ENGLISH GRAMMATICS Grammatics: the study on the theory of grammar. No grammar is value-free. Any study or discipline is based on a certain theory or value.

ENGLISH GRAMMATICS

Grammatics: the study on the theory of grammar. No grammar is value-free. Any study or discipline is based on a certain theory or value.

The Object The StudyLanguage LinguisticsEconomy EconomicsPolicy PoliticsBehaviour PsychologySociety SociologyCulture AnthropologyEthnic EthnographyEvents HistoryGrammar Grammatics

Why is grammatical theory like that? What is the value or assumption or philosophy behind or underlying a grammar or grammatical description?

ENGLISH GRAMMATICS

Various Types of Grammar

1. Traditional Grammar

2. Structural Grammar

3. Transformational (Generative) Grammar

4. Stratificational Grammar

5. Tagmemics

6. Relational Grammar

7. Word Grammar

8. Universal Grammar

9. Lexicofunctional Grammar

10. Functional Grammar

11. Systemic Functional Gramma

12. …

Logical-Philosophical and Ethnographic-Descriptive

Aspect Logical-Philosophical(FORMAL)

Ethnographic-Descriptive(FUNCTIONAL)

1. Approah form—meaning, formalphonology, morphology, syntax—meaning

meaning—form functional meaning– phonology, morphology, syntax

2. Assumption language as rules language as resources

3. Closely related to thought (neurology, psychology)

social phenomenon and context (sociology, anthropology, social context)

4. Linguistic studies closely related to logic

sentence

idealization of data

closely related to social aspect, culture and anthropology

text

natural data

5. Method science, almost no consideration to social context of langauge use

semiotics, emphasizing the social context use of language

6. Proponent Modistae, Bloomfield, Chomsky, Pike, …

Hjelmslev, Matesius, Firth, Halliday, Martin, …

7. Tradition USA Europe

ENGLISH GRAMMATICS

Two types of analysis

1. Immediate Constituent Analysis

2. Ranked Constituent Analysis

The criteria used:

1. formal, where every unit is described in its relation to immediate element (maximal bracketing)

2. functional, where elements of the same rank or function is described as one (minimal bracketing)

The young secretary wrote the letter neatly

The tough boy ran very quickly

IC and RC Analysis

the young secretary wrote the letter neatly

ENGLISH GRAMMATICSENGLISH GRAMMATICS

Four possible types of analysisFour possible types of analysis1.1. The manThe man wrote the letter wrote the letter (What did he do?)(What did he do?)

2.2. The man wrote the letter The man wrote the letter (What happened?)(What happened?)

3.3. The man wroteThe man wrote the letter (Who wrote the letter?)the letter (Who wrote the letter?)

4.4. The man The man wrotewrote the letter (What did he do to the letter?) the letter (What did he do to the letter?)

Definition of SemioticsDefinition of Semiotics

the study of sign systems and their usethe study of sign systems and their use (Fawcett, Halli(Fawcett, Hallidayday, Lamb dan Makkai 1984: xiii, Lamb dan Makkai 1984: xiii

tthheoreory of code and formation of signsy of code and formation of signs

Sign: something that stands for something else Sign: something that stands for something else

Semiotics is constituted by two elements: the Semiotics is constituted by two elements: the content and expression plane or ‘ meaning’ content and expression plane or ‘ meaning’ and expression and expression

‘‘meaningmeaning’’

expressionexpression

SemiotiSemiotics of the Traffic Lightscs of the Traffic Lights

‘‘stopstop’’

‘‘cautioncaution’’

‘‘pass onpass on’’

red lightred light

amber lightamber light

green lightgreen light

Branches of SemioticsBranches of Semiotics1. Zoosemiotics

2. Olfactory signs (code of scents, odors)

3. Tactile communication (blind and proxemic behaviour)

4. Codes of taste (culinary practice, traditional foods)

5. Paralinguistics (voice qualities, vocalization, sobbing, whispering, yawning, belching)

6. Medical semiotics

7. Kinesics and proxemics (gestures and distance)

8. Musical codes

9. Formalized languages (algebraic and chemical symbols)

10. Written language, unknown alphabets, secret codes

Branches of SemioticsBranches of Semiotics11. Natural languages12. Visual communication (colour systems)13. Systems of objects (architecture)14. Plot structures (mythology, games, tales)15. Cultural codes16. Aesthetic texts17. Mass communication18. Rhetoric

Almost all aspects of life are related to semiotics: - overthrown of Saddam’s statue- burning of jalur gumilang by Indonesians- receiving a letter in green paper- Do you know how they call it Kisaran?

