English colonies

English Colonies of English Colonies of North AmericaNorth America

Nadya DooleyNadya Dooley

12/10/1012/10/10

American Colonies 6- VirginiaAmerican Colonies 6- Virginia

The English queen lacked the means to finance The English queen lacked the means to finance an overseas colonyan overseas colony

The common people made up 95% of England The common people made up 95% of England in the 16th centuryin the 16th century

England was the wealthiest kingdomEngland was the wealthiest kingdom 80% of the English folk lived in country villages 80% of the English folk lived in country villages

and tended livestock or cultivated grainand tended livestock or cultivated grain London grew from 120,000 people in 1550 to London grew from 120,000 people in 1550 to

200,000 in 1600 and 375,000 in 1650200,000 in 1600 and 375,000 in 1650 It became notorious for filth, poverty, plagues, It became notorious for filth, poverty, plagues,

fires, crime and executionsfires, crime and executions The English in Ireland learned to consider the The English in Ireland learned to consider the

resisting peoples as dirty, lazy, treacherous, resisting peoples as dirty, lazy, treacherous, murderous and pagan savagesmurderous and pagan savages

The Indians faced the formidable fury of their The Indians faced the formidable fury of their uninvited guestsuninvited guests

Promoters

American Colonies 6- VirginiaAmerican Colonies 6- Virginia In 1585, 100 colonists sailed across the Atlantic to settle on RoanokeIn 1585, 100 colonists sailed across the Atlantic to settle on Roanoke The location was obscure and safe, but the sandy, infertile ground soil made it hard to The location was obscure and safe, but the sandy, infertile ground soil made it hard to

produce cropsproduce crops At first the natives offered them food, but they grew tired of their demands and stopped At first the natives offered them food, but they grew tired of their demands and stopped

giving it to themgiving it to them The colonists killed the local chieftan to try to scare them into giving them food, but The colonists killed the local chieftan to try to scare them into giving them food, but

instead they fled, leaving the colonists hungryinstead they fled, leaving the colonists hungry They begged to be taken away on the rare occasion that a ship would dock thereThey begged to be taken away on the rare occasion that a ship would dock there

Roanoke

Powhatan In 1607 the English tried again at Chesapeake Bay, which offered more fertile landIn 1607 the English tried again at Chesapeake Bay, which offered more fertile land The coast sustained 24,000 Indians under the rule of a chief named PowhatanThe coast sustained 24,000 Indians under the rule of a chief named Powhatan The Indians divided tasks by genderThe Indians divided tasks by gender Powhatan took the daughters of the chiefs he defeated. Other chiefs he replaced with Powhatan took the daughters of the chiefs he defeated. Other chiefs he replaced with

blood relatives of his, therefore, putting his blood into all of the tribes blood relatives of his, therefore, putting his blood into all of the tribes

Encounter Powhatan planned to contain the English and use them against his own enemiesPowhatan planned to contain the English and use them against his own enemies For their part, the English were un-prepared to understand a culture so different then For their part, the English were un-prepared to understand a culture so different then

theirstheirs The English thought the Indians savage because of their scant clothing, the Indians The English thought the Indians savage because of their scant clothing, the Indians

recoiled at the thought of living in a European way, and so on…recoiled at the thought of living in a European way, and so on…

American Colonies 6- VirginiaAmerican Colonies 6- Virginia In 1604 a peace treaty the Spain reduced the danger of Spanish attack on a new colonyIn 1604 a peace treaty the Spain reduced the danger of Spanish attack on a new colony The Virginia Company instructed the colonial leaders never to let an Indian see any English die, The Virginia Company instructed the colonial leaders never to let an Indian see any English die,

but this was impossible: Jamestown was beside a broad swamp, which was good for defense but this was impossible: Jamestown was beside a broad swamp, which was good for defense against Spanish or Indian attacks, but bad for the health of the colonistsagainst Spanish or Indian attacks, but bad for the health of the colonists

The Virginia Company could barely keep ahead of the deaths at Jamestown. No matter how The Virginia Company could barely keep ahead of the deaths at Jamestown. No matter how many colonists they sent, they continuously died. Virginias nickname became “slaughterhouse”many colonists they sent, they continuously died. Virginias nickname became “slaughterhouse”

