2 Page 10
English Module, Unit 2 Page 11
Reference list of verbs followed by gerunds
English Module, Unit 2 Page 12
2. Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.
Examples:
a. To learn is important. subject of sentence b. The most important thing is to learn.
complement of sentence c. He wants to learn. object of sentence
Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Afford I can’t afford to buy it. Agree Tom agreed to help me.
Appear His health appeared to be better.
Arrange Naomi arranged to stay with her
cousin in Miami.
Ask He asked to come with us Beg He begged to come with us. Care He doesn't care to participate in the
activity.
Claim She claimed to be a princess.
Consent She finally consented to marry him.
Decide I have decided to leave on Monday.
English Module, Unit 2 Page 13
Demand He demanded to speak to Mr.
Harris. Deserve He deserves to go to jail.
Expect They expect to arrive early.
Fail He failed to get enough money to
pay for the new project. Forget I forgot to mail the letter. Hesitate Don’t hesitate to ask for my help. Hope Jane hopes to arrive next week. Learn He learned to play the piano. Manage He managed to open the door
without the key. Mean I didn’t mean to hurt your feeling. Need I need to have your opinion Offer They offered to help us.
Plan I am planning to have a party. Prepare They prepared to take the test.
Pretend The child pretended to be a monster.
Promise She promised to stop smoking.
Refuse The guard refused to let them enter
the building.
Regret I regret to inform you that your
application was rejected.
Remember Did you remember to lock the door
when you left?
Seem Nancy seemed to be disappointed.
Struggle I struggled to stay awake. Swear She swore to tell the truth.
Threaten She threatened to tell my parents. Voulunteer He volunteered to help us. Wait She waited to buy a movie ticket.
English Module, Unit 2 Page 14
Want I want to tell you something. Wish She wishes to come with us.
Reference list of verbs followed by infinitives
Common verbs followed by either infinitives
of gerunds
English Module, Unit 2 Page 15
Remember + gerund This is when you remember something that has happened in the past. You have a memory of it, like being able to see a movie of it in your head.
I remember going to the beach when I was a child. (= I have a memory of going to the beach).
He remembers closing the door. (= He has a memory of closing the door).
English Module, Unit 2 Page 16
Remember + to + infinitive This is when you think of something that you need to do. (And usually, you then do the thing).
I remembered to buy milk. (= I was walking home and the idea that I needed milk came into my head, so I bought some).
She remembered to send a card to her grandmother.
Forget + gerund This is the opposite of remember + gerund. It's when you forget about a memory, something that you've done in the past.
Have we really studied this topic before? I forget reading about it.
I told my brother that we'd spent Christmas at Granny's house in 1985, but he'd forgotten going there.
Forget + to + infinitive This is the opposite of remember + to + infinitive. It's when you want to do something, but you forget about it.
I forgot to call my mother. (= I wanted to call my mother, but when it was a good time to call her, I forgot. I was thinking about something else, and the idea to call my mother didn't come into my head).
English Module, Unit 2 Page 17
Try + gerund This is when you do something as an experiment. The thing you do is not difficult, but you want to see if doing it will have the result that you want.
I wanted to stop smoking, so I tried using nicotine patches. (= Using nicotine patches was easy, but I wanted to know if it would help me stop smoking).
She tried giving up chocolate, but it didn't help her lose weight. (It was easy for her to give up chocolate. She gave it up to see if it would help her lose weight, but it didn't).
Try + to + infinitive This is when the thing you do itself is difficult and you don't succeed in doing it.
I tried to lift the suitcase, but it was too heavy. She tried to catch the bus, but she couldn't run
fast enough.
Look at the difference:
It was too hot in the room. I tried opening the window (it was easy to open the window). It didn't help though, because it was very hot outside too.
I tried to open the window, but I couldn't because it was stuck.Stop + gerund When we stop doing something it means the verb in the gerund is the thing that we stop. It
English Module, Unit 2 Page 18
can mean 'stop forever' or 'stop at that moment'.
I stopped working when I was expecting a baby. (Working is the thing I stopped).
Stop + to + infinitive In this case, we stop something else in order to do the verb in the infinitive.
I stopped to eat lunch. (I stopped something else, maybe working or studying, because I wanted to eat lunch.
Regret + gerund This is when you are sorry about something you did in the past and you wish you hadn't done it.
I regret going to bed so late. I'm really tired today.
She regrets leaving school when she was sixteen. She wishes that she had studied more and then gone to university.
Regret + to + infinitive We use this construction when we are giving someone bad news, in quite a formal way. The verb is almost always something like 'say' or 'tell' or 'inform'.
I regret to tell you that the train has been delayed.
The company regrets to inform employees that the London office will close next year
English Module, Unit 2 Page 19
Use gerund/infinitive in the following.
1. Alan can’t stand _________ on trains. (riding/ to ride)
2. Mr. Harris enjoys _________ people out to dinner. (inviting / to invite)
3. In the old days, gentlemen challenged their rivals _______. (fighting / to fight)
4. Jim stopped _________ his shoelace. Wait for him. (tying / to tie)
5. My wife always volunteers ___________ cakes PTA meetings. (baking / to bake)
6. Don’t waste my time ___________ about your salary. (complaining/ to complain)
7. Eva is having trouble _________ on the exam. (concentrating / to concentrate)
8. Please allow me ____________ your Facebook page. (joining / to join)
9. You won’t forget _________milk on your way home, will you? (picking up /to pick up)
10. She pretended ___________ (be) a student in order to get a student discount.
11. She waited to ___________ (see) what would happen next.
12. The child denied___________ (steal) the piece of candy.
13. We fully intend ___________ (pay) you for all the work you have done for us.
14. You seem ___________ (be) a little distracted. Is everything alright?
English Module, Unit 2 Page 20
15. Laura and Ed discussed ___________ (move) to the city to find work; however, in the end, they decided against relocating.
16. She refused ___________ (admit)that she had made a mistake.
17. After his accident last year, he would never consider___________ (buy) another motorcycle.
18. Margaret just happened ___________ (find) the lost car keys while she was looking for something else.
19. He never admitted___________ (have) the wild party while his parents were out of town.
20. The doctor ordered Mr Gray ___________(smoke, not)
Glossary
Clause (n) A part of sentence that has its own subject