Engleberg_PPT_ch5

Copyright ©2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Chapter 5: Verbal Communication

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Quotable Quote

“The difference between the almost right word and the right word is really a large matter—’tis the difference between the lightening bug and the lightening.”

Mark Twain


PowerPoint Quiz

Researchers estimate that the first humans to speak language as we know it lived in East Africa __________ years ago.

A. 25,000 B. 50,000 C. 150,000 D. 500,000 E. 1,000,000


Survival & Speech Organs

Survival Function• Nose: To get air

for and into our lungs

• Lips: To seal the oral cavity

• Larynx: To seal the passage over our lungs

Speech Function• Nose: To provide

nasal resonance in sounds

• Lips: To form vowels and consonants

• Larynx: To produce vibrations for sound


Survival & Speech Organs

Survival Function• Lungs: To

exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen

• Teeth: To break up food

• Tongue: To move food to teeth and throat

Speech Function• Lungs: To supply

air for speech

• Teeth: To articulate consonants

• Tongue: To form vowels and consonants


Human Language

Language

A system of arbitrary signs and symbols used to communicate

thoughts and feelings

• There are 5,000-6,000 spoken languages.

• All languages have grammatical rules to describe how words should be arranged, modified, and even punctuated.


Quotable Quote

“Whatever else people do when they come together—whether they play, fight, make love, or make automobiles—they talk. We live in a world of language.”

Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman, linguists


Signs and Symbols

SignAn image that stands for or represents something specific and often looks like or depicts the thing it represents

SymbolAn arbitrary collection of sounds that in certain combinations stand for concepts


Signs

A sign stands for or represents something specific and often looks like

or depicts the thing it represents.

What do these signs mean?


Triangle of Meaning


Denotation & Connotation

DenotativeMeaning

The objective, dictionary-based

meaning of a word

ConnotativeMeaning

The personal feeling connected to the meaning of

a word


What’s in a Name?

What does your name mean?

Example: “Dianna comes from the word divine. Also, my grandfather’s name was Daniel so I was sort of named after him.”

Your Name Story: _________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________


Define pig

Denotative Meaning

Domestic swine with short legs, cloven hooves,

bristly hair, and a snout used for

digging

Connotative Meanings

•A greedy and gross person•________________ ________________•________________ _________________


Abstract and Concrete Words

Abstract Words

Refer to ideas or concepts that cannot be observed or touched such as fairness, freedom, and work.

Examples: animal, pet, name

Concrete Words

Refer to specific things that can be perceived by the senses. Concrete words minimize misunderstanding.

Examples: dog, beagle, Fido


Levels of Language


Fill in the BlanksSuperordinate

TermBasic Term Subordinate

Term

Beverage Decaf Cappuccino

Book

Religion Christianity


The Whorf Hypothesis

Language reflects cultural models of the world, which, in turn, influence how we

think, act, and behave.

•Do words such as fireman and policeman lead us to view these as jobs for men?

•Do firefighter and police officer change these perceptions?


Language and CultureVocabulary

Example: ______________________________________________________________

Use of pronouns

Example: English is the only language that capitalizes the word meaning I in writing.

Verbal directness Example: ______________________________________________________________


Language and Gender• Women tend to use language that maintains

relationships and to cooperate with others.

– Tag questions (Right? Is that okay?)

– Superpolite forms (Please; Would you mind?)

– Hedges (like, you know, kind of)

• Men tend to use more direct and forceful language to assert their ideas and compete with others.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2011


Gender-Biased Words

Gender-Biased Term

• Stewardess• Fireman• Female soldier• Mankind• _____________• _____________

Gender-Neutral Term

• Flight attendant• Firefighter• Soldier• _______________• _______________• _______________


Do Women Talk More Than Men?

• What’s your answer?• Justify your answer.• How does your answer affect how much you talk?• How, if at all, will knowing the right answer affect how you talk in the future?

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2011


Code Switching

The ability to modify your verbal and nonverbal communication and adopt

the language of the majority in a particular situation

People learn code switching to avoid

negative stereotypes about them based on their accent or dialect.


Language Difficulties

• Bypassing

• Exclusionary Language

• Offensive Language

Example: I said hold the check until next Monday, not this Monday.

Example: ___________________________________________

Example: ___________________________________________


Change the Sentence• She’s a well-preserved, little old lady.

__________________________________• He’s an activist, right-wing judge. __________________________________• He’s a victim of prostate cancer. __________________________________• A cute little girl waited on us at the Oriental

restaurant. __________________________________


Which Saying Is True?

• Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones, but Words Can Hurt Forever.

• Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones, but Words Will Never Hurt Me.


PowerPoint Quiz

Why do people swear?A. Swearing is lazy language that’s easy

to call on.

B. Swearing can be fun if it’s used humorously in the right company.

C. Friends and/or colleagues do it.

D. Swearing helps emphasize a point.

E. All of the above


How to Avoid Cursing• Use alternatives such as darn or heck.

• Take out the swear word. “Who cares?” not “Who the @%*$ cares?”

• Look for better, more interesting words. “This place is a mess,” not “This place looks like *&%$!”

• Describe, don’t accuse: “I think that’s an exaggeration” not “That’s a f***ing lie.”


Improve Your Way with Words

• Expand Your Vocabulary

• Use Oral Language

• Use Active Language

• Use I and You Language

• Use Grammatical Language


Expand Your VocabularyDefine these Words

• Connotation ______________________

________________________________• Abstract Word ____________________

________________________________• Euphemism ______________________

________________________________

See the next slide.


Expand Your Vocabulary• Connotation. The emotional responses

and personal thoughts connected to the meaning of a word.

• Abstract Words. Words that refer to an idea or concept that cannot be directly observed or touched.

• Euphemism. A mild, indirect, or vague word or phrase that substitutes for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one.


Use Oral Language

• Use shorter familiar words.

Example: home rather than residence

• Use shorter, simpler sentences. Example: He came back rather than He returned from his point of departure.

• Use more informal colloquial expressions. Example: Give it a try rather than You should attempt it.


Use Active Language

Active VoiceThe subject performs the action. An active

voice makes your message more engaging.

Passive VoiceThe subject receives the action. A passive

voice takes the focus away from the subject of your sentence.


PowerPoint QuizIdentify the passive-voice sentence:A. Independence was brought to the

colonies by the Continental Congress.

B. The Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in 1776.

C. The Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence.

D. Thomas Jefferson wrote most of the Declaration of Independence.


Use I and You Language

• I: Take responsibility for feelings and actions, but don’t overuse I and appear self-centered

• You: Don’t shift responsibility from yourself to others. Use you to include someone, not blame that person.


Avoid Gobbledygook

• No more than 40 words in a sentence

• Only one subject per sentence

• Don’t include information just because you know it. What does the listener need to know?

• Shorter words and phrases such as “now” rather than “at the present time”


Communication Assessment

Writing Apprehension Test (WAT)Indicate the degree to which each statement applies to you by marking whether you (1) strongly agree, (2) agree, (3) are uncertain about, (4) disagree, or (5) strongly disagree.

__ 3. I look forward to writing down my ideas.

__ 9. I like to have my friends read what I’ve written.

__ 18. I don’t think I write as well as other people write.

__ 20. I’m not good at writing.


TEST Your KnowledgeWhich of the following words would be classified as a superordinate term?

A. liquid B. water C. wine D. ocean E. Caribbean Sea

See p. 105 for more review questions.

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