Engineering surveyingshowcase2013...Engineering surveyingshowcase2013 ISSUE ONE FEATURES: Monitoring banks and structures with the EA Machine control for complex nature reserve Class

Engineeringsurveyingshowcase2013

I S S U E O N E

FEATURES:

Monitoring banks and structures with the EAMachine control for complex nature reserve

Class of Your Own counters perceptions BIM and the Land Surveyor’s role

Engineering Surveying: what have you missed?

PLUSMarket update and new launches •

High Speed Rail heads north •Laser scanners charted and compared •

Latest GNSS & Total Station news •

and more

Leica Geosystems LtdDavy Avenue, Knowlhill, Milton Keynes MK5 8LBTel: +44 (0) 1908 256 [email protected]

Leica Monitoring Solutions Leave Nothing to Chance

By their very nature, rail projects often take place alongside other critical infrastructure, whether it’s a road, bridge, building or tunnel, understanding the possible impact of engineering activities as they happen is essential to the mitigation of risk to these assets. Early and precise deformation monitoring is an absolute necessity to protect againstthis uncertainty.

Leica Geosystems' Monitoring Solutions integrate powerful positioning sensors with sophisticated software solutions to deliverreliable and critical information to all project stakeholders. From details on rail displacement, or alerts when cant or twist tolerances have been exceeded, critical information can be shared immediately as it happens.

To find out how to mitigate the risk of your project using our automated monitoring solutions, contact our specialist team on01908 256 520 or by email [email protected]

Hire of Monitoring Systems available from £1,500 per week

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Publishers:PV Publications Ltd, 2B North Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 4AT, Tel: +44 (0)1438 352617, Fax: +44 (0)1438 351989, e-mail: [email protected]

Editor: Stephen Booth Technical Editor: Richard Groom

Advertising sales: Sharon Robson Subscriptions: Barbara Molloy© 2013 ISBN: 0 946779 20 1. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in anyretrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the express permission ofthe publisher.

Printing: The Manson Group, St. Albans

Engineering Surveying Showcase is a twice-yearly window into thesurveying industry. It is published for the benefit of the industry and forthe professionals who work in it.Our mission is to show to the survey industry’s customers, clients andemployers, whether as individual surveyors, managers or other professionaldisciplines, such as engineers or architects, the latest developments andapplications in surveying technology and techniques.

Further details from:The Editor, Engineering Surveying Showcase, 2B North Road, Stevenage,Herts SG1 4AT, tel: 01438 352617, fax: 01438 351989e-mail: [email protected] visit our website at: www.pvpubs.com

COVER STORYAll of the images featured on the cover arefrom articles and features in this issue ofShowcase and reflect the wide rangingeditorial coverage.• Our thanks and acknowledgements toSpectra Precision, Clem Rutter, Class of YourOwn, and the Environment Agency.

T H I S I S S U E

Engineeringsurveyingshowcase2013 ISSUE ONE

Foreword: to change perceptions of the construction industry the institutions must step up. p. 05

Fresh from the market! High speed rail, handheld scanners, Gorilla glass plus the latest hardware p. 06

BIM and Surveyors: what is the surveyor’s role? p. 12

3D Laser Scanners: 2013, the year of the point cloud, thanks to BIM. p. 14

3D Laser Scanners for terrestrial survey: 25 leading models compared p. 16

Total Stations: latest developments plus security issues p. 21

Machine Control: earthworks contractor finds speed and accuracy for intricate nature reserve project. p. 22

Deformation Monitoring: how the EA monitors flood defence structures against inundation. p. 24

Class of Your Own: engaging with school children to help dispel construction’s negative image. p. 28

GNSS Systems Update: Beidou is now operational and a position fix for Galileo. p. 31

GNSS Equipment Update: how GNSS operates in the UK and techniques to get accurate fixes. p. 32

Professional Services: where to find a professional survey service p. 33

Classified & Appointments p. 34

Don’t miss the next issue of Showcase with our review of software

for Geomatics.Issue No 2 for 2013 is

out 30 September2013*

*Can’t wait?A limited number of copies are

still available of the autumn2012 issue featuring the latestsoftware applications and more. Call 01438 352617 for details.

To receive FREE copies of Showcase you must be one of the following:• a subscriber to Geomatics World• an RICS Geomatics Group member• a member of the Irish Institution of Surveyors (IIS) • someone who recommends or purchases surveying technology

or surveying services.To register or subscribe, go to: www.pvpubs.com

Showcase is published for the benefit of those who work in, or supply,the geomatics industry. Our aim is to raise awareness of the newopportunities which technology is bringing to the traditionally narrowfield of surveying.Showcase is currently published twice yearly (March and October) anddistributed to over 6,000 surveyors, engineers and professionals whouse spatial data in the built environment.

The easiest way to receive Showcase is to go to our website at:www.pvpubs.com or call us on 01438 352617

[email protected]

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Welcome to the first issue of Showcase for 2013. Showcase exists to raise awareness amongstsurveyors and engineers of what today’s surveying and mapping equipment and techniques cando, and to reach a wider readership working in construction and the built environment, whomay need the services of professional survey and geospatial specialists or just need to knowmore about our side of the industry.

This issue has several interesting articles that help inform our aims. The importance ofmonitoring cannot be overstressed. Things like unstable natural features such as cliffs as well asstructures such as buildings likely to be affected by adjacent work like tunnelling, or manmaderiver banks and dams, all need a watchful eye to protect the public and key infrastructure. Theprevious issue (Showcase 2012 No 2 – “Monitoring system helps save lives”) demonstratedvividly what might have happened without monitoring. Turn to page 22 to read how theEnvironment Agency uses monitoring.

For those unaware of the advances in machine control we look at how a highly complexearthworks project for a nature reserve would probably have been all but impossible usingtraditional setting out with batter rails etc. We also take another look at BIM, buildinginformation modelling (or management, depending on where you are in the process I suppose).Chris Little is a land surveyor with plenty of experience in both practical surveying and teachingand training. He poses the fundamental question of what the surveyor’s role should be in BIM.Turn to page 12 to find the answer.

But perhaps the most challenging topic we’ve explored this time is the importance of changingnegative perceptions about working in construction, which are endemic amongst school teacherswho play a pivotal role in shaping young people’s career destinations. Alison Watson, a landsurveyor, and partner Dan Gibson, an architect, are behind Class of Your Own (COYO), a schemethat reaches out to schools and engages with pupils by giving them a chance to “design, engineerand construct” something. The shear enthusiasm of the youngsters has to be experienced as I didat a House of Lord presentation in March. They just loved telling us about how they used thesoftware, developed their design skills and thought about sustainability and green issues.

COYO has had strong backing from Mott MacDonald, Autodesk and Topcon. But why haven’tthe professional bodies been doing this sort of thing? They will probably answer that they haveregular links with schools. But too often those links rely on passive activities like speaker visits,leaflets and videos. Professional institutions usually work within their own bubble to furthertheir own interests (which may not necessarily be their members’ interests) and don’t reachacross the various construction disciplines as COYO does. They need to step out of thosebubbles and step up to the plate that an opportunity like COYO offers. Read more on page 28.

Finally, if you’re interested in capturing 3D geospatial data and laser scanning our feature(begins page 16) looks at the latest developments in what is becoming a ubiquitous technology.Scanners play a key role in capturing geospatial data, from monitoring, to heritage, to BIM theyprovide a quick and economic option. We review the latest offerings from the manufacturersand Richard Groom argues for a standard format for point clouds.

Editor

*If you know of engineers and project managers who would benefit from a copy of Showcase,please drop us a line and we’ll earmark them for a free copy.

FOREWORD

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The next issue ofShowcase will be autumn

2013. Copy date foreditorial is 9 September

for publication on 30September. Copy date for

advertisers is 18 September.

• Call 01438 352617 formore details

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FROM GEOMATICS – MAPPING – PHOTOGRAMMETRY – METROLOGY!FROM GEOMATICS – MAPPING – PHOTOGRAMMETRY – METROLOGY!

AERIAL MAPPING ANDLiDAR

Large format aerial camerascontinue to be in demand forwide area mapping projects.Microsoft company Ultracamannounced the Falcon, adigital airborne camerasystem with image footprintsof 14,430 or 17,310 pixelsand the ability to changestorage units in flight. Imagecapture varies depending onfootprint but up to 5,200images can be stored.

Another aerial camerasystem was unveiled byOptech using SOMAG AGJena’s GSM 3000 gyro-stabilization mount with amulti-sensor frame andplatform for its line ofairborne laser terrain mappersand digital metric cameras.The mount is compatible withall of Optech’s Orion lidarsensors and CS-series digitalmapping cameras.

Pegasus flys highCapable of altitudes up to5000m, Optech’s new PegasusHA500 system can collect multi-beam lidar data throughout itsentire operating envelope withmaximum cloud density andaccuracy at any altitude. Atwin-laser configurationensures the same data fidelityand measurement precisionirrespective of the number ofbeams.

80% efficiency gainOptech has more recentlyannounced the CS-6500 aerialcamera system, a highlyefficient camera that offers afast cycle time, an electronicshutter, panchromatic orcolour CCD sensors,interchangeable lenses, and ametric-quality dataset. The

camera’s new 29-Mpxinterline CCD increases theoperational window, makesdata collection 80% moreefficient, and reduces read-out leakage output, enablingoperators to gather high-quality imagery even faster.The camera also featuressimplified operations, highversatility, and a large6500×4300 pixel footprintthat enables integration withOptech’s ALTM lidar sensorsand CS-series of thermal andmultispectral cameras.

Real-time orthosFrom Trimble, the DSS 500 is amedium-format, directlygeoreferenced imagingsystem. Capable of producingfull-resolution, ortho-rectifiedimagery in real time, thedigital sensor system (DSS) isdesigned as a high-productivity, mapping-gradesolution for colourorthophoto and verticalmapping applications. TheDSS 500 is also compatiblewith Trimble’s INPHO 5.5photogrammetric software forunmanned aerial systems andaerial LiDAR data production.New versions of eCognitionimage analysis and TridentAnalyst office software forremote sensing were alsoannounced. The DSS 500 isalso available as an OEMboard set for customintegrations.

60Mpx multi-spectralThe latest development fromLeica is the RCD30 Oblique, amedium format camera forhigh accuracy 3D urbanmapping and 3D corridormapping applications. Basedon Leica’s RCD30, theworld’s first 60Mpx multi-

software with Leica’s RCD30medium format camera.

TERRESTRIAL LASERSCANNERS

Compact mobile mapping Topcon introduced a newvehicle-mounted compact 3Dmapping system that canaccurately measure objectseven in adverse weatherconditions and enclosed jobsites such as tunnels andmines. The IP-S2 Compact+,incorporates high-precisionGNSS receivers, IMU (inertialmeasurement unit), vehiclewheel encoders, 360° cameraand laser scanners.

Product manager SanderJongeleen said, “The full-colour, high-resolution, high-density point cloudsdramatically increaseefficiencies for example in GISasset management such asutilities, and transportationwork such as roads, highways,tunnels, and overpasses.”

The system is available intwo configurations: a three-scanner standard model or afive-scanner system. The three-scanner gives a 360° vertical

FRESH FROM THE MARKET!

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The autumn and early spring aretraditional times whenmanufacturers of survey andmapping equipment launch newproducts, update software andrefresh their ranges. 2012/13 is noexception with the OctoberIntergeo exhibition in Hanoverseeing several innovations.

Zebedee, a handheld laserscanner could be ideal forfacilities management.

Right: Topcon’s newIP-S2 Compact+ 3D mobile mapping system can be easily mounted on a car or vehicle.

spectral medium formatcamera, the Leica RCD30Oblique allows a trio andpenta head configuration forcorridor mapping and urbanmapping applications.Customers have a choice ofCH61 RGB only and CH62multispectral RGBN cameraheads. For highest imagequality the RCD30 Obliqueprovides multi-directionalmotion compensation.

20k pixel swathLeica has also announced anew generation of itsairborne digital sensor, theLeica ADS100. Introducing aunique focal plate design, theADS100 offers a swath widthof 20,000 pixels for allmultispectral bands (RGBN)and multispectral capability inforward, nadir and backward.The ADS100 provides theworld’s first large format CCDline with TDI (Time Delay andIntegration) to increasesensitivity despite a smallerpixel size. By doubling thecycle rate, high resolutionimages can now be acquiredat much higher groundspeeds. To provide the beststabilization performance, thenew Leica PAV100 gyro-stabilized mount is equippedwith revolutionary adaptivecontrol technology. Inaddition to the PAV100, theADS100 shares all aircraftinstallation components suchas camera controller, operatordisplays and flight control

field of view. The five-scannersystem increases cloud density,minimizes scanning shades,and collects 150,000 pointsper second with a range of 40-50m. two IMU options areavailable, either high gradecommercial or tactical units.

Mobile mapping, indoorsAn interesting data-gatheringdevice seen very much inaction at Intergeo, was theViametris I-MMS indoor mobilemapping system. Housed in asimple three-wheel trolley, itcomprises two high densityLiDAR sensors with a range of50m and an optional pano -ramic camera. An onboardprocessor and real-time datacapture display are included.There is no GNSS or INS; theuser simply completes dataacquisition by returning to thestart point to ensure closure.Centimetre level accuracy isaided by the Viametris SLAMalgorithm, developed fromgaming applications.

Zebedee springs inThe indoor market formeasured surveys and facilitymanagement is set to grow.Earlier this year 3D LaserMapping announced the arrivalof Zebedee, a handheld laserscanner licensed fromAustralia’s national scienceagency. Mounted on a simplespring mechanism (hence thename, which older readersmay recognise from the BBCTV’s Magic Roundabout), thescanner loosely oscillates aboutthe spring producing a rotationthat converts 2D measure -ments into 3D fields of view.Its ability to locate itself makesZebedee ideal for use indoors,underground and in enclosedenvironments, where GNSSwon’t reach.