Relation between ‘meaning’ and Relation between ‘meaning’ and expressionexpression

1.1. Iconic: ‘meaning’ is almost identical with Iconic: ‘meaning’ is almost identical with expressionexpression

2.2. Indexical: some elements of the expression Indexical: some elements of the expression point to the meaning point to the meaning

3.3. Symbolic: no reason as to why the ‘meaning’ is Symbolic: no reason as to why the ‘meaning’ is coded the way it is coded the way it is

Iconic Indexical Symbolic

photograph of a cat mewing <cat>[kæt]

statue crescent, cross, fork and spoon

house, tree

NONNONBIUNIQUE RELATIONBIUNIQUE RELATION

One ‘meaning’ is potentially coded by more than one One ‘meaning’ is potentially coded by more than one expression and an expression can code more than one expression and an expression can code more than one meaningmeaningThere is no one-to-one relation between ‘meaning’ and There is no one-to-one relation between ‘meaning’ and expressionexpression

‘‘happy’happy’1.1. smilesmile

2.2. laughlaugh

3.3. crycry

4.4. ……

1.1. ‘‘happy’happy’

2.2. ‘‘cynical’cynical’

3.3. ‘‘crazy’crazy’

4.4. ……

smilesmile

UNMARKED AND MARKED UNMARKED AND MARKED REALIZATIONREALIZATION

‘‘happy’happy’ 1. smile1. smile

2. laugh2. laugh

3. 3. whistlewhistle

4. cry4. cry

5….5….

40% …U40% …U

35%35%

20%20%

5%.....M5%.....M

Coding ‘meaning’ in U and M expressionCoding ‘meaning’ in U and M expression

‘‘prohibitioprohibition to bring n to bring a dirty a dirty can ’can ’

1.1. Do not bring the dirty can into the Do not bring the dirty can into the room!room!

2.2. The dirty can will litter the floor.The dirty can will litter the floor.

3.3. The floor has been cleaned by The floor has been cleaned by MumMum

4.4. A good boy will not bring a dirty A good boy will not bring a dirty can into the room.can into the room.

5.5. I’ll slap you if you bring the dirty I’ll slap you if you bring the dirty can into the room.can into the room.

6.6. If I were you I would not bring the If I were you I would not bring the dirty can into the room. dirty can into the room.

7.7. ……

An Expression with many ‘meaning’An Expression with many ‘meaning’

1.1. ‘‘medical medical operation’operation’

2.2. ‘‘military military campaign’campaign’

3.3. ‘‘price checkprice check’’

4.4. ‘‘robbery'robbery'

5.5. ‘‘seeking for seeking for matchermatcher’’

6.6. ......

We will do an We will do an operation operation tomorrowtomorrow..

Language and Social ContextLanguage and Social Context

SOCIAL CONTEXT

LANGUAGE

Language and Its Social ContextLanguage and Its Social Context

CULTURE

SITUATION

LANGUAGE

IDEOLOGY

DENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE SEMIOTICSDENOTATIVE AND CONNOTATIVE SEMIOTICS

Denotative Semiotics: having ‘meaning’ and Denotative Semiotics: having ‘meaning’ and expressionexpression

Connotative: having ‘meaning’ with no means Connotative: having ‘meaning’ with no means of expressionof expression

It is analogous to a parasite plant stuck in the It is analogous to a parasite plant stuck in the denotative one. To realize the meaning it denotative one. To realize the meaning it borrows another semiotics, typically below it. borrows another semiotics, typically below it.

