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English for CareersBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
CHAPTER 5 APPLES, TIGERS,
AND SWAHILI
ENGLISH FOR CAREERS, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and Technicalby Leila R. SmithPresentation design by Barbara Moran
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English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Chapter 5 helps you...
• Apply Standard English principles to form plurals of regular and irregular nouns, write compound nouns, and capitalize proper nouns
• Correctly spell, pronounce, and use the words presented in this chapter
• Use bias-free language
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PLURAL OF NOUNS
ENDING WITH
• If preceded by a If preceded by a vowel--addvowel--add SS
• MonkeyMonkeysEnglish for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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If preceded by a consonant -- change
•DutyDuty•DutiesDuties
toiand add eses
English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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If the noun is a musical term ending in an O, add S• PiccoloPiccolo• SopranoSoprano
ss
If the noun ends in O and is not a musical term, add S or es
VetoVetoeses MemoMemossEnglish for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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When in doubt, When in doubt, look it uplook it up
The dictionary is your friendEnglish for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Some nouns ending in
• Loaf = LoaLoaf = Loavesves
• Scarf = ScarfScarf = Scarfss or or ScarScarvesves
Remember, if in doubt...
English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Sometimes a spelling change is Sometimes a spelling change is required to form a pluralrequired to form a plural
• Louse - Louses or Lice,Louse - Louses or Lice, depends on meaning (louses depends on meaning (louses are creepy people; lice are creepy insects)are creepy people; lice are creepy insects)
• Crisis - CrisesCrisis - Crises
• Criterion - Criteria or CriterionsCriterion - Criteria or Criterions
• Ox - OxenOx - Oxen
• Man -- MenMan -- Men
• Tooth -- TeethTooth -- Teeth
• Foot -- FeetFoot -- Feet
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English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Sometimes spelling remains the same for plurals
• Japanese• Vietnamese• Aircraft• Salmon• Sheep• Trout• Deer• Statistics
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Sometimes meaning determines the Sometimes meaning determines the use of a singular or plural verbuse of a singular or plural verb
Check the dictionaryCheck the dictionary for for ““use with sing. verb”use with sing. verb” or or ““pl. noun”pl. noun” oror ““pl.n.used as sing.”pl.n.used as sing.”
Phonetics Phonetics isis important to shorthand
The trousers trousers areare too long.English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Do not change the spelling of proper nouns to make them plural.
• Mary = MarysMary = Marys– We had threeWe had three MarysMarys in class.in class.
• Wolf = WolfsWolf = Wolfs– All theAll the WolfsWolfs came to the reunion.came to the reunion.
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to determine whether to space between, write as one word or hyphenate Close-up Eye-opener
Use (guess what...) the
Hand-me-downs Tie-in
Brother-in-law
Follow-up Name-dropperEnglish for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• Back talkBack talk
• Time clockTime clock
• Tongue twisterTongue twister
• Short circuitShort circuit
(note: (note: space betweenspace between))
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English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• DollhouseDollhouse• CheckbookCheckbook• DeadlockDeadlock• BlowoutBlowout• BookstoreBookstore
Note: Note: written as one wordwritten as one word
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Use the dictionary to Use the dictionary to determine which part of the determine which part of the compound to make plural.compound to make plural.
headline s write-off s
brother - in - lawsletter of credits
English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Here are some “capital ideas”…• Capitalize official titles (unless they follow name)
– President Jimmy Carter owned a peanut farm.– Jimmy Carter was president from 1977-1981.
• Capitalize titles that follow names in addresses– Jimmy Carter, President
• Don’t capitalize if a noun/pronoun precedes title– I wrote to my president about the war.
• Organizational words are usually capitalized only when associated with a specific entity– I go to college.– I go to Winston College.
English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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• Capitalize definite geographic locations
– He lives in the North, but talks like a Southerner.
• Don’t capitalize general directions
– Go east on Eastern Avenue for five blocks.
• Always capitalize names of languages and official courses
– I learned Swahili in my African Language 101 class.
– Are you taking any language classes this fall?
• Races referenced by color are lowercase, but sociological references are capitalized. So are religions
– white/Caucasian black/African American
– Christianity Judaism Islam BuddhismEnglish for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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Avoid workplace language that unnecessarily focuses on someone’s age, physical characteristics, nationality, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or political beliefs.
Be aware of acceptable terms for nationalities, races, and religions. Your textbook explains the best current choices.
English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
• An African American networking specialist is the keynote speaker at the Computer Hardware Convention.
• A networking specialist is the keynote speaker at the Computer Hardware A networking specialist is the keynote speaker at the Computer Hardware ConventionConvention..
• African American networking specialist Marva Jones will be the keynote speaker at the African American Computer Scientists conference.
Which of these three sentences should be avoided in a bias-free workplace?
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English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Jean Chung, the blind transcriber, doesn’t need the
new lighting fixture.
Because she is blind, transcriber Jean Chung doesn’t need the new lighting fixture.
Which of these two sentences should be avoided in a bias-free workplace?
Sue Clark is the new female CEO.
Sue Clark is the new CEO.
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AVOIDbusinessman mankind manmade
chairman male nurse stewardess
TRYexecutive humanity synthetic
moderator nurse flight attendant
English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith
©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458
You have seen how to
• Apply Standard English principles to form plurals of regular and irregular nouns, write compound nouns, and capitalize proper nouns
• Correctly spell, pronounce, and use the words presented in this chapter
• Use bias-free language