Surveyors targetedThe Intergeo saw the launch ofLeica Geosystems’ latest

scanner, the ScanStation P20.Targeted at surveyors, Leicaare claiming three world firsts:onboard check & adjustfunctionality, sub-millimetrerange noise at 120m, and bycombining time-of-flight rangemeasurement and modernwaveform digitizing (WFD)technology the P20 can deliver1 million points per second.

Trimble opts for FaroThe launch towards the endof 2010 of the Faro Focuslaser scanner certainly set theindustry humming. Describedas a ‘game-changer’, thescanner weighed in at only5kgs and a price half that oferstwhile competitors. TheFocus has been selling well.So well in fact that the bigboys want a slice of theaction. Sensibly Faro, with alimited distribution network,has responded. Trimble isnow offering the scanner re-badged as the Trimble TX5.For specs see our LaserScanners feature but you’llneed to look under Faro.

Underground scannerMaptek has released the I-Site8200 laser scanner designedfor underground surveyapplications. The scanner canbe coupled with a range ofaccessories to provide acomplete scanning system forunderground drives, tunnelsand stopes, as well as surfacestockpiles and silos, whileprocessing of scan data canbe undertaken in I-Site Studioand I-Site Void software. TheI-Site 8200 has a vertical scanwindow of -35 to 90° and360° horizontally. Whateverthe orientation of thescanner, integrated levellingautomatically corrects scansbefore processing.

GNSS

For GIS applications LeicaGeosystems has launched the

Zeno CS25 GNSS, a 7” screentablet computer runningWindows 7 with full GNSSfunctionality andincorporating a compactL1/L2 antenna.

Leica also launched earlierthis year the Viva GS14 GNSSreceiver. With Leica’sSmartTrack and SmartCheck

technology integrated, theGS14 tracks signals with thehighest quality and constantlyevaluates and verifies the RTKsolution using Leica’s xRTKtechnology to deliver positionsin difficult environments.

Premier GNSS systemLaunched at Intergeo the

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Detailed planning is under way for the UK’s largest everinfrastructure project, the new high speed rail network HS2. Theproject is designed to connect Britain’s major midlands andnorthern cities to the European high-speed network. Whilecommencement of construction is some way off (2017 or later), thepromoters HS2 Ltd, have needed aerial imagery and mapping withadvanced visualisation tools. With experience of working onprojects like the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, they turned to Blom.

Utilising wide-format aerial cameras and LiDAR Blom capturedhigh-resolution aerial imagery and laser data along the entire225kms of the first phase of the proposed HS2 route to provide acomplete 3D overview. The high-resolution 4cm imagery can alsobe used for subsequent 1:2500 topographic mapping and providesa permanent time-stamped photographic record along the route.

Simon Kraeter, commercial director for Blom UK explains “Oursurvey data is a valuable asset for route design and geotechnicalassessment, helping HS2 Ltd to design a better railway thatminimises the impact along the route. The models can also be usedto create sound propagation simulations, making it possible todevise where sound reduction steps might be necessary.”

Many planning decisions will require more than just a verticalview and mapping to be able to put the site in context with thesurrounding area. Blom supports this need by capturing obliqueaerial photography and video, giving a ‘bird’s eye’ perspective toany location on the route.

“Plans that are sympathetic to the surrounding area areimportant to everyone but can only be made if a contextual viewof the area is available, which is what our oblique imagery andaerial video provide” adds Kraeter. “Hyperspectral imagery, used toshow vegetation cover, is also provided, allowing planningdecisions to be made with environmental aspects in mind.”

Although it maybe another 20 years before the project is fullycompleted, current plans are for the link to first reach Birminghamthen split into two lines, one for Manchester and the other toLeeds. If construction begins as planned in 2017 then Birminghamcould be connected by 2026 and the remainder by 2032.

High-accuracy aerial surveys help visualise HS2

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The I-Site 8200scanner is

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work.

Trimble R10 GNSS system isthe company’s premiersolution of its integratedsurvey receiver portfolio.Designed to increaseproductivity, the R10 providespowerful functionality,including Trimble 360 receivertechnology, precise positioncapture with Trimble’sSurePoint technology and xFill,a bridging technology that“fills in” for RTK correctionswhen there are radio orinternet connection outages.

Topcon in the vanguardShowcase covered in the lastissue (October 2012) recentupdates to Topcon’s GNSSrange including the ultralightweight HiPer SR RTKsystem. At Intergeo theyannounced the inclusion of aGNSS patented chipset knownas Vanguard. With UniversalTracking technology and 226channels available, all currentand upcoming GNSSconstellations can be tracked.

Topcon believes that hearchitecture behind this newchipset is superior to anyavailable on the market.Fraser Smith, director of GNSSproduct management forTopcon Positioning Systems(TPS), said, “The newVanguard GNSS technologyuses the most advanced GNSSsignal tracking and processingarchitecture available in themarketplace.”

Vanguard includes severalexclusive solutions; QuartzLock Loop for superior signal

processing in heavy vibrationapplications, Universal Trackingchannels for all in viewtracking, and IntelligentTracking Optimization forselecting the best combinationof satellites.

The technology is beingintegrated into additionalTopcon and Sokkia GNSSreceivers.

Updates across Trimble’sGNSS rangeFollowing the launch of theR10, Trimble has updated itsentire GNSS survey receiverportfolio adding increasedfunctionality and capability.Models affected include theTrimble R4, R6 and R8. Theupdates include increasedsatellite tracking and RTKperformance. Theimprovements follow theintroduction of the “next

generation” Trimble R10 GNSSsystem explained Erik Arvesen,vice president of Trimble’sSurvey Division, adding, “Wefelt it was an ideal opportunityto modernise the completeintegrated receiver portfolio.The additional functionality inthe Trimble R4, R6 and R8provide surveyors with morecapability, flexibility andadditional receiver options tomeet their ever-changingbusiness needs.”

ProMark 700 for network RTK appsTrimble’s Spectra Precisionbrand has introduced theProMark 700 GNSS receiverspecifically for network RTKapplications. Weighing only650 grams, the ProMark 700,with all operations performedfrom the data collector, ispossibly the lightest GNSS RTKsmart antenna available on themarket. It features a longbattery life (typically over 10hours) for all-day operationwithout the need forrecharging or replacement.The waterproof unit isdesigned for harsh outdoorenvironments and a wideoperating temperature range.

The new receiver isequipped with 220 GNSSdual-frequency and dual-constellation channels thatallow tracking of all availableL1/L2 GPS/Glonass satellitesignals. The ProMark 700 hasbeen designed as an intuitive,simple and easy-to-usereceiver. Add-ons include the

low-cost MM10 data collectoror the new T41 data collectorwith a smart phone design.

Trimble again added to thebrand’s portfolio earlier thisyear with the launch of theEPOCH 50 GNSS system, with220 channels to make effectiveuse of the GPS L1/L2/L2C/L5and Glonass L1/L2 signals. Thereceiver uses proventechnology to provide anextremely stable phase centreand tracking of the newstronger L2C and L5 signals.

Ashtech lives on insideAnother brand acquisition byTrimble is Ashtech, now onlyfeaturing as the engine inSpectra Precision’s GNSSofferings. The new ProMark 120and ProMark 220 GNSS receiverslaunched at Intergeo replacethe ProMark 100 and ProMark200 models. Both come withan updated hardware platformthat includes the latestAshtech GNSS chipset with Z-Blade GNSS-centrictechnology. Both models haveupdated software and theProMark 220 is dual-frequencyand dual constellation withGlonass L2 capability. Inaddition, both come with theMS windows embeddedhandheld 6.5 professionaloperating system.

Gorilla glass for controllerTrimble has also recentlyintroduced an all-in-one devicefor mobile communicationsand surveying data collection.The Trimble Slate Controller


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Trimble’s Spectra PrecisionProMark 220 GNSS has thelatest Ashtec chipset.

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Rugged mobileHandheld Group has launchedthe Algiz 10X rugged mobiledevice. It weighs 1.3kgs, is32mm thick and can withstandtough weather and harshhandling. Its 10.1” touch-screen can display detailedmaps and other visuals even inbright sunlight. It comes withIP65-rating and meets stringentMIL-STD-810G militarystandards for protection againstdust, water, vibrations, drops,extreme temperatures andvarying altitudes. The tablet isGPS enabled, with Bluetooth,fully integrated modem andantennas for wirelessconnectivity.

TOTAL STATIONS

Nikon-Trimble has launched anew series of mechanical totalstations. The Nikon NPL-322series includes instrumentswith 2” and 5” angularoptions. The 2” model offersdual-displays and bothmodels feature a reflectorlessEDM with 200 metre range.The series feature tworechargeable long-life Li-ionbatteries to support thelongest of working days.

UAVs

In the fast growing marketfor UAVs SenseFly updated its

UAV range at Intergeo. Thehand launched eBee offers a45min flight time with arange that can capture1.5–10 sq kms. The unitweighs 630g at take off andcarries a 16Mpx cameraenabling it to capture imageswith a ground resolution aslow as 3cm per pixel.

CONSTRUCTION LASERS

Touch down for newRugby rangeA new line of constructionlasers from Leica promises tobe the toughest in the marketwith the highest environ -mental standard (IP68) forwater and dust protection.The Rugby 800 series accessoryoptions include a unique solarpower battery charger.

Designed from the groundup and to military spec MIL-STD 810G, the four-modelrange includes the Rugby 840,a multipurposehorizontal/vertical laser for alllevelling, aligning and squaringapplications and with anautomatic calibration feature.

A ‘Smart Targeting’function allows users to tie-inslopes (in single and dual axis)and to align the beamautomatically in the vertical.Once the laser is set up onthe starting point, the secondpoint can be positionedautomatically by using thenew Leica Rod Eye laserreceiver without the need towalk back to the laser or aseparate remote control.

With ‘Smart Lock’ the laserplane is continuouslymonitored in real-timeeliminating errors. Should thelaser plane move out oftolerance, the laser willindicate the movement withan alarm. This functionality is

ideal for batter board andfacade applications thatrequire a fixed installation ofthe system and the laserplane to stay exactly in placeall day long. Additionally, the‘Maximum TemperatureStability’ technology providesthe highest accuracythroughout the day over theentire working range withoutdrifting.

The lasers come with newgeneration unbreakableLithium-Ion batteries.Throughout the new LeicaRugby family, the battery

packs (Alkaline and Li-Ion) areinterchangeable and can becharged anywhere anytime onsite. The lasers come with afive-year no cost warranty.

SOFTWARE

Z/I goes for PureColorHexagon company Z/I Imagingand Leica stablemate, has anew release of its Z/I Sensorsoftware PPS V 6.6 thatintroduces PureColorTechnology. As part of a

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One of the world’s most successful military training aircraft, thePZL-130 TC Orlik, is now being levelled with the aid of a Nikon Nivo5M total station.

Levelling, both longitudinal (forward and aft) and lateral (left toright), is performed in the final stages of aircraft assembly.Accurate levelling on the ground is required before precisealignment and symmetry checks can be performed to confirm thatthe geometry of the aircraft is to specification.

Prior to using the Nivo total station, levelling was done with atheodolite and precision levelling rod and whilst easy to use,distances could not be measured. Manual calculation was alsorequired for the height differences and calculation errors, andmanual entering of the values into a computer.

Manufacturer EADS PZL “Warszawa-Okecie” SA, Poland’s oldestaircraft manufacturer, sought a more efficient solution – one thatwould be easy to use and could automatically collect and transmitdata to an integrated computer. ImpexGEO, one of Poland’s largestsuppliers of measuring equipment, suggested and demonstratedthe Nivo 5M total station for the task.

Equipped with reflectorless technology, the Nivo 5M eliminatesthe need for a levelling staff, and all height differences are checkedusing both distance and vertical angle measurements. All data areautomatically stored in the internal memory of the total station forlater export in ASCII format to a PC. In addition, the Nivo’s coaxiallaser pointer speeds aiming and often eliminates the need tooptically point the unit. Other features include full CoGofunctionality and Bluetooth comms to external data loggers.

Although Orlik’s technicians had never used a total station, theyrequired only two hours of training on the easy-to-use Nivo withits shortcut customisable user-defined keys to enable access to themost important features with just a single keystroke. Thelightweight, small size of the instrument, its two independent hot-swappable batteries, and full-day battery life are also valuedfeatures of the new unit.

Nikon total station levels Polish aircraft

Leica’s newRugby 840

includes SmartTargeting and a

Smart Lockfeature that

continuouslymonitors the

laser plane forany errors.

continued over page

broader focus on radiometricenhancements and simplifiedprocessing, PureColor booststhe dynamic range of theoutput image and protects allinformation collected even inhigh illuminated and shadowareas. In addition, PPS V 6.6will reduce the time neededfor manual adjustments andprovide a significantly higherautomation level for post-processing parameter settings.

Additional features andenhancements includeautomated colour balancingfor perfect radiometric imagequality and a newatmospheric correction modelto reduce haze and dust.

New apps and softwareupdate for Leica’s iCON A new ‘Roading’ applicationand an enhanced version ofits iCONstruct field softwarefor the iCON constructionportfolio have beenannounced by LeicaGeosystems. iCONstruct fieldv1.5 significantly improvesand optimises constructionworkflows with the iCON

CC50 and CC60/61 fieldcontrollers and the iCON gps60 and iCON robot 50positioning sensors.

The Roading application isan option for the iCON buildand iCON site software. It isalso available for the LeicaiCON CC60/61 7” inch largedisplay controller. Roadingenables setting out of individualroad lines and slope elements.A new cross-section view givesusers a good visual impressionof the road profile at thecurrent measured position.Together with the split screenoption, it is possible to achievethe best possible overview ofthe current position and theroad model. Roading allowscontractors to use the samedata on the machine and onthe field controller.