The colonists would rather search for precious metals then cultivate corn for their foodThe colonists would rather search for precious metals then cultivate corn for their food

Jamestown

Violence The colonists excepted the Indians to feed themThe colonists excepted the Indians to feed them They tried to bully them into giving them food from their scant supply, but if they pushed too hard, They tried to bully them into giving them food from their scant supply, but if they pushed too hard,

the Indians lashed outthe Indians lashed out The colonists captured Powhatan’s favorite daughter, Christianized her and married her to one of The colonists captured Powhatan’s favorite daughter, Christianized her and married her to one of

the colonists. Powhatan reluctantly made peace with the Englishthe colonists. Powhatan reluctantly made peace with the English Soon after, he passed awaySoon after, he passed away

Tobacco The colonists showed much more initiative for caring for their crops as private property owners rather The colonists showed much more initiative for caring for their crops as private property owners rather

than company employees. They learned how to raise tobacco in 1616than company employees. They learned how to raise tobacco in 1616 Tobacco grew more successfully in Virginia then EnglandTobacco grew more successfully in Virginia then England The Tobacco trade increased the flow of emigrants going into VirginiaThe Tobacco trade increased the flow of emigrants going into Virginia A planter could make more in a year raising tobacco in Virginia then he could in a decade in EnglandA planter could make more in a year raising tobacco in Virginia then he could in a decade in England The planters obtained more land at the Indians expenseThe planters obtained more land at the Indians expense

American Colonies 7- American Colonies 7- Chesapeake ColoniesChesapeake Colonies

The wealthiest planters shared power with the lord proprietorThe wealthiest planters shared power with the lord proprietor By 1668, Virginia had 62 Anglican churches- belying its overstated reputation By 1668, Virginia had 62 Anglican churches- belying its overstated reputation

as a godless landas a godless land Many Chesapeake men never found the wives they needed to form family Many Chesapeake men never found the wives they needed to form family

households throughout the whole 17th centuryhouseholds throughout the whole 17th century 74% men, 10% women, 16% children74% men, 10% women, 16% children

Commonwealths

Labor The Chesapeake demanded too much labor from too few colonistsThe Chesapeake demanded too much labor from too few colonists In 1650 African slaves made up a mere 2% of the Chesapeake populationIn 1650 African slaves made up a mere 2% of the Chesapeake population When tobacco sold badly and English wages rose, servant emigration declined and vise-versaWhen tobacco sold badly and English wages rose, servant emigration declined and vise-versa Chesapeake emigrants were some of the many poor people moving around England in search of Chesapeake emigrants were some of the many poor people moving around England in search of

food and workfood and work Before 1640, most indentured servants endured harsh, short livesBefore 1640, most indentured servants endured harsh, short lives Instead of punishing abusive masters, the courts disciplined defiant servants by extending their Instead of punishing abusive masters, the courts disciplined defiant servants by extending their

indenture time indenture time

American Colonies 7- American Colonies 7- Chesapeake ColoniesChesapeake Colonies

At mid century, the Chesapeake became healthier At mid century, the Chesapeake became healthier The “seasoned” acquired a higher level of immunity which they passed onThe “seasoned” acquired a higher level of immunity which they passed on Because of the victory over the Indians in 1646, it was easier for the freed Chesapeake Because of the victory over the Indians in 1646, it was easier for the freed Chesapeake

servants to obtain farmsservants to obtain farms The English visitors were not impressed by the Chesapeake farms. They saw a wasteful The English visitors were not impressed by the Chesapeake farms. They saw a wasteful

landscape of straggling farmslandscape of straggling farms By 1665 the planters had occupied all of the best tobacco lands along navigable watersBy 1665 the planters had occupied all of the best tobacco lands along navigable waters

Prosperity

Rebellion Hard times came to Virginia after 1665 when common planters became squeezed between declining Hard times came to Virginia after 1665 when common planters became squeezed between declining

incomes and heavy taxesincomes and heavy taxes The pay lavished on the elite came from taxes heaped on the commonThe pay lavished on the elite came from taxes heaped on the common Many freedmen moved to the frontier instead of playing rent. They violently competed with the IndiansMany freedmen moved to the frontier instead of playing rent. They violently competed with the Indians In 1675, war erupted between the settles and the SusquehannockIn 1675, war erupted between the settles and the Susquehannock ““Bacon’s Rebellion” represented a division within the planter eliteBacon’s Rebellion” represented a division within the planter elite In 1676, Bacon’s men burned JamestownIn 1676, Bacon’s men burned Jamestown

