02/06/2015 1 EUT440 ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence WEEK 2 19 th SEPT 2013 RISK MANAGEMENT Risk Risk - a combination of the probability that a particular outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved. (Risiko - Kombinasi kemungkinan berlakunya kejadian berbahaya/kemalangan dan kesan akibatnya) - Chance or probability of danger, loss or injury occuring - A measure of economic loss or human injury in terms of both the accident likelihood and magnitude (consequence) of loss or injury - It is a combination of incident, probability and consequences. Danger – expresses the relative exposure to hazard. A hazard may presence, but there may be little danger because of the precaution taken. Risk management involves the: identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. Checking and Reviewing the risk control Controlling the risk • Eliminating the hazard, if possible • Minimizing, if possible • Controlling the hazard
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EUT440
ENGINEERS IN SOCIETY
• Knowledge Sincerity Excellence
WEEK 2 19th SEPT 2013
RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk
Risk - a combination of the probability that a particular
outcome will occur and the severity of the harm involved.
(Risiko - Kombinasi kemungkinan berlakunya kejadian
berbahaya/kemalangan dan kesan akibatnya)
- Chance or probability of danger, loss or injury occuring
- A measure of economic loss or human injury in terms of both
the accident likelihood and magnitude (consequence) of loss or
injury
- It is a combination of incident, probability and consequences.
Danger – expresses the relative exposure to hazard. A hazard
may presence, but there may be little danger because of the
precaution taken.
Risk management involves the:
identification,
assessment, and prioritization of risks followed
by coordinated and economical application of resources to
minimize, monitor, and control the probability
and/or impact of unfortunate events or to
maximize the realization of opportunities.
Checking and Reviewing the risk control
Controlling the risk • Eliminating the hazard, if possible
• Minimizing, if possible
• Controlling the hazard
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Identifying types of HAZARDS and
Various Route of Entry
Issues in Managing of Health at Workplace
• Difficult to develop strategy due to
- Long latency period
- Individual susceptibility factor
• The difficulties are experienced by
- Designers - difficult in taking account of health risks in their specifications
- Managers - determining the level of health protection that personnel require
- Operatives - being aware of health risks and the systems, whether control or prevention, that are put in place to protect them.
Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards
PHYSICAL
HAZARDS
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Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards eg height, force, noise,
vibration, lighting, etc
- route -> tissue damage, hearing loss, lifting,
manual handling, ergonomic, traffic hazards,
collapse, falling objects
Manual Handling
• The lifting and carrying of loads is a big problem in every industry
• Manual handling injuries contributed about 25% of all work-related injuries
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
How to reduce the effects?
• Bagged materials must be less than 25 kg.
• Apart of the weight factor, other factors also affect
this manual handling related accident
- The individual
• Age
• Gender
• Training
• Experience
• Previous Injury
- The overall operation
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Work Related Upper Limb Disorder
• WRULD is caused by repetitive movements
Diseases associated
- Neck disorder
- Shoulder disorder
- Elbow disorder
- Writs and Hand Lesions (localized area of
diseased or injured tissue)
- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
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Work Related Upper Limb Disorder
• Factors associated with the development of WRULD
- Resisting Excessive Force
- Frequency and Duration of Movement
• Jobs are dictated by machine rather than personnel
- Posture - ERGONOMIC - Work Organization
• Length of work period without rest breaks, lack of training and inadequate supervision
- Psychosomatic Factors (illness due to the interaction of the mind and the body)
• Poor awareness by managers and employees
• Lack of management to detect problems
• Poor ergonomic job design • Lack of training to control WRULD
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Noise
• It can cause hearing loss
• Factors influencing hearing loss
- Intensity of the noise
- Frequency
- Length of exposure
- Individual Tolerance. This factor is also affected by other factors such as
A form with data regarding the detailed properties of a particular hazardous material An important component of product stewardship and workplace safety, it is intended to provide workers and emergency personnel with procedures for handling or working with that substance in a safe manner
What is an MSDS?
• A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides detailed information about a specific hazardous material. An MSDS contains the following information:
- Identity (name of substance)
- Physical Hazards (target organ)
- Health Hazards
- Routes of Body Entry
- Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)
- Carcinogenic Factors (cancer causing)
- Safe-Handling Procedures
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What is an MSDS?
- Data of Sheet Preparation
- Control Measures (personal protective equipment)
- Emergency First Aid Procedures (emergency telephone
number)
- Contact Information (for the preparer of the sheet)
- Special Instructions
Sample MSDS Page - Nitric Acid, 70%
• This is a sample page from the MSDS for
Nitric Acid, 70 percent. The product is
made by the ABC Rubber Company,
Science Products Division, P.O. Box M,
Altonia, Illinois 40361. Effective date is 8-
21-85.