The latest softwareimproves and simplifies thesetting-out workflow of pointsand includes a new arrow viewwith different orientationoptions. With these newguidance options users canselect their favourites toincrease the speed when

staking out design points. GPSusers can also now receivecoordinate systems via theRTCM v3.1 message formatusing SmartNet RTK service.

BRIEFS

Applanix has introduced thePOS LV 120, a small, light -weight micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) inertialmeasurement unit (IMU) thatprovides continuouspositioning and orientation.

New additions to Leica’sDigisystem range of cable

locators and transmitters usethe latest digital signalprocessing technology withfrequencies of 512Hz and640Hz giving users a greatertracing range as well as theability to locate sewer-camerainspection systems. TheDigicat 550i xf and 650i xfalso gives depth estimation aswell as a 32Mb memory andBluetooth connectivity forintegrating with mobile dataloggers and devices.

Trimble has acquired thePenmap suite of software foroffice and data collection in thecadastral and surveying markets.


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Leica’s latestcable locator

offers Bluetoothconnectivity for

seamlessintegration withmobile mapping

technology.

ENGINEERING SURVEYING

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WE HAVE ALSO publisheddetailed accounts of structuralmonitoring and deformationas well as the techniquesused for high-resolutionclose-range data capture bylaser scanning orphotogrammetric imagery forheritage and historicdocumentation, through sitessuch as Stonehenge, EasterIsland and Iron Bridge.

In addition, GeomaticsWorld regularly reports onnew measurementtechnologies and theirapplication. We also keepreaders up to date onindustry-wide initiatives likelyto affect their professionalpractice, like BIM, newpublications and regulatoryaffairs.

We are invariably the firstto report on newtechnologies like 3-D GIS,laser scanners, UAVs or 360-degree panoramic cameras.During the last year we havereported on techniques asdiverse as using kites tocapture high-resolutionimagery and a new GPStechnique, precise pointpositioning, that could greatlyreduce the cost ofpositioning. We regularlyreview and analyse thecomplex analysis associatedwith getting the very bestpositional data fromequipment such as laserscanners and GNSS receivers.

For hydrographic surveyorswe also keep a watchful eyeon offshore positioning andunderwater survey systems.

Geomatics World is the

leading English languagepublication for surveyors andmeasurement specialistsworking in the UK andthroughout the English-speaking world.

The following is just a sampleof some of the articles wehave published during lastyear and to date in 2013.

Pebble trackingMeasuring beach movementis not a precise or staticscience. One solution involvesinstalling 2400 tiny RFIDs inpebbles.

Surveying Stonehenge:Part IIAfter the data capture andprocessing comes the analysisand interpretation. Paul Bryantakes us through the results.

Oil, Gas and GeomaticsThe International Associationof Oil and Gas Producers(OGP) Geomatics Committeehas launched four documentsthat will be essential readingfor those working in theindustry, reports RichardGroom.

Blue oceans, IMUs andOceanologyRichard Groom reports on ahydrographic technologyforum run by R2Sonic andconcurrent with theOceanology event.

Just how safe is GNSSfrom interference?Simon Canning examines themany potential sources of

interference for GNSS signals,from seagulls to maliciousjamming.

Laser scan launch forBelfast Titanic venueA spectacular light showheralded the opening ofTitanic Belfast but it was onlypossible due to some complexscanning and modelling.

Kite Aerial PhotographyA venerable techniqueharnessed to high-resolutiondigital cameras is providinggreat results, explains BillBlake, but watch out for thewind!

Precise Point Positioning vGNSSChris Rizos and colleaguesanalyse whether thistechnique is a viablealternative to differentialGNSS and network RTK.

Combining laser scanningand sonarAn award-winning projectingeniously combinesscanning and multibeamsonar to fabricate and installan underwater spool piece.

Micro UAVs: useablesurvey tools?Andrew Blogg explains thepros and cons of this newsurvey tool.

Too many points?In the first of two articles DanSchnurr analyses the optionsfor producing point cloudsfrom aerial survey systems.

BIM: what’s in it forsurvey?Richard Groom talks to twoleading survey companiesabout BIMand reports from a recentRICS event and asks, can wedefine BIM?

Scanning Easter Island’smysterious statuesLaser scanning has enabledarchaeologists to record andassess erosion onthese strange humanartefacts, explains RachelDalton-Taggart.

• To become a regularsubscriber to Geomatics Worldgo to: http://www.pvpubs.com/magazine.php?id=1or call 01438 352617.

Over the years our publication Geomatics Worldand its predecessor Surveying World, havepublished many articles on engineering projects.From the Channel Tunnel, the Burj tower inDubai, the Auckland telecoms tower to Libya’sGreat Manmade River project and the ThamesBarrier, we have kept surveyors informed of thespecial techniques used by their colleagues onthese challenging projects.

Engineering surveying andGeomatics World

- have you been missing something?

BIM IS THE current buzz-wordor should I say TLA (threeletter abbreviation) in theConstruction world and willcontinue to affect all of thoseconnected to the industry forthe next few years. Manypeople will already be awareof what it is, but there aremany others for whom theterm will be totally new.

There is no one accepteddefinition of the term BIM. Itis often taken as standing forBuilding Information Model,or Building InformationModelling. If anything, theseare a little simplistic as itcovers more than just the‘model’ of a building. It isreally concerned with theprocess of managing all dataassociated with a buildingduring its wholelifecycle. Thisencompasses not onlythe building geometry,but all the quantitiesand properties of thebuilding from concept,planning and design,through construction,operation and finallyde-commissioning. So,possibly BIM shouldstand for ‘Building

Information Management’. Itis the information thatbecomes vital centrally for aproject, with the aim ofaccess by all who needinformation about thebuilding.

BIM is being pushed bygovernments worldwide as ameans of creating a leanerand more cost effective formof construction and facilitymanagement. In the UK, thegovernment expects all itsfunded projects to fulfill BIMrequirements by 2016. Thiswill have a major impact onthe Construction andassociated industries.

Is it a database? Is it CAD?Is it software?At the heart of BIM is the‘model’, but what is it? Adatabase, a CAD model, or asoftware program? It willcertainly be dependent onsoftware for allowing accessto the data, but will it bestandalone programs, or morelike the Internet with sharedaccess? The data types andformats will vary and continueto grow with the life of theproject, so what will hold thedata/information together?This is where the term‘model’ creates problems.Many in the construction andsurveying industries will thinkof the ‘model’ as a 3D CADmodel based on surveyed anddesign data. Those involvedwith cost management andfacility usage etc are morelikely to consider the ‘model’to be a combination ofspreadsheets and databasesrelated to rooms or referencenumbers rather than togeographical location.

Where will the ‘model’come from? The designers(architects, structural and MEPengineers etc.) implementingconcepts laid out by the‘owners’? Will it be based onnew survey data, or fromexisting plans? How will thisdata fit together, what formsof quality control will be inplace? Do the ‘modellers’understand the different

datasets, the concepts ofscale and accuracy and howthese affect the drawingsand CAD models? AndyRoberts’ article, “SurveyDrawings – an Oxymoron?”in the March/April 2006edition of Geomatics Worldis still very relevant today,with many professionals notunderstanding that ‘theaccuracy of survey data in

digital drawings is not linkedto the zoom factor of themouse wheel’. Many thinkthat digital survey drawingsare at a scale of 1:1 and thatdimensions taken from aCAD drawing are correct to3 decimal places of amillimetre!

Understanding 3Dgeometry is essentialSo, who should be involved inthe creation of these BIM‘models’; the Land Surveyor?For decades they have beencreating the floor plans,elevations and sections frompencil plots, through digitalplots to full 3D digital models,and ensuring that everything‘fits’ within the buildingcorrectly. It is the landsurveyor who understands the3D geometry of buildings andhow survey data fromdifferent sources (tapes, totalstations, laser scanners etc.)can be integrated to create atrue representative model.

Survey technology todaymakes it very easy - possiblytoo easy - for anybody tocollect survey data and createplans/models, but unless theygrasp the basics of geometryand surveying the results,without anyone realising, canbe disastrous and expensive.

BIM is not just aboutbuildings but alsoInfrastructure. This increasesconsiderably the size andcomplexity of the databaseand will involve many moremapping data formats(satellite, aircraft and UAVimagery, LiDAR point clouds,GPS/GNSS positioning) andother data sources such asexisting maps/plans (paperand digital), services recordsand images from GPR(ground penetrating radar)etc. Will all this data becompatible and accessiblewithin the BIM environmentand its software? Dataexchange and compatibility

BIM AND SURVEYORS

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BIM – what is or shouldbe the role of thesurveyor?Someone needs to be at the heart of the BIMprocess for it to operate smoothly, argues ChrisLittle. That person should be the Land Surveyor.

Above: BIM – or Building Information Modelling – isaimed at the whole life cycle of an asset, includingconception to design and build and even to demolition.

… unless they grasp the basics of geometry andsurveying the results. . . can be disastrous. . .

problems, along with themanagement of vastquantities of varied data, arenothing new to the surveyor.Surveyors have been able tocombine and make accessibledatasets for many years,ensuring that digital data isproperly available. How manytimes has digital data beensupplied as a .pdf rather thana .dwg drawing making itimpossible to extract theinformation digitally?

BIM and CrossrailWith BIM being applied toinfrastructure, not justbuildings, it introduces theissue of coordinate systems.Will the BIM ‘model’ be basedon a plane or a nationalcoordinate system? A verylarge number of engineers,architects and otherprofessionals know nothingabout scale factor, so whathope is there for the BIMmodeller? Crossrail’s datastrategy, for instance, fromthe beginning had “the aim ofcreating an integrated design,facilitating multidisciplinarycollaboration throughout thelife of the project, becomingthe base for an assetmanagement system”. A BIMproject before the existence ofBIM. The coordinate systemfor the mapping was originally

Ordnance Survey NationalGrid, but due to the potentialproblems of scale factor atotally new system (LondonSurvey Grid) was devised toensure what was effectively ascale factor of unity for thetunnelling section through thecentre of London. Will othermajor BIM infra structureprojects be as enlightened?

The ones with theknowledgeLand Surveyors ought, should.No, must. . ! be involved inBIM projects. They undertakeinitial surveys on which most

of the models will be based.They understand coordinatesystems, scale, accuracy, thenature of errors, and thenecessity of quality control atall stages of a project. Theycan manage and ensurecompatibility of large andvaried datasets. They havealways worked in 3D andunderstand geometry, CADand 3D modelling.

So what is the landsurveyor’s role in BIM atpresent? The BIM circle doesnot mention the land surveyorat all! Their skills are requiredat the initial stages, for

dimensional control, settingout and checking during siteconstruction, to maintain themodel during its life, andthen closing the circle afterdemolition.

The Land Surveyor’sknowledge and skills are vitalfor the BIM model to work,and for the BIM process tooperate smoothly. Theyshould become part of thebuilding management processand not just supply data. Theland survey industry needs tosell the benefits of its skillsand become involved in allparts of BIM, and be there toensure that all the pieces ofthe BIM jigsaw are the rightsize, in the right place and fittogether successfully.

• Chris Little is a highlyexperienced trainer andeducator and has worked inboth industry and academia.Nowadays he is anindependent consultantspecialising in assisting smalland large companies todevelop their personnel inthe fields of datamanagement, storage andtransfer; surveyinstrumentation and othergeospatial technologies.

More [email protected]

BIM AND SURVEYORS

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Land Surveyors should be involved at almost every stage ofBIM - not just the initial stages.

RECENT ISSUES HAVEFEATURED:

– When BIM meets GI– Interview: why switch

to digital data capture?– What is a GI

Professional anyway?– Interview: How do you

design the perfect city?– Automating topographic

mapping in Germany– A Map for England:

Single data source for future development

– Is your GIS data secure against cyber criminals?

– Does the UK lack interestin European GI affairs?

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TRADITIONALLY, and I amhesitant to use the word for atechnology that is not muchover ten years old, laserscanners have been thestandard means of producingpoint clouds. But in 2013relentless advances incomputing science have madeproduction of point cloudsusing photogrammetrictechniques an attractivealternative. Add to that theprospect of capturing aerialphotography using UAVs andweb-based point cloudgenerators, like 123D Catchand it is no longer just aquestion of selecting the mostappropriate scanner but alsoof which technology will givethe best result. For moredetail on the options see theJan/Feb 2013 issue ofGeomatics World.

Time for a standardOf course, the differencebetween ‘laser scanning’ and‘point clouds’ is that one is atechnology and the other is aproduct. A shift of thinkingfrom the technology to theproduct carries with it achange of emphasis. If youare presented with a pointcloud, what do you want toknow about it? The methodused to survey the pointcloud is important because itwill help the point cloud userto understand the quality ofthe point cloud data.Without that information,measures of accuracy andprecision take on greatersignificance. Point cloud datashould be stored withmetadata that retains thequality information that givesthe data provenance. Thelaser scanning world hascome up with variousformats over the pastdecade, but laser scan data issimple stuff and it is time fora standard format to emerge.We will be covering this inGeomatics World later in theyear.

Beware long range noisePrecision is a measure of theconsistency of the points. Ifyou repeat the same pointobservation many times andcalculate the mean, precisionis a measure of how closeeach individual observation islikely to be to the mean. If asingle observation has lowprecision, there is a greaterrisk that it will deviate furtherfrom the mean observation.Laser scanner manufacturersuse the term ‘noise’ to meanprecision. In terms of laserdistance measurement theprecision of a point dependsupon the distance to thepoint and upon its surfacecharacteristics. Longerdistance means lowerprecision. Black surfacesabsorb energy which limitsthe range and weaker returnsignals result in lower (insome cases, much lower)precision. Conversely, whitesurfaces reflect energy and

therefore have higherprecision and longer range.

