English (Module 1 and 2)

Module 2 Valuing Others and their CircumstancesLesson 1

FINDING OTHER’S GREATNESS

We forge lasting relationships with others when we recognize their greatness instead of their weaknesses. This is an essential step in becoming connected with them. As the lesson unfolds, think of the question, “What is greatness?”

- The quality of being great; something we yearn for, we dream. Greatness will be achieved through an enormous hard work over of what you wish for an extended period.

Be not afraid of greatness; some are born great, some achieve greatness, and others have….greatness thrust upon them.-William Shakespeare

Explanation: The quote means that every person is destined to be great at some point in their life and they should not be afraid of carrying that type of responsibility but there are some people are born great while others have to work at it.

READING TEXT 1 Auld Lang Syne“The song Auld Lang Syne is referring to the new beginnings and changing times. It’s about letting go of the past and old relationships.”Motive Question: How do we celebrate the “greatness” of the people we know?

- We can celebrate the greatness of the people we know y not forgetting the things they did that made them great and also having a small feast will do.

READING TEXT 2 I Think Continually Of Those Who Were Truly Great- Stephen SpenderMotive Question: Who do we consider truly great?

- The poem I Think Continually of Those Who are Truly Great by Stephen Spender has an attempt to describe what makes a person “truly” great. The poem consider soldier as truly great not only the war men but also the people who selflessly fights for what they believe in.

FIGURES OF SPEECH ONOMATOPOEAI

Onomatopoeia is sound device used by poets to suggest actions, mvements, and meanings.e.g., The hissing of the snake made me shoo it away.The bubbling brook breaks.

ALLITERATION Alliteration is the repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables of an English language phrase.

ASSONANCE Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrase or sentences, and together with alliteration and consonance serves as one of the building blocks of verse. Assonance is a rhyme, the identity of which depends merely on the vowel sounds.

CONSONANCE Consonance is a poetic device characterized by the repetition of the same consonant two or more times in short succession, as in "pitter patter" or in "all mammals named Samare clammy“

IMAGERYImagery refers to the "pictures" which we perceive with our mind's eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin, and through which we experience the "duplicate world" created by poetic language.

REPETITIONRepetition is a central part of poetry that adds to the enjoyment of a poem. Words , phrases , or lines are repeated to serve a purpose.Examples: Oh, her eyes, her eyes make the stars look like they’re not shining.

METAPHORMetaphor is a figure of speech that is used to refer to another thing in order to show or suggest that they are similar.Example. My brother was a boiling mad. (This implies that he was too angry.)

SIMILEA simile is a figure of speech that describes a subject by asserting that it is, on some point of comparison. It is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things using either “like” or “as”.

PERSONIFICATIONIt is a figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes. (Pagbibigay buhay sa mga bagay na walang buhay.)Example: The wind whispered.

HYPERBOLEIt is a figure of speech which uses exaggeration to evoke strong feelings .Example: I ate tons of hamburgers.

BODY LANGUAGEVerbal 35%Non-Verbal -65%

Facial ExpressionsTone of VoiceMovement AppearanceEye ContactGesturesPosture

ZONES IntimatePersonalSocial Public

Shoulder ShrugShows that a person does not know or understand what you are talking about

Ring or Ok – means all correctTHUMBS-UP

It is an OK signal normally, but, when it is jerked sharply upwards it becomes an insult signal

CONGRUENCE

AGGRESSIVE PALM POSITION DOMINANT PALM POSITION SUBMISSIVE PALM POSITION

CLENCHED HANDSHigh clenched hands indicate people who are difficult to decipher

MOUTH GUARD CATCH A LIE..Suppress the deceitful words Sometimes indicates thinking hard

COLLAR PULL STANDARD ARM CROSS GESTURE Indicates anger & frustration Defensive or negative attitude

ARM GRIPPING GESTURE PARTIAL ARM-CROSS BARRIER GESTURE Show that the user is 'cool’ lacking in self-confidenceand to make his superiority felt

READINESS STANDARD LEG-CROSS POSITION‘Readiness' which in the right context is correct, Shows nervous, reserved or but the basic meaning is aggression defensive attitude

THE 4 LEG LOCK POSITION Sign of the tough-minded, stubborn individual

TERRITORIAL GESTURE Indicates pride of ownership

SPEECH

SPEAKER: Martin Luther King Speech

TITLE: I Have a DreamTOPIC: He calls for an end to racism in the United States. SIGN POSTS AND KEY WORDS:I still have a dream, a dream deeply rooted in the American dream – one day this nation will rise up and live up to its creed, "We hold these truths to be self evident: that all men are created equal." I have a dream... Martin Luther King, Jr. (1963)MAIN IDEA: An American Dream

INFOGRAPHICInformation graphics or info graphics are graphic visual representations of information, data or knowledge intended to present complex information quickly and clearly. They can improve cognition by utilizing graphics to enhance the human visual system’s ability to see patterns and trends. The process of creating info graphics can be referred to as data visualization, information design, or information architecture.