Sample MSDS Page - Nitric Acid, 70%
Product identification, synonyms, other names for nitric acid are:
aqua fortis, azotic acid, nitric acid 70 percent. Formula CAS
Number 7697-37-2. Molecular weight 63.00. Hazardous
ingredients, not applicable. Chemical formula, HNO3.
Precautionary measures, danger, strong oxidizer, contact with other
materials may cause fire. Causes sever burns, may be fatal if
swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on
clothing. Avoid breathing mist, use only with adequate ventilation.
Wash thoroughly after handling. Do not store near combustible
materials. Store in a tightly closed container. Remove and wash
whenever you need additional information about a hazardous material that is not included on the product label.
• For example, you have spilled nitric acid on the floor, and you need to know how to clean it up safely. You need only refer to the "Safe-Handling Procedures" section of the nitric acid MSDS.
Isolate or enclose the area of the leak or spill. Clean-up personnel should wear protective clothing and respiratory equipment suitable for toxic or corrosive fluids or vapors. For small spills:
Flush with water, and neutralize with alkaline material (soda ash, lime, et cetera). Sewer with excess water.
For larger spills and lot sizes:
Neutralize with alkaline, pick up with absorbent material (sand, earth,
vermiculite) and dispose in a RCRA approved waste facility or sewer
the neutralized slurry with excess water if local ordinances allow.
Insure compliance with local, state and federal regulations.
When Do You Use an MSDS?
• Some chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide,
are very dangerous. If you have an accident,
you may not have time to look up the
information you need in an MSDS.
• You should read the MSDSs for the
hazardous materials present in your work area
before you work with them.
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards – living organism or
once-living organism eg. Fungi, Bacteria,
Viruses
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards
Types of HAZARDS - categories
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iii. Biological Hazards
a. Microorganism -Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses
route –in contact with bacteria thro’ improper treated
cooling towers
b. Arthropods – mosquitoes, spiders
route – bitten by infected mosquitoes
c. Animals – crocodiles, snakes
d. Plant allergens and toxins – pollen
e. Protein allergens – food, urine, feces, hair
route – rodent dropping/urine
- route -> infection, needle stick injury, handling of waste
Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards eg current, voltage,
sparks
- route -> direct electrocution, contact with
overhead or underground cables
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards
Types of HAZARDS - categories
i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards eg. UV light, lasers etc
- route -> skin contact, eye contact
vi. Psychological Hazards
Types of HAZARDS - categories Ultraviolet • UV can damage eyes and skin
- Skin cancer
- Skin burn
- Eye discomfort
• Where is the exposure of this hazard?
- Outdoor job
- Welding
- Work using high intensity lamp
• How to reduce the hazard?
- Sun block
- UV Protection Sunglasses
- Blue color costume
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i. Physical Hazards
ii. Chemical Hazards
iii. Biological Hazards
iv. Electrical Hazards
v. Radiation Hazards
vi. Psychological Hazards eg. workplace,
space, organizational culture, stress
Types of HAZARDS - categories Occupational Stress
• Three types of occupational stress
- Physical
- Mental
- Emotional
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Causes of Occupational Stress
• Uncertainty and lack of control (low job discretion)
• Lack of support from others, including co-workers
• Conflicts
• High demands of working environment, e.g. long hours, high responsibility, commitment • Very low demands: boredom, lack of meaning in work
• Work station: noise, poor lighting, lack of space,
extreme temperatures, poor ergonomics
• Chemical hazards, fumes, passive smoking
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Organizational culture
• Repetitive Tasks
• Low pay leading to overtime and piecework
• Change
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Causes of Occupational Stress …cont
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How do humans react? 3 stages
• Alarm Stage
-Immediate reaction
- Fight or Flight?
- Human body coordinates the readiness of
action, influencing mood, causing heart
palpitation, shallow fast breathing, muscle
tension, dryness of throat, dizziness and light-
headedness, numbness of the limbs, nausea,
anxiety and sweating
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Resistance Stage Alarm stage cannot be maintained indefinitely At one point, resistance stage occurs in which humans develop survival strategies and a way of fighting the stress
Typically, short-term relief is preferable
• Exhaustion Stage
-Stress response is healthy and a motivator - When expectations are not realistic, humans become suffer
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARDS
How do humans react?
can be burnt from the
sparks
the danger of the work
process starting a fire.
the intense light can
cause permanent eye
damage
Heat
HAZARDS – can you identify them?
Source: International Labor Organization (ILO)
PHYSICAL
fumes given off by the
process which can damage
the lungs CHEMICAL
Welder Electronics assembly worker – Eye problems from doing close work, especially in poor light
Long periods with inadequate seating, can suffer from back and other musculoskeletal problems.
Solder fumes or solder “flecks” in the eye when the excess solder is cut off with pliers.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS - examples
Source: International Labor Organization (ILO) Control ????