The accuracy of thedistance to the scanned pointis a measure of how close themean of an infinite number ofrepeated distances is to theactual distance. Few woulddeny that accuracy is a moreimportant than precision,because a precise instrumentcan be constantly wrong. It isimportant to know howaccurate the scanner is, and todo this is a calibrationexercise. One method is to setup a calibration room withtargets on the walls, ceilingand floor. We referred to thisin the Nov/Dec issue ofGeomatics World. Thismethod can be used tocalibrate scanners for angularas well as distancemeasurement. Note also thatwhen discussing laser scannerswe tend to concentrate on

distance accuracy and ignoreangular accuracy, but clearlythey are of equal importance.

The scanner manufacturersprovide precision andaccuracy information abouttheir products, but it tendsnot to be consistent. It isworth asking questions of themanufacturers, particularlywhere they may appear notto have provided information

– for example up to the fullspecified range of theinstrument.

Check and adjustThe past few years have seen arace to observe more andmore points per second. Thephase-based scanners seem tohave reached a plateau of onemillion points per second.Time-of-flight scannerstypically operate an order ofmagnitude more slowly butthe new Leica Geosystems P20is a time-of-flight scanner witha scan rate that matches thephase-based scanners. Thecompany also quotes anangular accuracy of 8” and 3Dpoint accuracy of 3mm at 50mand 6mm at 100m. Howeverperhaps of even greaterinterest is the ‘check andadjust’ facility, which allowsthe operator to check theinstrument himself at any time,

rather than waiting to send itto the workshop for service.

The Leica 8800 wasintroduced last year and thisyear is joined by the shorterrange 8400. Both instrumentsare aimed at the miningmarket, as are three instru -ments from Maptek. The i-site8200 is intended for under -ground surveys of drives,tunnels and stopes. Thecompany’s website states thatit is safe for use undergroundbut does not expressly state ifit is explosion-proof. Again, inthe mining corner of themarket, Riegl have launchedthe VZ-6000 with an incred iblerange of 6000 m. However,note that its laser is class 3B. Inanother exciting development,Z+F have launched the 5010Cscanner, which incorporates anintegrated high dynamic range(HDR) camera to produce fullpanoramic images of up to80Mpixel per scan.

Last year Trimbleannounced a deal with FAROto sell the Focus 3D laserscanner as a Trimble OEMproduct. The Trimble TX5 3D,apart from some softwarechanges, is in all respects thesame as the Faro Focus 3D-120.

Mobile mappingMobile scanning is a fastdeveloping area withposition-fixing of the scannerthe central problem. Outdoor

3D LASER SCANNERS

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BIM has been the talk of the year to date and, thanks to BIM, theterm ‘point cloud’ is gaining wider usage outside the world of laser

scanning. Perhaps one day, like GPS, it will eventually beunderstood by everyone, wonder Richard Groom.

Right: a laserscanner

calibrationroom.

2013: the Year of the Point Cloud

. . . it is time for a standard format to emerge.

systems use closely-coupledGNSS and inertialmeasurement units to controlthe position and attitude ofthe sensor. Sensors have beenmounted on road vehiclesand boats for some years butwe are now starting to seethem mounted on otherforms of transport, includingpedestrians – see GeomaticsWorld Nov/Dec 2012.

If outdoor mobile laserscanning is difficult, mobilescanning indoors, withoutGNSS for position-fixing, has tobe the next big challenge.There are three indoor mobilelaser scanning systems currentlyon the market. Two use laserscanners and other sensorsmounted on a trolley that theoperator pushes around thebuilding but the most excitingprospect is perhaps a systemcalled Zebedee. This is a sensoron a pole that the operatorcarries. It uses its ownmeasurements to navigate and,according to the brochure,promises a 3D accuracy of30mm. We expect thatZebedee will be appearing liveat Geo-South on 1st/2nd May.

LASER CLASSESClass 1 lasers are safe under allconditions of normal use.

Class 1M lasers are safe underall conditions of use except whenpassed through magnifying opticssuch as telescopes.

Class 2 lasers operate in thevisible part of the spectrum andprotection is provided by theblink reflex which limits exposureto 0.25 seconds at the power

rating of the laser. Clearly, theycan become dangerous if theblink reflex is suppressed.

Class 2M is safe, due to theblink reflex, if not viewedthrough optical instruments. Theamount of light permittedthrough the pupil is limited byusing a large diameter beam orlarge beam divergence.

Class 3R lasers are consideredsafe if handled carefully, withrestricted beam viewing. The riskof damage is reduced by limitingthe laser to a sufficiently lowpower rating.

• Note: none of the scanners inour tables has a higher ratingthan 3R. For more, see standardIEC 60825-1.

3D LASER SCANNERS

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Time of flight v. phase-based scanningTime-of-flight measurement technology is based upon the principle ofsending out a laser pulse and observing the time taken to reflect froman object and return to the instrument. Scanners using this technologycan operate over long ranges at rates of up to about 50,000 points persecond. Waveform analysis is the detailed investigation of the returnsignal. For example, where the pulse hits ground that is obstructed bya shrub there is likely to be a first return from the outer leaves,intermediate returns from branches and a last return (possibly) fromthe ground.

Phase-based scanning involves measuring the difference inphase between the laser pulse emitted by the scanner and the pulsereturning to the scanner. Typically, these scanners are able tomeasure points at a much faster rate than time-of-flight scanners –up to a million points per second. However, their range is severelylimited by the wavelength of the signal: for some models themaximum range is 80m.

In both cases, the measured distance is combined with angleencoder measurements to provide the three-dimensional locationof a point.

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. . .and next a mobilityscooter?

3D LASER SCANNERS

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Company

Model

Type

Laser Class (IEC 60825-1)

Wavelength (Visible /IR)

Power (mW) / (mJ)

Minimum operating range (m)

Maximum operating range (m)

Horizontal field of view

Vertical field of view

Max and min scan rate (pts/sec)

Maxi resolution (min pt spacing)

Dual axis compension (Y/N)

Accuracy @10m 90% reflectivity








Accuracies quoted are r.m.s.e.

Scanner weight (kg)

Case weight (kg)

Power source

Resolution of integrated camera

Weatherproofing

Data storage

FARO

Focus 3D - 120

Phase

3R

905

20mw

0.6

153.49

360

300

976,000/ 122,000

1.5mm at 10m

Y

0.6mm

1.2mm

0.95mm

2.2mm

-

-

-

-

-

5

9

-

70 megapixel

N

sd card

FARO

Focus 3D - 20

Phase

3R

905

20mw

0.6

20

360

300

976,000 / 122,000

1.5mm at 10m

Y

0.6mm

1.2mm

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

5

9

-

70 Mpx

N

sd card

Leica Geosystems

ScanStation C10

Pulse (time of flight)

3R

Green Visible 532nm

Maximum average radiantpower 1.5 mW

Maximum peak radiantpower 120 W

Pulse duration 250 psPulse repetition frequency

50 kHz

0.1m

300m

360

270

up to 50,000 pps

<1mm minYes, real time. Selectable on/off

_

_

_

_

6mm

6mm

_

_

13

10

2 x Internal batteries (4supplied) giving > 6hours of scan time,

Optional External Batteryor AC Power

Max 1920x1920 mage size, 260 images

for a full dome

IP54 (IEC 60529)

80GB internal SSD or to USB stick

TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNERS

Leica Geosystems

ScanStation P20


2

808nm (invisible)

Max. single pulse energy8.5nj

Pulse duration 3nsPulse repetition 1MHz

0.4m

120m

360

270

up to 1,000,000 pps

0.8mm at 10m/8mm at 100m

Yes, Real time. Selectable on/off

_

_

_

_

3mm

3mm

6mm

6mm

-

11.9

10

2 x Internal batteries (4supplied) giving up to 14

hours of scan time,Optional External Battery

or AC PowerMax 1920x1920 image

size, 260 images for a fulldome

IP54 (IEC 60529)

256GB internal SSDor to USB sttick

Leica Geosystems

ScanStation C5


3R

Green Visible 532nm

Maximum average radiantpower 1.5 mW

Maximum peak radiantpower 120 W

Pulse duration 250 psPulse repetition frequency

25 kHz

0.1m

35m

360

270

up to 25,000 pps

0.8mm at 10m/8mm at 100m

No

_

_

_

-

6mm

6mm

-

-

-

11.9

10

2 x Internal batteries (4supplied) giving up to 6

hours of scan time,Optional External Battery

or AC PowerMax 1920x1920 image

size, 260 images for a fulldome

IP54 (IEC 60529)

80GB internal SSDor to USB stick

3D LASER SCANNERS

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Leica Geosystems

HDS8800


1

1545nm

_

2.5m

2000m

360

80

up to 8800pps

_

Yes

8mm

8mm

8mm

8mm

8mm

8mm

8mm

8mm

14

10Interchangeable Li-IonBattery gives up to 4.5

hrs operational time

70Mpx LineScanning camera

IP65 (IEC 60529)

Via supplied Tablet PC


Company

Model

Type



Power (mW) / (mJ)

















Scanner weight (kg)

Case weight (kg)

Power source


Weatherproofing

Data storage

Leica Geosystems

HDS8400


1

Near IR

_

2.5m

1000m

360

80

up to 8800pps

_

Yes

20mm

20mm

20mm

20mm

20mm

20mm

20mm

20mm

14

10Interchangeable Li-IonBattery gives up to 4.5

hrs operational time

70Mpx LineScanning camera

IP65 (IEC 60529)

Onboard or via optionalrugged tablet PC

Maptek

8810


1

Near IR

5 microjoules

2.5m

>2000m

360

80

8800

_

Yes

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

14

31

24V / 33W

70Mpx

IP65

On USB plus wirelesscontroller tablet

Maptek

8400


1

Near IR

5 microjoules

2.5m

>1000m

360

80

8800

_

Yes

20mm at 200m

20mm at 200m

20mm at 200m

20mm at 200m

20mm at 200m

20mm at 200m

20mm at 200m

20mm at 200m

12

29

24V / 33W

N

IP65


Maptek

8200


1

Near IR

5 microjoules

1m

200m

360

125

8800

_

Yes

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

8mm at 200m

11.9

28.9

24V / 33W

N

IP65


3D LASER SCANNERS

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Optech

ILRIS-HD-ER

Pulse

1M

1535nn

<20mW

3m

1800m @ 80%

360°

-20 to +90deg°

10,000

1.3mm at 100m

-

All accuracies quotedas 7mm single shot at100m (reflectivity not

specified

14

8

AC or DC

Internal

IP64

Extl via USB port

Optech

ILRIS-HD

Pulse

1

1535nm

<10mW

3m

1250m @ 80%

360°

-20 to +90deg°

10,000

1.3mm at 100m

-


specified

14

8

AC or DC

Internal

IP64

Extl via USB port

Optech

ILRIS-LR

Pulse

3

1064nm

-

3m

3000m @ 80%

360°

-20 to +90deg°

10,000

1.3mm at 100m

-


specified

14

8

AC or DC

Internal

IP64

Extl via USB port

Riegl

VZ-400

Time of flight

1

IR

-

1.5 m

600 m

360°

100°

122 000 / 42 000

3

Y

5 mm

5 mm

5 mm

5 mm

5 mm

5 mm

5 mm

5 mm

-

9.6

8

11 - 32V DC

-

IP64

int. 31Gb or viaUSB

Company

Model

Type



Power (mW) / (mJ)

















Scanner weight (kg)

Case weight (kg)

Power source


Weatherproofing

Data storage


Riegl

VZ-1000

Time of flight

1

IR

-

2.5 m

1400 m

360°

100°

122 000 / 29 000

5

Y

8 mm

8 mm

8 mm

8 mm

8 mm

8 mm

8 mm

8 mm

-

9.8

8

11 - 32V DC

IP64

int. 31Gb or via USB

3D LASER SCANNERS

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Trimble

FX

Phase shift

3R

690nm

15mW

1.5m

~80

360°

270°

216,000

1-4mm

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

11

6

18-24V/100-240V

IP53

PC

Trimble

CX

WAVEPULS

3R

660nm

~80m

360

300°

-

54,000

4.5mm

7.3mm

11.8

12

24 V nominal:90–240V ,50–60 Hz

IP64

PC

Riegl

VZ-4000

Time of flight

1

IR

-

5 m

4000 m

360°

60°

222 000 / 23 000

10

Y

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

-

14.5

8

11 - 32V DC

2560 x 1920 pixels,5 Mpx in FOV

7.2x5.5°

IP64

int. 78 Gb or via USB

Riegl

VZ-6000

Time of flight

1

IR

-

5 m

4000 m

360°

60°

222 000 / 23 000

10

Y

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

15 mm

-

14.5

8

11 - 32V DC

2560 x 1920 pixels,5 Mpx in FOV

7.2x5.5°

IP64

int. 78 Gb or via USB

Topcon

GLS-1500

Hybrid

1

1535nm IR

10mW (Stop Beam),

100mW (Scan Beam)

1m

500

360°

70

30,000

1mm @ 20m

Y

4mm

4mm

4mm

4mm

4mm

4mm

4mm

4mm

16

8.5

7.4V

2Mpx

IP52

SD Card or PC

Company

Model

Type



Power (mW) / (mJ)

















Scanner weight (kg)

Case weight (kg)

Power source


Weatherproofing

Data storage


3D LASER SCANNERS

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Company

Model

Type



Power (mW) / (mJ)

















Scanner weight (kg)

Case weight (kg)