Language as a denotative and connotative Language as a denotative and connotative semioticssemiotics

Being different from the Being different from the general semioticsgeneral semiotics, the , the semiotics of language is constituted by three levels or semiotics of language is constituted by three levels or strata: strata: ‘meaning’, form‘meaning’, form and and expressionexpression or or technically constituted by semantics, lexicogrammar technically constituted by semantics, lexicogrammar and phonology/graphology/signand phonology/graphology/sign

Social context forms a connotative semiotics stuck up Social context forms a connotative semiotics stuck up above language. above language.

SEMANTICS LEXICOGRAMMAR PHONOLOGY/GRAPHOLOGY

Multi-stratified semiotics of languageMulti-stratified semiotics of language

SEMANTICS LEXICOGRAMMAR PHONOLOGY/GRAPHOLOGY/SIGN

SITUATION

CULTURE

IDEOLOGY

Text with its Meanings Text with its Meanings

- We will hold a operation tomorrowWe will hold a operation tomorrow

1.1. medical operationmedical operation

2.2. military campaignmilitary campaign

3.3. price inspectionprice inspection

4.4. robbery, theft, blackmail, lootingrobbery, theft, blackmail, looting

5.5. seeking matchersseeking matchers

6.6. asking (potential) passengersasking (potential) passengers

Text and SemioticsText and SemioticsA text is a semantic unit not grammatical one.A text is a semantic unit not grammatical one.A text forms in context therefore it construes with the contexts.A text forms in context therefore it construes with the contexts.The philosophy underlying SFL is constructivism.The philosophy underlying SFL is constructivism.1.1. A serpent searching its way on to the sea, the winding path of A serpent searching its way on to the sea, the winding path of

serpent, the winding (Kisaran)serpent, the winding (Kisaran)2.2. The clitic of –nya in IndonesianThe clitic of –nya in Indonesian3.3. When is the New Year?When is the New Year?4.4. Why do they call it Borneo, Malvinas?Why do they call it Borneo, Malvinas?5.5. No two words of different realization expressions have No two words of different realization expressions have

identical meaningsidentical meanings6.6. The case of Indonesian and Brazilian studentsThe case of Indonesian and Brazilian students7.7. Banana Republic, my people can do no wrong, surga di Banana Republic, my people can do no wrong, surga di

telapak kaki ibu, kalau guru …berdiri, berjuang sampai titik telapak kaki ibu, kalau guru …berdiri, berjuang sampai titik …, terpesona melihat wajahnya, pop songs (sungai Musi……, terpesona melihat wajahnya, pop songs (sungai Musi…

8.8. advertisementadvertisement9.9. Life is a semiotic struggle for a settled meaning. Life is a semiotic struggle for a settled meaning.

Semiotik BahasaSemiotik Bahasa

Behavioral Potential‘can do’

Meaning Potential‘can mean’

Lexicogrammar Potential‘can say

sound

Social Contextideology, genre, register

SemanticsLexicogrammar

Phonology

Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic RelationParadigmatic and Syntagmatic RelationParadigmatic: vertical relation of inter-taxonomic elements in a Paradigmatic: vertical relation of inter-taxonomic elements in a network of system (system network) on the basis of choice.network of system (system network) on the basis of choice.Sintagmatig: Sintagmatig: horizontal horizontal relation of elements of different kinds relation of elements of different kinds constituiting a unit on the basis of structure or order.constituiting a unit on the basis of structure or order.

memakanmemakanmakan Ali memakan sate di warung.makan Ali memakan sate di warung.makanan Makanan itu enak.makanan Makanan itu enak.dimakandimakantermakantermakanpemakan pemakan ......

