English - 5 Sentence Exercise II

8/2/2019 English - 5 Sentence Exercise II

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21-3-2012

Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University

English For Academic PurposesTKI 1005 / 2 Credits

Dr. Indraswari Kusumaningtyas


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2English Sentence IIDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Sentence Exercise (Part II)

A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one

subject and one verb. A sentence expresses a complete

thought.

Four types of sentences in English:- simple sentences,

- compound sentences,

- complex sentences, and

- compound-complex sentences.

Today we will look at other typical errors in your sentences.

You can find additional notes on the theories in e-Lisa.

5


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Clause

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

There are two kinds of clauses in English: independent clauses and

dependent clauses.

Are these sentences independent or dependent clause?

1. It rained.

2. Who cannot work around the clock.

3. After we finished our homework.

4. Art students should visit Paris.

Whats the difference?


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Complex Sentence

An independent clausehas one SV pair and expresses a complete

thought. Independent clause is just another name for a simple

sentence.

Adependent clauseis an independent clause with a subordinatingword, such as because, after, and when, added to the beginning of it.

A dependent clause must be connected to an independent clause in

order to make a complete sentence, which is called a complex

sentence.

Acomplex sentencecontains one independent clause and at least

one dependent clause.


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Adverb Clauses

Dependent adverb clauses tell why, when, or where or introduce

an opposite idea. They begin with one of these subordinating

conjunctions:

1. To tell why: because, since, as

2. To tell when and where: when, whenever, since, while, as soon as,after, before, wherever

3. To introduce an opposite idea: although, though, even though

Most dependent adverb clauses can come at the beginning or end

of a sentence.Veterinarians give the animals prompt medical attention whenever they

are sick.

Whenever the animals are sick, veterinarians give them prompt

medical attention


7/177English Sentence IIDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Complex Sentence

Match a clause from column B with a clause from column A to make acomplex sentence. The clauses in column A are in the correct order.

A1. The trip began badly

2. It was almost noon3. As soon as I threw out myfishing line

4. I spent most of the afternoonuntanglingmy line

5. After we had been fishing for a

couple of hours6. We were totally wet7. When we got back home8. It will be a long, long time

Ba. before we could put on our rain jackets

b. when we had a flat tire on the way tothe lakec. until I go fishing with my brothers

againd. I immediately took a hot showere. while my brothers were catching fish

after fishf. it got caught in some underwater

weedsg. before we started fishingh. it started to rain


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Compound-Complex Sentence

Rather than joining two simple sentences together, a co-ordinating

conjunction sometimes joins two complex sentences, or one simple

sentence and one complex sentence. In this case, the sentence is

called a compound-complex sentence.

Example:

The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I

could check the contents.


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Transition Signals

In addition to unity, every good paragraph in a composition musthave coherence. It is the responsibility of the writer in English tomake it clear to the reader how various parts of the paragraph areconnected. These connections can be made explicit by the use ofdifferent transition signals.

Can you name a few examples of transition signals?1. list of time order or order of importance2. addition3. opposite ideas

4. similar ideas5. examples6. cause and effect7. conclusion8. emphasis


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Identify the Transition Signals

To begin with, it is necessary to consider the long-term implications of

the decision to increase our dependence on permanent staff in our

restaurants. For example, let us say we do go ahead. In this case, our

reliance on hourly-paid staff will decrease. As a result, costs will reduce,

as permanent staff are cheaper than hourly-paid staff. In fact, it is notnecessarily the case, especially as there is no way of knowing what the

relative costs of hourly-paid staff and permanent staff will be in ten

years' time. However, as a rule hourly permanent staff are more reliable

than full-time staff and this is a genuine advantage. As a consequence

of these two advantages, permanent staff would seem to be a betteroption. In other words, they are cheaper and more reliable so they are

better. In that case, it is not necessary to hesitate. Naturally, nothing is

so simple. In short, cost is an unknown factor and the most economical

choice is not known.


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Using Articles

What is an article? Basically, an article is an adjective. Like

adjectives, articles modify nouns.

English has two articles: the and a/an.

The is used to refer to specific or particular nouns; a/an is used to

modify non-specific or non-particular nouns.

We call the the definitearticle and a/an the indefinitearticle.

For example, if I say, "Let's read the book," I mean a specificbook.

If I say, "Let's read a book," I mean anybook rather than a specificbook.


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Using Articles: a and an

"A" and "an" signal that the noun modified is indefinite, referring to

anymember of a group. For example:

"My daughter really wants a dog for Christmas." This refers to any

dog. We don't know which dog because we haven't found the dog

yet.

"Somebody call a policeman!" This refers to anypoliceman. We

don't need a specific policeman; we need any policeman who is

available.

"When I was at the zoo, I saw an elephant!" Here, we're talking

about a single, non-specific thing, in this case an elephant. There

are probably several elephants at the zoo, but there's only one

we're talking about here.


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Using Articles: the

The definite article is used before singular and plural nouns when

the noun is specific or particular. The signals that the noun is

definite, that it refers to a particular member of a group. For

example:

"The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking about a specific

dog, the dog that bit me.

"I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat!" Here, we're

talking about a particularpoliceman. Even if we don't know the

policeman's name, it's still a particular policeman because it is theone who saved the cat.

"I saw the elephant at the zoo." Here, we're talking about a specific

noun. Probably there is only one elephant at the zoo.


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Relative Pronouns

Fill each blank with who', whose, that', or which'.

1. Anya is the one ____ rescued the bird.

2. Mr Richards, ___ is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.

3. I do not trust products ____ claim "all natural ingredients"

because this phrase can mean almost anything.

4. The product claiming "all natural ingredients," ____ appeared in

the Sunday newspaper, is on sale.

5. That is a decision ___ you must live with for the rest of your

life.6. I talked to the girl ___ car had broken down in front of the

shop.

7. The man, ___ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.


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Relative Pronouns: The Rules

Rule 1

Whoand whoserefer to people. Thatand whichrefer to groups or

things.

Anya is the one who rescued the bird.

Lokua is on the team that won first place.

Rule 2

Thatintroduces essential clauses while whichintroduces non-

essential clauses.

I do not trust products that claim "all natural ingredients"because this phrase can mean almost anything.

The product claiming "all natural ingredients," which appeared in

the Sunday newspaper, is on sale.


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Relative Pronouns: The Rules

Rule 3

Ifwhoand whoseintroduce an essential clause, you do not use a

comma before them. If they introduce a non-essential clause, you

use a comma before them.

Anya is the one who rescued the bird.Mr Richards, who is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.

Rule 4

Ifthis, that, these, or thosehas already introduced an essential

clause, you may use whichto introduce the next clause, whether itis essential or nonessential.

That is a decision which you must live with for the rest of your

life.

English - 5 Sentence Exercise II

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