7 ELEMENTS IN MAKING INFOGRAPHIC#1. StoryA story that is factual that can catch an attention to your audience.#2. StyleStyle is subjective but a good designer will know from experience what works. #3. SimplicitySimple design may do. Avoid confusion by creating flow and connection.#4. SizeConsider the number of pixels. It must be clear. Avoid lengthy texts. Be concise. The shorter, the better.

#5. StatisticsIf it is about stats, make sure they are factual and reliable, current and helpful. #6. Share abilityMake your info graphic easy to share. Provide an embed code. #7. SourceMake sure you attribute and let your audience know where you got the facts and figures from. Credibility is an important factor for a successful Info graphic.

What is an adverb of place?- These adverbs always answer one important question: Where?- An adverb of place always talks about the location where the action of the verb is being carried out.- Adverbs of place are normally placed after a sentence’s object or main verb.

- Adverbs of place can be directional: Up, down, around, away, north, southeast- Adverbs of place can refer to distances: Nearby, far away, miles apart- An adverb of place can indicate an object’s position in relation to another object: Below, between, above, behind, through, around and so forth.- Many adverbs of place indicate movement in a particular direction and end in the letters “-ward or -wards”: Toward, forward, backward, homeward, westward, eastwards onwards

NARRATIVE PARAGRAPHA narrative paragraph tells a story. It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time.

SPEECH PREPARATION1. Vocal Variety: The Four P’s

Power refers to the volume you project. Pitch is the frequency of the sound you emit. Pace is your speaking rate. Pause is a temporary stop in action or speech.

2. Gestures / Body LanguageGesture is a movement of part of the body, especially a hand or the head, to express an idea or meaning.

3. Staging“Great speakers move around the speaking area with purpose.”Staging your speech means utilizing the 3-dimensional space around you in the most effective way possible.

If you’re going to order the 3 (Speech Preparation) from the most to least important, what and why?- Vocal Variety- This is the most important in speech preparation because the audience needs to hear your voice

because the message comes from your mouth and it needs to be heard.- Gestures-Gestures is important because this can make you and your speech interesting to watch.- Staging- This is important because making use of the area can make you a great speaker.

Module 2 Valuing Others and their CircumstancesLesson 2

Observing Others’ CircumstancesIn the previous lesson, you have explored the concept on greatness. As you engage in the tasks in this lesson, ask yourself,

“How do I view other people’s circumstances?”- I view others circumstances as a challenge to them to face that can make them and their life

change.READING TEXT 1: The Man With the Hoe by Edwin Markham

Motive Question: What circumstance is the persona faced with?- Today the farmers face a problem about their low salary. Their salary is not enough for their

family, for their food and for other expenses.

SONNET- is a poetic form which originated in Italy; Giacomo Da Lentini is credited with its invention.- sonnet is derived from the Italian word sonetto a little poem, song- Latin sonus a sound- By the thirteenth century it signified a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme

scheme and specific structure. - Writers of sonnets are sometimes called "sonneteers", although the term can be

used derisively.

What is a Sonnet?- It has 14 lines, and is written in iambic pentameter.

Two types of sonnet: - Italian (or Petrarchan)- English (or Shakespearean)

*The type of sonnet is determined by its rhyme scheme.

Petrarchan (Italian) Sonnet- named after the 14th century Italian poet Francesco Petrarch- Italian, sonnet has an octave (or octet) of eight lines followed by a sestet of 6 lines. - patterns for the octet are: abbaabba and abbacddc- sestet has a pattern of defdef or dedede.

Shakespearean (English) Sonnet- this form was used by William Shakespeare- differs from the Petrarchan sonnet in both its structure and its rhyme scheme- three quatrains of four lines- followed by a couplet of two lines- Shakespearean sonnets have a rhyme pattern that never varies: abab, cdcd, efef, gg

Addressing this jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge: expanding formal sector employment even faster while rapidly raising the incomes of those informally employed.