MetafunctionsMetafunctions

No.No. FunctionFunction DescriptionDescription RealizationsRealizations

1a.1a. ExperientialExperiential RepresentingRepresenting

Representation Representation

ElementalElemental

Part/wholePart/whole

Constituency Constituency (multivariate)(multivariate)

1b1b LogicalLogical RelatingRelating

Relation/logic Relation/logic

RecursiveRecursive

Part/wholePart/whole

Interdependency Interdependency (univariate)(univariate)

2.2. InterpersonalInterpersonal ExchangingExchanging

Interaction Interaction

ProsodicProsodic

Prosody Prosody

3.3. TextualTextual Organizing Organizing

Message Message

PeriodicPeriodic

Wave Wave

Nature of RealizationNature of Realization

1a. Elemental 1a. Elemental

1b. Recursive1b. Recursive

2. Prosodic2. Prosodic

3. Culminative Periodic3. Culminative Periodic

Realizations of Social Context in Realizations of Social Context in Linguistic RepresentationLinguistic Representation

Field

Tenor

Mode

Ideational

Interpersonal

Textual

TRANSITIVITY

Mood/Residue

Theme/Rheme

Sound

Paradigmatic RepresentationParadigmatic Representation(Field)(Field)

Paradigmatic representation in network system Paradigmatic representation in network system

Process

Primary

Secondary

Material

Mental

Relational

Behavioural

Verbal

Existential

go, walk, write…

know, like, love…

BE, sound, look…

sleep, smile, cough …

say, tell, ask…

There is a book ..

Paradigmatic Representation (cont)Paradigmatic Representation (cont)

SPEECHFUNCTION

ROLES

COMMODITY

Giving

Demanding

Information

Goods & Services

Statement

Question

Offer

Command

Suggestion

Interstratified RealizationInterstratified Realization

Realisasi antarstrata Konteks Situasi, Semantik, Realisasi antarstrata Konteks Situasi, Semantik, dan Lexicogrammar dinyatakan dalam bentuk dan Lexicogrammar dinyatakan dalam bentuk sistem networksistem network

IPTEK

IDEATIONAL

TRANSITIVITY

Interstratified Realization (cont)Interstratified Realization (cont)

IPTEK

Objektif

Nirpersona

Praktikal

Teknikal

Tulisan

EXPERIENTIAL

Proses

Pratisipan

SikumstanPROSES

Material

Mental

Relasional

Tingkahlaku

Verbal

Eksistensial

Realisasi Pengalaman IPTEKRealisasi Pengalaman IPTEK

Intensitas merokok berasosiasi dengan tingkat Intensitas merokok berasosiasi dengan tingkat mortalitas. (Carrier, Process: Relational, mortalitas. (Carrier, Process: Relational, Attribut).Attribut).

Seseorang merokok. Semakin banyak dia Seseorang merokok. Semakin banyak dia merokok, semakin banyak dia mengkonsumsi merokok, semakin banyak dia mengkonsumsi nikotin yang merusak kesehatannya. Dengan nikotin yang merusak kesehatannya. Dengan demikian umurnya akan berkurang. demikian umurnya akan berkurang.

TenseTense

Experiential StructureExperiential Structure

1. ate 1. ate

did did ΛΛ eat eat

Finite Finite ΛΛ EvenEven

couldcould notnot havehave beenbeen going togoing to bebe beingbeing eateneaten

FiniteFinite polaritypolarity Auxiliary Auxiliary 11

Auxiliary Auxiliary 22

AuxiliaryAuxiliary

33

AuxiliaryAuxiliary

44

AuxiliaryAuxiliary

55

EventEvent

Primary and Secondary Tense

time primary secondary

past V-ed

was/were, took, walked

V-en

have been, have taken, have walked

present V-s

Ii, am, are, tale, walked

be + V-ing

be being, be taking, be walking

future will + V (infinite)

will be, will take, will work

be going to + V (infinite)

be going to, be going to take

Naming of Tense

was going to have been working

Finite(past)

be going to…(inf.)

have…(-en) be…-ing (work)

past future past present

‘present in past in future in past’

Occurrences of Tense

PrimarySecondary

Verbal Group

- 0 + - 0 + - 0 + - 0 +

√ use

√ √ are using

√ √ √ are going to be using

√ √ √ is going to be being tested

√ √ √ √ has been going to be being tested

√ √ √ √ will have been going to have been being tested (fourth pres. √)

first second third