American Colonies 7- American Colonies 7- Chesapeake ColoniesChesapeake Colonies

Seeking popularity, the assembly dramatically reduced the poll taxSeeking popularity, the assembly dramatically reduced the poll tax By reducing taxes, the Virginia gentry reinvented themselves and Virginia By reducing taxes, the Virginia gentry reinvented themselves and Virginia

politicspolitics The 18th century Virginia displayed themselves in expensive clothes and with The 18th century Virginia displayed themselves in expensive clothes and with

refined mannersrefined manners ““The rich rode in coaches, chariots, or fine horses, but they never failed to pull The rich rode in coaches, chariots, or fine horses, but they never failed to pull

off their hats to a poor man whom they met.”off their hats to a poor man whom they met.”

Great Planters

Slaves At the end of the 17th Century, tensions between the common whites and the great planters diminished as the At the end of the 17th Century, tensions between the common whites and the great planters diminished as the

numbers of indentured servants and new freedom dwindlednumbers of indentured servants and new freedom dwindled Faced with a declining supply of white laborers, the Chesapeake planters turned to African slaves for their plantation Faced with a declining supply of white laborers, the Chesapeake planters turned to African slaves for their plantation

laborlabor The most successful black freedman, Anthony Johnson, squired and 250 acre tobacco plantationThe most successful black freedman, Anthony Johnson, squired and 250 acre tobacco plantation The slave masters forced slaves to work longer days under stricter supervisionThe slave masters forced slaves to work longer days under stricter supervision As slaves became more numerous and more African, masters became convinced that only pain and fear could As slaves became more numerous and more African, masters became convinced that only pain and fear could

motivate themmotivate them As skin color became the key marker of identity, tace obscured the persistent power of class distinctions between the As skin color became the key marker of identity, tace obscured the persistent power of class distinctions between the

common and great planterscommon and great planters

American Colonies 9- American Colonies 9- Puritans and IndiansPuritans and Indians

The southern New England Indians lacked political unityThe southern New England Indians lacked political unity The Natives highly productive horticulture supplied most of their diet and led the The Natives highly productive horticulture supplied most of their diet and led the

English to believe that all Indians were nothing more than huntersEnglish to believe that all Indians were nothing more than hunters Using fire, the Indians shaped and sustained a forest that suited their needsUsing fire, the Indians shaped and sustained a forest that suited their needs Instead of the men, Indian women planted, weeded and tended the cropsInstead of the men, Indian women planted, weeded and tended the crops Compared with the colonists, the Indians demanded less from their environmentCompared with the colonists, the Indians demanded less from their environment

Natives

Property Coming from a crowded and capitalist land where half the population lacked sufficient food, shelter and clothing, Coming from a crowded and capitalist land where half the population lacked sufficient food, shelter and clothing,

the colonists marveled at the apparent abundance of naturethe colonists marveled at the apparent abundance of nature Puritans insisted that the Christian God meant for them to enjoy the land in reward for their godly industry and to Puritans insisted that the Christian God meant for them to enjoy the land in reward for their godly industry and to

punish the Indians for their pagan indolencepunish the Indians for their pagan indolence The Indians thought that by selling the land to the New English for trade goods, they were sharing it, not giving it The Indians thought that by selling the land to the New English for trade goods, they were sharing it, not giving it

upup They were astonished that the colonists so rapidly cleared the forestThey were astonished that the colonists so rapidly cleared the forest When the Indians killed and ate the pigs and cattle that the settlers introduced, the colonists demanded that they When the Indians killed and ate the pigs and cattle that the settlers introduced, the colonists demanded that they

stand trial in courtstand trial in court

American Colonies 9- American Colonies 9- Puritans and IndiansPuritans and Indians

In the early 17th century, the arrival of colonial goods, diseases and people shook up the In the early 17th century, the arrival of colonial goods, diseases and people shook up the power relations between rival Indian groups as they competed to co-opt the newcomers to power relations between rival Indian groups as they competed to co-opt the newcomers to employ their power against native enemiesemploy their power against native enemies