Adverb of mannerAn adverb of manner tells us how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of manner end in –ly such as badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, and others that include well, hard, fast, etc.The brothers were badly injured in the fight.They had to act fast to save the others floating in the water.At the advanced age of 88, she still sang very well.

Word Formation: Derivation and Back-Formation- is the process of creating new words

PROCESSES

1. Derivation2. Back-formation 3. Compounding4. Clipping5. Blending6. Conversion 7. Abbreviations

8. Acronyms9. Eponyms10. Coinages11. Nonce words12. Borrowing13. Calquing

Derivation is the word formation process in which a derivational affix attaches to the base form of a word to create a new word. Affixes, which include prefixes and suffixes, are bound morphemes. Morphemes are the smallest linguistic unit of a language with semantic meaning.

Prefixes a- – without, notco- – togetherde- – opposite, negative, removal, separationdis- –opposite, negativeen- – cause to beex- – former, previous, fromin- – negative, notnon- – absence, notre- – again, repeatedlyun- – negative, not, opposite, reversal

Suffixes -able – sense of being -er – agent -ful – characterized by -fy – make, become, cause to be -ism – action or practice, state or condition -less – lack of -ly – -like -ology – study, science -ship – condition, character, skill -y – characterized by, inclination, condition

Grammatical Form Retaining Derivationverb to verb: appear → disappearnoun to noun: friend → friendshipadjective to adjective: practical → impractical

Grammatical Form Changing Derivationverb to noun: preserve → preservationnoun to verb: code → codifyadjective to adverb: quick → quickly

Back-formation is the word formation process in which an actual or supposed derivational affix detaches from the base form of a word to create a new word.

Original – Back-formationbabysitter – babysitdonation – donategambler – gamblehazy – hazemoonlighter – moonlight

obsessive – obsessprocession – processresurrection – resurrectsassy – sasstelevision – televise

Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes combine into a single new word. Compound words may be written as one word or as two words joined with a hyphen. Examples:noun-noun compound: note + book → notebookadjective-noun compound: blue + berry → blueberryverb-noun compound: work + room → workroomnoun-verb compound: breast + feed → breastfeedverb-verb compound: stir + fry → stir-fryadjective-verb compound: high + light → highlightverb-preposition compound: break + up → breakuppreposition-verb compound: out + run → outrunadjective-adjective compound: bitter + sweet → bittersweetpreposition-preposition compound: in + to → into Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word. Clipping differs from back-formation in that the new word retains the meaning of the original word. EXAMPLES:advertisement – adalligator – gatorexamination – examgasoline – gasgymnasium – gyminfluenza – flulaboratory – labmathematics – math

memorandum – memophotograph – photopublic house – pubraccoon – coonreputation – repsituation comedy – sitcomtelephone – phone

FOUR TYPES OF CLIPPING

- Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline. - Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from alligator. - Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from influenza. - Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy.

Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combines to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. Blended words are also referred to as portmanteaus.Examples:advertisement + entertainment → advertainmentbiographical + picture → biopicbreakfast + lunch → brunchchuckle + snort → chortlecybernetic + organism → cyborgguess + estimate → guesstimatehazardous + material → hazmatmotor + hotel → motel

prim + sissy → prissysimultaneous + broadcast → simulcastsmoke + fog → smog Spanish + English → Spanglishspoon + fork → sporktelephone + marathon → telethonweb + seminar → webinar

Conversion is the word formation process in which a word of one grammatical form becomes a word of another grammatical form without English any changes to spelling or pronunciation. Noun to Verb Conversion- is also referred to as verbification or verbing, as humorously discussed by Calvin and Hobbes.access – to accessbottle – to bottlecan – to cancloset – to closetemail – to emaileye – to eye

fiddle – to fiddlefool – to fool Google – to googlehost – to hostknife – to knifemicrowave – to microwave

name – to namepocket – to pocketsalt – to saltshape – to shapeship – to shipspear – to spear

For example: My grandmother bottled (verb) the juice and canned (verb) the pickles. My grandmother put the juice in a bottle (noun) and the pickles in a can (noun). She microwaved (verb) her lunch. She heated her lunch in the microwave (noun). The doctor eyed (verb) my swollen eye (noun).