Power source


Weatherproofing

Data storage


ZF UK Laser

IMAGER 5010C

Phase based

1

~1500 nm

65W max

0.3m

187.3 m

360°

320°

1,016,000

0.1mm

Y

0.2mm (80%)

0.4mm (14%)

0.3mm (80%)

0.6mm (14%)

0.5mm (80%)

2.2mm (14%)

1.6mm (80%)

10mm (14%)

9.8

1.2

24 V DC 100-240 VAC power unit

ca. 80 Mpx

IP53

64Gb flash card /2 x 32Gb USB

ZF UK Laser

IMAGER 5010

Phase based

1

~1500 nm

65W max

0.3m

187.3 m

360°

320°

1,016,000

0.1mm

Y

0.2mm (80%)

0.5mm (14%)

0.5mm (80%)

1.0mm (14%)

0.8mm (80%)

2.7mm (14%)

2.0mm (80%)

10mm (14%)

9.8

1.2


IP53


ZF UK Laser

IMAGER 5006h

Phase based

3R

~780 nm

65W max

0.4m

79m

360°

310°

1,016,000

0.1mm

N

0.4mm (100%)

1.2mm

0.7mm (100%)

2.6mm (10%)

1.8mm (100%)

6.8mm (10%)

14

1.2

24 V DC 90-260VAC power unit

N/A

N/A

Internal HDD60Gb

ZF UK Laser

IMAGER 5006EX

Phase based

1

~1500 nm

65W max

0.3m

187.3 m

360°

320°

508,000

0.1mm

Y

0.4mm (80%)

1.2mm (14%)

0.7mm (80%)

2.6mm (14%)

1.8mm (80%)

6.8mm (14%)

30.6

included

18V DC

IP53

Internal HDD80Gb

ZF UK Laser

PROFILER 9012

Phase based

1

~1500 nm

65W max

0.3m

119 m

N/A

360°

1,016,000

0.1mm

Y

0.2mm (80%)

0.5mm (14%)

0.4mm (80%)

1.1mm (14%)

0.9mm (80%)

3.1mm (14%)

13.5

N/A


N/A

IP54


TOTAL STATIONS UPDATE

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THIS YEAR’S total stationlistings include newcomerGeomax. The company is partof the Hexagon Group –Leica’s parent company. Whenother big boys have boughtout smaller players one hadthe impression that they werejust taking out the opposition,but in this case Geomaxequipment is sold byGeoSurvey Instruments Ltd ,who also supply other makesof equipment, including Leica.The Geomax Zoom range oftotal stations is characterisedby long range reflectorlessdistance measurement. TheZoom 35 claims to reach 1000m.

Targeting construction

Topcon has launched the PS-AC, a new range of robotictotal stations aimed at theconstruction and engineeringsurveying market. The newinstruments come withTopcon’s MAGNET softwareon board, are designed forstakeout applications and willbe a key component of alocal positioning system,which is used for 3D machinecontrol. The PS has a strongprism-tracking facility and thefastest re-acquisition time inthe industry, according toLeighton Davies, surveyproducts manager for Europe.It employs a phase shift EDM

that has a narrower beamwidth than other reflectorlessinstruments in its class. TheTopcon algorithm reduces thenoise associated withreflectorless measurements,providing an accurate resultto most surfaces over longerdistances up to a 1,000mnon-prism range. Topcon’ssmaller beam width allowsmeasurements in toughsituations such as through achain link fence to a buildingor other critical surface.

Sokkia’s new reflectorlesstotal station – the FX, alsoincludes on-board MAGNETsoftware. It uses Sokkia’slong-established RED-TechEDM technology, which hasbeen improved. With theRED-Tech EDM, the FXprovides a tight beam signaland strong returns from themost difficult of surfaces –dark and wet. The FX claims areflectorless range of 500mand a range of 4km to asingle prism. It has a long-range wirelesscommunications systemutilising Bluetooth Class 1technology so the controllercan be located at the detailpole. The FX also has a newrobotic sister – the SX.

Icons and intuitionDuring the year, Leica

announced a new generationof its mid-range series of totalstations – Leica FlexLine plus.There are two models in the‘+’ range: TS09+, the flagshipand TS06+. Each comes witha colour touch-screen and areflectorless measurementrange of at least 500m, withan option of 1000m. The rangeto a single prism is 3.5km.

Leica has also designedFlexField plus onboardsoftware that uses icons foreasy and intuitive operation.The software is especiallydesigned for customers in themid-range market who willbenefit from a low learningcurve and high efficiency fortheir daily work. Allkeyboards support dynamicgraphics in all applications.The new colour and touchkeyboard allows direct accessto functions and menus.

Reflectorless addedIn the autumn, Nikon launchedthe NPL322 series. These totalstations have a reflectorlessrange of 200m. “The NPL-322Series adds reflectorlessmeasurement capabilities tothe field-proven Nikon DTM-322 product line and furtherexpands our comprehensiverange of mechanical totalstations,” says Francois Erceau,general manager of the Nikonand Spectra Precision brands.

FOIF has introduced theOTS680 total station with areflectorless range of 500mand range of 3km to a singleprism and Pentax has intro -duced the R2500DN, whichhas a reflectorless range of600m and an astonishingrange of 7km to a singleprism – pointing might be aproblem though!

Promoting networkingHigh end total stations aresophisticated pieces of equip -ment that take time to master.To help with the climb up thelearning curve, Trimble hasintroduced Trimble SurveyTeam. The initiative is intendedto promote networkingbetween customers and thecompany’s hardware and soft -ware specialists to help solvefield and computing problemsand generally to get the mostout of the equipment.

Watch out there are stillthieves aboutIt seems that survey

equipment is still being stolenat an alarming rate. A recentincident brought to ourattention was the theft of alaser scanner near the NorthCircular Road in northLondon. The group of thieveswaited until one surveyorfrom the two-person teamwent out of sight, walked upto the remaining surveyor bythe instrument, threatenedher with hammers andwalked off with a full set ofequipment, boxes and all.Earlier in the year a contractorstole a total station from anEnvironment Agency officeand then tried to sell it onebay. Not a clever ideabecause it was spottedimmediately.

The manufacturers aremaking efforts to circumventthese casual thefts. Allinstruments have serialnumbers and mostmanufacturers will check aninstrument when it comes infor service that it’s not on the‘missing’ list. But that hasmore than an echo of closingstable doors. What is neededare more physical deterrentsagainst the thieves.

Newer instruments have IPaddresses and cancommunicate with remotewebsites that can quickly alertan unauthorised movement ortheft. Topcon’s answer isTSshield, a communicationsmodule that allows globalremote locating and disablingof stolen equipment.

More direct deterrents haveappeared in the past year.Several companies have comeup with physical devices suchas APR Services’ Bradlock, adevice that locks the tripodand prevents the legs fromclosing (would still all go intothe back of a Transit!).StaySafe is an app for a GPS-enabled phone thatencourages the user to logappointment times anddurations and prompts a checkin. The latter of course is noprotection for the instrumentbut is worthwhile for the moreimportant surveyor.

In these tough times thereseem no bar on what peoplewill try to steal. Severalingenious surveyors havecome up with chains andbicycle style locking cables.Watch out for other devicesin the Products & Servicespages of Geomatics World.

Long range reflectorlessThe focus this year includesanti-theft devices andsecurity. But there’s also anew player on the block,reports Richard Groom.

THE ISLE OF SHEPPEY is anisland off the northern coastof Kent. The land covers anarea of approximately 92square kilometres and ishome to the Elmley MarshesWildlife Reserve, managed bya partnership between privatelandowners and the RoyalSociety for the Protection ofBirds (RSPB).

After the RSPB adoptedthe area, the organisationdeveloped a plan to augmentit to make it more hospitableto native bird populations.The Great Bells Farm HabitatCreation project is part of asite selected to provide 145hectares of freshwaterhabitat. The area was oncefarmed but is nowcharacterised by intertidalland, saltmarshes, and

mudflats.The design called for

transforming and enhancingold drainage featuressurrounding the area to lookmore like the nativelandscape. By creatingshallow pools or ‘scrapes’ andditches the area can holdwater and encourage nativebirds and invertebrates toreach vital water and foodsupplies. In addition, thedesign included tackling pastflood defence work done inthe area, as well as futureproofing flood works thatmay have to be done over thenext hundred years.

To accomplish this, theRSPB contacted its longtimepartner the Pryor Group,which specializes inearthworks and civil

engineering projects. FredLusted, Engineering Managerfor the Pryor Group, wasselected as the engineeringmanager on site. He wasresponsible for creating a 3Dmodel of the project,performing necessary geosurveys, setting up sitecalibration of equipment, andvalidating volumes of earthmoved.

Seasonal work challengesThe project, which began in2011, revealed a number ofchallenges. One of these isthe nesting and breedinghabits of the birds; another isthe extremely wet winterseason. As a result,earthworks could not takeplace from March toSeptember or during the

winter, which left Lusted’steam only a short window ofwork time each year.

“Needless to say,maximizing earthworks donein October, November andDecember was a necessity onthis project,” explainedLusted. “We regularly useTrimble machine control andsite position systems suppliedby KOREC so we knew aproject like this would bemuch more lengthy, costly,and virtually impossible, withtraditional grading andstaking methods.”

The team used Trimble’sBusiness Center software forpreparing data and trackingprogress. For site positioning,a Trimble GNSS based systemwas used with Trimble’sSCS900 Site Controllersoftware. At the busiest timeon the project, Pryor had threedozers and one excavator onsite, each equipped with aTrimble GCS900 3D machinecontrol system.

Setting out and calibrationAfter setting up the wildlifereserve site with the TrimbleGNSS positioning systemLusted calibrated the systemrunning the SCS900 software.With a semi-permanent pole-mounted receiver in place, heused the software to organizethe job site and optimiseproductivity duringearthworks. He believes theintuitive interface makes iteasier to perform gradechecking, as well assimplifying the process forsetting-out, measuring as-builts, and performingconsistent quality controlchecks. In order to create theshallow ditches and scrapesrequired, the team wastasked with building anumber of hydrological earthdams. These gravity-fed damscan be used to control waterlevels, preserving water insummer and preventing areasfrom flooding in the winter.

“The Pryor Group is a longstanding KOREC customerand we’ve been involved withmachine control right from itsearliest days,” explainsLusted. “The systems havebeen useful for all ourearthworks jobs, but reallycame into their own on thisparticular site. At 145hectares, it’s a vast area andthe ditches, ponds,

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Earthworks contractor finds speedand accuracy for intricate

nature reserve project

A GNSS driven gradecontrol systemdelivers manpowersavings, increasedmachine productivity,accurate surveying,and increasedcompetitiveness forearthworkscontractor the PryorGroup.

Pryor used threedozers on the project

each equipped withTrimble’s grade

control system, whichdisplays design and

live cut & fillinformation for the

operator in the cab.

hydrological bunds andnatural rolling features wouldhave been highly complex foran engineer to set out usingtraditional methods.”

“The RSPB provided uswith a drawing and from thiswe created a 3D design inTerramodel and the machinefiles were created from this inTrimble Business Center,”Lusted continues. “Theprocess has beenstraightforward from start tofinish. The benefits ofmachine control are welldocumented; we’re moreefficient, more cost-effectivefor clients and achieve ourhealth and safety targets.KOREC has provided all thesupport we need and Trimbledoesn’t over complicate itstechnology – it does exactlywhat it says on the tin!”

Reviewing and controllingprogressLusted used Business Center-HCE to calculate volumes andreview how much earth wasleft to be moved. Heperformed precise volumecalculations duringcontinuous work (months at atime) as well as prior to there-start of work periods. WithBusiness Center-HCE, Lustedwas able to view project datain multiple ways, wheneverneeded during the workcycle. He reviewed progress inplan mode and spreadsheetmode, as well as profile,cross-section and 3D modes.

“This project was allabout precision, not bulk,”said Lusted. “So setting-outthis area with conventionalmethods would have taken awhole gang of surveyors, withpegs scattered all over theterrain being knocked overrepeatedly. Trimble 3Dmachine control on ourdozers and excavator was anideal choice because it gets usgrade and finish gradingwork, even for complex andintricate designs like this.”

For excavation, the TrimbleGCS900 grade control systemmeasured the exact position,cross slope and heading ofthe blade for early grading onthe site. On Pryor’s excavator,the system uses two GNSSreceivers and solid-state anglesensors to measure theprecise 3D position of theteeth of the bucket.Operators then have accurate,

3D positioning of the bucket.Following the system guides,operators were able toperform more accurately andto quickly shape ditches anddig precise slopes required inthe design.

For Pryor’s three dozers,the Trimble grade controlsystem displayed design

information and live cut/fillindications in the cab. Withthe system’s automatic bladecontrol and configurableearthworks design, progressmonitoring is greatly improvedoperators’ productivity. It alsocollected as-built data as themachine cut to the specifiedgrade height. Lusted believesthis accurate, real-timeinformation helped him keeptighter control over safetyissues and see precisely wheredirt was being moved on sitefor increased efficiency andproductivity.

Confidence in ROIAfter two calendar years, orsix months of onsite gradingand construction work, Lustedand his team successfullycompleted the project. He isconfident in the ROI (returnon investment) of using

Trimble 3D machine controland Business Center-HCE. Infact, purely from a manpowerstandpoint, he estimates thatwithout the Trimble system hewould have had to hire atleast two or three moreworkers on the site, one foreach machine, to performsurveying and other support

work needed for grading.That’s a saving of around£600-£700 per week of work.Today, the Trimble 3Dmachine control systems are

being used on other revenue-generating projects, improvingthe value and returns realizedovertime. Looking ahead,Pryor plans to expand itsTrimble portfolio bypurchasing additional GCS900grade control kits for itsexcavator fleet.