But to their surprise, as the colonists grew in strength, they openly treated the Indians as But to their surprise, as the colonists grew in strength, they openly treated the Indians as inferiors. During the 1630s, Massachusetts and Plymouth openly bullied the Indiansinferiors. During the 1630s, Massachusetts and Plymouth openly bullied the Indians

The Puritan colonies compelled native bands to purchase peace with wampum. This The Puritan colonies compelled native bands to purchase peace with wampum. This caused the expansion of the settlements that dispossessed the natives of their landscaused the expansion of the settlements that dispossessed the natives of their lands

Tribute

Pequot War The first big conflict between the Puritans and the Indians happened in 1636The first big conflict between the Puritans and the Indians happened in 1636 The colonial leaders demanded the Pequot pay a tribute in wampum, give up several The colonial leaders demanded the Pequot pay a tribute in wampum, give up several

children and surrender suspects accused of killing a traderchildren and surrender suspects accused of killing a trader In 1637, the Puritan forces attacked a Pequot village The mass slaughter shocked the In 1637, the Puritan forces attacked a Pequot village The mass slaughter shocked the

Indians! During the rest of 1637, other attacks finished off the PequotIndians! During the rest of 1637, other attacks finished off the Pequot Unable to unite, the remaining Indian bands became shrinking minorities in a land Unable to unite, the remaining Indian bands became shrinking minorities in a land

dominated by the rapidly growing colonial populationdominated by the rapidly growing colonial population

Praying Towns The New English turned their attention to evangelizing the IndiansThe New English turned their attention to evangelizing the Indians The Puritan missionaries sought a thorough conversion. The Indians had to give up their Algonquian names, The Puritan missionaries sought a thorough conversion. The Indians had to give up their Algonquian names,

their long hair and their traditionstheir long hair and their traditions The praying towns appealed more to the small and weak bands then the large, powerful onesThe praying towns appealed more to the small and weak bands then the large, powerful ones The Puritans were pleased with their workThe Puritans were pleased with their work

American Colonies 9- American Colonies 9- Puritans and IndiansPuritans and Indians

King Philips war was the bloodiest Indian war in the New English historyKing Philips war was the bloodiest Indian war in the New English history In 1675, the Plymouth colonists hanged three Indians for murdering a praying Indian. The In 1675, the Plymouth colonists hanged three Indians for murdering a praying Indian. The

Indians from that tribe were infuriated and struck out on their own, burning and looting Indians from that tribe were infuriated and struck out on their own, burning and looting colonial homesteadscolonial homesteads

In the summer and fall of 1675, the Indians, using guns they had acquired over time from In the summer and fall of 1675, the Indians, using guns they had acquired over time from the colonists, attacked 52 of the regions towns, destroying 12. They murdered entire the colonists, attacked 52 of the regions towns, destroying 12. They murdered entire colonial families, with no mercy, as the colonists had shown them none in the Pequot warcolonial families, with no mercy, as the colonists had shown them none in the Pequot war

In early 1676, the colonial leaders requested the praying town Indians help. To prove their In early 1676, the colonial leaders requested the praying town Indians help. To prove their loyalty, they would each have to bring in two scalps of their enemiesloyalty, they would each have to bring in two scalps of their enemies

During the summer of 1676, the Indian resistance collapsedDuring the summer of 1676, the Indian resistance collapsed

King Philips War

Victory and Defeat The Puritan victors didn’t treat their captives as prisoners of war, but as traitorsThe Puritan victors didn’t treat their captives as prisoners of war, but as traitors Some of the defeated Indians escaped northward to take refuge among the AbenakiSome of the defeated Indians escaped northward to take refuge among the Abenaki Their descendants guided French raids that repeatedly devastated the frontier Their descendants guided French raids that repeatedly devastated the frontier

settlements of New Englandsettlements of New England During the late 1670’s, Puritan settlers returned to rebuild their ravaged homes, while During the late 1670’s, Puritan settlers returned to rebuild their ravaged homes, while

newcomers flocked innewcomers flocked in By 1700, the colonial population had risen from 52,000 (1670) to 92,000By 1700, the colonial population had risen from 52,000 (1670) to 92,000