The Way We Were • 40’s Bush and Weiner: From analogue to digital, cybernetics • 60’s McLuhan: The medium is the message (mediated content) • 90’s: Bolter & Grusin: remediation and digitextuality • 2000s Everett - symptoms of: click theory
Jun 18, 2015
The Way We Were
• 40’s Bush and Weiner: From analogue to digital, cybernetics
• 60’s McLuhan: The medium is the message (mediated content)
• 90’s: Bolter & Grusin: remediation and digitextuality
• 2000s Everett - symptoms of: click theory
The Developing Database Culture
Lev Manovich Eugene Thacker
Overview
• Lev ManovichThe Database (2001)
• Eugene ThackerBiocolonialism, Genomics, and the Databasing of the Population (2005)
Lev Manovich• Interested in new media art, history and
theory of digital culture
• Professor of Visual Arts, UCSD
• Background in fine art, architecture, semiotics, computer programming
• M.A. Experimental PsychologyPh.D. Visual/Cultural Studies
• The Language of Media (MIT Press, 2001)
• excerpt from Database as a Symbolic Form
Article in a nutshell
• The rise of computer culture has redistributed the weight between databases and narratives as the lens for user experience and understanding of the world
• “Both have existed long before modern media...[and represent] two essential responses to the world” (Nayar 60)
• Narrative becomes syntagm|virtual|dematerialized while database becomes paradigm|privileged|material in new media
Key terms
• Database form can be defined as a structured collection of data.
• Data has equal significance
• No end, no beginning (editable)
• Open and editable
Key Concepts
• Database form and data structure as a cultural mirror.
• Computer age succeeds modern age
• Rise of idea of world as unstructured and endless collection of data
• Represents a new way to translate our experience of ourselves and the world
Key terms• Narrative form “… contents should be a
series of connected events caused or experienced by actors”. - Mieke Bal. literary scholar (Nayar 56)
• Linear, single trajectory
• Novels, cinema, comics, music
Why are database>narrative structure for new media objects?
• New media objects do not tell stories
• Traditional genres which already have a database logic are receptive to reinvention with new media storage
• OED, Chapters, Flickr, Wikipedia, Hotmail, CBC Radio 3
But what about new media objects experienced as narratives...
Such as games?
Key terms
• Algorithm: “a final sequence of simplified operations that a computer can execute to accomplish a given task.” (Nayar 53)
• “Hidden logic” a sequence of simple operation required to complete a task
Manovich’s Issues
• “The computerization of culture” “[C]omputer programming encapsulates the world according to its own logic. The world is reduced to two kinds of software objects which are complementary to each other: data structures and algorithms.” (Nayar 53)
• “the digitizing craze” “storage mania”
• Data does not just exist - it has to be generated, collected and organized
• New cultural algorithm (database logic as logic of culture):
reality ->media->data->database
Re: Everett’s Issue
• “By distancing technology from the body, we become less accountable to ourselves.”
• Issue of disconnecting information from the body.
Thacker’s Issue
• When we displace data from the body, does it gain additional significance? Is context lost in the datafication? (Re: McLuhan)
Eugene Thacker
• Interested in new media theory, digital arts, science fiction, bioscience and ethics, body and technology
• Associate Professor of Media Studies & film, The New School
• BA in English Literature M.A. and Ph.D.: Comparative Literature
• excerpt from The Global Genome (MIT Press, 2005)
Article in a nutshell
• The databasing of the population is problematic. The human population is reduced to three entities: biological material in a test tube, as a sequence in a computer database, and as economically valuable information in a patent.
• “… what techniques is bioinformatics reinterpreting and incorporating cultural difference?” (Nayar 241)
• Datification is a process fraught with semiotic meaning in both input and output (de Saussure).
Key Terms• Population Genomics: Genetic study of the
genomes of specific populations, through both statistics and medicine, genetics and technology(Nayar 223)
• Studies genetic elements that make human populations distinct from all humans (ie. ethnic groups.)
• Produces what population means in the context of genetics-based medicine and health care-paradigm.
• Omits nonbiological factors (environmental, geography, political, social)
• Related: Biopower, Bioinformatics as Biocapitalism
• Biopolitics: incorporating the life of a population into a set of economic and political concerns.
• defines population as mathematical, informatic-based statistics approach
• works by subdividing and creating internal differences in population to regulate political and economic health.
• produces and collects knowledge of the population in the form of manageable data, inserting that info back through the social-biological body of the population
Michel Foucault, French philosopher
Key Terms
Key Terms
• Biocolonialism: the appropriation (through force or coercion) of Third World biological bodies and populations by First World science, practice and research to feed into health care economies.
• Concept of race manifested within biosciences is encoded by Western science.
• Population databases are “... like value-added export products designed to circulate in a global rhetorical economy” (Nayar, 225)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8HDjU6URqw
Key Issues
• Bioethical Concerns & the Database:
• privacy, ownership and access to data
• commodification of data by free market capitalism
• emphasis on marketable genes data over others
• genetic discrimination
• selected conservation of genetic difference.
• reinscribed data; variability of biological data
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Apjebtal8bQ&feature=player_profilepage
Thank you
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