“Not only is there asizeable manpower savingwith Trimble machine control,the precision and reliability ofour work as well as increasedmachine productivity, assettracking and accuratesurveying, save us more andmake us significantly morecompetitive,” adds Lusted.“From pre-tender meetings,where we can showcustomers our plan, throughto project completion wherewe finish projects morequickly and with lessmaterials and less rework,customers appreciate workingwith us in part because of ourTrimble expertise.”

MACHINE CONTROL

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For excavation, theTrimble GCS900

grade controlsystem measured

the exact position,cross slope andheading of the

blade for grading.The system uses twoGNSS receivers (justvisible at the rear of

the machine) andsolid-state angle

sensors to measurethe precise 3D

position of the teethof the bucket.

Operators then haveaccurate, 3D

positioning of thebucket.

“. . . setting-out this area withconventional methods wouldhave taken a whole gang ofsurveyors, with pegs scatteredall over the terrain beingknocked over repeatedly”

By using Trimble’s grade control system Pryor estimates theysaved £600-£700 a week.

MOST MONITORING surveyscarried out for theEnvironment Agency arerequired to support statutoryreservoir inspections. Thesehave to be made at regularintervals for any reservoirwith a capacity of over25,000 cubic metres but wealso monitor smallerreservoirs. The Agency’sreservoirs are generally floodstorage areas: areas that areused to store water during aflood event at the upper endof watercourses, so as tolower the flood water levelsdownstream and therebyreduce flooding.

Although some floodstorage reservoirs are lakesthat have additional capacityfor flood water, most areusually empty. Perhapscounter-intuitively, reservoirsthat are normally empty canpresent a potentially greaterrisk than those that retain

water on a regular basisbecause they have neverbeen fully tested until theyhave to work ‘in anger’.Then, rapid rises and falls inwater level can cause bankslips and water reachinglevels never previouslyachieved can uncover

weaknesses, such as rodentburrows. Most reservoirs arealso located upstream of thebuilt up areas that theyprotect, so the consequencesof failure can be serious.Monitoring, surveillance andmaintenance has therefore tobe kept at a high levelthroughout the life of theseassets.

In the months immediatelyfollowing construction,

embankments are subject tosettlement, as the material inthe structure compacts. Thishas the effect of lowering theheight of the embankment,something that theengineering design will havetaken into account. However,embankments are

constructed by placing andthen compacting thin layersof material and if thecontractor has placed thickerlayers, uneven layers, or hasnot compacted the materialconsistently, the result will bethat the effectiveness ofcompaction duringconstruction will have beenreduced, resulting in aweaker embankment that islikely to settle unevenly and

by more than was envisagedby the designer.

Usually two checks aremade. One check ensuresthat the embankment ismaintained at the correctheight, and a second to see ifthe bank is settling orheaving. Both checks aremost economically carried outusing levelling to a sample ofpoints at intervals along theembankment. To check thelevel of the bank crest is athird order levelling exercise,but to measure annualmillimetric rates of movementinvolves precise (geodetic)levelling. For both purposes itis necessary to survey fromreference monuments onstable ground to monitoringmonuments placed within theembankment and designed tomove with the embankment.

Stable ReferenceThe Environment Agency

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Monitoring Banks andother Structures

The Environment Agency is responsible formonitoring many flood defence structures thatprotect communities from inundation. Here,Richard Groom describes how the organisationundertakes this task with particular reference toreservoir safety inspections.

Referencemonumentlocated close tothe end of theembankmentand keyed intounderlying rock.

Above: Topographic survey also showing, inmagenta, the position of monitoring pins set intoedges of Grasscrete.

. . . to measure annual millimetric ratesof movement involves precise

(geodetic) levelling.

Below: the view along an embankment of a floodstorage reservoir reinforced with Grasscrete, a caston site cellular reinforced concrete system withvoids created by plastic void formers.

approach is to site referencemonuments away from thestructure being monitoredand to place them onexisting solid, usuallyconcrete, structures. Forresilience and redundancy, atleast three referencemonuments are established.It would of course bepossible to establishreference monuments piledto bedrock, but this isexpensive and rarely used.Most flood storage areas alsoincorporate concreteinlet/outlet structures. Theseare included in themonitoring survey and wefrequently find thatmonitoring pins establishedon these structures havestability in the long term.

The accuracy of mostsurveying observationtechniques is proportional todistance, so the closer thereference monuments arelocated to the structure beingmonitored, the better.Conversely, the further thereference monuments arefrom the structure the greaterthe care that is required toeliminate systematic errorsfrom the measurements. Thismeans that the equipmentshould be calibrated or atleast verified carefully beforeeach monitoring survey. It isalso advisable to use thesame instrument, or aninstrument that uses the sametechnology to measure eachmonitoring survey. However,this is not a good reason forfailing to measure systematicerrors in the equipment,because it is always possiblethat in future a differentinstrument will have to beused.

Move with the materialMonitoring monuments thatare intended to recordsettlement have to be placedso that they move with thesurrounding embankmentmaterial. Some EnvironmentAgency embankments have aconcrete kerb running alongthe crest. The normalrequirement is to placestainless steel pins in thekerb. Kerbs will usually be atthe crest of the embankmentand can therefore double aspoints for checking the crestlevel. The kerbs are notsuitable for measuringsettlement unless they are

settling with the surroundingembankment. Where there isno kerb, we placemonuments within the bank.Monitoring monuments aregenerally concrete andburied 50 to 100 millimetresbelow the crest with theintention that the measuringmark will not be disturbed bygrass mowing or othersurface activity. Whilst, in theGPS age these markers areeasy to find, thedisadvantage with usingburied monuments is thatwhen exposed for surveyobservations, they maypresent a trip hazard forpassers-by. To overcome thiswe recently tried anotherdesign in which eachmonitoring monument wasplaced in a plastic stop valvechamber. We thencommissioned a monitoringsurvey after a period ofheavy rain only to find thatall the chambers hadflooded!

At the same time ascarrying out the ‘baseline’monitoring survey, we carryout a topographic survey ofthe reservoir so that we canplot the extent of inundationand calculate the volume ofimpounded water at 0.25mvertical intervals. Themaximum volume and areaextent of the reservoir arerequired to satisfy statutoryrequirements, a graph ofvolume against water level isneeded by the reservoiroperators and inspectors.

Whilst measurement ofembankment settlement maybe considered the ‘basic’requirement, we are also

sometimes asked to measurehorizontal movement of thecrest and bulging of thebank. These are measuresgenerally adopted for banksthat are showing signs ofinstability. It is more difficultand expensive to measureplan movement to the sameprecision as height and it iseven more important thatreference monuments arestable.

You don’t have to getphysicalReference monuments donot have to be physical. PPPGPS observations are used tomonitor the level at tidegauges around Britain’scoast. We also use static GPSto monitor the plan positionof one particular flood wallwhich is located in anespecially unstable area. Insituations where the sky viewis clear, network RTKobservations may achieve theaccuracy required to measurehorizontal movement ofembankment crests.

Monitoring tends to be achicken and egg conundrum.Before deciding upon themonitoring regime, it isnecessary to know how thestructure behaves undernormal circumstances. Theimportant factor is theamount of movement thatthe engineer needs to detect.This has an impact,particularly on the equipmentthat can be used, but also onthe location of reference andmonitoring monuments. Theengineer has to know whathe needs to detect. Thesurveyor has to translate the

requirement into a suitablemonitoring system andadvise on the technical andcost implications.

Most of the Agency’smonitoring surveys arecarried out at particularepochs – generally annual orbiannual. These will normallytake place in the same timeevery year on the basis thatenvironmental conditions arelikely to be similar andseasonal patterns in the datamay reveal underlyingproblems. It is also preferredto measure theenvironmental factors directlyand to co-locate movement,geotechnical andenvironmental sensors. Formonitoring structures thatare affected by the tide, wetry to carry out each surveyat the same state of the tide.

But what happens inbetween those epochalmonitoring surveys? Thetraditional solution has beento carry out surveys morefrequently at the start of themonitoring phase. In thecase of reservoirembankments, this coincideswith the period of maximumexpected subsidence. It isquite common to observemonitoring surveys atmonthly intervals for the firstfew months afterconstruction and then openout the observing interval tothree-monthly, six-monthlyand then possibly annualmeasurements, as greaterknowledge is gained aboutthe patterns of behaviour ofthe structure. In allsituations, survey monitoringshould be made as part of an

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Chart showing the movement of monitoring pins in successive surveys.

movement with respect to aplane surface. For walls, thereference plane is vertical,whilst for river-beds it ishorizontal. There is of coursea distinction between the

two, because every time thescanner returns to survey thewall it will be measuring tothe same physical points, soit is measuring deformationof the structure; whereasriver bed erosion anddeposition involve movementof material. Our survey canshow that material has beeneroded or deposited but notwhere the material has goneto or where it has comefrom. It is also notstraightforward to decide at

what time interval river-bedmonitoring surveys should beobserved because themorphology is likely to beheavily influenced by the flowregime in the river. Althoughflow rates may normally behigher in winter, flood flowscan take place at any time ofthe year. When carrying outbathymetric surveying formonitoring purposes it isimportant to observe planposition carefully in orderrelate surveys observed atdifferent epochs: we insist onRTK GPS observations.

Traditional monitoring of afew discrete points on thestructure and epochalmeasurements has theadvantage that the results areeasy to present using barcharts, profiles, vectors and soon. Automated monitoring andpoint clouds involve far moredata, so data management,processing and presentation ismore of a challenge. Whensurveying tidal walls, we havealso encountered difficultiesdue to weed and algal growthon the wall.

The Environment Agencytherefore applies a range ofsolutions to ensure that itsstructures remain safe whenthey are put under load duringflood events. We constantlyreview our procedures andtechnologies as they continueto evolve to provide moreefficient solutions.

AcknowledgementMany thanks to AndrewPepper for his review andcomments on this article.

• Any opinions expressed inthis article are those of theauthor, not the EnvironmentAgency.

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Erosion (red) and deposition (blue) in a riverchannel calculated from the differencebetween two multibeam bathymetric surveys.

threshold. Real-timemonitoring is also a way tostudy how a structurebehaves. As suggested earlierit is quite possible thatnormal diurnal or seasonalmovements may be takingplace. Having discovered thenormal behaviour of the

bank, it is the departurefrom the norm that becomesof primary interest.

Whilst autonomousmonitoring systems can takecare of the temporal gaps inmonitoring data, point cloudscan fill the spatial gaps. TheEnvironment Agency hasused point clouds formonitoring vertical walls andfor measuring erosion andsedimentation of the bed ofthe River Thames. Bothdepend upon measuring

overall inspection regime.The condition of the bank (orstructure) will also influencethe engineer’s decisionregarding the intervalbetween monitoring surveys.

Real-time may be thesolutionAnother solution to fill thetemporal gap is real-timemonitoring. This is atechnique carried out for allmajor tunnelling projects andmost other large constructionprojects in order to ensurethat the structure is beingbuilt within the requiredtolerances and to observe itseffect on nearby buildingsand infrastructure. Automaticinstrumentation, oftenautonomous total stations,take routine readings,process the dataautomatically and send alertsto nominated people shouldmovement exceed a pre-set

. . . point clouds can fill the spatial gaps.

• a simple guide for

managers, engineers,

architects, surveyors

and all who

commission or

manage survey

projects,

or needs to

discover more

about survey

techniques and

technologies

Copies of Being an Intelligent Client price £9.95 are available from www.pvpubs.comor call PV Publications Ltd, 2B North Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 4AT UK.

T: +44 (0)1438 352617 E: [email protected]

By Richard Groom

Being an Intelligent Client

a guide to successful commissioning and

managing of land and engineering surveys

The concept of risk is well understood in relationto health & safety. But with surveying, people

tend to focus on accuracy and precision.

Nevertheless, there are technical and commercialhazards in surveying and they come with

expensive risks for clients.

The consequences of a survey ‘accident’ can besignificant. Projects can be delayed. Cost

implications can be substantial. Sometimes theycan be catastrophic and render a project unfitfor purpose – like an Olympic-sized swimming

pool built too short.

This guide is intended to help those whocommission and manage surveys to recognisethe hazards and manage the associated risks.

In two parts, Part 1 deals with Managing Survey Projects andincludes 20 key topics in preparing contracts and specifications aswell as managing the work once a survey firm has been appointed.This is essential reading for professionals working in the builtenvironment who appoint or manage survey companies.

Part 2 sets out the Principles of Surveying and covers over 30topics, which may help reveal the hazards that can lurk in surveyingprocesses. Engineers, architects, other professional disciplines aswell as older surveyors in need of a reference point or a refreshercourse, will find this a reliable reference point.

The Guide is therefore intended as an essential reference source. Itcan also be an ideal source book on surveying for academic courses.Younger readers will find all of the essential techniques presentedtogether with current technology and its applications.

The author is an experienced chartered surveyor with many yearsexperience working in both the private and public sectors as well asin the UK and overseas.

FOR TOO LONG theconstruction industry hasbeen branded as offeringlimited scope for academic orvocational progression. Aninitiative to engage schools isdesigned to counter thiswidely perceived but unfairimpression. Designed toengage school children aged11-16 in the opportunities acareer in the constructionindustry can offer, theinitiative has attracted strongbacking from leading industryplayers Mott MacdDonald,Autodesk and Topcon.

Keith Howells, chairman ofMott MacDonald believes thatthe industry is desperately inneed of a new generation ofcreative thinkers. “If we areto compete on a global scalein a rapidly urbanising world,we need to develop a newgeneration of professionalswho will uphold ourreputation for world-classinnovation.”