Verb to Noun Conversion- is also referred to as nominalizationto alert – alertto attack – attackto call – callto clone – cloneto command – commandto cover – coverto cry – cry

to experience – experienceto fear – fearto feel – feelto hope – hopeto increase – increaseto judge – judgeto laugh – laugh

to rise – riseto run – runto sleep – sleepto start – startto turn – turnto visit – visit

For example: The guard alerted (verb) the general to the attack (noun). The enemy attacked (verb) before an alert (noun) could be sounded. Sometimes one just needs a good cry (noun). The baby cried (verb) all night. We need to increase (verb) our productivity to see an increase (noun) in profits.

Abbreviation is the word formation process in which a word or phrase is shortened. Initialisms are a type of abbreviation formed by the initial letters of a word or phrase. Abbreviation is related to both the word formation processes of clipping and blending.

Written Abbreviations Apr. – April cm – centimeter(s) d. – died, died in dept. – department Dr. – doctor Jr. – Junior Mr. – Mister oz – ounce(s) Sun. – Sunday yd – yard(s)

Spoken-Written Abbreviations A.M. – ante meridiem [in the morning] B.C.E. – Before Common Era GOP – Grand Old Party (Republican Party) HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus i.e. – id est [that is] JFK – John Fitzgerald Kennedy OJ – orange juice PMS – premenstrual syndrome RSVP – répondezs'ilvous plait VIP – very important person

Acronyms

Acronyms are words formed by the word formation process in which an initialism is pronounced as a word. Acronyms are related to the word formation process of abbreviation.

Examples:

ASAP – as soon as possible

AWOL – absent without leave

laser - light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASDAQ - National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations

PIN – personal identification number

radar - radio detection and ranging

scuba - self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

TESOL – Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages

WASP – White Anglo-Saxon Protestant

Eponyms are a word form by the word formation process in which a new word is formed from the name of a real of fictitious person. Examples: atlas – Atlasboycott – Charles C. Boycottcardigan – James Thomas Brudnell, 7th Earl of Cardigancereal – Ceresdunce – John Duns Scotusguillotine – Joseph IgnaceGuillotinjacuzzi – Candido Jacuzziluddite – Ned Luddmalapropism – Mrs. Malapropmesmerize – Franz Anton Mesmer

mirandize – Ernesto A. Mirandanarcissistic – Narcissusnicotine – Jean Nicotpasteurization – Louis Pasteurpoinsettia – Noel Roberts Poinsettpraline – César de Choiseul, Count Plessis–Praslinsadistic – Marquis de Sadesalmonella – Daniel Elmer Salmonsandwich – John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwichvolcano – Vulcan

Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes and often from seemingly nothing. Coinages are also referred to simply as neologisms, the word neologism meaning "new word."

aspirinescalatorheroinband-aidfactoidFrisbee

GooglekeroseneKleenexLaundromatlinoleummuggle

nylonpsychedelicquarkXeroxzipper

Nonce words are new words formed through any number of word formation processes with the resulting word meeting a lexical need that is not expected to recur. Nonce words are created for the nonce, the term for the nonce meaning "for a single occasion." Examples:cotton-wool – to stuff or close (the ears) with cotton-wool.jabberwock – The name of the fabulous monster in Lewis Carroll's poem Jabberwocky. touch-me-not-ishness – having a "touch-me-not" character; stand-off-ish.twi-thought – an indistinct or vague thought.witchcraftical – The practices of a witch or witches; the exercise of supernatural power supposed to be possessed by persons in league with the devil or evil spirits.

Borrowing is the word formation process in which a word from one language is borrowed directly into another language. Borrowed words are also referred to as loanwords.Examples:algebra – Arabicbagel – Yiddishcherub – Hebrewchowmein – Chinesefjord – Norwegiangalore – Irishhaiku – Japanesekielbasa – Polish

murder – Frenchnear – Sanskritpaprika – Hungarianpizza – Italiansmorgasbord – Swedishtamale – Spanishyo-yo – Tagalog

Calquing is the word formation process in which a borrowed word or phrase is translated from one language to another. Calques are also referred to as root-for-root or word-for-word translations.Examples:beer garden – German – Biergartenblue-blood – Spanish – sangreazulcommonplace – Latin – locus commūnisflea market – French – marché aux pucesfree verse – French – verslibreloanword – German – Lehnwortlong time no see – Chinese – hǎojiǔbujiànpineapple – Dutch – pijnappelscapegoat – Hebrew – ezozelwisdom tooth – Latin – dēnssapientiae