The idea comes from anorganisation set up by formerland surveyor Alison Watsonand architect Dan Gibson.Frustrated that schools seemedto know so little about theindustry and the opportunitiesit could offer, and what theydid know was about manualtrade skills, Alison and Danwere determined to dosomething about it. The resultwas Class of Your Own(COYO) and a specialcurriculum initiative - design,engineer, construct. You canread more about how theywent about this over the page.Meanwhile, Showcase wasrecently invited to a receptionat the House of Lords to see atfirst hand the fruits of Alisonand Dan’s labours.

Hosted by Lord Knight(formerly Jim Knight MP, anda member of the previousgovernment), this event at theHouse of Lords was anopportunity to hear how

three teams of children fromacross Britain had respondedto a challenge to developplans for an environmentallyfriendly and sustainablebuilding project – an EcoClassroom.

The project - Design,Engineer, Construct - is acurriculum approach thatchallenges young people tocreate a sustainable buildingas well as learning about theindustry’s professions andhow they interact and worktogether. It particularlyharnesses young people’scapacity to act incollaboration and thinkoutside the box before thoselittle grey cells become toofixed in their pathways.

The teams were given theindustry standard designsoftware, Autodesk Revit,access to surveyingequipment from Topcon andunder the online guidance ofa host of built environmentprofessionals, encouraged toget on with it.

All students have a one-day professionally led

workshop, four two-hourExpert Workshop sessions andAutodesk’s DesignAcademy/Entertainment Suitesoftware in addition totraining for teachers andother support.

Uplifting presentationfrom struggling cityHull is one of Britain’s formerindustrial cities hit hard by theeconomic downturn. It hassome of the worst socialstatistics in the country. Muchof the city is losing its sense ofcommunity with high druguse, 60% are overweight andteenage pregnancies areamongst the highest in theland. Academic achievement isinevitably low. It was uplift ingthen to hear from a team offive Sentamu Academystudents how they’dresponded to design a newfacility for their school with anet zero energy requirementby using a roof made of ETFE(a polymer with high energyradiation resistance properties),a wood-chip boiler fired bylocally-sourced fuel, verticalturbines for cooling in summerand collected rainwater forflushing toilets.

Whilst the children clearlyenjoyed using the freelysupplied Revit software tocreate 3D designs and learn -ing about BIM, their researchinto the facility’s needsalways seemed thorough andwide ranging. In the landaround the facility they hadeven planned polytunnels forgrowing vegetables.

Cloth past not forgottenBurnley is another town that

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COYO aims to counterperceptions of industry

Scheme engages school children to dispelconstruction’s negative image as career path.

WHAT THE STUDENTS LEARN• Develop a deeper understanding of sustainability and what

they must do to encourage their community to take action.• Demonstrate the ways to facilitate community engagement in

a construction project.• Appreciate the range of professional responsibilities involved

in a construction project and how they contribute to itsdevelopment and to its sustainability.

• Understand the planning requirements of their Eco Classroom.• Understand how careful purchasing is critical to the

sustainability of a construction project.• Construct and evaluate their Eco Classroom design in a 3D

virtual environment using a range of industry standardAutodesk software.

• Compare designs and techniques with other students fromdifferent locations around their country and the world.

• Understand the need for long term sustainable practice intheir construction project and school.

• Understand the range of professional careers available in theconstruction industry and the variety of routes to get there.

Alison Watson, left,explains the principlesof Design, Engineer,Construct to a team ofyoung Manchesterstudents.

‘We know what makes a good learning environment!’ Studentsfrom Burnley at the House of Lords following their ‘WeaversTriangle Old Schoolhouse’ project presentation.

once thrived in Britain’sindustrial past but todaystruggles to provide jobs.Built in 1840, the HaberghamEaves Parochial School issituated within the historicWeavers Triangle area – areflection of the town’sformer association with cloth.Working in partnership withCOYO, the Borough Counciland English Heritage,students from five Burnleyschools took over therenovation programme of thisgrade two listed building tocreate a new facility.

Four students involved withthe project gave a fascinatinginsight beginning with thetown’s history and grimassociation with child labourand ending with theirenthusiasm for creating a 3Dmodel. One confident studentemphasised “We know whatmakes a good learning environ -ment!” She went on to tell us

her generation was not phasedby technology and “withoutmy training my Mum couldn’toperate the TV remote!”

Passion for engineeringfrom capitalFinally, students from StMichael All Angels Academy

in London demonstrated theirknowledge of surveying,having laser scanned a localprimary school, and designeda modern extension, allwithin a 3D environment.These four young studentsdescribed their passion forengineering, and their light

hearted yet knowledgeablepresentation had theaudience entranced.

All thirteen students havebeen invited back to Londonas keynote speakers at thismonth’s BIM Show Live event- a real accolade for theseextraordinary young people.

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Above: students get their handson some real surveying

equipment, courtesy of Topcon.Right: a 3D rendered model of the

students ‘Eco-Socialise Academy’project, produced using Autodesk

Revit Architecture software.

Showcase spoke to Alison Watson about hermotivation in setting up the initiative Class ofYour Own back in 2009 with partner andarchitect Dan Gibson. We asked her about herbackground and the obstacles she’s had toovercome in getting the “Design, Engineer,Construct” curriculum up and running.

What motivated you to set up Class of Your Own?

A number of reasons. From2004 I was contracted toprovide topo, elevation andbuilding footprint surveys forBuilding Schools for the Future(BSF). I discovered first handthe lack of knowledge andeven apathy towards theconstruction professional viathe kids and teachers I met atthe schools I surveyed.BSF did not seem to offermuch scope for kids to learnabout the industry - generally,any contact seemed to be leastrisk, stick kids in a hard hats,give them site tours and offera few competitions, and tick abig CSR/PR box.

We believed that everyschool would appreciate amore professionally orientedcurriculum in the spirit ofaiming high, bridging gaps,introducing the real world ofwork, having real professionalsin the classroom, integratingwith industry and highereducation.

How many schools to datehave adopted theprogramme?

We have carried out work -shops in around 50 schoolsover the years, and theprogramme is running in 12schools across England.

What obstacles have youhad to overcome? You musthave found many schoolswith full curriculumsreluctant to engage.

The main issue is one of fearof/apathy towards the industry.Traditionally construction hasbeen delivered in FE, howeversome schools have deliveredtrade oriented programmes.Teachers don’t ‘teach’construction - it’s seen as nonacademic generally and oftenfor lower ability children. Thehigh fliers are encouragedtowards more traditionalprofessions in law, medicine,finance etc. Even an engineeris seen as a car mechanic. Iwas told by one grammar

school that they don’t promotethe construction industry as‘our kids are academics’.

Full curriculums can be anissue, but since many schoolsare now academies, they caneffectively teach their owncurriculum, and creativity isencouraged.

The style of teaching isdifferent for Design EngineerConstruct - it’s learner led,rather than teacher led, whichdemands a teacher to let go alittle and shepherd ratherthan dictate. This is acurriculum that demands bothindependent learning andpeer collaboration - there isno copying from textbooks -there is no textbook!

Teachers have to let go ofthe strings a little more, andbe prepared for their studentsto overtake them in thetechnology arena. Someteachers clearly have a morbidfear of the technology - butthe problem is, a teacher whodoesn’t move with the timesis effectively denying his/herstudent the opportunity tolearn industry driven skills,and even therefore, a job.

Teaching to the test -schools are measured byexam success and A* - C insubjects quoted on the DfE’sperformance tables. Becauseour programme is new, andwe are a very small organisation,schools haven’t heard of us,nor the awarding body we

use (even though it’sregulated by Ofqual just likethe big boys!). It goeswithout saying, the hugesupport we’re having fromindustry is helping.

It’s been an absolute slogtrying to get in front of the rightpeople in the DfE, and despitecountless communica tions withministers and education leaders,size dictates and we struggle tomake ourselves heard. Again,the intervention of sponsors andkey people like the ones whoattended our event at the Houseof Lords (and particularly MottMacDonald chairman KeithHowells) has played a major partin driving through bureaucracy. Ipersonally take a view of ‘carryon regardless’ - theEngineering/Construction skillsagenda needs to be addressed,and I feel that the work we aredoing is very valuable. There’snot a lot wrong with childrenbeing encouraged to adopt anengineering approach to anycareer choice. It’s aboutanalytics, problem solving,thinking outside the box. . .which profession doesn’t needthose skills?

Where do you see thisgoing in the future? Is thefunding from sponsorssecure enough in the longterm?

I would like every child age11-14 to have an introduction

to the industry via the existingDesign Engineer Constructcurriculum (in the same waythey have Design Technologylessons at Key Stage (KS) 3).This would then enable youngpeople to choose to continuetheir studies at KS4 and 5.We are writing the nextstages of the curriculum tooffer progression.

Industry clearly needs tobe more involved atsecondary school level, and assuch, we are about to roll outan industry wide ‘Adopt aSchool’ programme, whichwill enable us to specificallytarget the mostdisadvantaged children fromall backgrounds, regardless ofgender, race or ethnicity. Itincludes a Mentoring/ CPDprogramme for teacherssupported by industry andacademic links and alsoprovide clear pathways intoindustry and raise awarenessof existing apprenticeshipschemes. We are alsoworking with universities,helping schools forge betterlinks, and getting moreuniversity students to support

younger aspiring professionalsin the classroom and via ourworkshops. We are piloting ascheme with four universitiesduring the summer term.

Funding for me is the new‘f’ word. There has been verylittle financial help for us, andwith a strong belief that youonly get out what you put in,we have worked on a shoe -string to make this all happen,ploughing any income backinto the company. It’s probablywhy it’s taken so long to getwhere we are now - we justdon’t have the largeorganisation big bucks, andhave turned down the biggerplayers who simply wanted topigeonhole the subject into anexisting programme of study -we were asked if we couldinclude an element relating totextiles so we could ‘fit’ ArtDesign and Technology by amajor awarding body! Need -less to say, we walked away.

If our school adoptionprogramme is adopted byindustry (and we do havemajor support for this), thenour existence will be secure.Events such as the House of

Lords offer a great opportunityto show what kids can do tothe decision makers ofindustry, but it can’t just beone of those nice afternoonjollies, tanta mount to CSR boxticking á la “We went to theHoL and supported some kids,clapped them on the back andsaid well done. Job done.”Industry needs to put its moneywhere its mouth is, and offer ascheme that is worth while andhas definite outcomes. Ibelieve Design EngineerConstruct is that scheme.

Your sponsors don’t includethe professional institutionsin the industry. Why is that?Do they offer only advicebut no cash?

That’s a tough one. Theresponse we get from PIs isgenerally, “oh yes, we do allthat what you’re doing”, andto a certain extend it’sprobably true, but unfort -unately it’s done in silos,concentrating on oneparticular discipline, ratherthan have a collaborativeapproach which I believe, at

the age these children are,would be far better. We tookthe view that kids don’t reallyknow what they want to dowhen they leave school, andtherefore need access toprogrammes which not onlydemonstrate the widenumber of careers available inthe industry, but how allthose different people worktogether. There’s been anumber of occasions when ayoung person has mistakenthe work of an architect witha structural engineer as theynever understood thedifference. Design is done byarchitects. Full stop. I wouldlove to see professionalbodies working closelytogether with the age groupthat we work with. In termsof advice, generally PIs arevery helpful, but we’d like towork more closely with themall. The cash issue? No idea -we’ve never asked!

Alison, thank you fortalking to us. Showcasewishes COYO every success.More atwww.classofyourown.com

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GNSS EQUIPMENT UPDATE

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FOR GNSS USERS the last fewyears have seen Bluetootheliminate the need forcabling, cabling that wouldinevitably become tangledduring the course of a longday in the field. Highprecision 3D surveying is nowpossible using correctionsfrom one of the network RTKservices in a matter of a fewseconds of arriving at site andthe equip ment for networkRTK does not require thetripods, external batteries andso on, that not so long agowere needed for a lengthystatic baseline observation.The receiver, the antenna andthe data logger or controllercan now all be fixed on adetail pole.

The network RTK receiveron a pole has become aversatile piece of equipment,which can be used toestablish control for otherinstruments or for directlyobserving detail points.Consequently, the race hasbeen on to produce everlighter and more compactnetwork RTK receivers.Weighing only 650 grams,Spectra Precision claim thatthe ProMark 700 dualconstellation receiver is thelightest GNSS RTK smartreceiver available on themarket today and it alsoboasts a battery life of overten hours. Meanwhile theircompetitors Topcon’s HiPerSR weighs a tad more at 800grams but comes withLongLink technologyenabling a use to operatewithin a 300 metre radius.For the not so nimblefingered it can also with -stand a 2 metre pole drop.

Comms are the keyNetwork RTK dependsupon communicationsto deliver thecorrection to thereceiver and this hasalways been the weakpoint in thetechnology.Corrections aregenerally provided via

mobile phone networks,which tend to have relativelypoor coverage in rural areas,and it is not unknown tocome across poor reception intowns too. There are variousways in which to overcome

this problem. A repeater canbe located in a place with aphone signal and then usedto rebroadcast corrections asa radio signal that can bepicked up at the GNSSreceiver. Another possibility isto use SIM cards that canautomatically switch betweenmobile phone networks, sothat when the main networkis not available, it will searchfor another. Leica’s SmartSIMdoes just that for thecompany’s SmartNet users.

Delivery of corrections viaa communications satellite isanother possible solution tothe problem. The Altus APS-3L is a high precision GNSSsatellite receiver withembedded TERRASTAR L-Band capability, designed toprovide seamless RTK andPrecise Point Positioning*capability. When out ofwireless range of terrestrialUHF radios or cellularnetworks, the APS-3Lseamlessly receivesTERRASTAR D corrections.

Bubble on the controllerTrimble has improved itsrange of GNSS equipmentand introduced a newflagship receiver – the R10.This receiver incorporatestwo new features. Their firstenhancement to networkRTK on the pole is anelectronic bubble, which isviewable on the controller.The bubble readings can berecorded, which can be usedfor QA purposes but perhapsit will not be long before wealso see the possibility of

applying corrections for polenon-verticality.

The second is a featurecalled xFill, which appearssimilar in concept to the AltusTERRASTAR facility. Trimblecollect real-time data from ahundred continuouslyoperating GNSS receiversaround the world. Theymodel the observations andtransmit correction data tousers via the internet or viasatellite L-Band (provided thatthe communications satelliteis in view).

At first sight, this mightseem to be a poor alternativeto network RTK, but it isactually implemented in away that is analogous to theprocess used by mobile laserscanning systems when theyuse inertial measurementsystems to cover for GNSSoutages. The R10 receiverreceives both the networkRTK (or base and rover)corrections and the xFillcorrections simultaneously.

Trimble’s white paper onxFill gives the impression thatthe infill corrections are asgood as the RTK correctionsbut the R10 specificationsheet indicates that theaccuracy of position fixesdrops off at a rate of 10mmper minute in the horizontaland 20mm per minute in thevertical, which for mostsurveying purposes makes itsuitable only for shortoutages. xFill continues tooperate until the precisionthreshold specified by the useris exceeded or five minuteshave elapsed. When thereceiver again receives RTKcorrections it does not adjustprevious observationscorrected using xFill, but it ispossible to make thisadjustment later in the officeusing Trimble’s TBC software.

Whilst these developmentsare important for enhancingreal-time RTK, there is alwaysthe alternative of post-processing network RTK if theresults are not needed in realtime at the pole. For more onthe latest receiver develop -ments turn to page 32.

*For more on Precise PointPositioning see GeomaticsWorld 2012, September/October “Precise PointPositioning v. GNSS” byProfessor Chris Rizos andcolleagues.

GNSS equipment:deliveringcorrections bysatelliteGPS has given way to GNSS throughincorporating additional satelliteconstellations to those of the US GPS. Thereare several different ways in which satellitepositional data can be used for surveyapplications. Richard Groom looks at hownetwork RTK receivers operate in the UK andthe various techniques they rely on to getaccurate positioning data.

With manufacturersclaiming the “lightest” itwill still depend on whatelse you want on the pole.

GNSS is the term used toencompass the original globalpositioning system (GPS), thelater Russian Glonass system,both of which areoperational, and the muchmore recent Chinese BeiDouand European Galileosystems, which are currentlybeing established.

GPS: Block III is comingAs of 1st February 2013there were 12 Block IIA, 11Block IIR, 7 Block IIR-M and 3Block IIF operational GPSsatellites, 33 satellites intotal. Future plans from theUS Department of Defense(DoD) include a furthereleven Block IIF and thirtyBlock III satellites.

The Block IIA satellites, SVs(Space Vehicle) 22 through40, were launched betweenNovember 1990 andNovember 1997. Eachcontains four atomic clocks:two caesium (Cs) and tworubidium (Rb), and hasSelective Availabity (SA) andAnti-Spoof (A-S) capabilities.

The Block IIR satellites, SVNs41 through 61, wereoperational replenishmentsatellites and were launchedfrom January 1997. Eachcarries three Rb atomic clocksand also has SA and A-Scapabilities. The Block IIR-Msatellites transmit a second civilsignal L2C on the L2 frequencyand the military M-code signalon the L1 and L2 frequencies.SVN 49 also transmits on theL5 frequency.

The Block IIF satellitestransmit all signals includingand the L5 frequency,

intended for safety-of-lifeapplications. Launching of theBlock IIFs began in May 2010.

Lockheed Martin iscurrently building the firstfour of the Block III GPSsatellites, the first of which isdue for launch in 2014. Thesatellites will broadcast theL2C signal and the global M-code signals, which were firstincorporated into the BlockIIR-M satellites; but they willalso carry directionalantennae to deliver the M-code signal locally at muchhigher power, to combatjamming. They will broadcastan L1C signal thatincorporates the C/A code forbackwards compatibility.There will be improvedtracking and compatibilityand it will offerinteroperability with theGalileo L1 signal. Thesatellites will also broadcastthe new L5 (safety of life)signal in the AeronauticalRadio-navigation Servicesband. The signals will bedelivered at higher powerthan Block II satellites andthe L5 signal will bebroadcast at twice the powerof the other signals. TheBlock III satellites will befitted with retro-reflectors sothat they can be tracked fromearth using laser ranging.

In Japan, GPS will beenhanced by a constellationof three QZSS satellites thatbroadcast the same signals asGPS. The constellation isdesigned so that at least oneof the satellites is overhead inJapan at any one time, whichwill improve position-fixing inmountainous areas and urbancanyons, but the system willalso be usable inneighbouring countries. TheIndian space agency is alsodeveloping a regional

constellation (IRNSS) that willcover the sub-continent. Theconstellation will consist ofthree geostationary and fourorbiting satellites. UnlikeQZSS, the Indian constellationwill be able to provide position-ing services independently ofGPS with a navigationaccuracy of 10m on land and20m within 2000km of thesubcontinent. The firstsatellite is due to be launchedin 2013 with the full constell -ation operational in 2014.

Glonass: K2 set for 2015There are currently 24operational Glonasssatellites, of which one is aGlonass-K1 satellite and theremainder are Glonass-Msatellites. Unlike GPS, eachGlonass satellite transmits itsL1 and L2 signals ondifferent frequencies withinthe frequency bands. This isknown as frequency divisionmultiple access (FDMA).Glonass-K2 satellites will alsobroadcast using CDMA(Code Division MultipleAccess, as used by GPS) aswell as FDMA and transmit athird L3 signal which will becompatible with Galileo andCompass, but the firstsatellite is not expected to belaunched until 2015. Theclock error on K2 satelliteswill be five times lower thanthe Glonass-M series.

Galileo: 2014 for servicesThe European answer to GPSand Glonass is graduallytaking shape. There arecurrently four satellites inorbit with a contract in placeto launch ten more during2013 and 2014 and a furthereight thereafter. On 12thMarch this year anothermilestone was passed when aposition fix was calculated

from the four satellites usingthe new ground segmentinfrastructure and navigationmessages sent by thesatellites. ‘Early services’ areexpected to start at the endof 2014, with the constell -ation completed by 2019.

BeiDou: ICD publishedThe Chinese BeiDouconstellation (formerly knownas Compass) started toprovide a positioning servicein China in December 2011and has recently becomeoperational in south eastAsia, including Australasia.There are currently fourteensatellites in orbit – fivegeostationary, five in inclinedgeosynchronous orbit andfour in medium earth orbit.The full constellation of 35satellites, providing globalcoverage, is intended to beoperational in the 2020s. Thelong-awaited InterfaceControl Document – anessential for equipmentmanufacturers intending touse BeiDou signals – waseventually published inDecember 2012.

According to publishedlaunch schedules, no furtherBeiDou-2 launches are plannedfor the next two years. Thismeans that the next event ofnote to GNSS users willprobably be Galileo’s ‘Earlyservices’ in late 2014.

Once all of these systemsare available we can expectmuch better GNSS coverage,quicker and ever moreaccurate position fixes andthe emergence of newapplications involvingtracking as well aspositioning. Very soon theywill almost certainly not onlyknow everything about whoyou are but where you areand where you’ve been.

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BeiDou operational in SE Asia –position fix for GalileoDevelopments in GNSS affect users in several ways. The stronger signalswill reduce the risk of jamming. The larger number of satellites willreduce the time taken to initialise receivers and will improve coverage indifficult conditions, for example in so-called urban canyons where thereis a severely limited sky view. The more accurate clocks will improve theaccuracy of position-fixing.

Left: BeiDou-2 launches

TECHNICAL SERVICES

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Control surveys

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Pipeline, railway, & other linear routes

Building & architectural(incl. measured surveys)

GIS & mapping systemdata capture

Underground servicestracing & surveys

Deformation monitoringProving surveys

Topographical surveys

Setting out for construction

Airborne laser scanning

Hydrographic – nearshore, river, estuarial, etc

Terrestrial laser scanning

GPS & other satellite positioning systems

Terrestrial photogrammetry

Industrial measurement/metrology

Geophysical investigation

Aerial photogrammetry

Cartographic production

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3D visualisation & modelling

Ground radar

Digital terrain analysis &modelling

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13

CLASSIFIED SERVICES

AERIALPHOTOGRAMMETRY

MALTBY LAND SURVEYS LTD

★ Topographic Surveys

★ Measured Building Surveys

★ Elevations & Sections

★ Inshore Hydrographic Surveys

★ Rights of Light Surveys

2 Queens Road, Haywards Heath

West Sussex RH16 1EB

Contact: David Maltby

Tel: 01444 416 246

E-mail: [email protected]

2 Queens Road, Haywards HeathWest Sussex RH16 1EBContact: Richard MaltbyTel: 01444 416 246E-mail: [email protected]

We estimate that Showcase reaches over 6,500 surveyors, engineers and other professionals who work in geomatics, usegeomatics technology or commission geomatic specialists. To advertise in Showcase’s Classified section, call +44 (0)1438 352617.

ClassifiedEngineeringsurveyingshowcase2013

SURVEYS

CLOSE RANGELASER SCANNING

Cherry Tree House, Carmarthen RoadSwansea SA1 1HE

Tel: 01792 644181Fax: 01792 203333

PV Publications’online SurveyDirectory is a

source directoryfor survey

companies.

To check it out,go to:

pvpubs.com

Are youlisted yet?

SURVEY SOFTWARE

Showcase Class i f ied ServicesLooking for a company with special experience?

See our Technical Services Chart on page 33 for a detailed analysis of advertisers’key competencies and services.

To advertise your company’s expertise in the next issue, contact Sharon Robson on+44 (0)1438 352617 or [email protected].

INDUSTRY RESOURCE

WWW.LOCATION-SOURCE.COMWWW.LOCATION-SOURCE.COM

LOCATION-SOURCE offers analysis,opinion, webinars, longer articles,topical international news, referencematerial and more for users of variedknowledge levels.REGISTER FOR FREE TODAY!

A UK-BASED PORTAL LEVERAGING THEPOWER OF GEOGRAPHY

35

Applications in Cadd p.26

Bluesky p.08

GIS Professional p.13

KOREC p.04

Leica Geosystems inside frontcover

Location-Source p.15

McCarthy Taylor Systems p.10

Survey Review p.30

Topcon backcover

Recruitment

To advertise in the next issue ofEngineering Surveying Showcase

contact Sharon Robson

Tel: +44 (0)1438 352617Email: [email protected]

We have recently introducedGW's Digital Extras sectiononline with the March/April2013 issue. With theincreasing amount of highquality editorial that wereceive, we plan to publishmore material on the webfor our readers. Inaddition to viewing thelatest edition online, youcan also download a PDFof the page for personaluse and printing.

• If you’re an RICS member you should be able to getyour user name and password using your RICS membershipnumber. Subscribers can email [email protected] toregister for archive access.

Subscribers and RICS members have access to an online searchabledatabase of more than a decade of articles from Geomatics World.

We are constantly looking for ways to improve the website andwelcome serious feedback. Email your comments [email protected]

FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS go to: www.pvpubs.com

www.pvpubs.comIntroducing GeomaticsWorld’s Digital Extras!

With continued investment in the Topcon GB business we’re on the lookout for some

bright and enthusiastic additions to our team. We’re growing, opening new locations, expanding our dealer network and seeing continued increas-es in demand for our positioning technology. So if you’d like to play a part in our ambitions, work hard and have some fun along the way then we’d like to hear from you – it’s time for change!

Regional Account ManagersOur dealer network is growing, so we would like to hear from those of you that would like to help them generate even more sales and identify new business opportunities. Don’t worry about location at this stage, just ask yourself if you can build suc-cessful relationships with your clients and have experience in the construction or survey sectors.

Machine Control Sales ManagerYou’ll be joining a successful team with a great track record in providing the best machine control solutions to the construction and civil engineering sectors. We’d like to hear from you if you have experience in selling or working with 3D machine control technology and surveying systems. If you’ll deliver excellent customer service, commit to ex-ceeding sales targets and don’t mind a bit of travel, then we’ll provide you with plenty of support to help you succeed.

Machine Control Support Engineer If you enjoy getting stuck into hydraulic hoses, know your dozers from your excavators and can turn your hand to a bit of electrical engineering then this is the role for you. We’re looking for another install and support engineer, all levels of experience considered and we’d really like you to be based out of our new Machine Control centre in the midlands. There’s every chance that we’ll ask you to travel a bit with this role too.

Service & Support TechnicianYes you guessed it. We’re investing in a new service centre and need an experienced service technician for repairs on cutting-edge technology of construction lasers and surveying instruments. You’ll need to have the necessary experience for this one, and to make sure you have some variety we’ll keep you busy with some of the administra-tion for our construction team.

As you’d expect, these roles all come with superb benefits.

If you are looking for a change and want to find out more about each of the opportunities then visit www.topcon-positioning.eu for more detail.

If you’ve seen enough and are ready to apply, please send your CV and covering letter to [email protected]

SURVEY LASERGPS+(3D) MACHINE CONTROL GIS

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Advertisers’ Index

Eng

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13

3D controlwith GPS

2D controlsensors, easy-,

advanced display

3D controlGPS, mmGPS,

total station

2D control laser, sonic and slope

3D controlsingle-, dual GPS,

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Get Connected...

Positioning: Simon Crowhen (07710 858 417)

Machine Control: Dan Smith (07798 947 147)

Construction: Nick Voller (07785 368 276)

[email protected]

Engineering surveyingshowcase2013...Engineering surveyingshowcase2013 ISSUE ONE FEATURES: Monitoring banks and structures with the EA Machine control for complex nature reserve Class

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